The _Mames_ 'occupied the existing district of Güegüetenango, a part of

Quezaltenango, and the province of Soconusco, and in all these places

the Mam or Pocoman language is vernacular. It is a circumstance not a

little remarkable, that this idiom is also peculiar to places very

distant from the country of the Mams: viz. in Amatitan, Mixco, and

Petapa, in the province of Sacatepeques; Chalchuapa, in St. Salvador;

Mita, Jalapa, and Xilotepeque, in Chiquimula.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._,

p. 169. 'El Mame ó Pocoman le usan los mames ó pocomanes, que parecen no

ser mas que dos tribus de una misma nacion, la cual formaba un estado

poderoso en Guatemala. Se extendió por el distritó de Huehuetenango, en

la provincia de este nombre, y por parte de la de Quetzaltenango, así

como por el distrito de Soconusco en Chiapas. En todos estos lugares se

hablaba mame ó pocoman, lo mismo que en Amatitlan, Mixco y Petapa, de la

provincia de Zacatepec ó Guatemala; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente á la de

San Salvador; y en Mita, Jalapa y Jiloltepec, de la de Chiquimula.'

_Balbi_, in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 81. 'Leur capitale était

Gueguetenango, au nord-est de la ville actuelle de Guatemala, et les

villes de Masacatan, Cuilco, Chiantla et Istaguacan étaient enclavées

dans leur territoire.' _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1857,

tom. cliii., p. 177. 'A l'ouest, jusqu'aux frontières de Chiapas,

s'étendaient les Mams, proprement dits Mam-Yoc, dans leurs histoires,

partagés en plusieurs familles également puissantes qui gouvernaient

souverainement cette contrée, alors désignée sous le nom commun d'Otzoya

(de otzoy, sortes d'écrevisses d'or): c'étaient d'un côté les Chun-Zak-Yoc,

qui avaient pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son étendue

avaient fait surnommer Nima-Amag ou la Grande-Ville, dite depuis

Xelahun-Quieh, ou Xelahuh, et Quezaltenango; les Tzitzol, dont la

capitale était peut-être Chinabahul ou Huehuetenango, les Ganchebi (see

note below under Ganchebis) et les Bamaq. Ceux-ci, dont nous avons connu

les descendants, étaient seigneurs d'Iztlahuacan (San-Miguel-Iztlahuacan),

dont le plateau est encore aujourd'hui parsemé de ruines au milieu

desquelles s'élève l'humble bourgade de ce nom: au dessus domine, à une

hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam (ville du Souffle).... Ganchebi, écrit

alternativement Canchebiz, Canchevez et Ganchebirse. Rien n'indique

d'une manière précise où régnait cette famille: mais il se pourrait que

ce fût à Zipacapan ou à Chivun, dont les ruines existent à trois lieues

au sud de cette dernière localité; là était l'ancien Oztoncalco.'

_Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., pp. 264-5. 'Habitaban el

Soconusco, desde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo autócton; los olmecas

que llegaron de la parto de México, les redujeron á la servidumbre, y

una fraccion de los vencidos emigró hasta Guatemala.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 168. The Mamey, Achi, Cuaahtemalteca, Hutateca, and

Chirichota 'en la de los Suchitepeques y Cuaahtemala.' _Palacio_, in

_Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parlé dans les

localités voisines de Huehuetenango.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _MS.

Troano_, tom. ii., p. viii. 'On retrouve encore aujourd'hui leurs restes

parmi les Indiens de la province de Totonicapan, aux frontières de

Chiapas et des Lacandons, an nord-ouest de l'état de Guatémala. La place

forte de Zakuléu (c'est-à-dire, Terre blanche, mal à propos

orthographié Socoléo), dont on admire les vastes débris auprès de la

ville de Huéhuétenango, resta, jusqu'au temps de la conquête espagnole,

la capitale des Mems. Cette race avait été antérieurement la maîtresse

de la plus grande partie de l'état de Guatémala.' _Brasseur de

Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 119-20.

The _Pokomams_, or Pokonchis, lived in the district of Vera Paz in

Guatemala, 'sous le nom d'Uxab et de Pokomam, une partie des treize

tribus de Tecpan, dont la capitale était la grande cité de Nimpokom,

était maîtresse de la Verapaz et des provinces situées au sud du Motagua

jusqu'à Palin' (2 leagues N. W. of Rabinal). _Brasseur de Bourbourg_,

_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. 264. Ils 'paraissent avoir occupé une grande

partie des provinces guatémaliennes.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist.

Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 84, 506. 'Toute la rive droite du Chixoy

(Lacandon ou haut Uzumacinta), depuis Coban (écrit quelquefois Coboan)

jusqu'au fleuve Motagua, les montagnes et les vallées de Gagcoh

(San-Cristoval), de Taltic, de Rabinal et d'Urran, une partie des

départements actuels de Zacatépec, de Guatémala et de Chiquimulà,

jusqu'au pied des volcans de Hunahpu (volcans d'Eau et de Feu),

devinrent leur proie.' _Id._, pp. 121-2. 'Le pocomchi, le pokoman, le

cakchi, semés d'Amatitan à Coban.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _MS.

Troano_, tom. ii., introd., p. viii. In 'La Verapaz, la poponchi, caechi

y colchi.' _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7.

'La lengua pocomana se habla en Amatitán, Petapa, San Chrisobal,

Pinula, y Hermita ó Llano de la Culebra de Guatemala.' _Hervás_,

_Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 305. 'A la nacion Poconchi pertenecen los

lugares ó misiones ... llamadas Santa Cruz, San Christobal, Taktik,

Tucurú, y Tomasiú.' _Ib._

The _Quichés_ inhabit the centre of the state of Guatemala. 'Quiché then

comprehended the present districts of Quiché, Totonicapan, part of

Quezaltenango, and the village of Rabinal; in all these places the

Quiché language is spoken. For this reason, it may be inferred with much

probability, that the greater part of the province of Sapotitlan, or

Suchiltepeques, was a colony of the Quichées, as the same idiom is made

use of nearly throughout the whole of it.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p.

168. 'Les Quichés, or Utletecas, habitaient la frontière du sud, les

chefs de Sacapulus et Uspatan à l'est, et les Lacandones indépendants au

nord. Ils occupaient probablement la plus grande partie du district

actuel de Totonicapan et une portion de celui de Quesaltenango.'

_Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1857, tom. cliii., p. 177.

'Leurs postes principaux furent établis sur les deux côtés du Chixoy,

depuis Zacapulas jusqu'à Zactzuy.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat.

Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 131-2; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 286, 288,

291.

The _Cakchiquels_ are south of the Quichés. 'The territory of the

Kachiqueles was composed of that which now forms the provinces of

Chimaltenango and Sacatepeques, and the district of Sololá; and as the

Kachiquel language is also spoken in the villages of Patulul,

Cotzumalguapan, and others along the same coast, it is a plausible

supposition that they were colonies settled by the Kachiquels, for the

purpose of cultivating the desirable productions of a warmer climate

than their own.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 169. 'La capitale fut, en

dernier lieu, Iximché ou Tecpan-Guatemala, lors de la déclaration de

l'indépendence de cette nation.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_,

introd., p. 270. 'Der westliche Theil der Provinz [Atitan] mit 16

Dörfern in 4 Kirchspielen, von Nachkommen der Kachiquelen und Zutugilen

bewohnt.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 338. 'Los paises de la nacion

Cakchiquila son Chimaltenango, Zumpango, Tejar, Santo Domingo, San Pedro

las Huertas, San Gaspar, San Luis de las Carretas, y otros diez lugares,

todos pertenecientes á las misiones de los PP. dominicos; y á las de los

PP. observantes de san Francisco pertenecen Isapa, Pason,

Tepan-guatemalan Comalapa, San Antonio, San Juan del Obispo, y otros

quince lugares á lo menos de la misma nacion Cakchiquila, cuyas

poblaciones estan al rededor de Guatemala.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom.

i., p. 305.

The _Zutugils_ dwelt near the lake of Atitlan. 'The dominion of the

Zutugiles extended over the modern district of Atitan, and the village

of San Antonio, Suchiltepeques.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 169. 'La

capital de los cachiqueles era Patinamit ó Tecpanguatemala, ciudad

grande y fuerte; y la de los zutuhiles, Atitan, cerca de la laguna de

este nombre y que se tenia por inexpugnable.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom.

ii., pp. 121-2.

The _Chortis_ live on the banks of the Motagua River. The Chiquimula

'Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' _Gavarrete_, in _Panamá Star and

Herald_, Dec. 19, 1867; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 48.

[Sidenote: GUATEMALANS.]

Brasseur de Bourbourg describes quite a number of very ancient nations,

of some of which he endeavors to fix the localities, and which I insert

here. Dan or Tamub founded a monarchy on the Guatemalan plateau. Their

'capitale, Amag-Dan, existait, suivant toute apparence, entre les monts

Tohil et Mamah, à trois lieues à peine au nord d'Utlatlan.' _Popol Vuh_,

introd., pp. 148, 262. 'Ilocab étendait sa domination à l'ouest et au

sud de Tamub, et la cité d'Uquincat, siége principale de cette maison,

occupait un plateau étroit, situé entre les mêmes ravins qui ceignent un

peu plus bas les ruines d'Utlatlan.' 'La ville d'Uquincat (forme

antique). Avec le filet (à mettre le maïs), était sur un plateau au

nord-ouest de ceux d'Utlatlan, dont elle n'était séparée que par ses

ravins; on en voit encore les ruines connues aujourd'hui sous le nom de

P'-Ilocab, en Ilocab.' _Id._, p. 263. Agaab, 'dont les possessions

s'étendaient sur les deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'C'était une

nation, puissante dont les principales villes existaient à peu de

distance de la rive gauche du fleuve Chixoy ou Lacandon (Rio Grande de

Sacapulas). L'une d'elles était Carinal, dont j'ai visité le premier, en

1856, les belles ruines, situées sur les bords du Pacalag, rivière qui

se jette dans le Lacandon, presque vis-à-vis l'embouchure de celle de

Rabinal, dans la Vérapaz.' _Ib._ Cabinal, 'la capitale était à Zameneb,

dans les montagnes de Xoyabah ou Xolabah, [Entre les rochers].' _Id._,

p. 270. Ah-Actulul, 'sept tribus de la nation Ah-Actulul, qui s'étaient

établies sur des territoires dépendants de la souveraineté d'Atitlan.'

