[1] The historian, not to be confounded with the modern historian and
statesman of the same name (q.v.).
[2] The history of Florence from 1434 to 1737 will be found in
greater detail in the article MEDICI, save for the periods from 1494
to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530, during which the republic was
restored. For the period from 1530 to 1860 see also under TUSCANY.
FLORES, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal, and
forming part of the Azores archipelago. Pop. (1900) 8137; area, 57 sq.
m. Flores and the adjacent island of Corvo (pop. 806; area, 7 sq. m.)
constitute the westernmost group of the Azores, and seem but imperfectly
to belong to the archipelago, from the rest of which they are widely
severed. They lie also out of the usual track of navigators; but to
those who, missing their course, are led thither, Flores affords good
shelter in its numerous bays. Its poultry is excellent; and the cattle
are numerous, but small. It derives its name from the abundance of the
flowers that find shelter in its deep ravines. Its capital is Santa Cruz
das Flores (2247). In 1591 Flores was the station of the English fleet
before the famous sea fight between Sir R. Grenville's ship "Revenge"
and a Spanish fleet of 53 vessels. See AZORES.
FLORES, an island of the Dutch East Indies, a member of the chain
extending east of Java. Its length is 224 m., its greatest breadth 37
m., and its area 5850 sq. m. The existence of slate, chalk, and
sandstone, eruptive rock, volcanoes and heights stretching west and
east, indicates a similar structure to that of the other islands of the
chain. Several volcanoes are active. Among the loftier summits are, on
the south coast, Gunong Rokka (7940 ft.) and Keo (6560 ft.); with the
lesser but constantly active Gunong Api, forming a peninsula; and at the
south-east, Lobetobi (7120 ft.). The thickly wooded interior is little
explored. The coasts have deep bays and extensive rounded gulfs, where
are situated the principal villages (_kampongs_). On the north coast are
Bari, Reo, Maumer and Geliting; on the east, Larantuka; and on the
south, Sikka and Endeh. The rivers, known only at their mouths, seem to
be unnavigable. The mean temperature is 77 deg. to 80 deg. F., and the
yearly rainfall 43 to 47 in. For administrative purposes the island is
divided into West Flores (Mangerai), attached to the government of
Celebes, and Middle and East Flores (Larantuka and dependencies),
attached to the residency of Timor. The population is estimated at
250,000. The people live by trade, fishing, salt-making, shipbuilding,
and the cultivation of rice, maize, and palms in the plain, but there is
little industry or commerce. Some edible birds' nests, rice, sandalwood
and cinnamon are exported to Celebes and elsewhere. The inhabitants of
the coast-districts are mainly of Malay origin. The aborigines, who
occupy the interior, are of Papuan stock. They are tall and well-built,
with dark or black skins. The hair is frizzly. They are pure savages;
their only religion is a kind of nature-worship. They consider the earth
holy and inviolable; thus in severe droughts they only dig the
river-beds for water as a last resource. Portugal claimed certain
portions of the island until 1859.
FLOREZ, ENRIQUE (1701-1773), Spanish historian, was born at Valladolid
on the 14th of February 1701. In his fifteenth year he entered the order
of St Augustine, was afterwards professor of theology at the university
of Alcala, and published a _Cursus theologiae_ in five volumes
(1732-1738). He afterwards devoted himself to historical studies. Of
these the first-fruit was his _Clave Historial_, a work of the same
class as the French _Art de verifier les dates_, and preceding it by
several years. It appeared in 1743, and passed through many editions. In
1747 was published the first volume of _Espana Sagrada, teatro
geografico-historico de la Iglesia de Espana_, a vast compilation of
Spanish ecclesiastical history which obtained a European reputation, and
of which twenty-nine volumes appeared in the author's lifetime. It was
continued after his death by Manuel Risco and others, and further
additions have been made at the expense of the Spanish government. The
whole work in fifty-one volumes was published at Madrid (1747-1886). Its
value is considerably increased by the insertion of ancient chronicles
and documents not easily accessible elsewhere. Florez was a good
numismatist, and published _Medallas de las Colonias_ in 2 vols.
(1757-1758), of which a third volume appeared in 1773. His last work was
the _Memorias de las reynas Catolicas_, 2 vols. (1770). Florez led a
retired, studious and unambitious life, and died at Madrid on the 20th
of August 1773.
See F. Mendez, _Noticia de la vida y escritos de Henrique Florez_
(Madrid, 1780).
FLORIAN, SAINT, a martyr honoured in Upper Austria. In the 8th century
Puoche was mentioned as the place of his tomb, and on the site was built
the celebrated monastery of canons regular, St Florian, which still
exists. His _Acta_ are of considerable antiquity, but devoid of
historical value. Their substance is borrowed from the _Acta_ of St
Irenaeus of Sirmium. The cult of St Florian was introduced into Poland,
together with the relics of the saint, which were brought thither in
1183 by Giles, bishop of Modena. Casimir, duke of Poland, dedicated a
church at Cracow to him. He is represented in various ways, especially
as a warrior holding in his hand a vessel from which he pours out
flames. His protection is often sought against fire. His day in the
calendar is the 4th of May.
See _Acta Sanctorum_, May, i. 461-467; B. Krusch, _Scriptores rerum
Merovingicarum_, iii. 65-68; C. Cahier, _Caracteristiques des saints_,
p. 490 (Paris, 1867). (H. De.)
FLORIAN, JEAN PIERRE CLARIS DE (1755-1794), French poet and romance
writer, was born on the 6th of March 1755 at the chateau of Florian,
near Sauve, in the department of Gard. His mother, a Spanish lady named
Gilette de Salgues, died when he was quite a child. His uncle and
guardian, the marquis of Florian, who had married a niece of Voltaire,
introduced him at Ferney and in 1768 he became page at Anet in the
household of the duke of Penthievre, who remained his friend throughout
his life. Having studied for some time at the artillery school at
Bapaume he obtained from his patron a captain's commission in a dragoon
regiment, and in this capacity it is said he displayed a boisterous
behaviour quite incongruous with the gentle, meditative character of his
works. On the outbreak of the French Revolution he retired to Sceaux,
but he was soon discovered and imprisoned; and though his imprisonment
was short he survived his release only a few months, dying on the 13th
of September 1794.
