REGULARITY.--Slack times vary in different houses. "You never can tell,"
but summer, as a rule, is slack. Last summer there was very little work
all July and August at C. and D. and F. She made only 8_d._ or 9_d._ a
day sometimes.
HOURS.--At C. and D. the hours worked are from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., with
one and a-half hours for meals; at E., from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with
one and a-half hours for meals on Monday and Tuesday; from 8 a.m. to 7
p.m., with one and a-half hours for meals on Wednesday, Thursday, and
Friday; and from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays.
MACHINERY.--Machinery has not taken work from women.
GENERAL.--She remarked that G. was "a dreadful place." The girls cried
because there was no work.
21. X., _Stamping Firm in London. Employee's Evidence_.
WORK.--There are about 100 girls in the _stamping_ room, about 30 of
whom pack up the work in boxes, etc. In some places the stampers have to
pack their own work. There is also _envelope work_, etc., done on the
firm, but my informant knew nothing of this. Some girls did the hand
illuminating, _i.e._, colouring part of a design that has been stamped.
REGULARITY.--The trade is seasonal, and is slack in the summer and busy
in winter.
SKILL.--"You have to be strong to stand the stamping," she said. She
herself had to give it up after she had been a learner for two years,
and take to packing. Her health gave way; she got very anæmic, and could
not stand the strain. Most of the packers were girls who could not stand
stamping. They had one very heavy press with big dies, and tried a girl
on it, but she got injured internally, so a man was put on it. At R. she
heard they had heavy presses. She said she knew of two girls who went
there, and both injured themselves. She thinks they had to go to the
hospital. The best paying work was done on the big presses. However,
many girls stood the stamping all right. Strength is absolutely
necessary.
HOURS.--The hours worked are from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one and a-half
hours off for meals; on Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. When busy they
work regularly from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., and three nights a week to 9.30
p.m.
22 and 23. U. and V., _Two Stamping Firms in London. Employee's
Evidence_.
WORK.--My informant did plain stamping, but never learnt relief work.
She once tried it, but did not get on with it. At U. there were only 5
stampers, at V. quite 30.
REGULARITY.--At U. work came in rushes, and they were always either very
busy or else very slack; at V. work was steady all the year.
HEALTH.--My informant herself had grown rather crooked, and had to leave
off work. She did not know of any other girls similarly affected though,
nor did she consider it unhealthy. A good many were anæmic. She thought
that now she has had a rest she might be able to stand it better. The
big dies were the bad ones, and were tiring.
HOURS.--At U. the hours were from 9.15 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one hour for
dinner and half an hour for tea; at V. from 9.15 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., but
at V. one could work till 7 or 7.30 p.m., if one cared. At U. they were
then working till 8 p.m. (December). She had never worked later than 9,
and that very rarely.
PROSPECTS.--She thought that the chance of rising to forewoman was
exceedingly remote.
GENERAL.--Both U. and V. were very nice and respectable shops, and
particular about whom they took on. At U. there was a dining room, and
things more comfortable than at V.
24. Y., _Machine Ruling Firm in London. Visit to Works_.
WORK.--There are _two departments_. (1) Top floor: _Machine ruling_. (2)
Ground floor: _Perforating_, _numbering_, _and paging._
(1) The following is the general principle of the ruling machine:
There is a band about 1 yd. wide which goes round and round in a large
ellipse (one flat side of the ellipse is about 3½ yds. long). Upon this
band the sheets of paper are placed by the girls, and by it they are
drawn under a row of pens set at the required intervals for the lines.
They are then carried up and round by the revolutions of the band--being
held in their places by string which revolves with the band--and fall
out of the machine with the ink dry.
A good many machines are fitted with a second row of pens which rules
the underneath side of the paper as well as the upper.
The pens are fed by a piece of flannel which is kept soaked by a regular
flow of ink from a vessel fitted with a small tap.
These machines are worked by power. They used to be worked by hand.
(2) _Perforating_ is done by a machine worked by a treadle. A good many
foreign and colonial postage stamps are done here.
_Numbering_ of loose pages, cheques, receipts, etc., is done by a
machine with a handle which has to be pulled down by hand.
_Paging_, which is for made-up books, is done by a machine worked by a
treadle.
REGULARITY.--The summer is a slack season in this trade as a rule. The
firm are especially slack just now (August) as there are no orders from
South Africa.
HEALTH.--The upper floor was exceedingly, almost insupportably, stuffy.
The ground floor was fairly airy. The under-forewoman said that working
the treadle for paging was very hard work. "It always upset her inside,"
so she had to give it up.
SKILL.--Strength is required for paging.
DANGER.--They had just had an accident with the perforating machine. The
bands upstairs were dangerous to long hair. One girl had her hair caught
and was carried right up to the ceiling. The band was loose and slipped
off the wheel, so she was let down again with no great injury.
PROSPECTS.--The girls may rise to forewoman; the machine rulers may rise
to wet the flannels.
25. _Paper Bag Making in London. Employee's Evidence._
WORK.--(1) Cake bags, (2) tea bags, (3) sugar bags. These are different
classes of work and some hands can do only one class.
The girls do their own cutting except for the very heavy work, which men
do. As a rule, the piece-rate girls make the bag right through from the
sheet, _i.e._, cut the paper, lay it out and paste. Tea bags are made on
a tin. There were 150 girls working in the room.
REGULARITY.--The work is irregular, but if a girl can do all kinds it is
better for her. "There is always some work, but sometimes you may sit
idle doing needlework most of the day."
HEALTH.--"It is very bad for you standing all day long," said my
informant. "Girls come in looking lively and healthy, but they soon get
run down." The standing and the used-up air are bad, the latter
especially in the winter-time when the gas is alight. She herself has
lost her health.
MACHINERY.--Machinery had not displaced women.
HOURS.--The hours are from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with one hour for
dinner, ten minutes for lunch, and twenty minutes for tea; on Saturdays,
from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. The girls have to be in by 8.15 or they are locked
out for the morning.
When at overtime they work from 8 a.m. to 9.30 p.m.
PROSPECTS.--The forewoman was at the bench once.
GENERAL.--"On the floor below," said my informant, "are litho girls--not
the sort whom you _could_ speak to. That is a very bad trade."
26. _Printer's and Bookbinder's Firm in Leeds. Employer's Information._
I was shown over the factory. The rooms are all very large and lofty.
Electric instead of steam power is used, and so the factory is far less
noisy and cooler than most printing works.
_One hundred and twenty girls_ of a very superior class are employed.
The conditions under which work is carried on here are evidently very
good.
They print large advertisement posters, time-tables, magazines, novels,
and make account books, cheque books, etc.
TRAINING.--Girls begin by feeding ruling machines, packing, etc., and
the length of their "apprenticeship" depends entirely upon the girls
themselves. They are put on piece work as soon as they are fit for it;
they are taken on about fourteen without premium, and their wages begin
at 4_s._ 6_d._ or, sometimes, 5_s._, and rise by degrees till they are
paid piece work rates.
WAGES.--_Folding and Sewing_ (piece work).--The pay ranges about 10_s._,
12_s._, 16_s._, up to 25_s._ per week.
_Laying-on of Gold-leaf and Blockers_ (piece work) yields 18_s._ to
20_s._ per week.
Girls who put _paper covers_ on to cheap novels, etc., earn about 20_s._
_Layers-on_ (_Letter-press and Litho_) are paid time wages and receive
8_s._, 10_s._, and 12_s._ per week.
The employer says he has known three sisters take home £4 a week for
several months in succession. He thinks it pays well to give high wages.
HOURS.--The hours are 52½ per week: from 7.30 a.m. to 6 p.m., with
dinner from 12.30 p.m. to 1.30 p.m.; on Saturdays, 7.30 a.m. till 12.30
p.m.; but overtime is worked thirty days in the year. Piece workers
receive no extra pay; time workers get time and a quarter.
WORK.--_Folding_ is done chiefly by hand. There is one machine, but that
is self-feeding and a man minds it.
_Sewing_ is done by hand and by machinery.
_Perforating_ is done by a machine worked by power, which has simply to
be fed.
Several girls were employed putting the wrappers on to 6_d._ novels,
while others were pasting cloth on to cardboard for school exercise
books. Little girls were feeding the ruling machine, punching labels,
eyeletting and packing.
Girls were also engaged in gold laying-on and blocking, but none were
employed at this when I was there.
In the litho and letter-press printing rooms a large number of very
respectable girls, about eighteen years of age, were employed as
layers-on. They were feeding large as well as small machines.
REGULARITY.--The girls are employed all the year round, but they are
busier in the autumn and winter (from September to May). They are also
very busy the last week in each month. _Occasionally_, in June and July,
they only work half-time, but this does not happen often.
HEALTH.--The work is very healthy. Before they had electric power the
employer had seen girls fall down and faint when "laying-on" at night
when the gas was lit and the room hot. Now that they have electric power
and electric light such a thing never happens.
DANGER.--The use of electric power does away with the need of belting
shafts, etc. There is simply a small motor on the ground.
ORGANISATION.--There is no organisation amongst the women, though the
men are all Unionists.
MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--Girls all leave when they get married.
Occasionally, when they are busy, an old hand who has got married comes
back, but 99 per cent. are unmarried. The employer did not know whether
they had any married women there then.
FACTORY LEGISLATION.--Factory legislation has in no way limited the
usefulness of women. Girls do not mind working overtime when they can
make a little extra by it, but the employer said "overtime does not pay
anybody." _E.g._, when layers-on worked overtime they were paid time and
a quarter, and it did not pay to give that extra money. The restriction
of overtime to thirty days a year worked out very inconveniently for the
masters, but this employer thought the factory legislation was a very
good thing on the whole.
One direct result of factory legislation here has been the introduction
of a self-feeding folding machine worked by electric power, which they
use when they are busy instead of getting in extra hands or working
overtime. When not busy this machine stands idle, and the folding is
done by hand. Another result of factory legislation is that they have to
employ more hands than they otherwise would, and so girls sometimes have
to work short time.
MEN AND WOMEN.--The employer said there was a clearly drawn line between
men's work and women's work. The Union made a great point of keeping
women out of what they consider to be men's work, and there would be a
"row" amongst them if women were put on, but I found out later on that
girls do the laying-on and _gold blocking_ for the backs of books, etc.
The employer said he put them on to that about three years ago. At first
the men made a fuss about it, but it passed over. His reason for putting
girls on was that it was light work quite suitable for a girl. Only
skilled girls did it. They would get perhaps 12_s._ 6_d._, time wage,
while they were learning, and then go on to piece work and earn 18_s._
or 20_s._ a week. A man's wage for the same work would be a minimum of
32_s._ a week (time), as that is the Trade Union minimum, and the Trade
Unionists generally get something above the minimum.
This firm was the first in Leeds to introduce girls as layers-on for
letter-press and litho machines. That was about twenty years ago. The
reason was that it was impossible to apprentice the number of boys
required. The Trade Union regulation about the proportion of apprentices
to journeymen is very strictly enforced, and it was not fair to employ
boys and simply turn them off when they got older; so girls were
employed, and now the majority of layers-on are girls. They do the work,
on the whole, better than boys, and they are steadier.
MACHINERY.--Machinery is continually being introduced and more women are
being employed in spite of the fact that the machines do work so much
more quickly. Production is made cheaper and so the demand is greater.
HOME WORK.--No home work is given out.
_Relief Stamping Firms. General Summary._
We have information about twenty-one houses where women are employed at
stamping (covering over 300 women).
TRAINING.--Out of these nine have a regular system of training, four do
not take apprentices, having found them more trouble than they were
worth; three have no settled system, while three refused to furnish
information on the subject. In four cases indentures were signed, and
there were two cases of premiums, in one of which £2 was paid, to be
returned with 5 per cent. interest after three years; in the other,
£10--with variations. "It varies with the girl," we were told.
"Sometimes girls with very respectable parents like to pay a premium, in
other cases it is waived." In eight out of the nine houses where there
is a regular system of training, the girls serve an apprenticeship
varying from two to three years. They begin by a few shillings
pocket-money and go on to receive a part of what they make at piece work
rates. In one house they gave from two weeks to two months for nothing,
during which time their earnings went to the forewoman who taught them.
The following are some of the systems of payment during training:--
(1) 1st year (employed in warehouse), 3_s._; 2nd year, half
earnings, piece, with 4_s._ per month pocket-money; 3rd year,
three-quarter earnings, with 4_s._ per month pocket-money.
(2) 1st year, 5_s._; 2nd year, 6_s._ 6_d._; 3rd year, 8_s._
(3) 2_s._ 6_d._ for first 6 months; rising 1_s._ every 3 months,
till 8_s._ 6_d._ is reached.
(4) Start at 2_s._ 6_d._; rise to 10_s._ during training.
(5) 1st year, half earnings; 2nd year, three-quarter earnings.
(6) 3_s._ or 4_s._ first 6 months; 5_s._ second 6 months; then
6_s._ for 2nd year.
(7) Pay £2 premium. Put on piece work almost at once and receive
what they make. Premiums returned with 5 per cent. interest after
3 years.
(8) 3 months, nothing; 3 months, 2_s._ per week; next 3 months,
3_s._; next, 4_s._; so on till 8_s._
One forewoman considered that three years' training was much too long,
and stated that there was a tendency in certain houses to do work cheap
by means of apprentices. She said that the girls in such houses get
disheartened and sick of work, and when they were out of their time it
was no use staying on, for all the work got given to the learners. Some
learners are quite quick by the end of three weeks. We often found that
when a girl came in to learn stamping she was set to run about the
warehouse or to do gumming for the first year. This, it was urged by one
employer, was done purely from humane motives. Since the girls were
often delicate when they came in, it was far better for them to do odd
jobs for a year than to be stuck down at once at some sedentary
occupation.
Learners are taken at thirteen or fourteen years of age. Sometimes they
are left to "pick things up." Sometimes they are taught by a forewoman
or experienced hand. The relief stamper belongs to the upper class of
factory girl.
REGULARITY.--Trade is tolerably steady. A few weeks in summer are
generally slack, and where there is Christmas card work the six weeks
before Christmas are extremely busy.
HEALTH.--We were told almost unanimously that stamping was healthy work,
and undoubtedly, where the presses are light, it is so. Some of the
presses, however, are very heavy, and the girls who work them
acknowledged that the work was extremely tiring. Most houses have men to
work their heaviest presses. We heard of three cases in two different
houses of internal strain to girls working at these presses, and we
heard of one house where the girls in the packing room were recruited
from those who could not stand the stamping.
SKILL.--Skill is required for illuminating.
PROSPECTS.--In some cases it is possible to rise to forewoman, or from
plain to relief and cameo stamping and occasionally illuminating.
WAGES.--Wages vary from 13_s._ to 25_s._ or 30_s._, mostly piece work.
Some of the piece work rates were 9_d._ per 1,000 impressions, 2_d._ per
1,000 plain (2,000 can be done per hour); 10_d._ per ream one die (takes
two hours to do one ream), 1_s._ 8_d._ per 1,000 impressions.
MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--Very few relief stampers are married. In some
houses married women are not allowed, in some they "come back to oblige"
at busy times. In one house only we heard "that many stampers marry,
though they might as well not, as they come back to work."
DISPLACEMENT.--Men used to do relief stamping, but women, owing to the
cheapness of their labour, have superseded them in all but the heaviest
work. For the heavy presses men are still employed, "but it is a poor
trade for them."
In some houses they do illuminating, as for this the women are found
not to possess sufficient skill and patience. One large house employs 4
men for a superior sort of relief stamping--gold and silver on a
coloured surface. The crest or monogram has to be stamped in plain
first, then coloured, then stamped with the gold or silver by the men.
This last process requires great skill and accuracy and care, for if it
is crooked by a hair's breadth the thing is spoilt. Girls are stated not
to be accurate and careful enough for this work, although they are
employed for the simpler sort of gold stamping.
Where heavy hand machines have come in they have ousted women. One
employer considered that if stamping machines worked by steam came in
women would be employed on them. In one house, however, where there was
machine stamping, it was done by men. We were told by a large employer
that there is now a new machine in the market which may supersede female
labour. It colours the surface first and then embosses it out. Another
new machine requires a feeder only, as the die is coloured, rubbed and
stamped down by machinery.
_Job Hands. Interview with Agent._
Miss R., like Mrs. B. before her, apparently acts as a sort of
bureau-keeper for job hands; sometimes she has work in to do herself and
keeps a certain staff, at other times she gets a notice to say that W.
has got a big job and wants so many hands; she collects them, sends
postcards all round, and goes and works herself too. Very few of her job
hands would touch magazine work; they usually work at prospectuses. Mrs.
B. used to do all the work for the ---- Societies. There were hundreds
of job hands, how many she cannot tell at all.
REGULARITY.--The work is quite uncertain. "You never know when there
will be work; but July and August are usually the slack months, but this
year (1900-01) it has been slack all the year. Job hands, however, do
what they like when there is not work, whereas constant hands have to
come in and wait whether there is work or not."