'Ces sept tribus sont: Ah-Tzuque, Ah-Oanem, Manacot, Manazaquepet,

Vancoh, Yabacoh et Ah-Tzakol-Quet ou Queh.--Ac-Tulul peut-être pour

Ah-Tulul.' _Id._, p. 274. 'Ah-Txiquinaha, ceux ou les habitants de

Tziquinaha (Nid d'oiseau), dont la capitale fut Atitlan, sur le lac du

même nom.' _Id._, p. 296. Acutee, 'nom aussi d'une ancienne tribu dont

on retrouve le souvenir dans Chuvi-Acutec, au-dessus d'Acutec, sur le

territoire de Chalcitan, près de Malacatan et de Huehuetenango.' _Id._,

pp. 342-3. Cohah, 'nom d'une tribu antique dans l'orient des Quichés.'

_Id._, p. 353.

The _Chontales_ dwell in the mountain districts N.E. of Lake Nicaragua,

besides having miscellaneous villages in Guerrero, Oajaca, Tabasco,

Guatemala, and Honduras. 'En el Departamento de Tlacolula ... y se

encuentran chontales en Guerrero, en Tabasco y en Guatemala.' _Orozco y

Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 186-7. In San Salvador, Choluteca, Honduras,

Nicaragua. _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., pp. 7,

26, 35. 'Quiéchápa 20 Leguas südöstlich von Oajáca und 10 Leguas

südwestlich von Nejápa.... An den Gränzen des Landes der Chontáles.' ...

'Tlapalcatepéc. Hauptort im Lande der Chontáles.' _Mühlenpfordt_,

_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 172-3, 175, 192. 'Les Chontáles

s'étaient vus en possession de toute la contrée qui s'étend entre la mer

et la chaîne de Quyecolani ... étaient en possession non seulement de

Nexapa, mais encore de la portion la plus importante de la montagne de

Quiyecolani.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., pp.

3, 47. 'Au nord-ouest du grand lac, les Chondals occupaient le district

montagneux appelé encore aujourd'hui Chontales, d'après eux.'

_Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 290. 'Inhabitants of the mountainous

regions to the north-east of the lake of Nicaragua.' _Froebel's Cent.

Amer._, p. 52. 'Au nord des lacs, les Chontales barbares habitaient la

cordillère.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p.

110. 'The Chontals covered Chontales, northward of Lake Nicaragua, and

lying between the tribes already given, and those on the Caribbean Sea.'

_Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'Bewohner der Gebirgsgegenden nordöstlich

vom See von Nicaragua.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 285. 'In

Nicaragua die Chontales im Hochlande im N. des Managua-Sees.' _Wappäus_,

_Geog. u. Stat._, p. 246. 'Deste lugar [Yztepeque] comiençan los

Chontales.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. x. 'The

Chondals or Chontals, the third great division mentioned by Oviedo,

occupied the wide, mountainous region, still bearing the name of

Chontales, situated to the northward of Lake Nicaragua, and midway

between the nations already named and the savage hordes bordering the

Caribbean Sea.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 311. 'On

the northern shores of the Lake of Nicaragua.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p.

48. 'The Lencas ... under the various names of Chontals, and perhaps

Xicaques and Payas, occupying what is now the Department of San Miguel

in San Salvador, of Comayagua, Choluteca, Tegucigalpa, and parts of

Olancho and Yoro in Honduras, including the islands of Roatan, Guanaja,

and their dependencies.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 252.

The _Pipiles_ 'n'y occupaient guère quelques cantons sur les côtes de

l'océan Pacifique, dans la province d'Itzcuintlan et ne s'internaient

que vers les frontières de l'état de San-Salvador, le long des rives du

rio Paxa.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 120.

'Welche den ganzen westlichen Theil des heutigen Staates von S. Salvador

südlich vom Rio Lampa, das sogen. Reich Cozcotlan bewohnten.' _Wappäus_,

_Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 322, 326. 'Are settled along the coasts of the

Pacific, from the province of Escuintla to that of St. Salvador.... In a

short time these Pipiles multiplied immensely, and spread over the

provinces of Zonzonate, St. Salvador, and St. Miguel.' _Juarros' Hist.

Guat._, pp. 202, 224. Among 'los Izalcos y costa de Guazacapan ... San

Salvador ... Honduras ... Nicaragua.' _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col.

Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7.

_Nonohualcas._ 'Á la falda de un alto volcan (San Vicente) están cuatro

lugares de indios, que llaman los Nunualcos.' _Id._, p. 25.

_Tlascaltecs._ 'In mehreren Puncten San Salvadors, wie z. B. in Isalco,

Mexicanos, Nahuisalco leben noch jetzt Indianer vom Stamme der

Tlaskalteken.' _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 456.

[Sidenote: NATIONS OF NICARAGUA.]

The _Cholutecs_ 'occupied the districts north of the Nagrandans,

extending along the Gulf of Fonseca into what is now Honduras

territory.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'The Cholutecans, speaking the

Cholutecan dialect, situated to the northward of the Nagrandans, and

extending along the Gulf of Fonseca, into what is now the territory of

Honduras. A town and river in the territory here indicated, still bear

the name of Choluteca, which however is a Mexican name.' _Squier's

Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. These Soconusco exiles settled

'dans les terres qui s'étendent au nord et à l'ouest du golfe de

Conchagua, aux frontières de Honduras et de Nicaragua.' _Brasseur de

Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 79. 'Beyond them

(Nagrandans) on the gulf of Fonseca, a nation called the Cholutecans had

their seats.' _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 53.

_Maribios_, a tribe formerly inhabiting the mountain region about Leon.

'Ihre Wohnsitze bildeten die Provinz Maribichoa.' _Froebel_, _Aus

Amer._, tom. i., p. 333.

'Ay en Nicaragua cinco leguajes ... Coribici ... Chorotega ... Chondal

... Orotiña ... Mexicano.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 264. 'Hablauan

en Nicaragua, cinco lenguas diferentes, Coribizi, que lo hablan mucho en

Chuloteca ... Los de Chontal, ... la quarta es Orotina, Mexicana es la

quinta.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. 'In

Nicaragua there were fiue linages, and different languages: the

Coribici, Ciocotoga, Ciondale, Oretigua, and the Mexican.' _Purchas his

Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 887; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 35;

_Buschmann_, _Ortsnamen_, p. 132.

The _Chorotegans_ 'occupied the entire country north of the Niquirans,

extending along the Pacific Ocean, between it and Lake Managua, to the

borders, and probably for a distance along the shores of the gulf of

Fonseca. They also occupied the country south of the Niquirans, and

around the gulf of Nicoya, then called Orotina.' _Squier's Nicaragua_,

(Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Welche die Gegenden zwischen der Südsee

und dem Managua-See von der Fonseca-Bai südwärts bis zu den aztekisch

sprechenden Indianern bewohnen und auch südlich von den Niquirians bis

zur Bai von Nicoya sich ausbreiten.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p.

246. 'North of the Mexican inhabitants of Nicaragua (the Niquirans),

between the Pacific Ocean, Lake Managua, and the Gulf of Fonseca.'

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 48. Before the conquest they occupied 'les

régions aujourd'hui à peu près désertes qui s'étendent entre le

territoire de Tehuantepec et celui de Soconusco, sur les bords de

l'Océan Pacifique.' ... To escape the Olmec tyranny they emigrated to

'golfe de Nicoya; de là, ils retournèrent ensuite, en passant les monts,

jusqu'au lac de Nicaragua et se fixèrent sur ses bords.' Driven off by

the Nahuas 'les uns, se dirigeant au nord-ouest, vont fonder Nagarando,

au bord du lac de Managua, tandis que les autres contournaient les

rivages du golfe de Nicoya, que l'on trouve encore aujourd'hui habités

par leurs descendants.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd.,

pp. cc., ccii. 'Als die Spanier nach Nicaragua kamen, war diess Volk an

der Küste verbreitet ... wohnten längs der Küste des Austroloceans.'

_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 397-8.

The _Dirians_ 'occupied the territory lying between the upper extremity

of Lake Nicaragua, the river Tipitapa, and the southern half of Lake

Managua and the Pacific, whose principal towns were situated where now

stand the cities of Granada, (then called Salteba,) Masaya, and Managua,

and the villages of Tipitapa, Diriomo and Diriamba.' _Squier's

Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités

encore connues de Liria, de Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de

Lenderi, sur les hauteurs qui forment la base du volcan de Mazaya.'

_Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 111. 'Occupied

Masaya, Managua, Tipitapa, Diriomo, and Diriamba.' _Stout's Nicaragua_,

p. 114; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287.

The _Nagrandans_. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la

province des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un

mot de leur langue. Oviedo les appelle Nagrandas), dont les fertiles

campagnes s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à

la mer; on y admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de

Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée

aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant,

pour la plupart, à de misérables bourgades.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_,

_Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 111-12. 'The Nagrandans occupied the

plain of Leon between the northern extreme of Lake Managua and the

Pacific.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'An welche sich weiter

nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der Gegend von

Leon, welche Squier Nagrander nennt ... anschlossen.' _Froebel_, _Aus

Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. 'Chorotega tribe of the plains of Leon,

Nicaragua.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 130; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed.

1856,) vol. ii., p. 310.

The _Niquirans_ 'settled in the district of Nicaragua, between the Lake

of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 134. 'Au

centre du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les

indigènes, vivaient les Niquirans.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 290.

Ometepec. 'This island was occupied by the Niquirans.' _Squier's

Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 313; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p.

74.

The _Orotiñans_ occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to

the southward of Lake Nicaragua.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol.

ii., p. 310. 'Am Golfe von Orotina oder Nicoya.... Unter den

geographischen Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan

Orosi, im jetzigen Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette

der Maribios, bei Leon, also im Lande der Nagrander, Orota heisst.'

_Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. 'Les Orotinas, voisins du golfe

de Nicoya, dont les villes principales étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren

et Choroté.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp.

110. 'Settled the country south of Lake Nicaragua around the Gulf of

Nicoya.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114.

[Sidenote: MOSQUITO NATIONS.]

The MOSQUITOS, as a subdivision of this group, inhabit the whole of

Honduras, the eastern portion of Nicaragua, and all that part of the

coast on the Caribbean Sea known as the Mosquito Coast.