Florian's first literary efforts were comedies; his verse epistle
_Voltaire et le serf du Mont Jura_ and an eclogue _Ruth_ were crowned by
the French Academy in 1782 and 1784 respectively. In 1782 also he
produced a one-act prose comedy, _Le Bon Menage_, and in the next year
_Galatee_, a romantic tale in imitation of the _Galatea_ of Cervantes.
Other short tales and comedies followed, and in 1786 appeared _Numa
Pompilius_, an undisguised imitation of Fenelon's _Telemaque_. In 1788
he became a member of the French Academy, and published _Estelle_, a
pastoral of the same class as _Galatee_. Another romance, _Gonzalve de
Cordoue_, preceded by an historical notice of the Moors, appeared in
1791, and his famous collection of _Fables_ in 1792. Among his
posthumous works are _La Jeunesse de Florian, ou Memoires d'un jeune
Espagnol_ (1807), and an abridgment (1799) of _Don Quixote_, which,
though far from being a correct representation of the original, had
great and merited success.
Florian imitated Salomon Gessner, the Swiss idyllist, and his style has
all the artificial delicacy and sentimentality of the Gessnerian school.
Perhaps the nearest example of the class in English literature is
afforded by John Wilson's (Christopher North's) _Lights and Shadows of
Scottish Life_. Among the best of his fables are reckoned "The Monkey
showing the Magic Lantern," "The Blind Man and the Paralytic," and "The
Monkeys and the Leopard."
The best edition of Florian's _Oeuvres completes_ appeared in Paris in
16 volumes, 1820; his _Oeuvres inedites_ in 4 volumes, 1824.
See "Vie de Florian," by L.F. Jauffret, prefixed to his _Oeuvres
posthumes_ (1802); A.J.N. de Rosny, _Vie de Florian_ (Paris, An V.);
Sainte-Beuve, _Causeries du lundi_, t. iii.; A. de Montvaillant,
_Florian, sa vie, ses oeuvres_ (1879); and _Lettres de Florian a Mme
de la Briche_, published, with a notice by the baron de Barante in
_Melanges_ published (1903) by the Societe des bibliophiles francais.
FLORIANOPOLIS (formerly _Desterro_, _Nossa Senhora do Desterro_ and
_Santa Catharina_, and still popularly known under the last
designation), a city and port of Brazil and the capital of the state of
Santa Catharina, on the western or inside shore of a large island of the
same name, 485 m. S.S.W. of Rio de Janeiro, in 27 deg. 30' S., 48 deg.
30' W. Pop. (1890) 11,400, including many Germans; (1902, estimate)
16,000; of the municipality, including a large rural district and
several villages (1890), 30,687. The harbour is formed by the widening
of the strait separating the island from the mainland, which is nearly 2
m. wide at this point. It is approached by narrow entrances from the N.
and S., which are defended by small forts. The island is mountainous and
wooded, and completely shelters the harbour from easterly storms. The
surroundings are highly picturesque and tropical in character, but the
town itself is poorly built and unattractive. Its public buildings
include the president's official residence, arsenal, lyceum, hospital
and some old churches. The climate is warm for the latitude, but the
higher elevations of the vicinity are noted for their mild climate and
healthfulness. There are some German colonies farther up the coast whose
products find a market here, and a number of small settlements along the
mainland coast add something to the trade of the town. The more distant
inland towns are partly supplied from this point, but difficult mountain
roads tend to restrict the trade greatly. There is a considerable trade
in market produce with Rio de Janeiro, but the exports are
inconsiderable. Santa Catharina was formerly one of the well-known
whaling stations of the South Atlantic, and is now a secondary military
and naval station.
The island of Santa Catharina was originally settled by the Spanish;
Cabeza de Vaca landed here in 1542 and marched hence across country to
Asuncion, Paraguay. The Spanish failed to establish a permanent colony,
however, and the Portuguese took possession. The island was captured by
a Spanish expedition under Viceroy Zeballos in 1777. A boundary treaty
of that same year restored it to Portugal. In 1894 Santa Catharina fell
into the possession of revolutionists against the government of
President Floriano Peixoto. With the collapse of the revolution the city
was occupied by the government forces, and its name was then changed to
Florianopolis in honour of the president of the republic.
FLORIDA, the most southern of the United States of America, situated
between 24 deg. 30' and 31 deg. N. lat. and 79 deg. 48' and 87 deg. 38'
W. long. It is bounded N. by Georgia and Alabama, E. by the Atlantic
Ocean, S. by the Strait of Florida, which separates it from Cuba, and by
the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Alabama and the Gulf. The Florida Keys, a
chain of islands extending in a general south-westerly direction from
Biscayne Bay, are included in the state boundaries, and the city of Key
West, on an island of the same name, is the seat of justice of Monroe
county. The total area of the state is 58,666 sq. m., of which 3805 sq.
m. are water surface. The coast line is greater than that of any other
state, extending 472 m. on the Atlantic and 674 m. on the Gulf Coast.
The peculiar outline of Florida gives it the name of "Peninsula State."
The average elevation of the surface of the state above the sea-level is
less than that of any other state except Louisiana, but there is not the
monotony of unbroken level which descriptions and maps often suggest.