HEALTH.--It is hard work, but there is nothing unhealthy about it.
GENERAL.--She spoke with pitying contempt of the "constant" hands and
their low prices and the long hours they worked.
APPENDIX III.--GENERAL GLASGOW REPORT.
(A.) _Letterpress Printing. Machine Feeding and Flying._
Girls are employed to "feed" the machines and to "take off" the
impressed sheet. A girl will learn "taking off," or "flying," in a
couple of days; but except in the old-fashioned and smaller
jobbing-shops flying is now done entirely by machinery. Machine feeding
is not so easy and simple a process as it seems. The girls stand and
perform the same movement repeatedly, each time giving to the sheet the
precise swing required to send it accurately into the grips. The work
requires little intelligence, and the extent to which it can be
characterised as exhausting depends partly on the speed of the machine,
but chiefly on the length of the "run." Three methods of treating the
girls may be distinguished. In some shops where there are very long
runs, perhaps extending to a couple of weeks, as in the case of the
printing of low-priced Bibles, the work is tiring. At the close of a
long run the machines have to be prepared afresh, and the girls enjoy a
spell for a day or two. This leisure they are sometimes inclined to
abuse by interrupting the work of others with conversation, and
consequently attempts are being made to employ them on other machines
during the interval. This innovation the girls are resisting. In other
shops the fatiguing nature of a long run is mitigated by removing the
girl to another machine with a different movement, but the "right" of a
girl to be so moved about and rested is not recognised; it is simply a
matter for the consideration of the foreman. To allow the claim to
frequent shifting might prove inconvenient in times of pressure. Lastly,
in establishments where the bulk of the work involves short runs, as,
for example, in printing the official matter of a municipality or a
college, the necessity for frequently preparing the machines affords
considerable leisure to the feeders. These intervals explain the groups
of girls often to be seen chatting and knitting in odd corners of the
machine-room. Some of these shops recognise the right of a girl to feed
and keep clean "her own machine" and no other. Where this is the case a
girl may be employed feeding for no longer than a quarter of the normal
working week of fifty-two and a half hours owing to the shortness of the
runs and the length of time spent in re-adjustment. The work is dirty
but not dangerous, as all machinery is well-fenced, and accidents are
of very rare occurrence. The day's work usually starts at 6.15 a.m. and
ends at 6 p.m., with meal hours at 9 and at 2 o'clock and half an hour
for tea when engaged on overtime. Saturday's shift is from 6.15 a.m.
until 10 a.m. Girls are paid 5_s._, in a few shops 6_s._, a week as
beginners. They get their first rise in three months, and are gradually
advanced to an average wage of 10_s._, while an expert feeder may earn
11_s._, or at the outside 12_s._, a week. When girls find that they can
feed well after a comparatively short time in a shop and that they are
getting only 7_s._ or 8_s._ a week they commonly seek and obtain the
average wage elsewhere. Managers fancy "it would not do" to advance a
girl abruptly from 6_s._ to 10_s._ a week in the same shop, but do not
blame the girls for leaving. "It is human nature." Girls are taken on at
any age after fourteen, and stay on till they are married or until they
are called away to domestic duties. Some remain on after marriage, but
not more than 1 or 2 per cent. A few come back as widows. Married and
unmarried as workers are "six of one and half a dozen of the other,"
remarked an employer of both, while another thought married women "less
regular" in attendance. There are no signs of married women lowering
rates of pay. "Time and a half" is the overtime rate. Women workers who
do not get paid overtime when they work beyond the normal day get paid
over the holidays, but not otherwise. There are no fines. There is no
trade organisation among the machine feeders, and as the various unions
of the men are not directly affected they do not interfere. In some
firms feeding has been done by girls for a quarter of a century; in
others they have been introduced only within the last five or six years.
Boys were rough, irregular, scarce, and wanted higher pay. The girls,
although they also are drawn from a rough class, are steadier, cleaner,
and more economical in the use of material than boys. Besides, there are
more of them. There was no inducement for boys to continue at such work,
so they have been drafted into certain forms of unskilled, but fairly
well paid, labour, such as is offered by the Post Office or bread
factories. In some districts they go to the shipyards to assist
riveters, and are able to earn straight away twice the wages they would
obtain in a printing shop. As overtime by girls is restricted by
legislation, young men (over 18) are kept for feeding in one large
jobbing-shop where there are often seasons of great pressure (_e.g._, in
the printing of penny monthly diaries and time-tables) and where
"rushes" and overtime are inevitable. These young men would not be thus
employed but for the restrictions of the Factory Acts, as the manager,
for reasons stated above, much prefers girls for feeding. While all
modern machines are fitted with self-fliers, not one of the many
attempts to provide automatic feeders has proved quite satisfactory. For
long runs such feeders as have been designed may serve fairly well, but
in shops with much jobbing and many short runs too much time would be
spent in adjusting the feeder to the particular job. The sole advantages
of a mechanical feeder are that it neither "takes ill" nor "goes on
strike." Meanwhile it is imperfect and expensive, and the supply of
cheap female labour abundant.
(B.) _Lithographic Printing. Machine Feeding._
What has been said of feeders under letterpress printing is generally
true of feeders in the lithographic branch. The only difference seems to
be one of social position. Girls employed in feeding lithographic
machines are "higher,"[97] "less filthy in talk," etc. They form the
intermediate class, of which the girls in the bookbinding and warehouse
departments are at the top. In one shop where all three classes are
employed, the manager remarked that these caste distinctions were "clean
cut," and obvious to the most casual observer.
[Footnote 97: They are supposed to be lower in London, Manchester,
etc.--[Ed.]]
(C.) _Letterpress Printing. Type-setting._
The employment of women as compositors is a "vexed question." In two
shops only are they so employed in Glasgow, and both are on the black
list of the local trade union. Inasmuch as the conditions which obtain
in these shops differ in important respects, they are here described
separately.
Firm No. 1 introduced women as compositors some nine or ten years ago,
when a dispute with the union ensued. It now employs about a dozen women
at the cases. Girls are taken on at any age after fourteen. In three
months' time they are able to set up type in "solid dig," _i.e._,
newspaper or book matter, consisting of solid uniform paragraphs. Three
girls who have spent about eight years with this firm are declared to be
"good at displaying," and "more competent than the ordinary journeyman."
Beginners get 6_s._ a week during the first year, and in the third year
are put on piecework rates. There are no indentures. Capable women
compositors may earn 24_s._ a week, while their average earnings may be
put at 22_s._ a week, and they never sink below a pound. Young workers
make an average of 18_s._ a week or thereabouts. The normal week is one
of fifty-one hours, made up as follows:--
8 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. on four days.
8 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. on Wednesdays.
8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays.
A compositor sometimes acts as "clicker," _i.e._, checks the amount of
piecework, but this is usually done by a clerk. No married women are
employed. Overtime is paid time and a half, and women are fined a penny
for being late.
Firm No. 2 employed at one time about two dozen girls in the
composing-rooms. They were engaged solely on solid newspaper work, and
never in the higher branches of the trade, such as "displaying." Seats
were provided for them. They worked a forty-eight hour week for a "stab"
wage of 15_s._ or 16_s._, and had three weeks' holiday, off and on, for
which they were paid. Further, they were never turned away in slack
time. But the experiment was not altogether a success, and by to-day the
two dozen have dwindled down to two, who set for newspapers and get
16_s._ a week. The reasons assigned for the gradual reversion to the
employment of men are as follows:--
(_a_) Irregularity of the women's attendance at work.
(_b_) Their shorter hours.
(_c_) Marriage.
(_d_) The introduction of the Linotype machine, of which there are
three in this establishment. This was urged as the most important
cause of the change back to men.
Of the work in general, it may be said that some intelligence is needed,
that no dangerous machinery is used, and that the health of the workers
depends largely on the character of the workroom. The special trade
disease is that to which men are similarly subject, viz., "consumption"
in some of its many forms.
In Glasgow the Typographical Association has strenuously, and, with the
above exceptions, successfully, resisted the introduction of women into
the composing-room. The attitude taken up by the men may be summarised
as follows: No objection would be offered to the employment of women at
the case provided that they served the usual seven years' apprenticeship
at the same rates as male apprentices, and then on its completion were
paid the full standard wage. "Underpaid female labour is equally unjust
to the legitimate employer and employee." To allow women unrestricted
access to the composing-rooms would probably lead in time, not only to
the reduction of the men's wages, but to the undermining of the trade
itself. The various branches of the trade which now demand many years of
apprenticeship before they are completely mastered by one man would be
split up and distributed among a number of highly-specialized workers.
Women would be employed for separate departments, and by being
continuously kept at one job or branch would become expert therein, but
would have no knowledge of the trade as a whole.
The employers, on the other hand, are aggrieved that, while the union
prevents women from acting as compositors in Glasgow, the same trade
society allows them to work in Edinburgh. The result of the present
arrangement is to divert a certain class of trade, viz., "solid dig," or
book work, from other centres to Edinburgh. The cause of this is to be
found in the non-employment of women compositors in Glasgow, and is not,
as sometimes suggested, due to the superiority of Edinburgh printing.
In answer to the claim of the union to equal pay for equal work for
women and men, it is urged by the masters:--
(1) Women when employed as compositors at piecework rates get the
best, _i.e._, the simplest jobs. They are put to do what boys
would be at when half through their apprenticeship. They are kept
always at pretty much the same kind of work, and thus become very
skilful at it. Boys, on the other hand, would claim to be shifted
on to the higher branches of the trade.
(2) The man who now does the solid type-setting, which the
employer wishes to see a woman do, is paid higher than a woman
would or should be, because he is liable to be called on at any
moment to undertake the more complex operations of his craft,
while a woman is not. In other words, the man is paid for
potential ability.
(3) If women were taken on freely to do solid setting, it is not
at all likely that they would seriously aspire to the higher
stages of the compositor's craft.
(_a_) Partly for physical reasons. Women are not fitted to handle
the heavy formes.
(_b_) Partly because they could not be relied upon to go through a
full course of training. They would be continually leaving in the
middle or at the end of it, and employers, therefore, would not
take the trouble to train them. "The pick of the girls get
married. The qualities which make a girl smart and successful at
her work would similarly make for her success in the marriage
market."
(4) The cheaper type-setting of women is needed in order to
compete successfully with the Linotype machine. There is no doubt
that to a certain extent the comparatively low price of women's
labour tends to retard the introduction of machinery.
(D.) _Bookbinding._
In the bookbinding trade girls fold, put in plates and illustrations,
collate, sew by hand and by machine. Sewing used all to be done by hand,
but machines were introduced some fifteen years ago. In the case of
primers and stitched books girls do all except print the covers. They
make cloth cases as distinct from leather cases. Girls also lay the gold
leaf on covers, which are subsequently stamped by machines operated by
men. For at least half a century women have worked in these branches,
but while in earlier days they learnt a variety of operations the
tendency now is to keep them to a special process or machine. Hence a
smart girl can pick up her task in a week. The old custom of a four
years' apprenticeship still survives. Girls start at fourteen, or at
thirteen if they have passed the fifth standard. The initial wage is
still in some shops 3_s._ a week, but there is a decided upward
tendency, which in one case was found to reach 4_s._ 6_d._ for
beginners. On the termination of the apprenticeship an average wage of
10_s._ a week is paid, but in the exceptional case referred to above the
average was given as 12_s._ 6_d._, while 15_s._ is earned by expert
pagers, coverers, and perforators who have been in the employment of the
firm for some time. A chargewoman gets about 15_s._ a week, while the
principal forewoman in a firm employing nearly 300 girls in its
bookbinding branch is paid a guinea per week. Folders and hand-sewers
are paid piecework rates in the large shops, but not in the smaller
ones. To the casual visitor these pieceworkers exhibit a remarkable
swiftness and accuracy, and the work must involve no small physical
strain. Although the girls engaged in folding and the allied processes
are as a rule of higher intelligence than mill girls and machine feeders
and drawn from different social strata, there are many who come, frail
and under-fed, from very poor homes. To these especially the early hour
at which the day's work begins is a hardship. On a Glasgow winter's
morning to start work at 6.15 on a hurried bite of bread and margarine,
with the distant prospect of more bread and margarine three hours later,
leads logically to "broken time." There has been some slight tendency
towards beginning at 8 o'clock and stopping on Saturdays at 1, but two
of the largest firms still adhere to 6.15 a.m. and finish on Saturdays
at 10 a.m. The manager of one of these characterised the system as a
"relic of barbarism," and said he had tried to alter the hour to 8
o'clock, but the men vigorously opposed the change and the scheme had to
be dropped. As matters now stand, and owing to the great irregularity of
the attendance during the week, work has often to go on from 11 till 2
on Saturdays. Otherwise in this establishment overtime is systematically
avoided, the manager maintaining that the normal week of 52½ hours is
quite exhausting enough for the girls. When, as at seasons of unusual
pressure, overtime is reluctantly resorted to, it is paid
time-and-a-quarter, as in the case of men. The busy season lasts from
August to March, but the girls are hardly affected, and have plenty of
work round the year. In another large firm, where much railway printing
is done, the conditions differ somewhat. The hours are as follows:--
6.30 a.m. to 9 a.m.
10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
3 p.m. to 6 p.m.
Saturdays till 1 p.m.
There are small fines for spoilt work, but the money goes to the
Workers' Benevolent Fund. These fines do not amount to more than
sixpence per head per annum. Overtime is worked to the full limit. It is
paid at a higher rate, but not at the same proportionally higher rate as
men. Girls are never suspended in slack seasons, but are put on time
wages of 13_s._ or 14_s._ a week for the best workers.
The employment of married women is regarded as exceptional, but all
large firms have a small number of such--3 or 4 per cent., perhaps. The
usual practice is for girls to come from school and remain on until they
get married or leave for some domestic purposes. Some come back as
widows or when living apart from their husbands. Some firms boast a
considerable number of workers who have been employed for very long
periods, ranging from 15 to 30 years and upwards. There are no signs of
married women lowering the rates of pay. It is customary for those who
return after a long absence to do so at the old wages. Efforts have been
made from time to time to organise the women into unions, but they have
invariably proved disappointing. Indirectly the women have gained by the
successful efforts of the men to shorten the hours of toil. Generally
speaking the attitude of the men's unions is not so much one of
hostility as of indifference to women's work, except where it threatens
to encroach on the men's preserves. There is no positive agreement as to
the line of demarcation; it is determined tacitly by use and wont. The
men profess to see a tendency among employers to extend the field of
female labour. This extension of woman's sphere they deprecate as likely
to lead to the lowering of men's wages. Just as men are never employed
in folding in the bookbinding department of a publishing firm, so
certain processes are invariably never done by women. As a rule men do
the heavier and more complicated work, while women do that which is
preparatory or supplementary. In jobbing-shops where odd volumes come in
to be bound in various styles women are unsuitable, and men do the work
right through; but in large publishing houses where orders run into
thousands women specialise on particular processes. Women's work is apt
to be extended where there are large quantities involved and where the
work can be sub-divided. While women perform many of these sub-divisions
quite as skilfully as men, they do not exhibit a like concentration of
effort, and are more inclined to scamp.
Opinions differ as to the amount of homework done nowadays. The plant
required is just a folder--a piece of bone. There is no doubt that to
some extent folding is still done at home by the older girls who have
_during the day been employed in the factory_. One employer admitted
that on "not more than three or at most four nights in the year" do
girls take work home from his shop. The cause is set down to the
impatience of the public. Everybody wants his order executed
immediately. Rates paid for homework are, if anything, a shade less than
those paid for work done in the factory. While such work increases the
total earnings this is not the main motive for undertaking it. A good
deal of it is forced, and due to the urgency of the public demand.
During very busy months some firms have a great deal of folding done as
_outwork_ by widows and married women _not_ now employed in the factory
during the day. But this practice is declining. Twopence per 1,000 extra
is paid by one firm, _i.e._, 10_d._ as against 8_d._, for this outwork
to compensate for lack of facilities in the home.
Despite the great number of sewing and folding machines introduced in
recent years there are probably more women employed at the trade than
ever. There is more work. The small shops tend to retain women's labour.
Their jobs are so small in amount and varied in character that it would
not pay them to introduce machinery. Further, in the large shops,
folding machines have not always proved satisfactory. Doubtless, had men
been engaged in folding during the last fifty years, employers would ere
this have perfected a folding machine, but the cheapness of women's
labour takes away some of the incentive to invention. Sometimes the
introduction of a machine reduces women's work in one department and
increases it in another. Take as an example the wire-stitching machine
used in the production of tens of thousands of penny pocket time-tables
and diaries. If the diary is not out during the first three days of the
month it may as well not appear at all. There is a short selling time
during which sales are keen. Without the device of the stitching machine
the only way in which large quantities of such ephemeral publications
could be placed quickly on the market would be by the employment of a
very large staff of women. But the big and rapid output possible by
means of the machine, although it reduces the work of women stitchers,
brings increased work to the women folders.