The _Xicaques_ 'exist in the district lying between the Rio Ulua and Rio

Tinto.... It seems probable that the Xicaques were once much more

widely diffused, extending over the plains of Olancho, and into the

Department of Nueva Segovia, in Nicaragua.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p.

244. 'Se rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro ...

(some) à l'embouchure de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé

dans les montagnes à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département

de Yoro, ils sont répandus dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à

la baie de Honduras.' _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom.

clx., pp. 133-4. Yoro department; 'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und

in dem Berg- und Hügellande zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho

wohnen.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 317.

The _Poyas_. 'In the triangle between the Tinto, the sea, and the Rio

Wanks, or Segovia.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 244. 'Inhabit the Poyer

mountains, beyond the Embarcadero on the Polyer River.' _Young's

Narrative_, p. 80. 'Den westlichen Theil des Distrikts Taguzgalpa,

zwischen den Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 389.

'Inhabit the heads of the Black and Patook rivers.' _Bell_, in _Lond.

Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 258.

The _Towkas_, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts

(Taguzgalpa) und das Gebirge.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 390-1. 'Their

principal residence is at the head of Patook River.' _Young's

Narrative_, p. 87. 'They dwell along the Twaka river which is a branch

of the Prinz Awala.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii.,

p. 258.

The '_Toonglas_ inhabit along the other branch of the same river.' _Ib._

The _Smoos_ 'inhabit the heads of all the rivers from Blewfields to

Patook.' _Id._, p. 256.

The _Cookras_ 'reside about one hundred and thirty miles from its mouth'

(the Rio Escondido). _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 30.

The _Caribs_ 'now occupy the coast from the neighborhood of the port of

Truxillo to Carataska Lagoon.... Their original seat was San Vincent,

one of what are called the Leeward Islands, whence they were deported in

a body, by the English, in 1798, and landed upon the then unoccupied

island of Roatan, in the Bay of Honduras.' They afterwards removed to

the main land 'in the vicinity of Truxillo, whence they have spread

rapidly to the eastward. All along the coast, generally near the mouths

of the various rivers with which it is fringed, they have their

establishments or towns.' _Bard's Waikna_, p. 316. 'Now settled along

the whole extent of coast from Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.'

_Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 185. 'Dwell on the sea coast, their first

town, Cape Town, being a few miles to the westward of Black River.'

_Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 122, 134. In Roatan: 'Die Volksmenge

besteht aus Caraiben und Sambos, deren etwa 4,000 auf der Insel seyn

sollen.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern sind

zu nennen: Stanu Creek ... unfern im S. von Belize und von da bis zur

Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und Punta

Gorda.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 300. See also: _Sivers_,

_Mittelamerika_, pp. 154, 179; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 289.

The _Ramas_ extend from Greytown to Blewfields, a region 'uninhabited

except by the scanty remnant of a tribe called Ramas.' 'Inhabit a small

island at the southern extremity of Blewfields Lagoon; they are only a

miserable remnant of a numerous tribe that formerly lived on the St.

John's and other rivers in that neighbourhood. A great number of them

still live at the head of the Rio Frio, which runs into the St. John's

River at San Carlos Fort.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxxii., pp. 242, 259. 'Rama Cay, in Blewfiels Lagoon. This small island

is the refuge of a feeble remnant of the once powerful Rama tribe.' _Pim

and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 278.

The _Mosquitos_ inhabit 'the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black

River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Wanx, or Wanks Rivers for a

great distance inland.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxxii., p. 250. 'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et

indomptable des Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias

à Dios, sont habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs

anglais ont appelés Mosquitos de la côte.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la

Géog._, tom. vi., p. 472. 'An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe

bey dem Cap, Gratias-a-Dios, findet man die berühmte Nation der

Mosquiten.' _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 404. 'Nearly the whole

coast of Honduras; and their most numerous tribe exists near the Cape

Gracios á Dios.' _Bonnycastle's Span. Amer._, vol. i., p. 172. 'Ocupan

el terreno de mas de sesenta leguas, que corren desde la jurisdiccion de

Comaniagua, hasta la de Costa-Rica.' _Revista Mex._, tom. i., p. 404.

'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mosquitoindianer welche den grössten Theil

der Seeküste bis zum Black river hinauf und die an derselben gelegenen

Savannen bewohnen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, p. 19. 'Inhabiting on the

Main, on the North side, near Cape Gratia Dios; between Cape Honduras

and Nicaragua.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 7. 'Inhabit a

considerable space of country on the continent of America, nearly

extending from Point Castile, or Cape Honduras, the southern point of

the Bay of Truxillo, to the northern branch of the river Nicaragua,

called usually St. Juan's; and comprehending within these limits nearly

100 leagues of land on the sea coast, from latitude 11 to 16 deg.'

_Henderson's Honduras_, pp. 211-12. The Sambos 'inhabit the country from

Sandy Bay to Potook.' _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 330. 'The

Sambos, or Mosquitians, inhabit the sea coast, and the savannas inland,

as far west as Black River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 71. 'The increase

and expansion of the Caribs has already driven most of the Sambos, who

were established to the northward and westward of Cape Gracias á Dios,

into the territory of Nicaragua, southward of the Cape.' _Squier's

Honduras_ [Lond., 1870,] p. 169; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 228.

[Sidenote: ISTHMIAN NATIONS.]

The ISTHMIANS, the last sub-division of this group, embrace the people

of Costa Rica, together with the nations dwelling on the Isthmus of

Panamá, or Darien, as far as the gulf of Urabá, and along the river

Atrato to the mouth of the Napipi, thence up the last-named river to the

Pacific Ocean. 'The Indian tribes within the territory of Costarrica,

distinguished by the name of Parcialidades, are the Valientes, or most

eastern people of the state; the Tiribees, who occupy the coast from

Bocatoro to the Banana; the Talamancas and Blancos, who inhabit the

interior, but frequent the coast between the Banana and Salt Creek; the

Montaños and Cabecares, who are settled in the neighbourhood of the high

lands bounding Veragua, and the Guatusos, inhabiting the mountains and

forest between Esparsa and Bagases, and towards the north of these

places.' _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. vi., p. 134. From

Boca del Toro towards the west coast dwell the Viceitas, Blancos,

Valientes, Guatusos, Tiribis, and Talamancas. _Wagner and Scherzer_,

_Costa Rica_, p. 554. Blancos, Valientes, and Talamancas 'entlang der

Ostküste zwischen dem Rio Zent und Boca del Toro, im Staate Costa Rica.'

_Id._, p. 573.

The _Guatusos_ 'vom Nicaragua-See an den Rio Frio aufwärts und zwischen

diesem und dem San Carlos bis zum Hochlande.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u.

Stat._, p. 357. 'Inhabit a territory lying between the Merivales

mountains on the west, the lake of Nicaragua and the San Juan river on

the north, the Atlantic shore on the east, and the table land of San

José upon the south.' ... The Rio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite

haunt or habitation of the Guatusos ... occupy the north-east corner of

Costa Rica.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xix., p. 298.

They inhabit 'the basin of the Rio Frio.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p.

405; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., p. 5;

_Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 65; _Vigne's Travels_, vol. i., p.

77.

The _Guetares_ 'viven ençima de las sierras del puerto de la Herradora é

se extienden por la costa deste golpho al Poniente de la banda del Norte

hasta el confin de los Chorotegas.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii.,

p. 108.

The _Blancos_ 'welche ungefähr 5 Tagereisen südöstlich von Angostura in

den Bergen hausen.' _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 556, 554.

The _Valientes_ and _Ramas_, 'zwischen dem Punta Gorda und der Lagune von

Chiriqui.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, p. 9.

Inhabiting the Isthmus were numerous tribes speaking different

languages, mentioned by early writers only by the name of the chief,

which was usually identical with that of both town and province. In the

province of Panamá there were 'quatro señores de lenguas diferentes....

De alli se baxaua a la prouincia de Natá ... treynta leguas de Panamá

... otro llamado Escoria, ocho leguas de Natá.... Ocho leguas mas

adelante, la buelta de Panamá, auia otro Cazique dicho Chirú, de lengua

diferente: y otras siete leguas mas adelante, házia Panamá, estaua el de

Chamé, que era el remate de la lengua de Coyba: y la prouincia de Paris

se hallaua doze leguas de Natá, Les hueste.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._,

dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward from the gulf of Urabá 'hay una

provincia que se dice Careta ... yendo mas la costa abajo, fasta

cuarenta leguas desta villa, entrando la tierra adentro fasta doce

leguas, está un cacique que se dice Comogre y otro que se dice

Poborosa.' _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p.

366. 'En la primera provincia de los darieles hay las poblaciones

siguientes: Seraque, Surugunti, Queno, Moreri, Agrazenuqua, Occabayanti

y Uraba.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 280. 'Treinta y tantas

leguas del Darien habia una provincia que se decia Careta, y otra cinco

leguas de ella que se dice Acla.... La primera provincia desde Acla

hácia el ueste es Comogre.... En esta tierra está una provincia que se

llama Peruqueta, de una mar á otra, y la isla de las Perlas, y golfo de

S. Miguel, y otra provincia, que llamamos las Behetrías por no haber en

ella ningun señor, se llama Cueva: es toda una gente y de una lengua....

Desde esta provincia da Peruqueta hasta Adechame que son cerca de 40

leguas todavía al ueste, se llama la provincia de Coiba, y la lengua es

la de Cueva ... desde Burica hasta esta provincia, que se dice

Tobreytrota, casi que cada señor es diferente de lengua uno de otro....

Desde aquí tornando á bajar cerca de la mar, venimos á la provincia de

Nata ... está 30 leguas de Panamá ... tenia por contrario á un señor que

se decia Escoria, que tenia sus poblaciones en un rio grande ocho leguas

de Meta.... Esta es lengua por sí. Y ocho leguas de allí hácia Panamá

está otro señor que se dice Chiru, lengua diferente. Siete leguas de

Chiru, hácia Panamá, está la provincia de Chame: es el remate de la

lengua de Coiba ... Chiman ... dos leguas de Comogre ... desde esto

Chiman ... la provincia de Pocorosa, y de allí dos leguas la vuelta del

ueste ... la de Paruraca, donde comienza la de Coiba, y de allí la misma

via cuatro leguas ... la de Tubanamá, y de allí á ocho leguas todo á

esta via ... la de Chepo, y seis leguas de allí ... la de Chepobar, y

dos leguas delante ... la de Pacora, y cuatro de allí ... la de Panamá,

y de allí otras cuatro ... la de Periquete, y otras cuatro adelante ...

la de Tabore, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Chame, que es remate de

la lengua y provincia de Coiba ... de Chame á la provincia del Chiru hay

ocho leguas ... y este Chiru es otra lengua por sí.' _Andagoya_, in

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 397-8, 407-8, 410.