The N.W. portion of the state is, topographically, similar to
south-eastern Alabama, being a rolling, hilly country; the eastern
section is a part of the Atlantic coastal plain; the western coast line
is less regular than the eastern, being indented by a number of bays and
harbours, the largest of which are Charlotte Harbour, Tampa Bay and
Pensacola Bay. Along much of the western coast and along nearly the
whole of the eastern coast extends a line of sand reefs and narrow
islands, enclosing shallow and narrow bodies of water, such as Indian
river and Lake Worth--called rivers, lakes, lagoons, bays and harbours.
In the central part of the state there is a ridge, extending N. and S.
and forming a divide, separating the streams of the east coast from
those of the west. Its highest elevation above sea-level is about 300
ft. The central region is remarkable for its large number of lakes,
approximately 30,000 between Gainesville in Alachua county, and Lake
Okeechobee. They are due largely to sinkholes or depressions caused by
solution of the limestone of the region. Many of the lakes are connected
by subterranean channels, and a change in the surface of one lake is
often accompanied by a change in the surface of another. By far the
largest of these lakes, nearly all of them shallow, is Lake Okeechobee,
a body of water about 1250 sq. m. in area and almost uniformly shallow,
its depth seldom being greater than 15 ft. Caloosahatchee river, flowing
into the Gulf of Mexico near Charlotte Harbour, is its principal outlet.
Among the other lakes are Orange, Crescent, George, Weir, Harris,
Eustis, Apopka, Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee and Istokpoga. The chief feature
of the southern portion of the state is the Everglades (q.v.), the term
"Everglade State" being popularly applied to Florida. Within the state
there are many swamps, the largest of which are the Big Cypress Swamp in
the S. adjoining the Everglades on the W., and Okefinokee Swamp,
extending from Georgia into the N.E. part of the state.
A peculiar feature of the drainage of the state is the large number of
subterranean streams and of springs, always found to a greater or less
extent in limestone regions. Some of them are of great size. Silver
Spring and Blue Spring in Marion county, Blue Spring and Orange City
Mineral Spring in Volusia county, Chipola Spring near Marianna in
Jackson county, Espiritu Santo Spring near Tampa in Hillsboro county,
Magnolia Springs in Clay county, Suwanee Springs in Suwanee county,
White Sulphur Springs in Hamilton county, the Wekiva Springs in Orange
county, and Wakulla Spring, Newport Sulphur Spring and Panacea Mineral
Spring in Wakulla county are the most noteworthy. Many of the springs
have curative properties, one of them, the Green Cove Spring in Clay
county, discharging about 3000 gallons of sulphuretted water per
minute. Not far from St Augustine a spring bursts through the sea
itself with such force that the ocean breakers roll back from it as
from a sunken reef. The springs often merge into lakes, and lake
systems are usually the sources of the rivers, Lake George being the
principal source of the St Johns, and Lake Kissimmee of the Kissimmee,
while a number of smaller lakes are the source of the Oklawaha, one of
the most beautiful of the Floridian rivers.
[Illustration: Map of Florida.]
Of the rivers the most important are the St Johns, which flows N. from
about the middle of the peninsula, empties into the Atlantic a short
distance below Jacksonville, and is navigable for about 250 m. from its
mouth, the Withlacoochee, flowing in a general north-westerly direction
from its source in the N.E. part of Polk county, and forming near its
entrance into the Gulf of Mexico the boundary between Levy and Citrus
counties, and four rivers, the Escambia, the Choctawatchee, the
Apalachicola, and the Suwanee, having their sources in other states and
traversing the north-western part of Florida. On account of its sand
reefs, the east coast has not so many harbours as the west coast. The
most important harbours are at Fernandina, St Augustine, and Miami on
the E. coast, and at Tampa, Key West and Pensacola on the W. coast.
The soils of Florida have sand as a common ingredient.[1] They may be
divided into three classes: the pine lands, which often have a surface
of dark vegetable mould, under which is a sandy loam resting on a
substratum of clay, marl or limestone--areas of such soil are found
throughout the state; the "hammocks," which have soil of similar
ingredients and are interspersed with the pine lands--large areas of
this soil occur in Levy, Alachua, Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Gadsden,
Leon, Madison, Jefferson and Jackson counties; and the alluvial swamp
lands, chiefly in E. and S. Florida, the richest class, which require
drainage to fit them for cultivation.
As regards climate Florida may be divided into three more or less
distinct zones. North and west of a line passing through Cedar Keys and
Fernandina the climate is distinctly "southern," similar to that of the
Gulf states; from this line to another extending from the mouth of the
Caloosahatchee to Indian river inlet the climate is semi-tropical, and
is well suited to the cultivation of oranges; S. of this the climate is
sub-tropical, well adapted to the cultivation of pineapples. Since the
semi-tropical and sub-tropical zones are nearer the course of the Gulf
Stream, and are swept by the trade winds, their temperatures are more
uniform than those of the zones of southern climate; indeed, the
extremes of heat (103 deg. F.) and cold (13 deg. F.) are felt in the
region of southern climate. The mean annual temperature of the state is
70.8 deg. F., greater in the sub-tropical than in the other climate
zones, and the Atlantic coast is in general warmer than the Gulf Coast.
The rainfall averages 52.09 in. per annum. On account of its warm
climate, Florida has many resorts for health and pleasure, which are
especially popular in the season from January to April; the more
important are St Augustine, Ormond, Daytona, Palm Beach, Miami, Tampa,
White Springs, Hampton Springs, Worthington Springs and Orange Springs.
No metals have ever been discovered in Florida. The principal minerals
are rock phosphate and (recently more important) land and river pebble
phosphate, found in scattered deposits in a belt on the "west coast"
about 30 m. wide and extending from Tallahassee to Lake Okeechobee.