(E.) _Machine Ruling._
Girls who start as feeders are sometimes promoted to the supervision of
simple ruling machines. Men look upon this with disfavour, as it used to
be considered their work. One firm is said to have only two men now
employed where there were once forty, and the two that remain are
tenters, who supervise the girls and the machines. Machine ruling is
paid at time rates. Wages rank as high as 17_s._ a week, where men
formerly got 28_s._ For more complex machines girls would need to be
specially trained, but managers think they could easily be prepared, as
intelligence rather than strength is necessary. The girls themselves
believe they would succeed if given a chance.
(F.) _Type and Stereotype Founding._
No type founding is done in Glasgow, and no women are employed here in
stereotype founding. Such work is considered unsuitable for women, and
there seems no likelihood of their taking it up.
(G.) _Paper Staining._
This work has always been done by women. There is no formal
apprenticeship, but it takes a couple of years before the girls are
thoroughly initiated. They are taken on at thirteen or fourteen at a
wage of 4_s._ a week, paid 5_s._ at the end of the first year and 6_s._
at the end of the second. Afterwards their wages range from 12_s._ to
14_s._, with an average of about 12_s._ 6_d._ per week. There is no
piecework and no fines are exacted. The working hours are 56 per week,
distributed as follows:--
6 a.m. to 9 a.m.
10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
3 p.m. to 6 p.m.
Saturdays, 6 a.m. to 9 a.m.
10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Work is plentiful all the year round. No dangerous machinery is used,
and there is no special trade disease. The girls remain on till they get
married. They are drawn from the "better sort" of working-class
families, and some were reported as coming to the factory on cycles.
They have no trade organisation, and there do not seem to have been any
attempts on the part of the girls to supplant men in the allied
processes. No machinery has yet been devised capable of doing the work
of the girls.
(H.) _Paper-box Making._
Girls come from school and begin by dabbling about the shop and running
messages. Presently they become "spreaders," and in two or three years'
time "coverers," the highest position open to them. The cutting of the
paper and cardboard is done by machines, which men operate. The material
thus prepared to the required sizes is passed on to the girls to be
glued up into boxes. The girls use no machinery, and stand to their work
at benches. At the height of summer, and despite the gluey atmosphere of
the workrooms, the girls have the usual reluctance to open windows.
Wages start at 3_s._ or 3_s._ 6_d._ Spreaders are paid from 5_s._ 6_d._,
to 7_s._ 6_d._; coverers, 10_s._ and 11_s._ Hours vary from shop to
shop. Some begin at 8 and finish at 6.30 (Saturdays, 12.30), with a meal
hour at 1 o'clock. Others allow an hour and a quarter for dinner, so as
to enable girls to get home. The week is then arranged as follows:
7 a.m. to 9.15 a.m.
10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
3.15 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.
Saturdays, 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.
10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
(I.) _Pattern-book Making._
This trade consists in making pattern-books for travellers, and is
usually found in close alliance with box-making. Girls get 4_s._ to
start, and rise to 13_s._ a week. The hours in one factory visited were
found to be as follows:--
8 a.m. to 1 p.m.
2 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.
Saturdays, 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. without a break.
APPENDIX IV.--WOMEN IN THE PRINTING TRADES IN BIRMINGHAM.
FIFTEEN firms were visited.
No women compositors were found in the chief printing businesses visited
in Birmingham. The wife of the manager of one factory said that ten
years ago in non-society places there had been a very few women
compositors in Birmingham. They took 15_s._, as compared to 33_s._ taken
by the men compositors for the same work. It is now fifteen years since
the informant left the trade, and she believes that at present none
exist in Birmingham. She imagines that it is the strength of the
Compositors' Union which has driven them out.
Only one owner of a printing business considered that factory
legislation was detrimental to the interests of women in the printing
trade. He says that he keeps a number of youths where he would otherwise
employ women, as in stress of trade overwork has to be done, including
Sunday work, _e.g._, at the time of the great cycle boom. He tried to
get permission for the women to work on Sunday, but could not.
Another manager considered that the Compositors' Union spoilt the chance
of women workers in the printing trade. He himself, if it were not for
the Union, would like to train girl compositors. No other printer
expressed this opinion. All said that, on the whole, men were better in
the compositors' room, as they could be set on any job, and the pressure
of women would necessitate much rearrangement.
MACHINE RULING.
_Training and Wages._--_Machine Ruling_ is the only process for which
training can be said to exist. In some houses women are still articled
or apprenticed to this branch, but in many they simply learn their trade
as they can, from the foreman or forewoman. They generally begin as
machine feeders of the ruling machine. The secretary of the Union of
Bookbinders and Machine Rulers gave the information that women had been
first employed as machine rulers about twenty years ago. He himself had
learnt his trade under a woman who was head of the whole department. The
final wage of a woman machine ruler is 17_s._ to 20_s._ In one case a
female ruler was taking 22_s._, but I was told that was because she was
a relative of the employer. The minimum wage of a man belonging to the
Union is 32_s._ I was informed, however, that the man always worked a
heavier machine, generally made the pens, was responsible for the good
condition of all the machines, and that his output was always in advance
of that of a woman.
_Men and Women._--In six businesses (the largest in Birmingham visited)
the proportion of women machine rulers is about three to one man. An
attempt was made about eight years ago to organise the women machine
rulers in Birmingham, but met with no response. The secretary of the
men's union informs me, "The reason why the attempt failed is probably
that they have little to complain of. The wages vary from 4_s._ to 5_s._
per week for beginners, to £1 per week of fifty-two hours."
TABLE PROCESSES.
All _table processes_, such as folding, knocking-up, gumming, numbering,
paging, interlaying, etc., are done by women. The average wage varies
from 8_s._ to about 12_s._ 6_d._ Numbering seems to be about the best.
Three numberers had taken 15_s._, but the average maximum was between
11_s._ and 12_s._ 6_d._
ENVELOPE MAKING.
_Training._--A beginner is given a teacher, that is, a more experienced
worker, for six weeks. The teacher gets the profits of the beginner's
work, and the beginner is paid about 4_s._ per week.
All the work in the establishment was piecework, with the exception of
the new Scotch folding machine, which turns out 25,000 envelopes per
day, as against 2,000 done by hand. The day wage is 12_s._ per week.
_Sub-divisions._--Envelope folders take 7_s._ to 15_s._ The smallest
envelopes are 6_d._ per 1,000, the largest 1_s._ 10_d._
_Average wage_ for folding is 10_s._ to 12_s._ _Stamping_, 7_s._ to
10_s._ _Stitching_, 8_s._ to 10_s._ _Gumming_, 10_s._ to 14_s._
_General Remarks._--Envelope making is not a seasonal trade.
_Hours._--Maximum, 49½ per week.
8.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., winter.
8 a.m. to 6 p.m., summer.
One week's holiday in August.
One week's holiday at Christmas.
COLOUR PRINTING.
Colour Printing takes about six months to learn well.
_Wages._--10_s._ to 12_s._ for a woman. A man employed on a heavier
machine took 20_s._
The forewoman takes 14_s._
BOOKBINDING.
By the rules of the Machine Rulers' and Bookbinders' Consolidated Union
women may only bind paper pamphlets. They are not allowed to bind
regular books. They may book-stitch with thread or wire, glue, fold,
bronze, and gild.
PAPER-BAG MAKING.
_Business No. 1._
_Conditions._--Cap bag-making is all piecework, except for beginners,
who start at 4_s._ In fifteen months, manager says they should be able
to earn 10_s._ per week by piecework.
_Average Wage._--13_s._ to 15_s._ Manager considered that in heavy cap
bag-making 19_s._ was top wage ever taken by an extra good hand in extra
busy time.
Eighteen girls were employed in cap bag-making.
A rougher class of girls were employed in the sugar bag department,
which is heavier work. The wages were higher for this heavier work. The
average wage approached 15_s._
The bag-stringing machine was the only machinery employed in this
business. It was worked by a foreman and forewoman. No married women
were employed. The clerks were all women, taking 20_s._ per week. The
manager preferred them to men because they were content with that wage
as a maximum.
_Outwork_ given to old workers under known conditions, as since the bags
are for the grocery trade it is important to know home conditions. Same
price as for inworkers, but outworkers found their own paste and
brushes, etc.
_Hours._--8 a.m. to 7 p.m., 1 hour dinner, 20 minutes tea. Saturday, 8
a.m. to 1 p.m.
_Remarks._--The contrast between this business and the business next
door (see following case) was very striking as regards relation between
manager and employees.
_Business No. 2._
Girls are employed here in bag-making and table processes. The employer
considered that the girls could average 9_s._ to 10_s._ He gave the
highest wage for machine laying-on, which begins at 7_s._ and goes up to
12_s._ and 13_s._ This wage was given because of the danger of the
process (I think the machine was the "Arab," which in union houses women
may not work "because of the danger"). Manager believed a good many of
his hands were married women. He did not care whether they were married
or not. The forewoman and the girl in the warehouse were each taking
11_s._
_Homework._--Given out in busy times to whoever applied, without further
precautions. Manager thought no outworker took more than 4_s._ to 5_s._
per week.
_Hours._--8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.
Fifty-two and a half hours per week regular time. Just now (December)
they were working ten hours per day.
August slackest month. Manager generally turned off hands then. Manager
spoke of difficulty of getting workers--he could not get boys to feed
the machines, for example, because it led to nothing.
Manager said he "conducted his business on purely business principles"
and got his work done as cheaply as he could.
MACHINE FEEDING.
This is the lowest work in letterpress printing. Girls are employed
largely as feeders, and are replacing boys. The managers said that the
work was not liked by boys, as leading to nothing, and it was difficult
to get them. The wages for a machine feeder are 4_s._ 6_d._ to 5_s._
6_d._ initial wage, which rises to 8_s._ 6_d._ or 9_s._ In the best
workshops we were told that the firm tried to find better work for
machine feeders when they had been some time with them and had proved
themselves capable and steady. Other firms did not know what became of
machine feeders when they grew dissatisfied with the small wage paid to
them.
_Employment of Married Women._
It is curious to notice how few married women there are in the printing
trade in Birmingham compared to the pen trade, for example. A better
class of girl seems to go into the printing trade, coming from better
homes than women employed in the hardware trades. It is very exceptional
for a girl who marries a skilled artisan in Birmingham to continue her
work, and in these trades girls appear to belong more to the skilled
artisan class. Several employers refuse married women; one employer told
me that he never had had an application for work from a married woman.
Only one employer was indifferent as to whether he employed married
women, and did not know whether his hands were married or not.
_Women and Machinery._
It was very difficult to ascertain whether the machinery introduced
meant dismissal of hands. In one business, for example, the thread
sewing machine introduced 12 months ago did the work of 12 girls. The
machinist was taking 12_s._ per week in place of 12 girls at 10_s._ to
12_s._ 6_d._ The manager said that they had not dismissed any thread
sewers when this machine was introduced, but had absorbed them in other
processes. They would, however, engage no more girls as thread sewers.
The new Scotch folding machine for envelopes, which turns out 25,000 per
day against 2,000 done by hand, also was _said_ not to have been
productive of dismissals.[98]
[Footnote 98: The only actual cases of dismissal of workers owing to
introduction of machinery which I can ascertain is that of the new
grinding machines for pens. The employer, who has invented the machine,
told me he meant to dismiss about half his grinders and supply their
places with girls fresh from school, as very little skill will be needed
to work the machine. I hear that the largest pen business has ordered
sixty of these machines, but I have not yet ascertained what effect it
will have on that business. The employer in the first business mentioned
spoke of the grinders as the most indocile of his workers, and as many
of them belonged to the Penworkers' Union, he hoped that the machine
would help in annihilating the union. In two businesses I was told that
the cheapness of women labour retarded the introduction of thread sewing
machines, etc.]
_Continuity of Employment in Printing Trade._
The printing trade in Birmingham is slackest in August and September.
The busiest times are November, December, and towards Easter time. In
the best businesses the hands are asked to take half-holiday in turns in
slack times, or short hours are worked, but the managers appeared to
make every effort to keep the workers employed as far as possible, and
in no cases actually to dismiss hands. In the worst businesses dismissal
in slack times is common.
_Overtime and the Factory Laws._
Only one employer considered that the factory laws against overtime
militated against women's employment. All spoke of their endeavour to
reduce overtime, owing to the fact that their union men asked one and a
half and twice usual rate. No employer acknowledged that women were ever
kept overtime, although, from the account of one worker, apparently this
does sometimes occur.
All concurred that the cheapness of women's work compared to men's
outweighed any inconvenience arising from special legislation for women
and young persons. In no case was the cheapness of women's work
attributed to legislation, but to absence of unionism and different
standards of life for men and women, and inferiority of physical
strength and mental ingenuity, and also to custom.
APPENDIX V.
The following tables of wages paid to the workwomen as described, form,
we believe, a unique record in wages statistics. The occupations and the
nature of the wages, _e.g._, time or piece, are as follows:--
1. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).
2. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).
3. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).
4. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).
5. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).
6. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Time).