The _Guaimies_. 'En la provincia de Veraguas, situada á 9 grados de

latitud boreal, está la nacion de los Guaimies ó Huamies.' _Hervás_,

_Catálogo_, tom. i., pp. 280-1. 'Los quales indios, segun decian, no

eran naturales de aquella comarca: ántes era en antigua patria la tierra

que está junto al rio grande de Darien.' _Cieza de Leon_, in _Id._, p.

281.

'The Indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over Bocas

del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the north-eastern shores of

Panamá, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of four

tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas Indians, the Bayanos, and the

Cholos. Each tribe speaks a different language.' _Seemann's Voy.

Herald_, vol. i., p. 317. 'Les Goajiros, les Motilones, les Guainetas et

les Cocinas, dans les provinces de Rio-Hacha, de Upar et de

Santa-Marta; et les Dariens, les Cunas et les Chocoes, sur les rives et

les affluents de l'Atrato et les côtes du Darien.' _Roquette_, in

_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1855, tom. cxlvii., pp. 24-5.

'The _Savanerics_ occupy the northern portion of Veraguas.' _Ib._

The _Dorachos_ occupied western Veragua. _Id._, p. 312.

The _Manzanillo_, or San Blas Indians, 'inhabit the north-eastern

portion of the province of Panama.' _Id._, p. 320. 'The chief settlement

is about San Blas, the rest of the coast being dotted over with small

villages.' _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 156. 'Their principal settlements are

on the upper branches of the Chepo, Chiman, and Congo, on the Tuquesa,

Ucurganti, Jubuganti, and Chueti, branches of the Chuquanaqua, and on

the Pucro and Paya.' _Cullen's Darien_, p. 69. 'The whole of the Isthmus

of Darien, except a small portion of the valley of the Tuyra, comprising

the towns of Chipogana, Pinogana, Yavisa, and Santa Maria, and a few

scattering inhabitants on the Bayamo near its mouth, is uninhabited

except by the San Blas or Darien Indians.... They inhabit the whole

Atlantic coast from San Blas to the Tarena, mouth of the Atrato, and in

the interior from the Sucubti to the upper parts of the Bayamo.'

_Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10.

The _Mandingos_ 'occupy the coast as far as the Bay of Caledonia.'

_Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 92;

_Reichardt_, _Cent. Amer._, p. 161; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 61.

The _Bayanos_, 'about the River Chepo.' _Id._, p. 18; _Seemann's Voy.

Herald_, vol. i., p. 321.

The _Cholos_, 'extending from the Gulf of San Miguel to the bay of

Choco, and thence with a few interruptions to the northern parts of the

Republic of Ecuador.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 321.

'Inhabiting part of the Isthmus of Darien, east of the river

Chuquanaqua, which is watered by the river Paya and its branches in and

about lat. 8° 15´ N., and long. 77° 20´ W.' _Latham_, in _Lond. Geog.

Soc., Jour._, vol. xx., p. 189.

'The _Cunas_ have established themselves on the shores of the Gulf of

Urabá, near the outlets of the Atrato.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,

Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 92.

The _Cunacunas_, 'on the south-easterly side of the Isthmus.' _Ludewig's

Ab. Lang._, p. 59. 'The remnants of the Chucunaquese who in 1861 dwelt

on the banks of the river which bears their name ... have gone up

towards the north.' _Ib._

The _Chocos_, 'on the Leon and the different tributaries of the Atrato.'

_Michler's Darien_, p. 26.

The _Caimanes_, 'between Punta Arenas and Turbo.' _Ib._

The _Urabás_, 'en las selvas y bosques de la Provincia de Urabá.'

_Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. v., p. 258.

The _Idibas_ 'del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panamá, son

confinantes con los Chocoes y los Tatabes.' _Id._, tom. ii., p. 413.

The _Payas_ 'on the river of that name.' _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_,

p. 86.

FOOTNOTES:

[960] The Lacandones are of one stock with the Manches, and very

numerous. They were highly civilized only one hundred and fifty years

ago. _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., preface, pp. 14-17. 'The old Chontals were

certainly in a condition more civilised.' _Id._, pp. 286-95, 265-70.

'Die Chontales werden auch Caraiben genannt.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u.

Stat._, pp. 243-8, 265, 283-90, 311, 321, 326, 330, 335. It seems there

existed in Nicaragua: Chorotegans, comprising Dirians, Nagrandans, and

Orotiñans; Cholutecans and Niquirans, Mexican colonies; and Chondals.

_Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 309-12. Examine further: _Müller_,

_Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 454; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i.,

pp. 285-92; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 69;

_Benzoni_, _Hist. del Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 104; _Malte-Brun_, in

_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 200; _Berendt_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 425; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 40;

_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 357-8, 370; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy.

Géologique_, pp. 18-19; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 202, 208, 272,

tom. ii., pp. 49, 125, 313; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._,

tom. ii., pp. 79, 110-11; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 288, 299-300;

_Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 89-97.

[961] _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 40-1; _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 268,

278-9; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 33-4; _Dunn's Guatemala_, pp. 277-8;

_Reichardt_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 106-7; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p.

272; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. 338; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i.,

p. 260, tom. ii., pp. 126, 197; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de

Viages_, tom. iii., p. 414; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, tom. i., pp. 200-1;

_Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 52-3; _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p. 104.

Round Leon 'hay más indios tuertos ... y es la causa el contínuo polvo.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 64. In Guatemala, 'los hombres muy

gruessos.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. v., caps. xi., xii.,

dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv. 'Ceux de la tierra fria sont petits,

trapus, bien membrés, susceptibles de grandes fatigues ... ceux de la

tierra caliente sont grands, maigres, paresseux.' _Dollfus and

Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 21. 'Kurze Schenkel, langen

Oberleib, kurze Stirne und langes struppiges Haar.' _Bülow_,

_Nicaragua_, p. 78. 'The disproportionate size of the head, the coarse

harsh hair, and the dwarfish stature,' of the Masayas. _Boyle's Ride_,

vol. ii., pp. 8-9.

[962] _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 407,

414. In Salvador, the women's 'only garment being a long straight piece

of cotton cloth without a seam.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, pp. 103-4. The

Nicaraguans 'se rasent la barbe, les cheueux, et tout le poil du corps,

et ne laissent que quelques cheueux sur le sommet de la teste.... Ils

portent des gabans, et des chemises sans manches.' _D'Avity_,

_L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 93. 'The custom of tattooing, it seems, was

practiced to a certain extent, at least so far as to designate, by

peculiarities in the marks, the several tribes or caziques ... they

flattened their heads.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 341, 345;

_Id._, _Nicaragua_, pp. 273-4; _Valenzuela_, in _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p.

566; _Tempsky's Mitla_, pp. 363-5, 368; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy.

Géologique_, pp. 19-20, 46-9, 56-60; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 193-5;

_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 302-5; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 278-9;

_Gage's New Survey_, pp. 316-8; _Montgomery's Guatemala_, pp. 98-9;

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 102, 126, 145, 171, 227, 245, 253; _Galindo_, in

_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1834, tom. lxiii., p. 149; _Orozco y

Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 166; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 263.

[963] The Lacandones have 'floating gardens which can navigate the

lagoons like bolsas,' and are often inhabited. They have stone

sepulchres highly sculptured. _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7,

1862_. 'In these ancient Chontales villages the houses were in the

centre, and the tombs, placed in a circle around.... The Indians who

before the Spanish conquest inhabited Nicaragua did not construct any

large temples or other stone buildings.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_,

pp. 126-7. They live like their forefathers 'in buildings precisely

similar ... some huts of a single room will monopolise an acre of land.'

_Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 6-8; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 318-19;

_Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 75, 430, 496; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in

_Amérique Centrale_, pp. 69-70; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 278; _Benzoni_,

_Hist. Mondo Nuovo_., fol. 86, 102; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 89, 96;

_Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 19, 55; _Herrera_,

_Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Berendt_, in _Smithsonian

Rept._, 1867, p. 425; _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. ii., pp.

380, 390; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 566.

[964] They 'vivent le plus souvent de fruits et de racines.' _Dollfus

and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 20-2, 69. 'Tout en faisant

maigre chère, ils mangent et boivent continuellement, comme les

animaux.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 104, 92, 102, 132, 134,

145, 240, tom. i., pp. 205-6. Nicaraguans 'essen auch Menschenfleisch

... alle Tag machet nur ein Nachbar ein Fewer an, dabei sie alle kochen,

vnd dann ein anderer.' _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. i.,

p. 390. 'Perritos pequeños que tambien los comian, y muchos venados y

pesquerías.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii.,

pp. 413-14, 407. Hunting alligators: a man dives under, and fastens a

noose round the leg of the sleeping monster; his companions then haul it

on shore and kill it. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 139, 130. Compare

further: _Findlay's Directory_, vol. i., p. 253; _Gage's New Survey_,

pp. 319-23; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 412-13, 494; _Benzoni_,

_Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 103-4; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 196-7;

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vii.-ix., lib. x.,

cap. xiv.; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91;

_Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, pp. 42-3.

[965] _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 337; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 173.

[966] The Lacandones 'emploient des flèches de canne ayant des têtes de

cailloux.' _Galindo_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. See

also, _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-80; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 305;

_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 195, 278; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp.

413, 430; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 358.

[967] _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 31; _Pontelli_, in _Cal.

Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 14, 1862_.

[968] _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 278, 287; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p.

130; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 430; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p.

279; _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 272-3; _Valenzuela_, in _Id._, _Cent.

Amer._, p. 567. The Lacandon hut contained 'des métiers à tisser, des

sarbacanes, des haches et d'autres outils en silex.' _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 79, 104, 197, 211. 'Duermen en vna red, que se

les entra por las costillas, o en vn cañizo, y por cabecera vn madero:

ya se alumbran con teas.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x.,

cap. xiv., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. At Masaya, 'Leur mobilier se

compose de nattes par terre, de hamacs suspendus, d'un lit de cuir et

d'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.'

_Belly_, _Nicaragua_, tom. i., pp. 197-8.