The centre of the quarries is Dunnellon in Marion county, and pebble
phosphate is found in Hillsboro, Polk, De Soto, Osceola, Citrus and
Hernando counties. Although the economic value of the phosphate
deposits was first realized about 1889, between 1894 and 1907 Florida
produced, each year, more than half of all the phosphate rock produced
in the whole United States, the yield of Florida (1,357,365 long tons)
in 1907 being valued at $6,577,757; that of the whole country at
$10,653,558. Florida is also the principal source in the United States
for fuller's earth, a deposit of which, near Quincy, was first
discovered in 1893; and clay (including kaolin) is also mined to some
extent. Other minerals that have been discovered but have not been
industrially developed are gypsum, lignite and cement rock. The lack
of a thorough geological survey has perhaps prevented the discovery of
other minerals--certainly it is responsible for a late recognition of
the economic value of the known mineral resources.
The flora of N. Florida is similar to that of south-eastern North
America; that of S. Florida seems to be a link between the vegetation
of North America and that of South America and the West Indies, for
out of 247 species of S. Florida that have been examined, 187 are
common to the West Indies, Mexico and South America. The forests cover
approximately 37,700 sq. m., chiefly in the northern part of the
state, including about half of the peninsula, yellow pine being
predominant, except in the coastal marsh lands, where cypress, found
throughout the state, particularly abounds. About half of the
varieties of forest trees in the United States are found, and among
the peculiar species are the red bay or "Florida Mahogany," satinwood
and cachibou, and the Florida yew and savin, both almost extinct. The
lumber industry is important: in 1905 the total factory product of
lumber and timber was valued at $10,901,650, and lumber and planing
mill products were valued at $1,690,455. In 1900 this was the most
valuable industry in the state; in 1905 it was second to the
manufacture of tobacco. The fauna is similar in general to that of the
southern United States. Among the animals are the puma, manatee (sea
cow), alligator and crocodile, but the number of these has been
greatly diminished by hunting. Ducks, wild turkeys, bears and wild
cats (lynx) are found, but in decreasing numbers.
The fisheries are very valuable; the total number of species of fish
in Florida waters is about 600, and many species found on one coast
are not found on the other. The king fish and tarpon are hunted for
sport, while mullet, shad, redsnappers, pompano, trout, sheepshead and
Spanish mackerel are of great economic value. The sponge and oyster
fisheries are also important. The total product of the fisheries in
1902 was valued at about $2,000,000.
_Industry and Commerce._--The principal occupation is agriculture, in
which 44% of the labouring population was engaged in 1900, but only
12.6% of the total land surface was enclosed in farms, of which only
34.6% was improved, and the total agricultural product for 1899 was
valued at $18,309,104. As the number of farms increased faster than the
cultivated area from 1850 to 1900, the average size of farms declined
from 444 acres in 1860 to 140 in 1880 and to 106.9 in 1900, the largest
class of farms being those with an acreage varying from 20 to 50 acres.
Nearly three-fourths of the farms, in 1900, were cultivated by their
owners, but the cash tenantry system showed an increase of 100% since
1890, being most extensively used in the cotton counties. One-third of
the farms were operated by negroes, but one-half of these farms were
rented, and the value of negro farm property was only one-eighth that of
the entire farm property of the state. According to the state census of
1905 only 1,621,362 acres were improved; of 45,984 farms, 31,233 were
worked by whites.
Fruits normally form the principal crop; the total value for 1907-8 of
the fruit crops of the state (including oranges, lemons, limes,
grape-fruit, bananas, guavas, pears, peaches, grapes, figs, pecans, &c.)
was $6,160,299, according to the report of the State Department of
Agriculture. The discovery of Florida's adaptability to the culture of
oranges about 1875 may be taken as the beginning of the state's modern
industrial development. But the unusual severity of the winters of 1887,
1894 and 1899 (the report of the Twelfth Census which gives the figures
for this year being therefore misleading) destroyed three-fourths of the
orange trees, and caused an increased attention to stock-raising, and to
various agricultural products. Orange culture has recovered much of its
importance, but it is carried on in the more southern counties of the
state. The cultivation of pineapples, in sub-tropical Florida, is
proving successful, the product far surpassing that of California, the
only other state in the Union in which pineapples are grown.
Grape-fruit, guavas and lemons are also successfully produced in this
part of the state. The cultivation of strawberries and vegetables
(cabbage, cauliflower, beets, beans, tomatoes, egg-plant, cucumbers,
water-melons, celery, &c.) for northern markets, and of orchard fruits,
especially plums, pears and prunes, has likewise proved successful. In
1907-8, according to the State Department of Agriculture, the total
value of vegetable and garden products was $3,928,657. In 1903,
according to the statistics of the United States Department of
Agriculture, Indian corn ranked next to fruits (as given in the state
reports), but its product as compared with that of various other states
is unimportant--in 1907 it amounted to 7,017,000 bushels only; rice is
the only other cereal whose yield in 1899 was greater than that of 1889,
but the Florida product was surpassed (in 1899) by that of the
Carolinas, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas; in 1907 the product of rice in
Florida (69,000 bushels) was less than that of Texas, Louisiana, South
Carolina, Arkansas and Georgia severally. Tobacco culture, which
declined after 1860 on account of the competition of Cuba and Sumatra,
has revived since 1885 through the introduction of Cuban and Sumatran
seed; the product of 1907 (6,937,500 lb.) was more than six times that
of 1899, the product in 1899 (1,125,600 lb.) being more than twice that
of 1889 (470,443 lb.), which in turn was more than twenty times that for
1880 (21,182 lb.)--the smallest production recorded for many decades. In
1907 the average farm price of tobacco was 45 cents per lb. higher than
that of any other state. In 1899, 84% of the product was raised in
Gadsden county. The sweet potato and pea-nut crops have also become very
valuable; on the other hand the Census of 1900 showed a decline in
acreage and production of cotton. In 1907 the acreage (265,000 acres)
was less than in any cotton-growing state except Missouri and Virginia;
the crop for 1907-1908 was 49,794 bales. Sea-island cotton of very high
grade is grown in Alachua county. The production of sugar, begun by the
early Spanish settlers, declined, but that of syrup increased. Pecan
nuts are a promising crop, and many groves were planted after 1905. In
1900 there were more than 1,900,000 acres of land in the state
unoccupied. The low lands of the South are being drained partly by the
state and partly by private companies. Irrigation, introduced in 1888 by
the orange growers, has been adopted by other farmers, especially the
tobacco-growers of Gadsden county, and so the evil effects of the
droughts, so common from February to June, are avoided. The value of
farm property in the southern counties, which have been developed very
recently, shows a steady increase, that of Hillsboro county surpassing
the other counties of the state. In 1907-8, according to the state
Department of Agriculture, the total value of all field crops (cotton,
cereals, sugar-cane, hay and forage, sweet potatoes, &c.) was
$11,856,340, and the total value of all farm products (including live
stock, $20,817,804, poultry and products, $1,688,433, and dairy
products, $1,728,642) was $46,371,320.