7. Learner. Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).
8. Folder and Gatherer in Bookbinding House (Piece).
9. Hand Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).
10. Hand Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).
11. Machine Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).
12. Learner. Sewing and Collating in Bookbinding House (Piece).
13. Folding, Sewing and Collating in Bookbinding House (Time).
14. Collating and Sewing in Bookbinding House (Piece).
15. Plate hand in Bookbinding House (Time).
16. Plate hand in Bookbinding House (Time).
17. Layer on of Gold in Bookbinding House (Piece).
18. Printers' Binding (Piece).
19. Printers' Binding (Time).
20. Printers' Binding (Time).
21. Printers' Binding (Piece).
22. Printers' Binding (Piece).
23. Printers' Binding (Piece).
24. Hand Folder in Printers' Warehouse (Piece).
25. Envelope Packer (Time).
26. Machine Ruler (Time).
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 41 | 14 10 | 3 | 16 1½ | 20 | 11 8½ | 37 | 11 10 |
| 42 | 15 2½ | 4 | 14 5 | 21 | 7 8½ | 38 | 12 9 |
| 43 | 15 7½ | 5 | 14 11½ | 22 | 11 11½ | 39 | 12 9½ |
| 44 | 15 7½ | 6 | 15 7½ | 23 | 9 1 | 40 | 14 2 |
| 45 | 15 0 | 7 | 15 0½ | 24 | 8 10 | 41 | 14 2½ |
| 46 | 15 7 | 8 | 15 1½ | 25 | 11 10½ | 42 | 13 7 |
| 47 | 15 5 | 9 | 15 6 | 26 | 6 4½ | 43 | 14 0½ |
| 48 | 15 0 | 10 | 14 10 | 27 | 6 2½ | 44 | 14 1 |
| 49 | 14 7½ | 11 | 13 2½ | 28 | 9 9 | 45 | 14 0 |
| 50 | 16 1½ | 12 | 12 0 | 29 | 8 7½ | 46 | 13 6 |
| 51 | 16 4½ | 13 | 10 10½ | 30 | 11 3½ | 47 | 9 3½ |
| 52 | 7 11½ | 14 | 5 4 | 31 | -- | 48 | 7 1½ |
| | | 15 | 11 2 | 32 | 4 0½ | 49 | 13 1 |
| 1899 | | 16 | 9 2½ | 33 | 10 9½ | 50 | 11 2 |
| Week | | 17 | 9 8½ | 34 | 12 7 | 51 | 8 10 |
| 1 | 10 10½ | 18 | 8 2 | 35 | 12 1 | 52 | 6 2 |
| 2 | 14 4 | 19 | 10 3½ | 36 | 12 5 | | |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 2. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Quick Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week.| s. d. |
| 1 | 7 9½ | 14 | 16 2 | 27 | 7 1 | 40 | 13 3 |
| 2 | 9 1 | 15 | 12 10 | 28 | 9 8½ | 41 | 12 8 |
| 3 | 16 9½ | 16 | 20 10 | 29 | 13 0 | 42 | 15 2½ |
| 4 | 19 6 | 17 | 17 5 | 30 | 12 9 | 43 | 14 0 |
| 5 | 14 0 | 18 | 10 8 | 31 | 12 0 | 44 | 11 6½ |
| 6 | 12 3 | 19 | 9 7 | 32 | 5 11 | 45 | 16 2½ |
| 7 | 13 9 | 20 | 26 2 | 33 | 14 7 | 46 | 17 5 |
| 8 | 18 5 | 21 | 17 4 | 34 | 21 3 | 47 | 18 9 |
| 9 | 11 4 | 22 | 15 0½ | 35 | 16 9 | 48 | 15 0 |
| 10 | 7 7 | 23 | 10 3 | 36 | 15 8 | 49 | -- |
| 11 | 14 4½ | 24 | 11 7½ | 37(a)| -- | 50 | -- |
| 12 | 15 6 | 25 | 13 9½ | 38 | 13 8 | 51 | -- |
| 13 | 15 5 | 26 | 9 1½ | 39 | 15 4 | 52 | -- |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| (a) Missing from wage sheets. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 3. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates_--_Quick Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 25 0 | 14 | 6 1½ | 27 | 25 11 | 40 | 21 0 |
| 2 | 22 3 | 15 | 25 6 | 28 | 25 8½ | 41 | 23 0½ |
| 3 | 20 3 | 16 | 19 0½ | 29 | 16 11 | 42 | 22 10½ |
| 4 | 23 7 | 17 | 23 10 | 30 | 16 8 | 43 | 22 1 |
| 5 | 19 11 | 18 | 24 2 | 31 | 8 4 | 44 | 20 6 |
| 6 | 26 10 | 19 | 28 1 | 32 | 6 2 | 45 | 17 0½ |
| 7 | 21 6 | 20 | 22 4 | 33 | 21 6½ | 46 | 26 6 |
| 8 | 14 6 | 21 | 14 2 | 34 | 22 1 | 47 | 20 8½ |
| 9 | 23 5½ | 22 | 22 3 | 35 | 19 11 | 48 | 21 3 |
| 10 | 25 11 | 23 | 23 4½ | 36 | 19 9 | 49 | 28 9 |
| 11 | 25 3 | 24 | 25 10½ | 37 | 20 2 | 50 | 24 10½ |
| 12 | 23 0 | 25 | 22 11 | 38 | 20 0 | 51 | 23 4 |
| 13 | 17 9 | 26 | 25 0 | 39 | 20 8 | 52 | -- |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 4. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Typical Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 16 9 | 14 | 6 8 | 27 | 16 1½ | 40 | 12 7 |
| 2 | 14 9½ | 15 | 13 6 | 28 | 17 3 | 41 | 15 10½ |
| 3 | 14 5 | 16 | 11 6 | 29 | 16 0 | 42 | 18 0 |
| 4 | 15 1 | 17 | 19 5 | 30 | 14 8 | 43 | 22 10½ |
| 5 | 15 0 | 18 | 20 3 | 31 | 15 10 | 44 | 19 3 |
| 6 | 14 9 | 19 | 13 8 | 32 | 3 9 | 45 | 15 6 |
| 7 | 15 8 | 20 | 13 10 | 33 | 10 10 | 46 | 16 5½ |
| 8 | 11 11½ | 21 | 11 2½ | 34 | 16 10 | 47 | 16 3 |
| 9 | 16 9½ | 22 | 19 1 | 35 | 17 10 | 48 | 17 4 |
| 10 | 16 1 | 23 | 17 7½ | 36 | 14 11 | 49 | 19 2½ |
| 11 | 15 2 | 24 | 15 6 | 37 | 11 11 | 50 | 15 6 |
| 12 | 15 6 | 25 | 18 3 | 38 | 11 8 | 51 | 15 4½ |
| 13 | 9 3 | 26 | 18 0½ | 39 | 15 0½ | 52 | 4 4 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 5. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Slow Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 3 4½ | 14 | 3 0 | 27 | 8 8 | 40 | 7 10 |
| 2 | 5 10 | 15 | 7 2½ | 28 | 9 7 | 41 | 8 5 |
| 3 | 7 1 | 16 | 7 5½ | 29 | 8 3 | 42 | 10 0 |
| 4 | 7 6 | 17 | 9 7 | 30 | 7 3 | 43 | 10 0 |
| 5 | 7 4 | 18 | 11 8 | 31 | 8 10 | 44 | 10 7½ |
| 6 | 7 8 | 19 | 7 7 | 32 | 6 3½ | 45 | 7 7 |
| 7 | 7 9 | 20 | 8 1 | 33 | 11 0½ | 46 | 8 1 |
| 8 | 6 5½ | 21 | 5 6½ | 34 | 8 10 | 47 | 9 0 |
| 9 | 8 7 | 22 | 10 0 | 35 | 9 7 | 48 | 9 0 |
| 10 | 7 8 | 23 | 8 1 | 36 | 2 5½ | 49 | 11 1 |
| 11 | 7 8 | 24 | 8 10 | 37 | -- | 50 | 8 10 |
| 12 | 6 11½ | 25 | 8 9 | 38 | 3 9 | 51 | 10 9 |
| 13 | 5 9½ | 26 | 8 11½ | 39 | 5 7 | 52 | 2 3 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 6. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Time Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| This worker was paid 18_s._ per week steadily throughout |
| the year 1899. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 7. LEARNER. FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Up to week 8 receives Fixed Sum, afterwards |
| Half Earnings at Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 2 0 | 14 | 3 1½ | 27 | 7 8 | 40 | 6 0½ |
| 2 | 2 0 | 15 | 6 1 | 28 | 5 2½ | 41 | 7 3½ |
| 3 | 2 0 | 16 | 5 8½ | 29 | 5 4½ | 42 | 6 0½ |
| 4 | 2 0 | 17 | 6 9½ | 30 | 4 11 | 43 | 6 9½ |
| 5 | 2 0 | 18 | 7 7 | 31 | 4 10 | 44 | 8 0½ |
| 6 | 2 0 | 19 | 7 2 | 32 | 3 10 | 45 | 6 4 |
| 7 | 2 0 | 20 | 6 4½ | 33 | 6 10½ | 46 | 6 4½ |
| 8 | 2 0 | 21 | 3 9½ | 34 | 2 2 | 47 | 6 2 |
| 9 | 6 6 | 22 | 6 9½ | 35 | -- | 48 | 6 0½ |
| 10 | 7 7 | 23 | 6 11½ | 36 | 4 2 | 49 | 7 4 |
| 11 | 5 9½ | 24 | 6 5½ | 37 | 6 2½ | 50 | 6 3½ |
| 12 | 6 1½ | 25 | 5 9½ | 38 | 6 1½ | 51 | 7 1 |
| 13 | 4 9 | 26 | 6 2 | 39 | 5 8 | 52 | 1 10 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 8. FOLDER AND GATHERER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 7 5½ | 14 | 5 9 | 27 | 4 3 | 40 | 14 0 |
| 2 | 16 4 | 15 | 11 3½ | 28 | 9 1½ | 41 | 13 1 |
| 3 | 10 1 | 16 | 21 2 | 29 | 13 5 | 42 | 16 7 |
| 4 | 18 7 | 17 | 20 0 | 30 | 17 7 | 43 | 14 3 |
| 5 | 14 9 | 18 | 12 8½ | 31 | 7 0 | 44 | 13 5 |
| 6 | 11 8½ | 19 | 12 5 | 32 | 9 1 | 45 | 14 1 |
| 7 | 13 9 | 20 | 27 11 | 33 | 15 4 | 46 | 19 10 |
| 8 | 19 11½ | 21 | 15 7½ | 34 | 18 8 | 47 | 21 11 |
| 9 | 13 3 | 22 | 15 11 | 35 | 17 9 | 48 | 18 2½ |
| 10 | 4 3 | 23 | 9 5 | 36 | 6 11 | 49 | 11 1½ |
| 11 | 14 6 | 24 | 14 5 | 37(a) | -- | 50 | 14 7½ |
| 12 | 17 7 | 25 | 12 1 | 38 | 8 0 | 51 | 8 9½ |
| 13 | 19 7½ | 26 | 14 3½ | 39 | 19 3½ | 52 | 8 6 |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| (a) Week missing from wage sheets. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| 9. HAND SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| _Piece Rates--Slow Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| 1 | 3 3½ | 8 | 12 2½ | 15 | 8 10 | 22 | 10 5½ |
| 2 | 5 10 | 9 | 10 8½ | 16 | -- | 23 | 7 5 |
| 3 | 9 10 | 10 | 7 6 | 17 | 11 5 | 24 | 8 6½ |
| 4 | 10 1 | 11 | 9 3 | 18 | 5 5 | 25 | -- |
| 5 | 11 9 | 12 | 8 5 | 19 | 6 0½ | 26 | 5 5 |
| 6 | 8 4 | 13 | 10 3 | 20 | 13 1½ | 27 | 1 7(a) |
| 7 | 8 10½ | 14 | 6 11 | 21 | 9 9½ | | |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| (a) She left after this. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 10. HAND SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Quick Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 5 10½ | 14 | 12 0 | 27 | -- | 40 | 10 8 |
| 2 | -- | 15 | 13 4 | 28 | -- | 41 | 12 3½ |
| 3 | 15 8½ | 16 | 20 6 | 29 | 14 3 | 42 | 10 3 |
| 4 | 14 3 | 17 | 20 3 | 30 | 13 11 | 43 | 12 5 |
| 5 | 16 11 | 18 | 4 11 | 31 | 10 6 | 44 | 14 3 |
| 6 | 14 8½ | 19 | 6 5 | 32 | 6 8 | 45 | 13 11 |
| 7 | 13 4 | 20 | 19 6 | 33 | 14 7 | 46 | 16 1 |
| 8 | 18 6 | 21 | 14 6 | 34 | 18 10 | 47 | 16 10½ |
| 9 | 16 4 | 22 | 14 3 | 35 | 19 4 | 48 | 13 8 |
| 10 | 10 7 | 23 | 10 1½ | 36 | 17 4 | 49 | 15 7 |
| 11 | 14 (a) | 24 | 12 3½ | 37(b) | -- | 50 | 13 6 |
| 12 | 10 7½ | 25 | 16 1½ | 38 | 16 11 | 51 | 12 5 |
| 13 | 16 3½ | 26 | 1 5½ | 39 | 14 7 | 52 | 4 10 |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| (a) 5-12 |
| (b) Missing from wage sheets. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 11. MACHINE SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 17 3½ | 14 | 8 10 | 27 | 18 1 | 40 | 20 2½ |
| 2 | 15 0 | 15 | 16 6 | 28 | 20 1 | 41 | 18 8 |
| 3 | 15 7½ | 16 | 16 6 | 29 | 14 0 | 42 | 20 7½ |
| 4 | 15 4 | 17 | 17 10 | 30 | -- | 43 | 17 11½ |
| 5 | 15 7½ | 18 | 19 3 | 31 | 12 2 | 44 | 19 5½ |
| 6 | 16 7 | 19 | 16 8 | 32 | 11 2½ | 45 | 17 10 |
| 7 | 16 3 | 20 | 16 10 | 33 | 18 11 | 46 | 21 9 |
| 8 | 16 9½ | 21 | 10 8 | 34 | 18 9 | 47 | 20 5 |
| 9 | 18 5½ | 22 | 18 2½ | 35 | 15 2 | 48 | 23 3 |
| 10 | 17 5½ | 23 | 16 9 | 36 | 14 0½ | 49 | 23 5 |
| 11 | 19 9 | 24 | 13 6 | 37 | 22 2 | 50 | 18 4½ |
| 12 | 16 3 | 25 | 10 4 | 38 | 18 7 | 51 | 20 1½ |
| 13 | 13 0 | 26 | 17 8 | 39 | 18 1 | 52 | 6 5½ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 12. LEARNER. SEWING AND COLLATING IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Receives Half Earnings at Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | -- | 14 | 8 10½ | 27 | 2 6 | 40 | 3 3½ |
| 2 | 4 2½ | 15 | 5 1 | 28 | 3 7 | 41 | 5 5½ |
| 3 | 5 0½ | 16 | 5 5 | 29 | 4 8½ | 42 | 7 4 |
| 4 | 5 1½ | 17 | 6 4 | 30 | 4 6½ | 43 | 7 2 |
| 5 | 8 10 | 18 | 6 7½ | 31 | 7 2 | 44 | 8 5 |
| 6 | 2 10 | 19 | 4 6 | 32 | 7 5 | 45 | 4 5 |
| 7 | 4 6 | 20 | 4 10½ | 33 | 8 8 | 46 | 4 10½ |
| 8 | 4 9½ | 21 | 5 4 | 34 | 7 7½ | 47 | 7 0½ |
| 9 | 6 0½ | 22 | 5 8½ | 35 | 7 1½ | 48 | 6 8 |
| 10 | 5 0½ | 23 | 4 0 | 36 | 7 1 | 49 | 10 9½ |
| 11 | 5 7½ | 24 | 9 2½ | 37 | 7 6 | 50 | 6 4½ |
| 12 | 5 0½ | 25 | 7 9 | 38 | 9 10½ | 51 | 5 2½ |
| 13 | 6 6½ | 26 | 3 4 | 39 | 8 1 | 52 | 1 9½ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 13. FOLDING, SEWING, COLLATING IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Time Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 41 | 19 8 | 7 | 19 8 | 28 | 15 6 | 49 | 18 3 |
| 42 | 19 4½ | 8 | 19 4 | 29 | 17 4 | 50 | 18 7½ |
| 43 | 19 6 | 9 | 19 10 | 30 | 15 6 | 51 | 19 6 |
| 44 | 19 8 | 10 | 19 4 | 31 | 15 6 | 52 | 11 2 |
| 45 | 20 0 | 11 | 17 6 | 32 | 10 2 | | |
| 46 | 19 10 | 12 | 18 10 | 33 | -- | 1900 | |
| 47 | 19 6 | 13 | 14 0 | 34 | 14 2 | Week | |
| 48 | 20 4 | 14 | 9 2 | 35 | 17 2 | 1 | 20 2 |
| 49 | 19 10 | 15 | 16 6 | 36 | 17 4 | 2 | 18 5 |
| 50 | 19 8 | 16 | 16 0 | 37 | 17 2 | 3 | 17 0 |
| 51 | 19 8 | 17 | 16 4 | 38 | 17 6 | 4 | 16 8 |
| 52 | 11 8 | 18 | 16 2 | 39 | 18 8 | 5 | 17 11 |
| | | 19 | 16 4 | 40 | 18 8 | 6 | 17 6½ |
| 1899 | | 20 | 16 4 | 41 | 19 2 | 7 | 18 1 |
| Week | | 21 | 10 4 | 42 | 19 8 | 8 | 12 10½ |
| 1 | 19 10 | 22 | 16 4 | 43 | 20 11 | 9 | 11 6 |
| 2 | 19 10 | 23 | 15 6 | 44 | 20 11 | 10 | 13 4½ |
| 3 | 19 8 | 24 | 15 4 | 45 | 20 9 | 11 | 15 9½ |
| 4 | 19 8 | 25 | 16 4 | 46 | 19 4 | 12 | 15 9 |
| 5 | 19 6 | 26 | 15 4 | 47 | 19 8 | 13 | 11 6 |
| 6 | 19 10 | 27 | 12 6 | 48 | 19 6 | | |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 14. COLLATOR AND SEWER. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Quick Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 20 3 | 14 | 10 5 | 27 | 18 7 | 40 | 18 2 |
| 2 | 18 9 | 15 | 15 3½ | 28 | 18 3½ | 41 | 18 3½ |
| 3 | 18 9 | 16 | 18 2 | 29 | 15 4½ | 42 | 18 11 |
| 4 | 18 4½ | 17 | 20 8½ | 30 | 16 4 | 43 | 21 3 |
| 5 | 18 10 | 18 | 22 1 | 31 | 15 11 | 44 | 21 7½ |
| 6 | 20 1 | 19 | 19 10½ | 32 | 9 10 | 45 | 18 10 |
| 7 | 18 11 | 20 | 18 11 | 33 | 19 6 | 46 | 18 9 |
| 8 | 19 1½ | 21 | 12 9 | 34 | 17 7½ | 47 | 18 0½ |
| 9 | 21 6 | 22 | 20 0 | 35 | 16 0½ | 48 | 19 9½ |
| 10 | 20 4 | 23 | 18 9 | 36 | 17 6½ | 49 | 22 4 |
| 11 | 19 10½ | 24 | 17 5 | 37 | 18 0 | 50 | 19 5 |
| 12 | 19 1½ | 25 | 17 11 | 38 | 17 10 | 51 | 19 6 |
| 13 | 14 4 | 26 | 19 1½ | 39 | 17 4 | 52 | 6 3½ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| 15. PLATE HAND IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| _Time Rates, 13_s._ for 54 hours till October, then 14_s._ |
| Overtime, 3_d._ an hour._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 12 8 | 14 | 7 11 | 27 | 11 4 | 40 | 13 7½ |
| 2 | 12 5 | 15 | 13 9 | 28 | 12 8 | 41 | 12 8 |
| 3 | 12 8 | 16 | 14 4½ | 29 | 13 7½ | 42 | 14 10½ |
| 4 | 12 8 | 17 | 13 6 | 30 | 13 0 | 43 | 13 9 |
| 5 | 12 10½ | 18 | 13 0 | 31 | 13 0 | 44 | 13 10½ |
| 6 | 12 6½ | 19 | 13 0 | 32 | 8 2 | 45 | 13 7½ |
| 7 | 12 9 | 20 | 14 4½ | 33 | 12 9½ | 46 | 14 7½ |
| 8 | 12 10½ | 21 | 9 1½ | 34 | 13 0 | 47 | 18 6 |
| 9 | 12 10½ | 22 | 14 6 | 35 | 13 6 | 48 | 15 3 |
| 10 | 13 0 | 23 | 10 9 | 36 | -- | 49 | 13 6 |
| 11 | 13 0 | 24 | 12 10½ | 37(a) | -- | 50 | 13 6 |
| 12 | 12 9 | 25 | 13 4½ | 38 | 13 0 | 51 | 13 10½ |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| (a) Missing from wage sheets.