[969] 'Le principe colorant est fixé an moyen d'une substance grasse que

l'on obtient par l'ébullition d'un insecte nommé age.' _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 130, 197. Consult further, _Squier's Nicaragua_,

pp. 269-73; _Baily's Cent. Amer._, pp. 124-5; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._,

dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vii., ix., lib. x., cap. xiv.; _Crowe's Cent.

Amer._, pp. 44; _Squier_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 215; _Dollfus and

Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 47; _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 338;

_Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 274.

[970] _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 241-2; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom.

i., p. 317; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 31; _Dollfus and

Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-8. In their trade, the

Lacandones 'are said to have employed not less than 424 canoes.'

_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 271.

[971] The Quichés 'portent jusqu'au Nicaragua des hamacs en fil

d'agave.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 145, 92, 130-1, 198, tom.

i., pp. 260, 318, 320; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp.

18, 60; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. v., cap. xii.;

_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 68, 271, 475; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._,

pp. 248, 345; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 319; _Hardcastle_, in _Hist.

Mag._, vol. vi., p. 153; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 319.

[972] Among the Nahuatls 'mechanical arts are little understood, and, of

course, the fine arts still less practiced.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p.

320; _Id._, _Nicaragua_, pp. 270-3. The Masayans have 'une caisse en

cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' _Belly_,

_Nicaragua_, pp. 197-8. See also, _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 130;

_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Gage's New Survey_,

p. 329; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 287, 420-6; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_,

pp. 127, 295; _Funnell's Voy._, p. 113; _Dunn's Guatemala_, p. 281;

_Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_.

[973] _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 49-51;

_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Hassel_, _Mex.

Guat._, p. 398; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 318-9, 417; _Pontelli_, in

_Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_. 'Chacun d'eux vint ensuite baiser la main

du chef, hommage qu'il reçut avec une dignité imperturbable.' _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 245-6, 134.

[974] 'Leur dernier-né suspendu à leurs flancs.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_,

tom. ii., pp. 198, 126, tom. i., pp. 204-5, 318. In Salvador, the

'bridegroom makes his wife's trousseau himself, the women, strange to

say, being entirely ignorant of needlework.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p.

103. Further reference in _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 280, 288; _Belly_,

_Nicaragua_, pp. 200-1, 253; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 303-4; _Revue

Brit._, 1825, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 23; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p.

80; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 272; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 319;

_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 195-6; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 365; _Dollfus

and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 47; _Scherzer_,

_Wanderungen_, p. 66; _Id._, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, p. 11.

[975] _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 323, 347-50; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_,

_Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 415; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 279-80,

420-6; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 48; _Froebel's

Cent. Amer._, pp. 78-81; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 306, 312;

_Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 567; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._,

pp. 447-9; _Coreal_, _Voyages_, tom. i., pp. 88-9; _Arricivita_,

_Crónica Seráfica_, p. 34; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320-2; _Pontelli_,

in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 14, 1862_. 'Les Indiens ne fument pas.' _Belly_,

_Nicaragua_, p. 164. 'Ihr gewöhnliches Getränke ist Wasser.' _Hassel_,

_Mex. Guat._, p. 304. 'Je n'ai entendu qu'à Flores, pendant le cours de

mon voyage, des choeurs exécutés avec justesse.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_,

tom. ii., pp. 42-4, 325, tom. i., p. 196.

[976] The Lacandon chief received me with 'the emblem of friendship

(which is a leaf of the fan-palm).' _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov.

14, 1862_. See _Tempsky's Mitla_, pp. 364-5; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp.

407-8; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91;

_Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 394; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 197; _Foote's

Cent. Amer._, p. 122; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp.

48-9; _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 7-15; _Reichardt_,

_Nicaragua_, pp. 106, 234; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp.

566-7; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 206, tom. ii., pp. 58, 101-2,

104, 197; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. 293-4, vol. ii., pp. 11-12, 48.

[977] At Masaya, 'The death-rate among children is said to be

excessive.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., p. 10. 'Alle Glieder der Familie

hatten ein äusserst ungesundes Aussehen und namentlich die Kinder, im

Gesicht bleich und mager, hatten dicke, aufgeschwollene Bäuche,' caused

by yucca-roots. _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 494, 173-4; _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 109-10, 152; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 318;

_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 49; _Froebel_, _Aus

Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 345-6; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 302, 398;

_Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91; _Scherzer_,

_Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 10-11.

[978] _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 11-12; _Morelet_,

_Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 63; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 408.

[979] 'La somme des peines est donc limitée comme celle des jouissances;

ils ne ressentent ni les unes ni les autres avec beaucoup de vivacité.'

_Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 205-7, 196, tom. ii., pp. 104, 132,

198, 200, 253. 'When aroused, however, they are fierce, cruel, and

implacable ... shrewd ... cringing servility and low cunning ... extreme

teachableness.' _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 42-3. 'Melancholy ... silent

... pusillanimous ... timid.' _Dunn's Guatemala_, p. 278.

'Imperturbability of the North American Indian, but are a gentler and

less warlike race.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, pp. 104-5. Nicaraguans 'are

singularly docile and industrious ... not warlike but brave.' _Squier's

Nicaragua_, p. 268. For further reference concerning these people see

_Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 555; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-81;

_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 197-8; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 109, 160;

_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, pp. 70, 135-6; _T' Kint_, in

_Id._, pp. 157-8; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 471; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i.,

pref., p. xiv., and p. 75; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 311-12, 333;

_Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 238-9, 277, 288, 299, 430; _Dollfus and

Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-9, 69; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._,

tom. iv., p. 35; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap.

vii.; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 53, 61, 455, 464-5; _Dunlop's Cent.

Amer._, pp. 211, 337-8. The Lacandones are very laconic, sober,

temperate and strict. _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_.

[980] The name Mosquito is generally supposed to have arisen from the

numerous mosquito insects to be found in the country; others think that

the small islands off the coast, "which lie as thick as mosquitoes,"

may have caused the appellation; while a third opinion is that the name

is a corruption of an aboriginal term, and to substantiate this opinion

it is said that the natives call themselves distinctly Misskitos.

_Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 134, 19-23. The Carib name is pronounced

"Kharibees" on the coast. _Macgregor's Progress of America_, vol. i.,

pp. 770, 775. 'Il existe chez eux des langues très différentes, et nous

avons remarqué qu'à cent lieues de distance ils ne se comprennent plus

les uns les autres.' _Varnhagen_, _Prem. Voy. de Amerigo Vespucci_, p.

40. See further: _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 113; _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol.

ii., p. 308; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, pp. 241, 244-7; 252-3; _Bülow_,

_Nicaragua_, p. 77; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 346; _Galindo_, in _Lond.

Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. iii., p. 290; _Bell_, in _Id._, vol. xxxii.,

pp. 258-9; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 123, 201-2, 243; _Pim and Seemann's

Dottings_, pp. 395-6; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 36, 86; _Wappäus_, _Geog.

u. Stat._, pp. 243-7, 303, 347-50; _Henderson's Honduras_, p. 216;

_Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. xii-xiii., 269, 287; _Sivers_,

_Mittelamerika_, pp. 179-80, 287-8.

[981] 'Die Backenknochen treten nicht, wie bei andern amerikanischen

Stämmen, auffallend hervor ... starke Oberlippe.' _Mosquitoland_,

_Bericht_, pp. 134-6, 59, 70, 151. Consult also: _Squier's Cent. Amer._,

pp. 230, 251, 597-8; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 388-9; _Froebel_, _Aus

Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 397-8; _Varnhagen_, _Prem. Voy. de Amerigo

Vespucci_, pp. 40-1. The pure type has 'schlichte, gröbere, schwarze

Haare und feinere Lippen.' _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 74, 177, 180,

287-8; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 26, 28-9, 72, 75, 79, 82, 87, 123;

_Uring's Hist. Voy._, p. 226; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxxii., pp. 256-9; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248, 305, 403;

_Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p.

104; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 298, 317; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_,

p. 329. The natives of Corn island are 'of a dark copper-colour, black

Hair, full round Faces, small black Eyes, their Eye-brows hanging over

their Eyes, low Foreheads, short thick Noses, not high, but flattish;

full Lips, and short Chins.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 31-2,

7-8.

[982] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii.,

cap. iii., v.; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 150-1; _Squier_, in

_Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 614; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des

Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. ii., p. 412;

_Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248-50, 280, 308, 403, 415;

_Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. 772; _Dampier's Voyages_,

vol. i., pp. 11, 32; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 253-6, 298;

_Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 116-17, 136-7; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog.

Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 256-60; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 12, 26,

29, 32, 72, 77, 83, 122, 133. 'Alcuni vsano certe camiciuole com'quelle,

che vsiamo noi, lunghe sino al belico, e senza manche. Portano le

braccia, e il corpo lauorati di lauori moreschi, fatti col fuoco.'

_Colombo_, _Hist. del Ammiraglio_, pp. 403-5.

[983] _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 334; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p.

185; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 660; _Id._, in _Harper's Mag._, vol.

xix., p. 613; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx.,

p. 134; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 13, 77, 98-9, 125; _Pim and Seemann's

Dottings_, pp. 279, 295, 415-6; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,

vol. xxxii., pp. 258-9; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 293-4, 318-9;

_Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 20, 137-9; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp.

167, 178; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 23, 55-7.

[984] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.-v.;

_Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., pp. 774-5; _Squier_, in

_Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 613; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 14, 18, 21,

61, 74-7, 96, 98, 106; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 100-11, 132-6, 297-303, 320;

_Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 75-6, 87, 168-74. The Woolwas had fish

'which had been shot with arrows.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp.

403, 248-50, 300-1, 407, 412-13; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 9-13,

35-7.

[985] _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. 18; _Young's Narrative_, pp.

76, 99, 133; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335.

[986] Of the people of Las Perlas islands it is said; 'Aen't endt van

haer geweer een hay-tandt, schieten met geen boogh.' _Esquemelin_,

_Zee-Roovers_, pp. 71, 150. Also see: _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in

_Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 105; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._,

dec. iii., lib. ix., cap. x., and dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.;

_Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 7-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 120, 128.

[987] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.;

_Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 153; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 8;

_Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 406; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_,

p. 331.

[988] 'Hammocks, made of a Sort of Rushes.' _Cockburn's Journey_, pp.