The manufactures of Florida, as compared with those of other states,
are unimportant. Their product in 1900 was more than twice the product
in 1890, and the product in 1905 (from establishments under the
factory system only) was $50,298,290, i.e. 47.1% greater than in 1900.
The most important industries were those that depended upon the
forests, their product amounting to nearly 45% of the entire
manufactured product of the state. The lumber and timber products were
valued in 1905 at $10,901,650, almost twice their valuation in 1890,
and an increase of 1.2% over the product of 1900. The manufacture of
turpentine and rosin, material for which is obtained from the pine
forests, had increased greatly in importance between 1890 and 1900,
the product in 1890 being valued at only $191,859, that of 1900 at
$6,469,605, and from the latter sum it increased in 1905 to
$9,901,905, an increase of more than one-half. In 1900 the state
ranked second and in 1905 first of all the states of the country in
the value of this product; in 1905 the state's product amounted to
41.4% of that of the entire country. The manufacture of cigars and
cigarettes (almost entirely of cigars, few cigarettes being
manufactured), carried on chiefly by Cubans at Key West and Tampa,
also increased in importance between 1890 and 1900, the products in
the latter year being valued at $10,735,826, or more than one-quarter
more than in 1890, and in 1905 there was a further increase of 56.2%,
the gross value being $16,764,276, or nearly one-third of the total
factory product of the state. In 1900 Florida ranked fourth in the
manufacture of tobacco among the states of the Union, being surpassed
by New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio; in 1905 it ranked third (after New
York and Pennsylvania). Most of the tobacco used is imported from
Cuba, though, as has been indicated, the production of the state has
greatly increased since 1880. In the manufacture of fertilizers, the
raw material for which is derived from the phosphate beds, Florida's
aggregate product in 1900 was valued at $500,239, and in 1905 at
$1,590,371, an increase of 217.9% in five years.
Florida's industrial progress has been mainly since the Civil War, for
before that conflict a large part of the state was practically
undeveloped. An important influence has been the railways. In 1880 the
total railway mileage was 518 m.; in 1890 it was 2489 m.; in 1900, 3255
m., and in January 1909, 4,004.92 m. The largest system is the Atlantic
Coast Line, the lines of which in Florida were built or consolidated by
H.B. Plant (1819-1899) and once formed a part of the so-called "Plant
System" of railways. The Florida East Coast Railway is also the product
of one man's faith in the country, that of Henry M. Flagler (b. 1830).
The Seaboard Air Line, the Louisville & Nashville, and the Georgia
Southern & Florida are the other important railways. The Southern
railway penetrates the state as far as Jacksonville, over the tracks of
the Atlantic Coast Line. A state railway commission, whose members are
elected by the people, has power to enforce its schedule of freight
rates except when such rates would not pay the operating expenses of the
railway. In 1882 the Florida East Coast Line Canal and Transportation
Co. was organized to develop a waterway from Jacksonville to Biscayne
Bay by connecting with canals the St Johns, Matanzas, and Halifax
rivers, Mosquito Lagoon, Indian river, Lake Worth, Hillsboro river, New
river, and Snake Creek; in 1908 this vast undertaking was completed. The
development of marine commerce has been retarded by unimproved harbours,
but Fernandina and Pensacola harbours have always been good. Since 1890
much has been done by the national Government, aided in many cases by
the local authorities and by private enterprise, to improve the harbours
and to extend the limits of river navigation. With the increase of trade
between the United States and the West Indies following the
Spanish-American War (1898), the business of the principal ports,
notably of Fernandina, Tampa and Pensacola, greatly increased.
_Population._--The population of Florida in 1880 was 269,493; in 1890,
391,422, an increase of 45.2%; and in 1900, 528,542, or a further
increase of 35%; and in 1905, by a state census, 614,845; and in 1910,
752,619. In 1900, 95.5% were native born, 43.7% were coloured (including
479 Chinese, Japanese and Indians), and in 1905 the percentages were
little altered. The Seminole Indians, whose number is not definitely
known, live in and near the Everglades. The urban population on the
basis of places having a population of 4000 or more was 16.6% of the
total in 1900 and 22.7% in 1905, the percentage for Florida, as for
other Southern States, being small as compared with the percentage for
most of the other states of the Union. In 1900 there were 92, and, in
1905, 125 incorporated cities, towns and villages; but only 14 (in 1905,
22) of these had a population of over 2000, and only 4 (in 1905, 8) a
population of more than 5000. The four in 1900 were: Jacksonville
(28,429); Pensacola (17,747); Key West (17,114); and Tampa (15,839). The
eight in 1905 were Jacksonville (35,301), Tampa (22,823), Pensacola
(21,505), Key West (20,498), Live Oak (7200), Lake City (6409),
Gainesville (5413), and St Augustine (5121). Tallahassee is the capital
of the state. In 1906 the Baptists were the strongest religious
denomination; the Methodists ranked second, while the Roman Catholic,
Presbyterian and Protestant Episcopal churches were of relatively minor
importance.