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 16. PLATE HAND IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| _Time Rates_, 16_s._ _for 54 hours. Overtime_, 3½_d._ _per |
| hour for first 3 hours_, 4_d._ _per hour afterwards._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 14 8 | 14 | 9 10 | 27 | 13 9½ | 40 | 15 8 |
| 2 | 14 7 | 15 | 16 5½ | 28 | 15 5 | 41 | 15 8½ |
| 3 | 14 8 | 16 | 18 0½ | 29 | 15 8½ | 42 | 15 7 |
| 4 | 15 1½ | 17 | 17 0½ | 30 | 15 5 | 43 | 15 10½ |
| 5 | 15 5 | 18 | 15 7 | 31 | 15 7 | 44 | 16 2 |
| 6 | 14 10 | 19 | 15 0 | 32 | 10 3½ | 45 | 15 3 |
| 7 | 14 8 | 20 | 19 2½ | 33 | 15 7 | 46 | 17 2½ |
| 8 | 13 4½ | 21 | 10 11 | 34 | 16 0 | 47 | 18 10½ |
| 9 | 15 1½ | 22 | 17 4½ | 35 | 16 10½ | 48 | 16 10½ |
| 10 | 14 3½ | 23 | 15 7 | 36 | 18 10½ | 49 | 15 10½ |
| 11 | 14 8½ | 24 | 15 5 | 37(a) | -- | 50 | 15 7 |
| 12 | 14 8½ | 25 | 16 10½ | 38 | 16 3½ | 51 | 15 5 |
| 13 | 15 7 | 26 | 15 10½ | 39 | 16 3½ | 52 | 9 11 |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
| (a) Missing from wage sheets. |
+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 17. LAYER-ON OF GOLD. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 22 0 | 14 | 8 4 | 27 | 9 7½ | 40 | 20 11½ |
| 2 | 19 3 | 15 | 18 1 | 28 | 19 11 | 41 | 20 5 |
| 3 | 17 8 | 16 | 15 8 | 29 | 7 6½ | 42 | 16 11½ |
| 4 | 17 6 | 17 | 10 0 | 30 | 9 9 | 43 | 17 10½ |
| 5 | 19 11 | 18 | 1 4 | 31 | 19 5 | 44 | 15 1½ |
| 6 | 17 10½ | 19 | -- | 32 | 16 9½ | 45 | 13 9 |
| 7 | 15 10 | 20 | -- | 33 | 18 8 | 46 | 15 1½ |
| 8 | 11 8 | 21 | -- | 34 | 24 6½ | 47 | 11 7½ |
| 9 | 22 0 | 22 | 11 3½ | 35 | 18 7 | 48 | 18 8 |
| 10 | 18 8 | 23 | 20 11 | 36 | 5 3½ | 49 | 14 10 |
| 11 | 22 1 | 24 | 16 6 | 37 | 18 2 | 50 | 9 7½ |
| 12 | 19 3 | 25 | 16 9½ | 38 | 26 3 | 51 | 11 8 |
| 13 | 15 10 | 26 | 12 4½ | 39 | 15 1 | 52 | 4 1½ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 18. BINDING DEPARTMENT IN PRINTING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Quick Worker._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 18 1 | 14 | 16 8 | 27 | 21 1 | 40 | 19 5 |
| 2 | 17 5 | 15 | 15 7 | 28 | 21 11 | 41 | 14 7 |
| 3 | 17 3 | 16 | 21 0 | 29 | 25 1 | 42 | 13 5 |
| 4 | 12 3 | 17 | 18 11 | 30 | 24 5 | 43 | 19 5 |
| 5 | 14 4 | 18 | 16 9 | 31 | -- | 44 | 17 1 |
| 6 | 19 8 | 19 | 21 1 | 32 | -- | 45 | 13 4 |
| 7 | 17 11 | 20 | 21 3 | 33 | 23 7 | 46 | 17 8 |
| 8 | 18 9 | 21 | 21 5 | 34 | 24 1 | 47 | 18 0 |
| 9 | 20 1 | 22 | 17 8 | 35 | 25 1 | 48 | 18 5 |
| 10 | 18 11 | 23 | 23 3 | 36 | 24 2 | 49 | 20 10 |
| 11 | 20 7 | 24 | 27 2 | 37 | 21 5 | 50 | 19 8 |
| 12 | 20 10 | 25 | 26 8 | 38 | 21 9 | 51 | 18 1 |
| 13 | 20 2 | 26 | 23 11 | 39 | 19 11 | 52 | 12 5 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 19. BINDING DEPARTMENT IN PRINTING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Time Worker at_ 16_s._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 1 | 14 5 | 14 | 12 5 | 27 | 16 0 | 40 | 15 7 |
| 2 | 17 4 | 15 | 13 11 | 28 | 13 4 | 41 | 14 7 |
| 3 | 15 10 | 16 | 16 11 | 29 | 14 0 | 42 | 15 7 |
| 4 | 15 3 | 17 | 15 7 | 30 | 18 3 | 43 | 15 5 |
| 5 | 16 0 | 18 | 16 3 | 31 | 16 3 | 44 | 15 7 |
| 6 | 2 5 | 19 | 15 7 | 32 | -- | 45 | 15 9 |
| 7 | -- | 20 | 15 5 | 33 | 15 5 | 46 | 15 9 |
| 8 | 14 11 | 21 | 10 1 | 34 | 15 5 | 47 | 16 8 |
| 9 | 15 2 | 22 | 16 0 | 35 | 14 3 | 48 | 17 11 |
| 10 | 15 1 | 23 | 16 0 | 36 | 16 6 | 49 | 16 8 |
| 11 | 14 10 | 24 | 16 8 | 37 | 15 1 | 50 | 17 11 |
| 12 | 15 4 | 25 | 17 1 | 38 | -- | 51 | 16 3 |
| 13 | 11 0 | 26 | 15 7 | 39 | 10 1 | 52 | 10 2 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+-------+------+--------+------+----------+------+-------+
| 20. QUARTERLY AVERAGES OF A TIME WORKER--PRINTERS' FOLDING |
| AND SEWING, &c. |
+------+-------+------+---------+------+---------+------+-------+
| | s. d. | | s. d. | | s. d. | | s. d. |
| 1886 | 14 1 | 1890 | 14 4 | 1893 | 13 10 | 1896 | 15 10 |
| | | " | 14 8 | " | 16 0 | | |
| 1887 | 15 3 | " | 11 0 | | | 1897 | 17 4 |
| " | 14 4 | " | 4 5(a) | 1894 | 16 0 | " | 16 0 |
| " | 14 1 | | | " | 15 8 | " | 16 7 |
| " | 14 3 | 1891 | 14 4 | " | 17 3 | " | 16 4 |
| | | " | 15 3 | " | 16 11 | | |
| 1888 | 15 6 | " | 14 11 | | | 1898 | 16 6 |
| " | 14 8 | " | 16 11 | 1895 | 16 10 | " | 15 11 |
| " | 13 11 | | | " | 15 6 | " | 15 9 |
| " | 14 3 | 1892 | 15 0 | " | 10 0(b) | " | 19 3 |
| | | " | 15 2 | " | 16 0 | | |
| 1889 | 15 11 | " | 15 7 | | | 1899 | 19 10 |
| " | 14 0 | " | 16 6 | 1896 | 18 6 | " | 18 9 |
| " | 14 2 | | | " | 15 0 | " | 18 8 |
| " | 15 9 | 1893 | 15 4 | " | 17 8 | " | 18 10 |
| | | " | 15 8 | | | | |
+------+-------+------+---------+------+---------+------+-------+
| (a) Absent 9 weeks. |
| (b) Absent 4 weeks. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+------+-------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 21. PIECE HAND IN BINDING DEPARTMENT OF PRINTERS AND |
| STATIONERS. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1895 | | 1896 | | 1897 | | 1897 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 44 | 15 2 | 21 | 16 1 | 1 | 13 10 | 33 | -- |
| 45 | 18 0½ | 22 | 9 10½ | 2 | 14 1½ | 34 | -- |
| 46 | 14 6½ | 23 | 13 0 | 3 | 17 3½ | 35 | 14 4 |
| 47 | 18 5½ | 24 | 16 1 | 4 | 17 1½ | 36 | 14 1½ |
| 48 | 17 4 | 25 | 11 8½ | 5 | 15 4 | 37 | 17 8½ |
| 49 | 16 4½ | 26 | 15 9½ | 6 | 11 9 | 38 | 18 0½ |
| 50 | 13 9 | 27 | 13 7 | 7 | 16 2½ | 39 | 14 7 |
| 51 | 15 5½ | 28 | 16 1½ | 8 | 18 7½ | 40 | 14 8 |
| 52 | 7 9 | 29 | 6 5½ | 9 | 15 4½ | 41 | 16 0 |
| | | 30 | 17 6 | 10 | 20 1½ | 42 | 16 7½ |
| 1896 | | 31 | 19 4 | 11 | 15 2½ | 43 | 16 6½ |
| Week | s. d. | 32 | 13 3½ | 12 | 16 0½ | 44 | 18 2 |
| 1 | 7 2½ | 33 | -- | 13 | 15 5 | 45 | 20 5½ |
| 2 | 14 2 | 34 | -- | 14 | 16 4½ | 46 | 19 11 |
| 3 | 12 9½ | 35 | 15 4 | 15 | 15 0½ | 47 | 19 0½ |
| 4 | 13 0½ | 36 | 18 2½ | 16 | 15 5 | 48 | 17 2½ |
| 5 | 19 0½ | 37 | 16 9 | 17 | 12 8½ | 49 | 17 9½ |
| 6 | 18 1 | 38 | 17 0 | 18 | 17 6 | 50 | 20 1 |
| 7 | 14 5 | 39 | 17 0 | 19 | 18 8 | 51 | 20 6½ |
| 8 | 14 2½ | 40 | 15 10 | 20 | 19 1 | 52 | 20 2 |
| 9 | 14 10 | 41 | 16 10 | 21 | 18 1 | | |
| 10 | 17 5 | 42 | 19 2 | 22 | 18 4½ | 1898 | |
| 11 | 17 5 | 43 | 15 4½ | 23 | 14 2 | Week | s. d. |
| 12 | 13 7½ | 44 | 16 1½ | 24 | 9 0½ | 1 | -- |
| 13 | 17 1½ | 45 | 16 4 | 25 | 7 2 | 2 | -- |
| 14 | 14 0½ | 46 | 18 2 | 26 | 13 9 | 3 | -- |
| 15 | 11 2½ | 47 | 17 4½ | 27 | 15 6 | 4 | -- |
| 16 | 15 2 | 48 | 14 0½ | 28 | 11 11 | 5 | -- |
| 17 | 17 3 | 49 | 14 2 | 29 | 15 1½ | 6 | -- |
| 18 | 17 1 | 50 | 15 2½ | 30 | 18 8½ | 7 | -- |
| 19 | 19 4½ | 51 | 15 4 | 31 | 14 2 | 8 | -- |
| 20 | 11 9½ | 52 | 13 0 | 32 | 10 5 | 9 | -- |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
| 10 | -- | 39 | 14 3 | 12 | 17 2 | 41 | 15 4 |
| 11 | -- | 40 | 13 9½ | 13 | 15 5 | 42 | 14 7½ |
| 12 | -- | 41 | 14 5½ | 14 | 11 2½ | 43 | 19 10½ |
| 13 | -- | 42 | 14 9 | 15 | 15 8½ | 44 | 18 9 |
| 14 | 17 2½ | 43 | 16 9 | 16 | 17 9 | 45 | 19 1 |
| 15 | 16 0½ | 44 | 14 11 | 17 | 18 3 | 46 | 19 6 |
| 16 | 12 3½ | 45 | 19 1 | 18 | 18 6 | 47 | 21 2 |
| 17 | 13 1½ | 46 | 18 2 | 19 | 18 6 | 48 | 18 6 |
| 18 | 14 0½ | 47 | 20 3½ | 20 | 16 1 | 49 | 16 9½ |
| 19 | 18 8½ | 48 | 20 3 | 21 | 12 7 | 50 | 18 0½ |
| 20 | 20 3½ | 49 | 20 6 | 22 | 16 5 | 51 | 19 9 |
| 21 | 20 3½ | 50 | 18 2 | 23 | 18 2 | 52 | 11 10½ |
| 22 | 20 3½ | 51 | 16 1½ | 24 | 11 10½ | | |
| 23 | 16 6 | 52 | 18 1 | 25 | 15 6 | 1900 | |
| 24 | 17 9 | 53 | 10 2 | 26 | 20 2 | Week | s. d. |
| 25 | 19 1 | | | 27 | 15 8½ | 1 | 17 9½ |
| 26 | 20 3½ | 1899 | | 28 | 15 11 | 2 | 19 2½ |
| 27 | 20 4½ | Week | s. d. | 29 | 11 1½ | 3 | 18 3 |
| 28 | 15 8 | 1 | 20 1½ | 30 | 14 9 | 4 | 18 5 |
| 29 | 14 1 | 2 | 18 1 | 31 | 17 1½ | 5 | 16 9½ |
| 30 | 16 5½ | 3 | 18 7½ | 32 | 16 5 | 6 | 20 5 |
| 31 | 20 3 | 4 | 19 5 | 33 | -- | 7 | 20 1 |
| 32 | 14 8½ | 5 | 20 2 | 34 | -- | 8 | 19 0 |
| 33 | -- | 6 | 16 7 | 35 | 17 9½ | 9 | 19 1½ |
| 34 | -- | 7 | 18 4 | 36 | 16 4 | 10 | 19 5½ |
| 35 | 15 10½ | 8 | 18 5½ | 37 | 17 10 | 11 | 20 5 |
| 36 | 19 0½ | 9 | 17 6 | 38 | 18 0 | 12 | 19 2 |
| 37 | 14 6 | 10 | 14 6 | 39 | 20 0 | 13 | 16 5½ |
| 38 | 15 3 | 11 | 16 2½ | 40 | 17 2 | 14 | 20 2 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 22. HAND FOLDER AND SEWER IN PRINTING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| | Half- | | Half- | | Full- | | Full- |
| | pay | | pay | | pay | | pay |
| 1895 | Earner | 1895 | Earner | 1895 | Earner | 1896 | Earner |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 7 | 2 5½ | 25 | 3 9½ | 42 | 16 3 | 5 | 12 1 |
| 8 | 3 5½ | 26 | 5 0½ | 43 | 14 3 | 6 | 17 8 |
| 9 | 3 9 | 27 | 7 4 | 44 | 12 3½ | 7 | 10 0 |
| 10 | 4 10 | 28 | 2 9½ | 45 | 14 4 | 8 | 10 2 |
| 11 | 3 9 | 29 | 3 5½ | 46 | 15 4 | 9 | 14 5 |
| 12 | 5 4½ | 30 | 5 8½ | 47 | 14 4 | 10 | 14 3 |
| 13 | 6 8 | 31 | 6 5 | 48 | 16 5 | 11 | 8 3 |
| 14 | 5 8 | 32 | 3 3½ | 49 | 15 4 | 12 | 11 8½ |
| 15 | 2 4 | 33 | 2 0 | 50 | 12 6½ | 13 | 10 1 |