64, 23. 'El almohada vn palo, o vna piedra: los cofres son cestillos,

aforrados en cueros de venados.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib.

viii., cap. v. Consult also: _Young's Narrative_, pp. 76-7; _Dampier's

Voyages_, vol. i., p. 85; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 660;

_Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 100, 116, 123, 138, 173.

[989] _Sivers, Mittelamerika_, p. 167; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 298-9.

'Auf irgend eine Zubereitung (of skins) verstehen sich die Indianer

nicht.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 190, 148. 'They make large Jars

here, one of which will hold ten Gallons, and not weigh one Pound.'

_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 83.

[990] _Young's Narrative_, pp. 11, 19, 76, 160-1; _Martin's West

Indies_, vol. i., pp. 155-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 35, 85.

'Der Tuberose tree der Engländer liefert die stärksten Baumstämme, deren

die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung ihrer grössten Wasserfahrzeuge

bedienen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 116, 70, 147.

[991] The Mosquitos have 'little trade except in tortoise-shells and

sarsaparilla.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 659. Compare _Bard's Waikna_,

p. 317; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 252;

_Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 337; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 16, 82,

86-7, 91, 126; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.,

v.; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 148, 171-4, 190.

[992] The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'année en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils

appellaient les mois _Ioalar_.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom.

vi., p. 472. 'Dit konense reeckenen by de Maen, daer van sy vyftien voor

een jaer reeckenen.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 152. 'Für die

Berechnung der Jahre existirt keine Aera. Daher weiss Niemand sein

Alter.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142, 267-8. See also _Bard's

Waikna_, pp. 244-5; _Young's Narrative_, p. 76; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._,

dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vi.

[993] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 292-3; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 37; _Gomara_,

_Hist. Ind._, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedaços de Tierra,

llamada _Calcide_, con la qual se funde el Metal.' _Colon_, _Hist.

Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 104.

[994] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v.;

_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 45; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 10-11;

_Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 150; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p.

406; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 184; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 49;

_Winterfeldt_, _Mosquito-Staat_, p. 22; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 231, 297-8;

_Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, pp. 258-9; _Squier_, in _Harper's

Mag._, vol. xix., p. 614; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858,

tom. clx., p. 134; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 98; _Mosquitoland_,

_Bericht_, pp. 171-2. 'Sie stehen unter eignen Kaziken, die ihre

Anführer im Kriege machen und welchen sie unbedingt gehorchen.' Poyas,

'Ihre Regierungsform ist aristokratisch.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp.

388, 390. Mosquito 'conjurers are in fact the priests, the lawyers and

the judges ... the king is a despotic monarch.' _Bonnycastle's Span.

Amer._, vol. i., p. 174.

[995] _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335.

[996] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 129-30, 202-11, 236, 243, 299-300,

321-3; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, pp. 332, 336; _Froebel's Cent.

Amer._, p. 137; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 216. 'They marry

but one Wife, with whom they live till death separates them.' _Dampier's

Voyages_, vol. i., p. 9. 'Doch besitzen in der That die meisten Männer

nur ein Weib.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 144-6, 133-9; _Salazar y

Olarte_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. ii., p. 312.

[997] Esquemelin relates that the natives on the Belize coast and

adjacent islands carried the new-born infant to the temple, where it was

placed naked in a hole filled with ashes, exposed to the wild beasts,

and left there until the track of some animal was noticed in the ashes.

This became patron to the child who was taught to offer it incense and

to invoke it for protection. _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 64-9, 149. The genitals

are pierced as a proof of constancy and affection for a woman. _Id._,

pp. 151-3. Compare _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. i., cap. vi.,

lib. viii., cap. iii.-vi.; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 73, 75, 123, 125;

_Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 251, 254-5,

257-8; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 249, 306-8; _Torquemada_,

_Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 409;

_Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 245-7.

[998] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., vi.;

_Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 255-6. The Woolwas

'haben gewisse Jahresfeste bei welchen weder ein Fremder noch Weiber und

Kinder des eignen Stammes zugelassen werden. Bei diesen Festen führen

sie mit lautem Geschrei ihre Tänze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott

Gesellschaft leistet."' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 407-8.

[999] _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., pp. 603-6, 613; _Sivers_,

_Mittelamerika_, pp. 171-2, 174-6; _Martin's West Indies_, vol. i., p.

155; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 337; _Uring's Hist. Voy._, pp. 223-5;

_Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 10, 127; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 205-9,

226-9, 232-3, 299; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 108, 141-2, 146-7,

196, 201-2, 267; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 247; _Pim and Seemann's

Dottings_, pp. 306, 405; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 30-3, 72, 77-8, 125,

132-5; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 150-1. The natives of Honduras

kept small birds which 'could talk intelligibly, and whistle and sing

admirably.' _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 52-3, 46, 70-2, 88-90.

[1000] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iv.-vi.;

_Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 36, 45-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp.

8-9, 86; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142-3; _Martin's Brit. Col._,

vol. ii., p. 413; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 228-32, 239-43, 256-8, 273-4.

Sivers was thought possessed of the devil, and carefully shunned,

because he imitated the crowing of a cock. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p.

178.

[1001] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v., dec. v.,

lib. i., cap. x.; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 245-7; _Young's Narrative_,

pp. 23, 26, 28, 73, 82; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxxii., pp. 253, 260-1; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 132, 148-51;

_Bard's Waikna_, pp. 243-4.

[1002] The dead 'are sewed up in a mat, and not laid in their grave

length-ways, but upright on their feet, with their faces directly to the

east.' _Amer. Span. Settl._, p. 46. 'Ein anderer Religionsgebrauch der

alten Mosquiten war, dass sie bey dem Tode eines Hausvaters alle seine

Bedienten mit ihm begruben.' _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 408.

_Bard's Waikna_, pp. 68-73, 245-6; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 136,

143-4; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 307-8; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog.

Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 255; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p.

407; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v.-vi.;

_Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 152-3.

[1003] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. viii., cap. vii., dec.

iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Young's Narrative_,

pp. 78-82, 85, 87, 122, 133; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxxii., pp. 250-2, 257-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 245, 317, 324;

_Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 135, 139-40, 144-5, 236; _Strangeways'

Mosquito Shore_, p. 329; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p.

71; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248-9, 279, 308-9; _Boyle's Ride_,

vol. i., pref., pp. 13, 18; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 240, 289,

302; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 243.

[1004] The Guatusos 'are said to be of very fair complexion, a statement

which has caused the appellation of _Indios blancos_, or _Guatusos_--the

latter name being that of an animal of reddish-brown colour, and

intended to designate the colour of their hair.' _Froebel's Cent.

Amer._, p. 24; _Id._, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 244. Speaking of Sir

Francis Drake's mutineers and their escape from Esparsa northward, he

says: 'It is believed by many in Costa Rica that the white Indians of

the Rio Frio, called Pranzos, or Guatusos ... are the descendants of

these Englishmen.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 210, 27, and vol. i.,

pref., pp. xx-xxii. 'Talamanca contains 26 different tribes of Indians;

besides which there are several neighbouring nations, as the Changuenes,

divided into thirteen tribes; the Terrabas, the Torresques, Urinamas,

and Cavecaras.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 373; _Squier's Cent. Amer._,

p. 413; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 407; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._,

tom. i., pp. 331-3.

[1005] 'The indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered

over Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the

north-eastern shores of Panama and almost the whole of Darien, and

consist principally of four tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas

Indians, the Bayanos, and the Cholos.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i.,

p. 317. 'At the time of the conquest of Darien, the country was covered

with numerous and well-peopled villages. The inhabitants belonged to the

Carribbee race, divided into tribes, the principal being the

Maudinghese, Chucunaquese, Dariens, Cunas, Anachacunas, &c. On the

eastern shore of the Gulf of Uraba dwelt the immense but now nearly

exterminated tribe of the Caimans,--only a few remnants of the

persecutions of the Spaniards, having taken refuge in the Choco

Mountains, where they are still found.... The Dariens, as well as the

Anachacunas, have either totally disappeared or been absorbed in other

tribes.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 91-2;

_Fitz-Roy_, in _Id._, vol. xx., pp. 163-4; _Roquette_, in _Nouvelles

Annales des Voy._, 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 30; _Bateman_, in _N. Y.

Century_, _6th Decem., 1860_; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de

Viages_, tom. iii., p. 406; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p.

823; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., p. ccii. See Tribal

Boundaries.

[1006] Savanerics, 'a fine athletic race.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

i., p. 318. 'Tienen los cascos de la cabeça gruessos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist.

Gen._, tom. iii., p. 138. 'The Chocós are not tall nor remarkable in

appearance, but always look well conditioned.' _Michler's Darien_, p.

65. 'Son apersonados.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56;

_Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 77, 87; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp.

10, 36; _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom.

i., p. 107; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp.

95-7; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. vi; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155;

_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 235; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 98;

_Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 365; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._,

vol. i., p. 823; _Fransham's World in Miniature_, p. 25. 'Afirmaua

Pasqual de Andagoya, auer visto algunos tan grandes, que los otros

hombres eran enanos con ellos, y que tenian buenas caras, y cuerpos.'

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi.; _Andagoya_, in

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 412; _Gage's New Survey_,

p. 174; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 69-70;

_Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 67.

[1007] Golfo Dulce. 'Modicæ sunt staturæ, bene compositis membris,

moribus blandis et non invenustis.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 329. 'It

is a universal belief along the Atlantic coast, from Belize to

Aspinwall, that the Frio tribe have white complexions, fair hair, and

grey eyes.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. 20, 236, and pref., pp.

xxi-xxii.; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli.,

pp. 6, 12; _Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 62; _Wafer's New Voy._,

pp. 131-7.

[1008] 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haçiéndole

entrar tanto adentro, que á algunos no se les paresçe de tal arma sino

la atadura, que es unos hilos de algodon allí revueltos.' _Oviedo_,

_Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 109-11, 179. See also: _Cockburn's

Journey_, pp. 181-3, 188; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp.

557-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 251. Referring to Vasco Nuñez de

Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran señores,

cortesanos, y mugeres.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 66, 87. Urabá;

'Ex gentibus ijs mares nudos penitus, foeminas uero ab umbilico

gossampina contectas multitia repererunt.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii.,

lib. i., also dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib.

vi., viii.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Wafer's

New Voy._, pp. 37, 87, 102, plate, 132-4, 138-48, plate; _Wallace_, in

_Miscellanea Curiosa_, vol. iii., p. 418; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 322;

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 26; _Andagoya_, in _Id._,

pp. 307-8, 407, 412; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap.

v., vi., and dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x.; _Michler's Darien_, pp. 43,

65-6, 86.