_Government._--The present constitution was framed in 1885 and was
ratified by the people in 1886. Its most important feature, when
compared with the previous constitution of 1868, is its provision for
the choice of state officials other than the governor (who was
previously chosen by election) by elections instead of by the governor's
appointment, but the governor, who serves for four years and is not
eligible for the next succeeding term, still appoints the circuit
judges, the state attorneys for each judicial circuit and the county
commissioners; he may fill certain vacancies and may suspend, and with
the Senate remove officers not liable to impeachment. The governor is a
member of the Board of Pardons, the other members being the
attorney-general, the secretary of state, the comptroller and the
commissioner of agriculture; he and the secretary of state,
attorney-general, comptroller, treasurer, superintendent of public
instruction, and commissioner of agriculture comprise a Board of
Commissioners of State Institutions; he is also a member of the Board of
Education. The office of lieutenant-governor was abolished by the
present constitution. The legislature meets biennially, the senators
being chosen for four, the representatives for two years. By an
amendment of 1896 the Senate consists of not more than 32, and the House
of Representatives of not more than 68 members; by a two-thirds vote of
members present the legislature may pass a bill over the governor's
veto. The three judges of the Supreme Court and the seven of the circuit
court serve for six years, those of the county courts for four years,
and justices of the peace (one for each justice district, of which the
county commissioners must form at least two in each county) hold office
for four years. The constitutional qualifications for suffrage are: the
age of twenty-one years, citizenship in the United States or
presentation of naturalization certificates at registration centres,
residence in the state one year and in the county six months, and
registration. To these requirements the payment of a poll-tax has been
added by legislative enactment, such an enactment having been authorized
by the constitution. Insane persons and persons under guardianship are
excluded by the constitution, and "all persons convicted of bribery,
perjury, larceny or of infamous crime, or who shall make or become
directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager the result of
which shall depend upon any election," or who shall participate as
principal, second or challenger in any duel, are excluded by legislative
enactment.
Amendments to the constitution may be made by a three-fifths vote of
each house of the legislature, ratified by a majority vote of the
people. A revision of the Constitution may be made upon a two-thirds
vote of all members of both Houses of the legislature, if ratified by a
majority vote of the people; a Constitutional Convention is then to be
provided for by the legislature, such convention to meet within six
months of the passage of the law therefor, and to consist of a number
equal to the membership of the House of Representatives, apportioned
among the counties, as are the members of this House.
A homestead of 160 acres, or of one-half of an acre in an incorporated
town or city, owned by the head of a family residing in the state, with
personal property to the value of $1000 and the improvements on the real
estate, is exempt from enforced sale except for delinquent taxes,
purchase money, mortgage or improvements on the property. The wife holds
in her own name property acquired before or after marriage; the
intermarriage of whites and negroes (or persons of negro descent to the
fourth generation) is prohibited. All these are constitutional
provisions. By legislative enactment whites and blacks living in
adultery are to be punished by imprisonment or fine; divorces may be
secured only after two years' residence in the state and on the ground
of physical incapacity, adultery, extreme cruelty, habitual indulgence
in violent temper, habitual drunkenness, desertion for one year,
previous marriage still existing, or such relationship of the parties as
is within the degrees for which marriage is prohibited by law.
Legitimacy of natural children can be established by subsequent marriage
of the parents, and the age of consent is sixteen years.
The bonded debt was incurred during the Reconstruction Period
(1865-1875). In 1871 7% 30 year bonds to the extent of $350,000 were
issued and in 1873 another issue of 6% 30 year bonds to the value of
$925,000 was made. Most of these were held by the Educational Fund at
the time of their maturity. By 1901 all but $267,700 of the issue of
1871 had been retired and this amount was then refunded with 3% 50
year bonds which were taken by the Educational Fund. In 1903 $616,800
of the 1873 issue was held by the Educational Fund and $148,000 by
individuals. The first part of this claim was refunded by a new bond
issue, also taken by the Educational Fund, the second was paid from an
Indian war claim of $692,946, received from the United States
government in 1902, when $132,000 bonds of 1857, held by the United
States government, were also extinguished. The bonded debt was thus
reduced to $884,500; and on the 1st of January 1909 the debt,
consisting of refunding bonds held as educational funds, amounted to
$601,567.
_Penal System._--There is no penitentiary; the convicts are hired to the
one highest bidder who contracts for their labour, and who undertakes,
moreover, to lease all other persons convicted during the term of the
lease, and sub-leases the prisoners. In 1889 the convicts were placed
under the care of a supervisor of convicts, and in 1905 the law was
amended so that one or more supervisors could be appointed at the will
of the governors. In 1908 there were four supervisors and one state
prison physician, and there are special laws designed to prevent abuses
in the system. In 1908 the state received $208,148 from the lease of
convicts. Decrepit prisoners were formerly leased, but in 1906 the lease
excluded such as were thought unfit by the state prison physician. Women
convicts were still leased with the men in 1908; of the 446 convicts
committed in that year, there were 15 negro females, 356 negro males and
75 white males. In the same year 54 escaped, and 27 were recaptured. The
leased convicts are employed in the turpentine and lumber industries and
in the phosphate works. The 1232 convicts "on hand" at the close of
1908 were held in 38 camps, 4 being the minimum, and 160 the maximum
number, at a camp. In 1908 two central hospitals for the prisoners were
maintained by the lessee company. County prison camps are under the
supervision of the governor and the supervisors of convicts. The state
supervisors must inspect each state prison camp and each county prison
camp every thirty days.