| 16 | 2 7 | 34 | 3 9½ | 51 | 13 9 | 14 | 12 7 |
| 17 | 5 11 | 35 | 5 1 | 52 | 8 1 | 15 | 5 6 |
| 18 | 6 11½ | 36 | 7 6 | | | 16 | 9 0 |
| 19 | 6 7½ | 37 | 3 3 | 1896 | | 17 | 14 7 |
| 20 | 3 4 | 38 | 3 3½ | Week | s. d. | 18 | 14 8 |
| 21 | 2 8½ | 39 | 5 10 | 1 | 12 4 | 19 | 17 10 |
| 22 | 5 6 | 40 | 6 0 | 2 | 9 8 | 20 | 18 6 |
| 23 | 4 11½ | 41 | 5 3 | 3 | 12 7 | 21 | 7 3 |
| 24 | 6 6½ | | | 4 | 9 8 | 22 | 9 11 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| | Full- | | Full- | | Full- | | Full- |
| | pay | | pay | | pay | | pay |
| 1896 | Earner | 1897 | Earner | 1898 | Earner | 1899 | Earner |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 23 | 15 1½ | 21 | 14 6½ | 18 | 16 10½ | 15 | 17 9 |
| 24 | 10 4 | 22 | 16 3 | 19 | 17 9½ | 16 | 18 3 |
| 25 | 13 8 | 23 | 19 11 | 20 | 15 10 | 17 | 14 5 |
| 26 | 10 0½ | 24 | 15 10 | 21 | 11 6½ | 18 | 18 3 |
| 27 | 9 4 | 25 | 14 2½ | 22 | 15 6 | 19 | 19 5 |
| 28 | 12 5 | 26 | 13 2 | 23 | 10 2 | 20 | 15 2 |
| 29 | 5 8 | 27 | 16 1½ | 24 | 8 11 | 21 | 5 5½ |
| 30 | 7 0 | 28 | 12 10 | 25 | 12 5½ | 22 | 12 9 |
| 31 | 11 2 | 29 | 9 2 | 26 | 18 0 | 23 | 19 11 |
| 32 | 13 9 | 30 | 9 9½ | 27 | 17 4½ | 24 | 22 2½ |
| 33 | 18 9½ | 31 | 6 4 | 28 | 8 6 | 25 | 18 4 |
| 34 | 9 0 | 32 | 12 9 | 29 | 15 8½ | 26 | 20 7 |
| 35 | 9 8 | 33 | -- | 30 | 9 7 | 27 | 18 1½ |
| 36 | 13 3 | 34 | -- | 31 | 15 11 | 28 | 19 9½ |
| 37 | 11 2½ | 35 | -- | 32 | 17 10½ | 29 | 17 1 |
| 38 | 11 8 | 36 | 13 5½ | 33 | -- | 30 | 20 0 |
| 39 | -- | 37 | 8 0 | 34 | -- | 31 | 16 6 |
| 40 | 4 5 | 38 | 6 8 | 35 | 15 5½ | 32 | 13 10 |
| 41 | 18 3½ | 39 | 7 0 | 36 | 19 3 | 33 | 22 8 |
| 42 | 10 11½ | 40 | 11 2½ | 37 | 18 4 | 34 | 9 5½ |
| 43 | 10 1 | 41 | 15 2 | 38 | 18 7 | 35 | -- |
| 44 | 16 6½ | 42 | 9 9 | 39 | 19 3 | 36 | 14 0½ |
| 45 | 14 0 | 43 | 10 4 | 40 | 23 5 | 37 | 20 3½ |
| 46 | 14 8 | 44 | 10 2½ | 41 | 18 8½ | 38 | 19 2 |
| 47 | 3 6½ | 45 | 16 4½ | 42 | 18 5 | 39 | 15 9 |
| 48 | 12 4 | 46 | 16 10½ | 43 | 12 0 | 40 | 18 6 |
| 49 | 12 3½ | 47 | 15 10 | 44 | 16 9 | 41 | 20 0½ |
| 50 | 13 5 | 48 | 17 6 | 45 | 20 3 | 42 | 18 11 |
| 51 | 13 10 | 49 | 9 1½ | 46 | 18 5 | 43 | 17 2 |
| 52 | 7 7 | 50 | 15 8 | 47 | 15 11½ | 44 | 20 5 |
| | | 51 | 11 6 | 48 | 17 9½ | 45 | 18 4 |
| 1897 | | 52 | 8 8½ | 49 | 19 0 | 46 | 19 7½ |
| Week | s. d. | 53 | 7 8 | 50 | 18 9½ | 47 | 18 5 |
| 1 | 10 3 | | | 51 | 14 5 | 48 | 19 9 |
| 2 | 14 1 | 1898 | | 52 | 12 3 | 49 | 20 0 |
| 3 | 7 4½ | Week | s. d. | | | 50 | 19 3½ |
| 4 | 6 4½ | 1 | 17 11 | 1899 | | 51 | 16 6 |
| 5 | 10 6 | 2 | 5 0 | Week | s. d. | 52 | 9 6½ |
| 6 | 15 4 | 3 | 7 6 | 1 | 19 1½ | | |
| 7 | 16 9 | 4 | 10 5½ | 2 | 19 10 | 1900 | |
| 8 | 15 2 | 5 | 16 7 | 3 | 17 11½ | Week | s. d. |
| 9 | 14 7 | 6 | 12 8 | 4 | 8 8 | 1 | 14 10 |
| 10 | 14 7 | 7 | 11 7 | 5 | 15 2 | 2 | 19 0½ |
| 11 | 15 3 | 8 | 12 11 | 6 | 19 8½ | 3 | 20 9½ |
| 12 | 18 0 | 9 | 16 0 | 7 | 16 9 | 4 | 19 6½ |
| 13 | 12 0 | 10 | 17 5 | 8 | 8 9 | 5 | 18 6 |
| 14 | 12 9½ | 11 | 18 0 | 9 | 11 7½ | 6 | 22 4 |
| 15 | 15 1 | 12 | 16 2 | 10 | 17 7 | 7 | 21 7 |
| 16 | 8 5 | 13 | 13 3½ | 11 | 17 5 | 8 | 22 0 |
| 17 | 9 7 | 14 | 16 8 | 12 | 15 0½ | 9 | 18 9 |
| 18 | 11 4 | 15 | 9 10 | 13 | 12 9 | 10 | 17 5½ |
| 19 | 18 11½ | 16 | -- | 14 | 14 0 | 11 | 15 3 |
| 20 | 10 3 | 17 | 13 3½ | | | | |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 23. FOLDER AND SEWER IN BINDING DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING HOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates--Slow Hand._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 19 | 6 8 | 33 | 6 2 | 47 | 3 3 | 6 | 6 2 |
| 20 | 7 11 | 34 | 9 1 | 48 | 8 9 | 7 | 5 9 |
| 21 | 7 11 | 35 | 8 3 | 49 | 8 3 | 8 | 7 11 |
| 22 | 7 6 | 36 | 8 0 | 50 | 10 9 | 9 | 8 3 |
| 23 | 8 7 | 37 | 8 10 | 51 | 11 8 | 10 | 7 10 |
| 24 | 8 10 | 38 | 8 3 | 52 | 4 10 | 11 | 11 8 |
| 25 | 6 0 | 39 | 8 11 | | | 12 | 10 11 |
| 26 | 7 1 | 40 | 7 11 | 1899 | | 13 | 7 0 |
| 27 | 8 1 | 41 | 5 1 | Week | s. d. | 14 | 4 2 |
| 28 | 6 6 | 42 | 4 6 | 1 | 7 9 | 15 | 7 10 |
| 29 | 8 2 | 43 | 2 10 | 2 | 8 4 | 16 | 7 6 |
| 30 | 7 5 | 44 | 6 2 | 3 | 5 11 | 17 | 9 11 |
| 31 | 5 9 | 45 | 6 0 | 4 | 8 6 | 18 | 4 5 |
| 32 | 9 5 | 46 | 1 10 | 5 | 8 1 | | |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 24. HAND FOLDER IN PRINTERS' WAREHOUSE. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Piece Rates._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d .| Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 19 1 | 14 | 15 10 | 27 | 29 0 | 40 | 14 7 |
| 2 | 22 2 | 15 | 16 4 | 28 | 26 4 | 41 | 20 1 |
| 3 | 20 2 | 16 | 20 7 | 29 | 19 8 | 42 | 18 11 |
| 4 | 17 10 | 17 | 22 1 | 30 | 29 2 | 43 | 21 7 |
| 5 | 22 6 | 18 | 23 4 | 31 | 18 10 | 44 | 22 1 |
| 6 | 19 0 | 19 | 29 9 | 32 | 19 7 | 45 | 20 2 |
| 7 | 22 4 | 20 | 27 2 | 33 | 22 3 | 46 | 18 7 |
| 8 | 21 9 | 21 | 27 4 | 34 | 19 6 | 47 | 18 5 |
| 9 | 19 6 | 22 | 20 11 | 35 | 19 11 | 48 | 21 3 |
| 10 | 20 10 | 23 | 27 6 | 36 | 19 4 | 49 | 24 9 |
| 11 | 19 5 | 24 | 20 1 | 37 | 19 10 | 50 | 27 0 |
| 12 | 19 6 | 25 | 21 7 | 38 | 20 5 | 51 | 21 7 |
| 13 | 23 10 | 26 | 24 1 | 39 | -- | 52 | 15 5 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 25. ENVELOPE PACKER. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| _Time Work_, 14_s._ |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | 13 8 | 14 | 9 10 | 27 | 13 5 | 40 | 13 0 |
| 2 | 13 8 | 15 | 11 4 | 28 | 13 8 | 41 | 14 0 |
| 3 | 13 8 | 16 | 13 8 | 29 | 12 5 | 42 | 14 0 |
| 4 | 13 2 | 17 | 13 9 | 30 | 14 6 | 43 | 14 0 |
| 5 | 13 9 | 18 | 13 9 | 31 | 11 6 | 44 | 13 10 |
| 6 | 13 8 | 19 | 13 10 | 32 | 13 10 | 45 | 13 10 |
| 7 | 13 8 | 20 | 13 10 | 33 | 13 9 | 46 | 14 0 |
| 8 | 13 8 | 21 | 11 2 | 34 | 13 3 | 47 | 14 0 |
| 9 | 13 9 | 22 | 11 4 | 35 | 13 10 | 48 | 13 10 |
| 10 | 13 9 | 23 | 13 11 | 36 | 14 0 | 49 | 13 9 |
| 11 | 13 8 | 24 | 13 9 | 37 | 14 0 | 50 | 13 9 |
| 12 | 13 9 | 25 | 12 5 | 38 | 14 0 | 51 | 13 9 |
| 13 | 13 11 | 26 | 13 9 | 39 | 9 1 | 52 | 8 9 |
+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+
+------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+
| 26. MACHINE RULER. |
+------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+
| The figures in brackets to the left of the wage give |
| the nominal time wage. |
+------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+
| 1897 | | 1898 | | 1899 | |
| Week | s. d. s. d. | Week | s. d. s. d. | Week | s. d. s. d. |
| 1 | (4 6) 3 4 | 1 | (6 6) 5 10 | 1 | (7 6) 1 2 |
| 2 | " 4 9 | 2 | " 6 5 | 2 | " 6 8 |
| 3 | " 4 6 | 3 | " 6 4 | 3 | " 6 0 |
| 4 | " 4 6 | 4 | (7 0) 6 10 | 4 | " 7 3 |
| 5 | " 4 6 | 5 | " 6 11 | 5 | " 7 5 |
| 6 | (5 0) 5 0 | 6 | " 7 0 | 6 | " 7 6 |
| 7 | " 4 11 | 7 | " 6 9 | 7 | " 6 2 |
| 8 | " 5 0 | 8 | " 7 0 | 8 | " 7 8 |
| 9 | " 3 4 | 9 | " 6 10 | 9 | " 7 6 |
| 10 | (5 6) 5 6 | 10 | " 5 1 | 10 | " 6 11 |
| 11 | " 5 6 | 11 | " 6 11 | 11 | " 7 5 |
| 12 | " 5 6 | 12 | " 6 10 | 12 | " 7 6 |
| 13 | " 5 6 | 13 | " 6 11 | 13 | " 5 5 |
| 14 | " 5 6 | 14 | " 5 1 | 14 | " 6 1 |
| 15 | " 5 6 | 15 | " 4 2 | 15 | " 7 9 |
| 16 | " 4 0 | 16 | " 6 11 | 16 | " 7 10 |
| 17 | " 4 7 | 17 | " 6 10 | 17 | " 7 9 |
| 18 | " 5 0 | 18 | " 6 10 | 18 | " 7 7 |
| 19 | " 5 5 | 19 | (7 6) 7 5 | 19 | " 7 10 |
| 20 | " 5 6 | 20 | " 7 4 | 20 | " 7 9 |
| 21 | " 5 5 | 21 | " 7 5 | 21 | " 6 0 |
| 22 | " 5 4 | 22 | " 5 11 | 22 | " 7 4 |
| 23 | " 5 5 | 23 | " 7 11 | 23 | " 7 5 |
| 24 | " 4 8 | 24 | " 8 0 | 24 | " 7 5 |
| 25 | " 5 5 | 25 | " 7 4 | 25 | " 7 3 |
| 26 | " 4 6 | 26 | " 7 6 | 26 | " 5 7 |
| 27 | (6 0) 5 11 | 27 | " 7 3 | 27 | " 6 6 |
| 28 | " 6 0 | 28 | " 5 10 | 28 | (8 0) 6 5 |
| 29 | " 5 11 | 29 | " 7 5 | 29 | " 7 10 |
| 30 | " 5 11 | 30 | " 7 9 | 30 | " 7 11 |
| 31 | " 5 10 | 31 | " 5 1 | 31 | " - -- |
| 32 | " 3 11 | 32 | " 6 6 | 32 | " 6 0 |
| 33 | " 4 10 | 33 | " 7 2 | 33 | " 7 10 |
| 34 | " 5 5 | 34 | " 7 6 | 34 | " 7 11 |
| 35 | " 5 2 | 35 | " 7 6 | 35 | " 8 3 |
| 36 | " 5 10 | 36 | " 7 6 | 36 | " 7 9 |
| 37 | " 5 11 | 37 | " 7 5 | 37 | " 7 10 |
| 38 | " 5 10 | 38 | " 6 8 | 38 | " 7 10 |
| 39 | " 6 0 | 39 | " 5 8 | 39 | " 7 8 |
| 40 | " 5 10 | 40 | " 7 5 | 40 | " 7 9 |
| 41 | " 5 11 | 41 | " 7 4 | 41 | " 7 9 |
| 42 | " 6 0 | 42 | " 7 5 | 42 | " 8 2 |
| 43 | " 5 10 | 43 | " 7 6 | 43 | " 8 0 |
| 44 | " 5 11 | 44 | " 6 10 | 44 | " 8 1 |
| 45 | (6 6) 6 4 | 45 | " 7 3 | 45 | " 7 11 |
| 46 | " 6 2 | 46 | " 6 9 | 46 | " 8 0 |
| 47 | " 6 5 | 47 | " 7 5 | 47 | " 8 2 |
| 48 | " 6 5 | 48 | " 6 8 | 48 | " 8 5 |
| 49 | " 6 4 | 49 | " 7 4 | 49 | " 8 3 |
| 50 | " 6 4 | 50 | " 7 4 | 50 | " 8 1 |
| 51 | " 6 3 | 51 | " 7 6 | 51 | " 8 2 |
| 52 | " 4 0 | 52 | " 4 6 | 52 | " 5 0 |
+------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+
APPENDIX VI.
In view of the importance of the preservation of authentic wages figures
we reprint the Appendix published in 1849 by Mr. Dunning to his "Reply
to a Letter from the Committee of the Southwark Auxiliary Bible Society,
&c.," as under:--
No. I.