[1009] _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 314, 316; _Porras_, in

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 285; _Colon_, in _Id._, p.

298; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 240-1; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 191;

_Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 88, 284; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_,

pp. 99, 319; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp.

95-8; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 67-8;

_Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 142; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética,

MS._, cap. ccxlii.-ccxliv. The women of Cueba 'se ponian una barra de oro

atravessada en los pechos, debaxo de las tetas, que se las levanta, y en

ella algunos páxaros é otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que

por lo menos pessaba çiento é çinqüenta é aun dosiçentos pessos una

barreta destas.... Destos caracoles grandes se haçen unas conteçicas

blancas de muchas maneras, é otras coloradas, é otras negras, é otras

moradas, é cañuticos de lo mesmo: é haçen braçaletes en que con estas

qüentas mezclan otras, é olivetas de oro que se ponen en las muñecas y

ençima de los tobillos é debaxo de las rodillas por gentileça: en

espeçial las mugeres.... Traen assimesmo çarçillos de oro en las orejas,

é horádanse las nariçes hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, é cuelgan

de allí sobre el labio alto otro çarçillo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom.

iii., pp. 126, 138.

[1010] Their hair 'they wear usually down to the middle of the Back, or

lower, hanging loose at its full length.... All other Hair, except that

of their Eye-brows and Eye-lids, they eradicate.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp.

132-3; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, p.

824; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. i., p. 98.

[1011] _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 86; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles

Annales des Voy._, 1836, tom. cli., p. 9; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom.

i., p. 246; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 26; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa

Rica_, p. 253.

[1012] _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 95;

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 319, 321-2; _Pim and Seemann's

Dottings_, p. 151; _Michler's Darien_, p. 84; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp.

149-52; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 234-5. On the banks of the Rio Grande,

the Spaniards under Johan de Tavira found 'muchas poblaçiones en

barbacoas ó casas muy altas, fechas é armadas sobre postes de palmas

negras fortíssimas é quassi inexpugnables'.... 'Hay otra manera de

buhíos ó casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles muy altos.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 50, 131, 8, 46. 'En otras muchas

partes hacian sus casas de madera y de paja de la forma de una campana.

Estas eran muy altas y muy capaces que moraban en cada una de ellas diez

y mas vecinos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. 43.

[1013] 'Hallaron muchos pueblos cercados, con palenques de madera.'

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. ix., dec. i., lib.

ix., cap. ii., vi. 'Tengano le lor case in cima de gli alberi.'

_Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 160. See also: _Irving's Columbus_,

vol. iii., p. 176; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 75; _Colon_, _Hist.

Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 108.

[1014] Of Comagre's palace it is said, 'Longitudinem dimensi passuum

centum quinquaginta, latitudinem uero pedum octoginta, in uacuo

dinumerarunt: laquearibus et pauimentis arte eximia laboratis.' _Peter

Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. iii. Compare further: _Montanus_, _Nieuwe

Weereld_, pp. 64-5, 87; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 71-2, 98; _Darien_,

_Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, p. 81.

[1015] _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., p.

11; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xxiii.; _Hassel_, _Mex.

Guat._, p. 407; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 204, 224-5; _Wagner and

Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 558-9. On the Chara Islands, 'comen los

indios en estas islas muchos venados é puercos, que los hay en

grandissima cantidad, é mahiz, é fésoles muchos é de diversas maneras, é

muchos é buenos pescados, é tambien sapo ... é ninguna cosa viva dexan

de comer por suçia que sea.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 110.

[1016] 'Hanno la maggior parte di questa costiera per costume di mangiar

carne humana e quando mangiauano de gli Spagnuoli, v'erano di coloro che

ricusauano di cibarsene, temendo ancora che nel lor corpo, non gli

facessero quelle carni qualche danno.' _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_,

fol. 49. On the coast 'they live principally upon fish, plantains, and

bananas, with Indian corn and a kind of cassava.' _Selfridge's Darien

Surveys_, pp. 10, 20. Compare _Colon_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_,

tom. i., p. 308; _Balboa_, in _Id._, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; _Alcedo_,

_Dicc._, tom. v., p. 293; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 68-9; _Colombo_,

_Hist. Ammiraglio_, p. 412; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp. 20-2.

[1017] 'Cogen dos y tres vezes al año maiz, y por esto no lo

engraneran.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 88. 'Seguian mucho la caça

de venados, y de aquellos puercos con el ombligo al espinazo.'

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., xv. For further

details see _Michler's Darien_, pp. 65, 68, 81; _Andagoya_, in

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 403, 407; _Montanus_,

_Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 71; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 79; _Seemann's

Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 315, 319; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib.

vii.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 132-3, 136, 139; _Wafer's

New Voy._, pp. 88, 101, 106-7, 129-130, 152-6, 170-7.

[1018] _Michler's Darien_, p. 65; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 236. 'Tienen

por costumbre, assi los indios como las indias, de se bañar tres ó

quatro veçes al dia, por estar limpios é porque diçen que descansan en

lavarse.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 135-6.

[1019] In Cueva, 'no son flecheros, é pelean con macanas é con lanças

luengas y con varas que arrojan, como dardos con estóricas (que son

cierta manera de avientos) de unos bastones bien labrados.' _Oviedo_,

_Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 127, 129. 'Sunt autem ipsorum arma, non

arcus, non sagittæ uenenatæ, uti habere indígenas illos trans sinum

orientales diximus. Cominus hi certant ut plurimum, ensibus oblongis,

quos macanas ipsi appellant, ligneis tamen, quia ferrum non assequuntur:

et præustis sudibus aut osseis cuspidibus, missilibus etiam ad præluim

utuntur.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. iii., also, dec. iv., lib. x.,

dec. v., lib. ix. Compare further, _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i.,

lib. ix., cap. vi., lib. x., cap. i.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col.

de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 403; _Parras_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 285;

_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 225; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique._, p. 98; _Otis'

Panamá_, pp. 77-8; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii.,

pp. 95, 98.

[1020] 'The pipe was made of two pieces of reed, each forming a half

circle; these being placed together left a small hole, just large enough

for the admission of the arrow.... The arrows are about eight inches

long ... the point very sharp, and cut like a corkscrew for an inch

up.... This is rolled in the poison.... The arrow will fly one hundred

yards, and is certain death to man or animal wounded by it; no cure as

yet having been discovered. A tiger, when hit, runs ten or a dozen

yards, staggers, becomes sick, and dies in four or five minutes. A bird

is killed as with a bullet, and the arrow and wounded part of the flesh

being cut out, the remainder is eaten without danger.' _Cochrane's

Journal in Colombia_, vol. ii., pp. 405-7. 'That poyson killeth him that

is wounded, but not suddenly.... Whoso is wounded, liues a miserable and

strict life after that, for he must abstaine from many things.' _Peter

Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. viii. 'Some woorali (corova) and poisoned

arrows that I obtained from the Indians of the interior were procured by

them from Choco ... their deadly effect is almost instantaneous.'

_Cullen's Darien_, p. 67. 'We inquired of all the Indians, both men and

boys, at Caledonia Bay and at San Blas for the "curari" or "urari"

poison ... they brought us what they represented to be the _bona-fide_

poison.... It turned out to be nothing but the juice of the manzanillo

del playa. So, if this is their chief poison, and is the same as the

"curari", it is not so much to be dreaded.' _Selfridge's Darien

Surveys_, pp. 136-7. See further, _Fitz-Roy_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,

Jour._, vol. xx., p. 164; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii.,

cap. xvi.; _Michler's Darien_, p. 77; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p.

41.

[1021] _Acosta_, _N. Granada_, p. 6; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88;

_Carli_, _Cartas_, pt. i., p. 17. 'Traian suscoseletes fechos de

algodon, que les llegaban é abaxaban de las espaldas dellos, é les

llegaban á las rodillas é dende abaxo, é las mangas fasta los codos, é

tan gruesos como un colchon de cama, son tan fuertes, que una ballesta

no los pasa.' _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. ii., p. 516.

[1022] 'Cuando iban á la guerra llevaban coronas de oro en las cabezas y

unas patenas grandes en los pechos y braceletes y otras joyas en otros

lugares del cuerpo.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. lxv.,

ccxliv. 'El herido en la guerra es hidalgo, y goza de grandes

franquezas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88. 'A los que pueden matar

matan, é á los que prenden los hierran é se sirven dellos por esclavos.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 129, 126. See further:

_Quintana_, _Vidas Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 8; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._,

dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de

Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 399, 403, 412; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iii., lib.

iv., dec. viii., lib. viii.; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 133.

[1023] 'La manta de la hamaca no es hecha red, sino entera é muy gentil

tela delgada é ancha.... Hay otras, que la manta es de paja texida é de

colores é labores.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 131, 136,

138, 142, 181. 'Muy buenas redes con anzuelos de hueso que hacen de

concha de tortuga.' _Vega_, _Hist. Descub. Amer._, p. 145. 'Tenian los

Reyes y Señores ricos y señalados vasos con que bebian.' _Las Casas_,

_Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. lxv. Compare further: _Herrera_, _Hist.

Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. i., dec. ii., lib.

ii., cap. i.; _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. i., dec. vii., lib. x.;

_Michler's Darien_, pp. 66, 77; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp.

21-2.

[1024] _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 348; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i.,

p. 320; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 29; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp.

172-3, 243-4; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 92-4, 160-2. Referring to Chiriquí

earthen relics; 'The vessels ... are neatly and sometimes very

gracefully formed of clay.... Several bear resemblance to Roman,

Grecian, and Etruscan jars.... Dr. Merritt mentioned that the natives of

the Isthmus now make their rude earthen utensils of a peculiar black

earth, which gives them the appearance of iron.' _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv.,

p. 176. In Veragua 'vide sábanas grandes de algodon, labradas de muy

sotiles labores; otras pintadas muy sútilmente a colores con pinceles.'

_Colon_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 308.

[1025] 'En estas islas de Chara é Pocosi no tienen canoas, sino

balsas'.... In the Province of Cueba 'tienen canoas pequeñas, tambien

las usan grandes ... hay canoa que lleva çinquenta ó sessenta hombres é

mas.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 110, 159. See also:

_Michler's Darien_, pp. 48, 66-7; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 96; _Montanus_,

_Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 67; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 75; _Puydt_, in

_Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 99; _Acosta_, _N. Granada_,

p. 43.