_Education._--As early as 1831 an unsuccessful attempt was made to form
an adequate public school fund; the first real effort to establish a
common school system for the territory was made after 1835; in 1840
there were altogether 18 academies and 51 common schools, and in 1849
the state legislature made an appropriation in the interest of the
public instruction of white pupils, and this was supplemented by the
proceeds of land granted by the United States government for the same
purpose. In 1852 Tallahassee established a public school; and in 1860
there were, according to a report of the United States census, 2032
pupils in the public schools of the state, and 4486 in "academies and
other schools." The Civil War, however, interrupted the early progress,
and the present system of common schools dates from the constitution of
1868 and the school law of 1869. The school revenue derived from the
interest of a permanent school fund, special state and county taxes, and
a poll-tax, in 1907-1908 amounted to $1,716,161; the per capita cost for
each child of school age was $6.11 (white, $9.08; negro, $2.24), and the
average school term was 108 days (112 for whites, 99 for negroes). The
state constitution prescribes that "white and colored children shall not
be taught in the same school, but impartial provision shall be made for
both." The percentage of enrolment in 1907-1908 was 60 (whites, 66;
negroes, 52). The percentage of attendance to enrolment was 70%,--68%
for white and 74% for negro schools. Before 1905 the state provided for
higher education by the Florida State College, at Tallahassee, formerly
the West Florida Seminary (founded in 1857); the University of Florida,
at Lake City, which was organized in 1903 by enlarging the work of the
Florida Agricultural College (founded in 1884); the East Florida
Seminary, at Gainesville (founded 1848 at Ocala); the normal school (for
whites) at De Funiak Springs; and the South Florida Military Institute
at Bartow; but in 1905 the legislature passed the Buckman bill
abolishing all these state institutions for higher education and
establishing in their place the university of the state of Florida and a
state Agricultural Experiment Station, both now at Gainesville, and the
Florida Female College at Tallahassee, which has the same standards for
entrance and for graduation as the state university for men. Private
educational institutions in Florida are John B. Stetson University at De
Land (Baptist); Rollins College (1885) at Winter Park (non-sectarian),
with a collegiate department, an academy, a school of music, a school of
expression, a school of fine arts, a school of domestic and industrial
arts, and a business school; Southern College (1901), at Sutherland
(Methodist Episcopal, South); the Presbyterian College of Florida
(1905), at Eustis; Jasper Normal Institute (1890), at Jasper, and the
Florida Normal Institute at Madison. The negroes have facilities for
advanced instruction in the Florida Baptist Academy, and Cookman
Institute (Methodist Episcopal, South), both at Jacksonville, and in the
Normal and Manual Training School (Congregational), at Orange Park.
There are a school for the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb (1885) at St.
Augustine, a hospital for the insane at Chattahoochee and a reform
school at Marianna, all wholly supported by the state, and a Confederate
soldiers' and sailors' home at Tallahassee, which is partially supported
by the state.
_History._--The earliest explorations and attempts at colonization of
Florida by Europeans were made by the Spanish. The Council of the Indies
claimed that since 1510 fleets and ships had gone to Florida, and
Florida is shown on the Cantino map of 1502. In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon
(c. 1460-1521), who had been with Christopher Columbus on his second
voyage and had later been governor of Porto Rico, obtained a royal grant
authorizing him to discover and settle "Bimini,"--a fabulous island
believed to contain a marvellous fountain or spring whose waters would
restore to old men their youth or at least had wonderful curative
powers. Soon after Easter Day he came in sight of the coast of Florida,
probably near the mouth of the St Johns river. From the name of the day
in the calendar, _Pascua Florida_, or from the fact that many flowers
were found on the coast, the country was named Florida. De Leon seems to
have explored the coast, to some degree, on both sides of the peninsula,
and to have turned homeward fully convinced that he had discovered an
immense island. He returned to Spain in 1514, and obtained from the king
a grant to colonize "the island of Bimini and the island of Florida," of
which he was appointed adelantado, and in 1521 he made another
expedition, this one for colonization as well as for discovery. He seems
to have touched at the island of Tortugas, so named on account of the
large number of turtles found there, and to have landed at several
places, but many of his men succumbed to disease and he himself was
wounded in an Indian attack, dying soon afterward in Cuba. Meanwhile, in
1516, another Spaniard, Diego Miruelo, seems to have sailed for some
distance along the west coast of the peninsula. The next important
exploration of Florida was that of Panfilo de Narvaez. In 1527 he sailed
from Cuba with about 600 men (soon reduced to less than 400), landed
(early in 1528) probably at the present site of Pensacola, and for six
months remained in the country, he and his men suffering terribly from
exposure, hunger and fierce Indian attacks. In September, his ships
being lost and his force greatly reduced in number, he hastily
constructed a crazy fleet, re-embarked probably at Apalachee Bay, and
lost his life in a storm probably near Pensacola Bay. Only four of his
men, including Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, succeeded after eight years of
Indian captivity and of long and weary wanderings, in finding their way
to Spanish settlements in Mexico. Florida was also partially explored by
Ferdinando de Soto (q.v.) in 1539-1540. In the summer of 1559 another
attempt at colonization was made by Tristan de Luna, who sailed from
Vera Cruz, landed at Pensacola Bay, and explored a part of Florida and
(possibly) Southern Alabama. Somewhere in that region he desired to make
a permanent settlement, but he was abandoned by most of his followers
and gave up his attempt in 1561.
In the following year, Jean Ribaut (1520-1565), with a band of French
Huguenots, landed first near St Augustine and then at the mouth of the
St Johns river, which he called the river of May, and on behalf of
France claimed the country, which he described as "the fairest,
fruitfullest and pleasantest of all the world"; but he made his
settlement on an island near what is now Beaufort, South Carolina. In
1564 Rene de Laudonniere (? -c. 1586), with another party of Huguenots,
established Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St Johns, but the colony
did not prosper, and in 1565 Laudonniere was about to return to France
when (on the 28th of August) he was reinforced by Ribaut and about 300
men from France. On the same day that Ribaut landed, a Spanish
expedition arrived in the bay of St Augustine. It was commanded by Pedro
Menendez de Aviles (1523-1574), one of whose aims was to destroy the
Huguenot settlement. This he did, putting to death almost the entire
garrison at Fort Caroline "not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans," on the
20th of September 1565. The ships of Ribaut were soon afterwards wrecked
near Matanzas Inlet; he and most of his followers surrendered to
Menendez and were executed. Menendez then turned his attention to the
founding of a settlement which he named St Augustine (q.v.); he also
explored the Atlantic coast from Cape Florida to St Helena, and
established forts at San Mateo (Fort Caroline), Avista, Guale and St
Helena. In 1567 he returned to Spain in the interest of his colony.