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| EARNINGS ON THE PREMISES. |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| _Piece Workers._ |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| 1845. | Sept. 6th. | Sept 13th. | Oct. 11th. |
| | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Ashford | 0 6 8 | 0 6 8½ | 0 6 4 |
| Aggersbury | -- | -- | 0 7 10 |
| Blichenden | 0 7 5¾ | 0 7 1½ | 0 7 7 |
| Burkitt, | 0 5 2¾ | 0 4 3¾ | 0 4 10½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Brown, | 0 6 9 | 0 7 1 | 0 6 5¼ |
| M. A. | | | |
| Berridge | -- | -- | 0 5 7¼ |
| Bozankae | 0 1 8½ | 0 4 8 | 0 4 0½ |
| Betherston | 0 0 9½ | -- | -- |
| Carpenter, | 0 4 5¾ | -- | 0 4 3½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Carpenter, | 0 7 0 | 0 7 9¾ | 0 6 6¾ |
| M. P. | | | |
| Cooper, | 0 5 4½ | 0 5 0½ | 0 4 8 |
| Ann | | | |
| Diggles | 0 7 4¾ | 0 7 9½ | 0 7 3 |
| Day, Mary | 0 7 2 | 0 6 11½ | 0 7 3¾ |
| Elliott, | 0 4 9 | -- | -- |
| E. | | | |
| Facey | 0 1 7½ | 0 4 3¼ | 0 6 4½ |
| Hart, E. | -- | 0 6 2 | 0 5 0½ |
| Joyce, | 0 7 7 | 0 7 8¼ | -- |
| M. A. | | | |
| Leggatt, | -- | -- | 0 3 5½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Pepper | 0 7 10¼ | 0 8 5½ | 0 8 11¼ |
| Rogers, E. | 0 6 6½ | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 7¼ |
| Richardson | 0 8 1¼ | 0 7 8¼ | 0 8 4 |
| Spencer | -- | -- | 0 4 10 |
| Satchell, | 0 6 0½ | 0 5 11¼ | 0 5 9¼ |
| A. E. | | | |
| Such, E. | -- | -- | 0 6 10 |
| Smith, | 0 3 1½ | 0 7 8½ | -- |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Speak, | 0 6 2½ | 0 7 10¾ | 0 8 5¼ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Touse, | 0 4 10 | 0 5 0¾ | 0 4 9½ |
| M. A. | | | |
| Wilkins, | 0 12 2 | 0 11 0¼ | 0 12 3¼ |
| A. | | | |
| Wilkins, | 0 7 0½ | 0 7 9¾ | 0 8 11¼ |
| E. | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| | £6 15 11 | £7 3 7 | £8 3 5 |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| _Time Workers._ |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| 1845. | Sept. 6th. | Sept. 13th. | Oct. 11th. |
| | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Osborne, | 0 11 6 | 0 10 6 | 0 10 0 |
| C. (10_s._ | | | |
| per week) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Burrows, | 0 12 0 | 0 12 11½ | 0 12 0 |
| E. (12_s._ | | | |
| per week) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Aurnett | 0 14 2 | 0 12 7 | 0 11 10 |
| (12_s._ | | | |
| per week) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Holloway | 0 4 4 | 0 4 0 | 0 3 10 |
| (learner) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Dew (7_s._ | 0 8 1½ | 0 7 9½ | 0 7 7 |
| 6_d._ | | | |
| per week) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Bocking | 0 3 0 | 0 3 0 | 0 3 0 |
| (learner) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Routledge | 0 9 4 | -- | -- |
| (4 days' | | | |
| work) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Emery, A. | -- | 0 1 0 | 0 1 0 |
| (learner) | | | |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Mills. M. | -- | -- | 0 10 0 |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| | £3 2 5½ | £2 11 10 | £2 19 3 |
+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| WOMEN WHO WORKED AT THEIR OWN HOMES. |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| 1845. | Sept 6th. | Sept. 13th. | Oct. 11th. |
| | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Atchiller, | 0 8 1 | -- | -- |
| S. | | | |
| Anstead, | -- | 0 8 1 | 0 7 8 |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Aldred | -- | -- | 0 7 1 |
| Bruce, C. | 0 4 11¼ | -- | 0 4 3½ |
| Bullmore | 0 5 9 | 0 3 7¼ | 0 3 8½ |
| Birch, | 0 8 6½ | 0 8 9 | 0 16 7¾ |
| Mrs.(a) | | | |
| Bell, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 2 2 |
| Burton, S. | -- | -- | 0 6 4¼ |
| Clarke, M. | -- | -- | 0 4 8½ |
| Cauline, | 0 10 3¾ | 0 7 10 | 0 11 0½ |
| E. | | | |
| Cox, Mrs. | 0 6 5½ | 0 5 1 | -- |
| Collier, | -- | 0 3 8½ | -- |
| A. | | | |
| Fothergill | -- | 0 2 11 | -- |
| Fisher | -- | -- | 0 7 0 |
| Foster, | -- | -- | 0 2 1 |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Green, | 0 7 8½ | 0 4 0 | 0 5 6¾ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Gulliers | 0 11 3¼ | 0 7 7¾ | 0 4 5½ |
| Glover, | -- | 0 9 3¾ | 0 3 5 |
| M. A. | | | |
| Haydram, | -- | -- | 0 2 6 |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Hayes, | 0 9 1¾ | 0 8 9½ | 0 9 4½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Hartopp | 0 4 1 | 0 3 5¼ | -- |
| Hearn, | -- | 0 3 8 | 0 2 8¾ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Humphreys, | -- | 0 6 9¾ | 0 6 4¼ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Hobdell | -- | 0 6 7½ | 0 3 7¾ |
| Hatfield | -- | -- | 0 5 2¾ |
| Hall, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 6 10½ |
| Joyce, | -- | -- | 0 8 9½ |
| M. A. | | | |
| Knight, | 0 9 1 | 0 9 1¼ | 0 7 8 |
| H.(a) | | | |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Carried | £4 5 4½ | £4 19 4½ | £6 19 4¼ |
| forward | | |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| 1845. | Sept 6th. | Sept. 13th. | Oct. 11th. |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Brought | £4 5 4½ |£4 19 4½ | £6 19 4¼ |
| forward | | | |
| Knight, E. | 0 6 1¼ | 0 6 6½ | 0 3 11 |
| Kelly, | -- | -- | 0 7 1¾ |
| or Skelly, | | | |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Lawrance, | 0 4 10 | 0 4 4¼ | 0 6 10½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Latham | 0 5 3 | 0 3 10¼ | 0 1 8 |
| McDaniell | -- | -- | 0 5 1½ |
| Matthews | 0 7 3½ | 0 5 0¼ | 0 7 3½ |
| Mills, Mrs. | 0 8 9¾ | 0 7 7½ | 0 4 2½ |
| Mozer, E. | 0 6 8¼ | 0 5 0½ | 0 6 2½ |
| Margetts | -- | 0 7 2½ | 0 5 5¼ |
| Mayes | -- | 0 1 6½ | 0 5 5 |
| Moseley | -- | 0 0 9½ | -- |
| Neascomp | 0 6 8 | -- | -- |
| Norris, | -- | -- | 0 7 8 |
| M. A. | | | |
| Nichols, | -- | -- | 0 1 7½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Pottiee | -- | -- | 0 4 6½ |
| Parker, | 0 3 0½ | 0 3 11¾ | 0 4 10½ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Pool | 0 2 4½ | -- | -- |
| Potter, E. | 0 5 7½ | 0 5 7¾ | 0 7 0¼ |
| Pontifex, | -- | 0 6 6¾ | 0 7 7½ |
| A. | | | |
| Pearce, C. | -- | 0 5 1½ | -- |
| Rumball, | 0 12 1¼ | 0 11 2 | 0 7 9½ |
| Mrs.(a) | | | |
| Rudge | -- | 0 6 8½ | 0 4 8½ |
| Ross, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 1 7½ |
| Scott, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 4 0 |
| Sleap | -- | -- | 0 2 2¾ |
| Slater | 0 10 5¼ | 0 11 3¼ | 0 6 4½ |
| Sharp, C. | -- | -- | 0 3 1½ |
| Such, E. | 0 9 4 | 0 4 7½ | -- |
| Smout, M. | -- | 0 4 3¾ | 0 5 1 |
| Sumner, | 0 10 1½ | 0 8 2 | 0 7 2¾ |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Tucker, | 0 4 10 | 0 3 4½ | -- |
| Mrs. | | | |
| Truscoat, | 0 5 6½ | 0 3 10½ | -- |
| A. | | | |
| Tattersall | -- | -- | 0 8 4¾ |
| Todd | -- | -- | 0 7 5¾ |
| Wichelam | -- | -- | 0 3 0½ |
| West, Mrs. | 0 4 2½ | 0 4 1½ | 0 2 11¾ |
| Weedon | -- | 0 3 5 | 0 5 3¼ |
| Williams, | -- | -- | 0 3 7¼ |
| Eliz. | | | |
| Williams, | -- | -- | 0 4 8½ |
| Eleanor | | | |
| Woods, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 5 11¾ |
| Wacey | -- | -- | 0 1 5¼ |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| | £9 18 7¾ | £11 3 8½ | £15 11 0¾ |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| (a) Bills marked thus were for work done by more than one |
| person. |
+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
No. II.
The following names are a transcript, as far as it extends, of the
Wages' Book of July 28th, 1849:--
FOLDERS.
_s._ _d._
Stone 6 10¼
Carroll 6 10
Donald 7 6½
Fenning 10 1¾
Nalty 6 0
Zugg 9 8
Read 5 6¼
Thomson 5 3¾
Frazier 4 7
Parker 7 2
Philpots, Mrs. (2 weeks) 9 1
Salter 7 1
Routledge 10 2¾
Giles 7 11½
Name not known 8 7½
Hodnett 7 10½
Measor 6 6
Moss 7 1½
Smith 3 2¼
York 6 6¼
Ainsworth 6 5
Smith 5 10
Surridge 5 0¾
Read 5 11¼
Hone 6 11¾
Stroud (2 weeks) 14 11¼
Pritlove 6 1½
Jolly 7 10¾
Thomas 6 10½
Olpin 8 7¾
Brown 7 0½
Desaper 7 0¾
Harlow 3 11¼
Glynn 7 0¾
Haywood 7 5¾
Cooper 6 1
Charles 7 11¾
Gauntry 5 5½
Leat 4 4½
Beattie 7 2½
Lockwood 8 7½
Burton 5 9¾
Cook 6 11¼
Spall 5 0¼
Name not known 6 2½
Shay 6 10
Hockley 8 4¼
Hodson 4 2
Coghan 3 9½
Charles 4 9¼
Donovan 6 6¼
Newham 3 9½
Brown, O. 7 9¾
Cleaver 6 9¾
Mallison 6 8
Chelsom 3 8¼
Griffiths 6 4½
Timlett 7 0
Guyon 5 4¾
Johnson 5 4
Smith 5 7
Daniells 3 4
Paris 5 10½
Rawlings 7 11½
Long 3 11¼
Macintosh 5 7
Cracknell 5 4
Old 7 2
SEWERS.
_s._ _d._
Clarke 5 9½
Trimnell 8 3¾
Abbott 7 0¾
Hawkins 5 7½
Hubbard 5 3¾
Deacles 6 6
Norcutt 6 3¼
_Time Workers._
_s._ _d._
Mrs. Brinton (Lewis) 15 9
Mary Shea 7 6
Mary Carpenter 9 0
Anne Cooper 8 10½
E. Manvill 10 11
Hardy 10 11
Norris 9 1
Aldred 8 11
Collis 8 11
Hayes 10 0
Kinder 10 11
Wilkins 10 0
Joyce 7 3
Dew 7 3
M. Joyce 7 4½
No. III.
+----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| FOLDERS' WAGES FOR THE FOUR WEEKS BEFORE THE DISPUTE. |
+----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. |
| | 4th. | 11th. | 18th. | 23rd. |
| | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ |
+----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| M. E. Zugg | 0 10 6¼ | 0 8 3¼ | 0 9 8 | 0 7 1¾ |
| A. Harlow | -- | -- | -- | 0 3 11½ |
| M. A. Long | 0 8 4 | 0 8 6 | 0 7 11 | 0 5 0 |
| S. Olpin | 0 8 3¾ | 0 7 6½ | 0 8 9 | 0 5 11 |
| M. Fowler | 0 6 0 | 0 5 11 | 0 6 1 | 0 2 7½ |
| M. Morris | -- | -- | -- | 0 5 1 |
| M. Beatie | 0 7 4 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 0½ | 0 3 2 |
| M. Parker | 0 8 0¼ | 0 8 4 | 0 7 9 | 0 5 9 |
| M. A. Jolly | 0 9 3½ | 0 8 9 | 0 7 5 | 0 5 3 |
| M. Thomas | 0 8 3 | 0 7 1 | 0 6 10½ | 0 4 5½ |
| E. Carroll | 0 6 7 | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 7 | 0 4 6 |
| M. Sheay | 0 6 9 | 0 6 1¾ | 0 6 5 | 0 2 11½ |
| H. Donovan | 0 6 4 | 0 6 1¾ | 0 7 0¼ | 0 4 0 |
| E. Hone | 0 8 4 | 0 7 3¼ | 0 6 11¾ | 0 4 11½ |
| S. Moss | 0 6 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 6 10 | 0 7 1½ |
| E. Hainsworth | 0 7 0 | 0 7 7 | 0 8 3 | 0 4 3 |
| E. Timlett | 0 7 0 | 0 6 11½ | 0 7 2 | 0 6 11½ |
| M. Cracknell | 0 6 0 | 0 5 9 | 0 5 6 | 0 6 0 |
| C. Guyon | 0 6 4 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 2 | 0 1 11 |
| Mrs. Philpot | 0 4 2 | 0 4 0 | 0 4 6 | 0 2 8 |
| P. Measor | 0 7 8 | 0 6 11 | 0 6 5 | 0 5 10½ |
| M. Cooke | 0 6 1 | 0 4 6 | 0 6 4 | 0 1 4 |
| M. Stone | 0 6 4 | 0 6 6 | 0 6 10 | 0 3 6¾ |
| M. Cleaver | 0 6 4¾ | 0 6 7 | 0 6 6 | 0 4 0 |
| M. E. Reide | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 8½ | 0 6 4 | 0 4 0 |
| M. Foweraker | 0 9 11 | 0 12 0 | 0 8 7¾ | 0 5 11 |
| A. Hodnett | 0 8 6 | 0 9 6 | 0 7 4 | 0 5 0½ |
| M. Smith | 0 6 7½ | 0 6 4 | 0 6 6 | 0 2 10½ |
| A. Smith | 0 7 2 | 0 5 4 | 0 6 2½ | 0 1 9¾ |
| M. Frazier | 0 6 5 | 0 4 3 | 0 4 6½ | 0 4 3½ |
| M. Roach | 0 6 3 | 0 4 2 | 0 5 9 | 0 3 3 |
| C. Mallison | 0 5 6 | 0 5 0 | 0 5 9 | 0 3 2½ |
| S. Macintosh | 0 4 4 | 0 5 0 | 0 4 11 | 0 2 0½ |
| B. J. Salter | 0 9 6 | 0 9 0¼ | 0 8 1½ | 0 6 1¾ |
| M. J. Smith | 0 7 0¼ | 0 6 11½ | 0 5 6 | 0 3 0 |
| E. Daniels | 0 5 3½ | 0 4 6¼ | 0 3 6¾ | 0 1 11½ |
| M. Brown | 0 7 0¼ | 0 6 0¾ | 0 5 6 | 0 3 2¼ |
| E. Rallians | 0 7 3½ | 0 7 6¼ | 0 7 0 | 0 5 0 |
| W. Reide | 0 8 4 | 0 8 1¼ | 0 7 7¾ | 0 5 0 |
| M. A. Lockwood | 0 5 0¾ | 0 8 1½ | 0 7 1½ | 0 6 8 |
| E. Spall | 0 7 5¾ | 0 6 1 | 0 5 6 | 0 4 0 |
| J. Griffith | -- | 0 4 8½ | 0 4 3 | 0 2 8½ |
| M. Thomson | 0 6 9 | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 4 | 0 4 1½ |
| L. Farris | 0 4 6½ | 0 5 1 | 0 3 4 | 0 1 9½ |
| M. Glyn | 0 7 0 | 0 6 7½ | 0 6 9 | 0 3 10½ |
| L. Yorke | 0 6 4 | 0 6 0¼ | 0 6 3 | 0 4 1 |
| C. Brown | 0 8 3½ | 0 8 0 | 0 7 0½ | 0 4 10½ |
| M. Fenning | 0 8 7 | 0 8 3½ | 0 8 0 | 0 6 4½ |
| E. Burton | 0 7 0 | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 0 | 0 5 2½ |
+----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| | £16 4 6¾ | £15 18 2½ | £15 7 10½ | £10 7 3½ |
+----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
+---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| SEWERS' WAGES FOR THE FOUR WEEKS BEFORE THE DISPUTE. |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| -- | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. |
| | 4th. | 11th. | 18th. |23rd. |
| | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| M. Richardson | 0 6 4 | 0 6 10 | 0 7 1½ | 0 4 9 |
| M. Touse | 0 5 10 | 0 6 0 | 0 5 11 | 0 4 6 |
| E. Hawkins | -- | -- | -- | 0 4 8¼ |
| A. Hanson | 0 6 0¼ | 0 5 10 | 0 5 11 | 0 5 1 |
| M. Clements | 0 6 0 | 0 6 3 | 0 6 1 | 0 4 7½ |
| L. Thomson | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 10 | 0 7 4½ | 0 5 2 |
| E. Webb | 0 7 7 | 0 7 3 | 0 8 3 | 0 8 0 |
| E. Wigmore | 0 6 10½ | 0 7 0 | 0 7 2½ | 0 4 8½ |
| H. Gammon | 0 7 0 | 0 6 6 | 0 6 0 | 0 2 6 |
| A. Butcher | 0 10 0 | 0 10 4 | 0 10 10 | 0 9 7½ |
| E. Taylor | 0 7 0 | 0 7 6 | 0 7 1½ | 0 2 0 |
| M. Wheatley | 0 7 2 | 0 6 5 | 0 7 0 | 0 5 11 |
| E. Harris | -- | 0 5 0 | 0 5 4½ | 0 3 1¾ |
| J. Williams | 0 7 3 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 1 | 0 2 6 |
| H. Hutchinson | 0 6 9 | 0 6 9¼ | 0 6 2½ | 0 5 2½ |
| E. Ashford | 0 7 0 | 0 7 6 | 0 7 10 | 0 8 1 |
| R. Howell | 0 8 8 | 0 6 8 | 0 6 4 | 0 4 2½ |
| M. Hubbard | 0 7 0 | 0 6 10 | 0 6 6 | 0 5 0½ |
| M. Abbott | 0 8 0 | 0 8 4 | 0 8 1 | 0 6 8 |
| M. Akerman | 0 8 0 | 0 8 6 | 0 8 6 | 0 7 2 |
| A. Hall | 0 7 4 | 0 7 2 | 0 7 0 | 0 5 6 |
| E. Ellis | 0 3 11 | 0 4 5 | 0 5 6 | 0 1 6 |
| M. Gildbody | 0 7 1 | 0 7 4 | 0 7 6 | 0 3 6 |
| M. Mack | 0 10 7 | 0 10 1 | 0 10 4 | 0 9 10 |
| E. Potter | 0 7 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 4 | 0 6 6 |
| C. Collier | 0 9 0 | 0 8 6 | 0 7 9 | 0 7 0 |
| M. Smiley | 0 5 2 | 0 4 10 | 0 5 0 | 0 4 3 |
| A. Clarke | 0 7 0 | 0 5 3 | 0 6 1 | 0 4 5 |
| B. Mealoney | 0 6 8½ | 0 7 0 | 0 6 0 | 0 4 6 |
| M. A. | 0 7 0 | 0 7 5 | 0 8 3 | 0 6 6 |
| Sullivan | | | | |
| M. Diggles | 0 6 6½ | 0 6 5½ | 0 6 3 | 0 6 1 |
| J. Purvey | 0 6 0 | 0 6 1¾ | 0 6 3 | 0 5 6½ |
| M. Reding | 0 9 9½ | 0 9 2 | 0 9 4 | 0 8 2½ |
| L. Tattersall | 0 6 10 | 0 7 0 | 0 6 6 | 0 7 0 |
| E. Treacher | 0 5 3½ | 0 5 6 | 0 5 2½ | 0 3 8½ |
| M. Davis | 0 9 1½ | 0 9 0 | 0 9 7 | 0 7 0¼ |
| E. Griffiths | 0 7 5 | 0 7 3½ | 0 7 0 | 0 7 0½ |
| M. Clarke | 0 8 10½ | 0 9 3½ | 0 9 0 | 0 7 1½ |
| M. Perkins | 0 7 3½ | 0 6 10 | 0 7 7½ | 0 5 0½ |
| E. Marshall | 0 7 0 | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 6 | 0 4 8½ |
| G. Trimnell | 0 6 2½ | 0 5 5¾ | 0 4 2½ | 0 2 11 |
| H. Night | 0 6 1½ | 0 5 10½ | 0 6 0 | 0 4 3 |
| M. Norcott | 0 5 10 | 0 6 0¼ | 0 6 0 | 0 6 5½ |
| M. Goldwin | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 6¾ | 0 6 5 | 0 5 4½ |
| E. Ainyouns | 0 6 5½ | 0 6 0 | 0 5 3 | 0 4 1 |
| M. Newnham | 0 6 0 | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 0 | 0 5 8 |
| M. Rodgers | 0 7 0 | 0 6 10½ | 0 7 0 | 0 6 0½ |
| C. Greentree | 0 7 0½ | 0 7 0 | 0 7 5 | 0 4 11 |
| J. Greenaway | 0 7 5¾ | 0 8 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 3 11 |
| E. Carrington | 0 7 1½ | 0 7 7¼ | 0 7 6 | 0 5 11½ |
| S. Greenaway | 0 6 2½ | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 6 | 0 4 3 |
| M. Key | 0 7 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 5 2 | 0 5 9¼ |
| S. Williams | 0 8 4 | 0 5 1½ | 0 7 1 | 0 6 0¼ |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| | £18 1 10¾ | £17 18 9½ | £17 19 11¼ | £14 4 2¼ |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
These tables are also valuable on account of the light they throw upon
the organisation of the bookbinding trade in the middle of last century.