[1026] _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 74, 88; _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_,

_Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib.

vi.; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. x.,

cap. iii.; _Belcher's Voyage_, vol. i., p. 250; _Selfridge's Darien

Surveys_, pp. 10-11; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

xxxviii., p. 99; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 154; _Otis' Panamá_, p. 77;

_Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65-6. 'Quando los indios no tienen guerra, todo

su exerciçio es tractar é trocar quanto tienen unos con otros ... unos

llevan sal, otros mahiz, otros mantas, otros hamacas, otros algodon

hilado ó por hilar, otros pescados salados; otros llevan oro.' _Oviedo_,

_Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 140, tom. ii., p. 340.

[1027] 'Este cacique Davaive tiene grand fundicion de oro en su casa;

tiene cient hombres á la contina que labran oro.' _Balboa_, in

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 364-5. 'Hay grandes

mineros de cobre: hachas de ello, otras cosas labradas, fundidas,

soldadas hube, y fraguas con todo su aparejo de platero y los crisoles.'

_Colon_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 308. In Panamá, 'grandes Entalladores, y

Pintores.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56. Compare

further: _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 88; _Herrera_, _Hist.

Gen._, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. x.; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp.

29-30; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iii., lib. iv.; _Bidwell's Isthmus_, p. 37.

[1028] _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 178-86; _Lussan_, _Jour. du Voy._, p. 46;

_Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 99.

[1029] 'Besan los pies al hijo, o sobrino, que hereda, estando en la

cama: que vale tanto como juramento, y coronacion.' _Gomara_, _Hist.

Ind._, fol. 255-6, 88. 'Todos tenian sus Reies, y Señores, á quien

obedecian.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 346. 'Los hijos

heredauan a los padres, siendo auidos en la principal muger.... Los

Caziques y señores eran muy tenidos y obedecidos.' _Herrera_, _Hist.

Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. See

also, _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 129-30, 142, 156-7;

_Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Andagoya_, in

_Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 399; _Wafer's New Voy._, p.

163; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 73; _Wallace_, in _Miscellanea Curiosa_,

vol. iii., p. 418; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii.,

p. 97; _Funnell's Voyage_, pp. 131-2; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p.

20.

[1030] _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 8, 126, 129; _Gomara_,

_Hist. Ind._, fol. 77; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 66; _Dapper_,

_Neue Welt_, p. 74.

[1031] _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 98;

_Macgregor's Process of Amer._, pp. 823-5, 829; _Las Casas_, _Hist.

Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxliv. 'Casauanse con hijas de sus hermanas: y

los señores tenian muchas mugeres.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i.,

lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. 'De las mugeres

principales de sus padres, y hermanas ó hijas guardan que no las tomen

por mugeres, porque lo tienen por malo.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_,

_Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 402-3. Of wives: 'They may haue as many

as they please, (excepting their kindred, and allies) vnlesse they be

widdowes ... in some place a widdow marryeth the brother of her former

husband, or his kinsman, especially if hee left any children.' _Peter

Martyr_, dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. viii.

[1032] The women 'observe their Husbands with a profound Respect and

Duty upon all occasions; and on the other side their Husbands are very

kind and loving to them. I never knew an Indian beat his Wife, or give

her any hard Words.... They seem very fond of their Children, both

Fathers and Mothers.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 156-66. 'Tienen mancebias

publicas de mugeres, y aun de hombres en muchos cabos.' _Gomara_, _Hist.

Ind._, fol. 87. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 18, 20,

133-4; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), pp. 9-10.

[1033] 'Pipes, or fluites of sundry pieces, of the bones of Deere, and

canes of the riuer. They make also little Drummes or Tabers beautified

with diuers pictures, they forme and frame them also of gourdes, and of

an hollowe piece of timber greater than a mannes arme.' _Peter Martyr_,

dec. viii., lib. viii. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp.

127, 130, 137, 156; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88; _Darien_, _Defence

of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 72-3; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._,

pp. 825, 832; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 321; _Las Casas_, _Hist.

Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxliii.

[1034] In Comagre, 'vinos blancos y tintos, hechos de mayz, y rayzes de

frutas, y de cierta especie de palma, y de otras cosas: los quales vinos

loauan los Castellanos quando los beuian.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec.

i., lib. ix., cap. ii. 'Tenia vna bodega con muchas cubas y tinajas

llenas de vino, hecho de grano, y fruta, blanco, tinto, dulce, y agrete

de datiles, y arrope.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 73. 'Hacian de maiz

vino blanco i tinto.... Es de mui buen sabor aunque como unos vinos

bruscos ó de gascuña.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Ind., MS._, tom. ii., cap.

xxvi. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 136-7, 141-2;

tom. iv., pp. 96-7; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 64, 285; _Dapper_,

_Neue Welt_, pp. 71, 321; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 87, 102-3, 153-5, 164,

169-70; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 96.

[1035] 'Quando hablan vno con otro, se ponen do espaldas.' _Colon_,

_Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 111;

_Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 177-9.

[1036] _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 255; _Peter Martyr_, dec. vii., lib.

x., dec. viii., lib. viii.; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 37-9; _Herrera_,

_Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; _Selfridge's Darien

Surveys_, pp. 10-11; _Vega_, _Hist. Descub. Amer._, p. 145. 'Deste

nombre tequina se haçe mucha diferençia; porque á qualquiera ques mas

hábil y experto en algun arte, ... le llaman tequina, que quiere deçir

lo mesmo que maestro: por manera que al ques maestro de las responsiones

é inteligencias con el diablo, llámenle tequina en aquel arte, porque

aqueste tal es el que administra sus ydolatrías é çerimonias é

sacrifiçios, y el que habla con el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom.

iii., p. 127. 'Tenian ó habia entre estas gentes unos sacerdotes que

llamaban en su lengua "Piachas" muy espertos en el arte mágica, tanto

que se revestia en ellos el Diabolo y hablaba por boca de ellos muchas

falsedades, conque los tenia cautivos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética,

MS._, cap. ccxlv.

[1037] The priests 'comunmente eran sus médicos, é conosçian muchas

hiervas, de que usaban, y eran apropriadas á diversas enfermedades.'

_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138-9, 141, tom. i., pp.

56-7. 'According to the diuers nature, or qualitie of the disease, they

cure them by diuers superstitions, and they are diuersly rewarded.'

_Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., cap. viii. Compare further; _Gomara_, _Hist.

Ind._, fol. 88; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlv.;

_Wafer's New Voy._, p. 28; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Puydt_,

in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 97; _Purchas his

Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 893.

[1038] 'Quédame de deçir que en aquesta lengua de Cueva hay muchos

indios hechiçeros é en espeçial un çierto género de malos, que los

chripstianos en aquella tierra llaman chupadores.... Estos chupan á

otros hasta que los secan é matan, é sin calentura alguna de dia en dia

poco á poco se enflaquesçen tanto, que se les pueden contar los huesos,

que se les paresçen solamente cubiertos con el cuero; y el vientre se

les resuelve de manera quel ombligo traen pegado á los lomos y espinaço,

é se tornan de aquella forma que pintan á la muerte, sin pulpa ni carne.

Estos chupadores, de noche, sin ser sentidos, van á haçer mal por las

casas agenas: é ponen la boca en el ombligo de aquel que chupan, y están

en aquel exerçiçio una ó dos horas ó lo que les paresçe, teniendo en

aquel trabaxo al paçiente, sin que sea poderoso de se valer ni defender,

no dexando de sufrir su daño con silençio. É conosçe el assi ofendido, é

vee al malhechor, y aun les hablan: lo qual, assi los que haçen este mal

como los que le padesçen, han confessado algunos dellos; é diçen questos

chupadores son criados é naborias del tuyra, y quél se los manda assi

haçer, y el tuyra es, como está dicho, el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist.

Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 159-60.

[1039] 'Ay muchos, que piensan, que no ay mas de nacer, y morir: y

aquellos tales no se entierran con pan, y vino, ni con mugeres, ni

moços. Los que creen la immortalidad del alma, se entierra: si son

Señores, con oro, armas, plumas, si no lo son, con mayz, vino, y

mantas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 255, 88. 'Huius reguli penetrale

ingressi cameram reperiunt pensilibus repletam cadaueribus, gossampinis

funibus appensis. Interrogati quid sibi uellet ea superstitio: parentum

esse et auorum atauorumque Comogri regulea cadauera, inquiunt. De quibus

seruandis maximam esse apud eos curami et pro religione eam pietatem

haberi recensent: pro cuiusque gradu indu, menta cuique cadaueri

imposita, auro gemmisque superintexta.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib.

iii., dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. ix.

'Viendo la cantidad é número de los muertos, se conosçe qué tantos

señores ha avido en aquel Estado, é quál fué hijo del otro ó le subçedió

en el señorio segund la órden subçesiva en que están puestos.' _Oviedo_,

_Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 155-6, 142. For further accounts see

_Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 556, 560; _Cockburn's Journey_,

p. 183; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 314, 316, 319; _Pim and

Seemann's Dottings_, p. 30; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii.,

cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. ii., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., dec. iv.,

lib. i., cap. xi.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 10;

_Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 401-2;

_Carli_, _Cartas_, pt. i., pp. 105-6; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética,

MS._, cap. ccxlii., ccxlvii.; _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 894.

[1040] The Terrabas 'naciones ... las mas braves é indómitas de todas

... Indios dotados de natural docilidad y dulzura de genio.'

_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 19. Speaking of the natives of

Panamá; 'muy deuotos del trabajo, y enemigos de la ociosidad.' _Dávila_,

_Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., p. 56. Darien: 'Son inclinados a juegos y

hurtos, son muy haraganes.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88. San Blas

tribes: 'They are very peaceable in their natures'.... Chucunas and

Navigandis: 'The most warlike' ... Coast tribes, 'from contact with

foreigners, are very docile and tractable'.... The Sassardis: 'As a

whole, this tribe are cowardly, but treacherous.' _Selfridge's Darien

Surveys_, pp. 10-11, 36. Compare further, _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p.

24; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., p. 6;

_Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. xii.; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa

Rica_, p. 557; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 426; _Michler's Darien_, p. 26;

_Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. ii., p. 413; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,

Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 96; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, p. 830;

_Otis' Panamá_, p. 77; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65-6, 68-9.

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.