It will be seen for instance that the week indicated by "October 11" in
Table I was a specially busy week, and that in consequence the payments
made to the home workers were much above those made for September 6th or
13th. Under September 6th, twenty-eight home workers were engaged, and
next week thirty-nine, but under October 11th the number had risen to
fifty-seven. It is also worthy of note that E. Such was an indoor worker
under October 11th, but a home worker during the other two weeks, whilst
M. A. Joyce worked at home in the third week, but in the workshop during
the other two. This condition of disorganisation has now fortunately
almost disappeared from the trade.
It should also be noted that slight errors of a few farthings in the
additions have crept into the totals of some of the columns, but as they
do not affect the accuracy of the wage figures the Appendix has been
copied exactly as it was published.
APPENDIX VII.--TABLE FROM CENSUS, 1901
Table from census, 1901, stating the number of males and females
employed in the trades enumerated at various ages in England and Wales,
and showing that the number of females employed between 15 and 20 is
nearly twice as great as at any other age.
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| PAPER MANUFACTURE. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 163 | -- | 163 | 335 |
| 14 - | 378 | -- | 378 | 616 |
| 15 - | 2,995 | 15 | 3,010 | 3,079 |
| 20 - | 1,814 | 224 | 2,038 | 2,328 |
| 25 - | 856 | 504 | 1,360 | 3,583 |
| 35 - | 301 | 564 | 865 | 2,504 |
| 45 - | 124 | 446 | 570 | 1,690 |
| 55 - | 56 | 289 | 345 | 897 |
| 65 - | 15 | 95 | 110 | 277 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 3 | 9 | 12 | 50 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 6,705 | 2,146 | 8,851 | 15,359 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| PAPER STAINERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 19 | -- | 19 | 57 |
| 14 - | 21 | -- | 21 | 90 |
| 15 - | 97 | 1 | 98 | 396 |
| 20 - | 41 | 5 | 46 | 290 |
| 25 - | 22 | 18 | 40 | 520 |
| 35 - | 7 | 21 | 28 | 365 |
| 45 - | 4 | 19 | 23 | 202 |
| 55 - | 1 | 7 | 8 | 81 |
| 65 - | 0 | 3 | 3 | 28 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 212 | 75 | 287 | 2,032 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| STATIONERY MANUFACTURE. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 84 | -- | 84 | 36 |
| 14 - | 297 | -- | 297 | 107 |
| 15 - | 1,921 | 1 | 1,922 | 811 |
| 20 - | 1,237 | 41 | 1,278 | 709 |
| 25 - | 603 | 107 | 710 | 1,209 |
| 35 - | 185 | 56 | 241 | 732 |
| 45 - | 55 | 54 | 109 | 483 |
| 55 - | 15 | 28 | 43 | 217 |
| 65 - | 2 | 10 | 12 | 65 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 0 | 2 | 2 | 12 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 4,399 | 299 | 4,698 | 4,381 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| ENVELOPE MAKERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 103 | -- | 103 | 5 |
| 14 - | 254 | -- | 254 | 13 |
| 15 - | 1,276 | -- | 1,276 | 72 |
| 20 - | 654 | 26 | 680 | 62 |
| 25 - | 339 | 98 | 437 | 84 |
| 35 - | 99 | 98 | 197 | 76 |
| 45 - | 41 | 74 | 115 | 33 |
| 55 - | 22 | 36 | 58 | 18 |
| 65 - | 7 | 16 | 23 | 7 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 2,795 | 348 | 3,143 | 370 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| PAPER BOX AND BAG MAKERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 780 | -- | 780 | 144 |
| 14 - | 1,727 | -- | 1,727 | 192 |
| 15 - | 10,062 | 51 | 10,113 | 784 |
| 20 - | 5,342 | 628 | 5,970 | 476 |
| 25 - | 2,304 | 1,339 | 3,643 | 714 |
| 35 - | 547 | 1,094 | 1,641 | 481 |
| 45 - | 171 | 724 | 895 | 304 |
| 55 - | 58 | 271 | 329 | 144 |
| 65 - | 9 | 91 | 100 | 65 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 0 | 11 | 11 | 6 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 21,000 | 4,209 | 25,209 | 3,310 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| OTHER WORKERS IN PAPER, &c. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 88 | -- | 88 | 107 |
| 14 - | 168 | -- | 168 | 138 |
| 15 - | 1,139 | 4 | 1,143 | 676 |
| 20 - | 687 | 36 | 723 | 516 |
| 25 - | 330 | 87 | 417 | 1,097 |
| 35 - | 73 | 63 | 136 | 796 |
| 45 - | 24 | 53 | 77 | 617 |
| 55 - | 8 | 25 | 33 | 381 |
| 65 - | 0 | 11 | 11 | 169 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 2 | 1 | 3 | 31 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 2,519 | 280 | 2,799 | 4,528 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| PRINTERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 394 | -- | 394 | 1,309 |
| 14 - | 988 | -- | 988 | 3,362 |
| 15 - | 4,898 | 7 | 4,905 | 18,692 |
| 20 - | 1,999 | 76 | 2,075 | 15,360 |
| 25 - | 730 | 120 | 850 | 26,051 |
| 35 - | 146 | 112 | 258 | 16,155 |
| 45 - | 42 | 65 | 107 | 9,514 |
| 55 - | 21 | 56 | 77 | 4,584 |
| 65 - | 4 | 23 | 27 | 1,256 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 1 | 11 | 12 | 205 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 9,223 | 470 | 9,693 | 96,488 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| LITHOGRAPHERS, COPPER AND STEEL PLATE PRINTERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 35 | -- | 35 | 97 |
| 14 - | 97 | -- | 97 | 243 |
| 15 - | 518 | 4 | 522 | 1,721 |
| 20 - | 198 | 21 | 219 | 1,616 |
| 25 - | 91 | 20 | 111 | 2,966 |
| 35 - | 19 | 12 | 31 | 2,022 |
| 45 - | 5 | 12 | 17 | 1,170 |
| 55 - | 3 | 7 | 10 | 616 |
| 65 - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 214 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 966 | 77 | 1,043 | 10,682 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| BOOKBINDERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 364 | -- | 364 | 108 |
| 14 - | 1,204 | -- | 1,204 | 311 |
| 15 - | 7,623 | 20 | 7,643 | 2,107 |
| 20 - | 4,310 | 222 | 4,532 | 1,933 |
| 25 - | 2,190 | 653 | 2,843 | 3,146 |
| 35 - | 647 | 692 | 1,339 | 2,340 |
| 45 - | 291 | 525 | 816 | 1,575 |
| 55 - | 101 | 250 | 351 | 811 |
| 65 - | 30 | 83 | 113 | 281 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 7 | 11 | 18 | 52 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 16,767 | 2,456 | 19,223 | 12,664 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| TYPE CUTTERS AND FOUNDERS. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+
| | Females. | |
| Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. |
| | | Married | | |
| | Unmarried. | or | Total. | |
| | | Widow'd | | |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| 10 - | 8 | -- | 8 | 17 |
| 14 - | 31 | -- | 31 | 32 |
| 15 - | 97 | -- | 97 | 237 |
| 20 - | 30 | -- | 30 | 187 |
| 25 - | 11 | 2 | 13 | 345 |
| 35 - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 216 |
| 45 - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 141 |
| 55 - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 75 |
| 65 - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| 75 and | | | | |
| upwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
| Total | 180 | 3 | 183 | 1,287 |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+
INDEX.
Ages of Workers, 203
Apprenticeship, 55-62
Bible Society Controversies, 32-36
Birmingham, Trades in, 179-183
Blackbordering Described, 12
Bond, Mrs., 38
Bookbinders' Agreement, 7-9
Bookbinders and Tea Half-hour, 31
Bookbinding Described, 3
Bookfolders' Union, 38
Bookfolding, 3
Census Figures, 17-21, 203
Character in Relation to Work, 11, 67, 85
(footnote), 111
Children's Employment Commission, 1862-66 ... 69-71
Compositors, Women:
Apprenticeship, 62
Birmingham, 179
Edinburgh, 29, 45, 47
(footnote), 48
(footnote), 49
(footnote), 74
Glasgow, 172
Historical, 24-25
Legislation, 74, 75
London, 27-28
Miscellaneous Places, 46
Perth, 29, 45-46, 47
Work done by, 46, 47
Conditions of Employment, 1866 ... 69-71
Dining Arrangements at Works, 161
Employers and Women's Unions, 37, 42
Envelope-making Described, 11
Factory Law. _See_ Legislation.
Family Health and Women's Work, 112
_See also_ Health
Family Life and Women Workers, 67, 102-106
"Folding-houses," 76-78
Gentility, 67
Girls _v._ Women, 53, 96
Glasgow, Trades in, 170-178
Health, 10, 11, 16, 66, 88-89, 112
_See also Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169
Home-work, 99-101, 152, 157, 176, 181
Nos. Employed, 21, 99
and Legislation, 75-76
and Machinery, 99, 148
and Organisation, 202
Hours in Glasgow, 171, 172, 175, 177, 178
Hours in Birmingham, 180, 181, 183
_See also Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169
Illuminating Described, 13
Job Hands, 3, 79, 137, 169
Wages, 137
Legislation:
Conditions before Legislation, 69-71, 84-86
Economic and Industrial Effects, 73-93, 147, 151, 166, 171, 179,
183
Employers' Opinions, 81-84, 91-93
Employees' Opinions, 84-86, 87
Forewomen's Opinions, 86
Home-work, 75-76, 101
Limitation of Employment, 75, 89
Machinery, 73-74
Married Women, 84
Nightwork, 71, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 152
Provisions of the Law, 71-73
Wages, 79, 90, 91
Want of Elasticity, 91-93
Women Compositors, 74
_See also_ Overtime.
Letterpress Printing Described, 2
Lithography Described, 10
Health, 10
London Society of Compositors and Women, 26, 27-28
London Trades Council and Women, 36
Machine-ruling Described, 9
Machinery:
Effect of Women's Labour upon, 46 (footnote), 97, 98
Effect on Women's Employment, 1, 48, 94-98, 148, 157, 160, 161,
162, 165, 167, 169, 173, 182
Folding, 48, 94, 95, 182
Home Work, 99
Machine-ruling, 97
Paper colouring, 96
Re-introduction of Men's Labour, 95, 173
Sewing, 95
Stamping, 48 (footnote)
Typography, 96, 173
Manchester and Salford Society of Women Employed in Bookbinding,
40
Marriage as an Industrial Influence, 64, 67
Married Women as Workers, 84, 102, 106-112, 147, 151, 166, 168,
171, 175, 182
Family Health, 112
In Birmingham, 182
In Bristol, 110
In Leeds and Bradford, 111
In London, 108-109
Moral Influence, 111
Nos. Employed, 203
Wages, 106-108, 171, 175
Men and Women, 11, 44-52
As Competitors, 12, 14, 45, 49-52, 156, 168, 173
Bookbinders, 36, 38, 44 (footnote), 51, 175
Compositors, 25, 26, 45, 173-174
Division of Work between, 7-9, 11, 148, 152, 166, 175, 180
Effect of Machinery, 95, 96 (footnote)
Machine Rulers, 177
Men's View, 47, 173-174
Methods of Work, 81 (footnote)
Nightwork, 79, 88, 89
Paper Colouring, 97
Relative Skill, 46-47, 50, 52, 58
National Bookfolders' Union, 39
Nightwork, 14, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84-86, 88, 89
_See also_ Overtime.
Numbering Described, 10
Organisation of Women:
Bookbinders, 30-41
Compositors, 29, 41
Miscellaneous Trades, 41-42, 180
Women's Views upon, 42
Overtime, 78-79, 81, 82, 84-89, 146, 183
And Wages, 78, 87, 88
_See also_ Nightwork.
Paging Described, 10
Paper-bag Making, 101
Paper Making Described, 1
Paterson, Mrs. Emma, 36
Perforating Described, 10
Perth Dispute, 45
Piece Rates of Wages, 137
Premiums, 55, 56, 59-60, 62
Printers' Folding Described, 3
Prospects, _See Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169
Regularity of Employment, 183
_See also Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169
Scottish Typographical Association, 29, 45, 173
Show Card Mounting Described, 13
Society of Women Employed in Bookbinding, 36-38
Stamping, Plain, etc., Described, 12
Technical Classes, 63, 66
Training for Women, 52, 53
Time and Piece Wages, 137
Trade Union Congress, Women at, 36, 37
Trade Unionism and Women:
Attitude of Bookbinders, 30-32
Conflicts with Compositors, 25-30, 179
_See also_ Organisation of Women
Training for Women, 55-68, 144, 149, 153, 165, 167, 170, 179, 180
Lack of and Marriage Prospects, 64
Typefounding Described, 14
Typical Firms, Conditions in, 141-169
Typographical Association, 25, 26, 47
Scottish, 29, 45, 173
"Use and Wont" in Women's Work, 52
Wages, 113-137
Birmingham, 179, 180, 181, 182
Bookbinders' (1834-50), 33-35, 196-202
Earnings of Individuals, 136-137, 184-195
Effect of Legislation upon, 79, 90
1840-1890 ... 91 (footnote)
1866 ... 90
1885-1900 ... 134
Glasgow, 171, 172, 174-175, 176, 177, 178
How far Supplementary, 103-106
Kept up Without Unions, 41
Learners, 55-62
Married Women's Influence upon, 106-108, 171, 175
Men's and Women's, 47 (footnote)
Time and Piece Rates, 137
Why Low, 46, 50-51, 105
Women _v._ Boys, 15, 47, 50
Women's Competitors, 11
_See also_ Men and Women; Women _v._ Boys; Girls _v._ Women.
Women Compositors.
_See_ Compositors, Women.
Women Workers, Number, 17-23, 203
Ages of, 203
Ambition, 11, 64, 65, 66
Domestic Sphere Predominant, 67
Gentility, 67
Irregularity, 50, 66
Women's Work, Characteristics of, 51, 63-64
End of Project Gutenberg's Women in the Printing Trades., by Various