The news of the destruction of Fort Caroline, and the execution of
Ribaut and his followers, was received with indifference at the French
court; but Dominique de Gourgues (c. 1530-1593), a friend of Ribaut but
probably a Catholic, organized an expedition of vengeance, not informing
his men of his destination until his three ships were near the Florida
coast. With the co-operation of the Indians under their chief Saturiba
he captured Fort San Mateo in the spring of 1568, and on the spot where
the garrison of Fort Caroline had been executed, he hanged his Spanish
prisoners, inscribing on a tablet of pine the words, "I do this not as
unto Spaniards but as to traitors, robbers and murderers." Feeling
unable to attack St Augustine, de Gourgues returned to France.
The Spanish settlements experienced many vicissitudes. The Indians were
hostile and the missionary efforts among them failed. In 1586 St
Augustine was almost destroyed by Sir Francis Drake and it also suffered
severely by an attack of Captain John Davis in 1665. Not until the last
decade of the 17th century did the Spanish authorities attempt to extend
the settlements beyond the east coast. Then, jealous of the French
explorations along the Gulf of Mexico, they turned their attention to
the west coast, and in 1696 founded Pensacola. When the English colonies
of the Carolinas and Georgia were founded, there was constant friction
with Florida. The Spanish were accused of inciting the Indians to make
depredations on the English settlements and of interfering with English
commerce and the Spanish were in constant fear of the encroachments of
the British. In 1702, when Great Britain and Spain were contending in
Europe, on opposite sides, in the war of the Spanish Succession, a force
from South Carolina captured St Augustine and laid siege to the fort,
but being unable to reduce it for lack of necessary artillery, burned
the town and withdrew at the approach of Spanish reinforcements. In 1706
a Spanish and French expedition against Charleston, South Carolina,
failed, and the Carolinians retaliated by invading middle Florida in
1708 and again in 1722. In 1740 General James Edward Oglethorpe,
governor of Georgia, supported by a naval force, made an unsuccessful
attack upon St Augustine; two years later a Spanish expedition against
Savannah by way of St Simon's Island failed, and in 1745 Oglethorpe
again appeared before the walls of St Augustine, but the treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 prevented further hostilities. Pensacola, the
other centre of Spanish settlement, though captured and occupied
(1719-1723) by the French from Louisiana, had a more peaceful history.
By the treaty of Paris in 1763 Florida was ceded to England in return
for Havana. The provinces of East Florida and West Florida were now
formed, the boundaries of West Florida being 31 deg. N. lat. (when civil
government was organized in 1767, the N. line was made 32 deg. 28'), the
Chattahoochee, and the Apalachicola rivers, the Gulf of Mexico,
Mississippi Sound, Lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain and Maurepas, and the
Mississippi river. A period of prosperity now set in. Civil in place of
military government was instituted; immigration began; and Andrew
Turnbull, an Englishman, brought over a band of about 1500 Minorcans
(1769), whom he engaged in the cultivation of indigo at New Smyrna.
Roads were laid out, some of which yet remain; and in the last three
years of English occupation the government spent $580,000 on the two
provinces. Consequently, the people of Florida were for the most part
loyal to Great Britain during the War of American Independence. In 1776,
the Minorcans of New Smyrna refused to work longer on the indigo
plantations; and many of them removed to St Augustine, where they were
protected by the authorities. Several plans were made to invade South
Carolina and Georgia, but none matured until 1778, when an expedition
was organized which co-operated with British forces from New York in the
siege of Savannah, Georgia. In the following year, Spain having declared
war against Great Britain, Don Bernardo de Galvez (1756-1794), the
Spanish governor at New Orleans, seized most of the English forts in
West Florida, and in 1781 captured Pensacola.
By the treaty of Paris (1783) Florida reverted to Spain, and, no
religious liberty being promised, many of the English inhabitants left
East and West Florida. A dispute with the United States concerning the
northern boundary was settled by the treaty of 1795, the line 31 deg. N.
lat. being established.
The westward expansion of the United States made necessary American
ports on the Gulf of Mexico; consequently the acquisition of West
Florida as well as of New Orleans was one of the aims of the
negotiations which resulted in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. After the
cession of Louisiana to the United States, the people of West Florida
feared that that province would be seized by Bonaparte. They, therefore,
through a convention at Buhler's Plains (July 17, 1810), formulated
plans for a more effective government. When it was found that the
Spanish governor did not accept these plans in good faith, another
convention was held on the 26th of September which declared West Florida
to be an independent state, organized a government and petitioned for
admission to the American Union. On the 27th of October President James
Madison, acting on a theory of Robert R. Livingston that West Florida
was ceded by Spain to France in 1800 along with Louisiana, and was
therefore included by France in the sale of Louisiana to the United
States in 1803, declared West Florida to be under the jurisdiction of
the United States. Two years later the American Congress annexed the
portion of West Florida between the Pearl and the Mississippi rivers to
Louisiana (hence the so-called Florida parishes of Louisiana), and that
between the Pearl and the Perdido to the Mississippi Territory.
In the meantime war between Great Britain and the United States was
imminent. The American government asked the Spanish authorities of East
Florida to permit an American occupation of the country in order that it
might not be seized by Great Britain and made a base of military
operations. When the request was refused, American forces seized
Fernandina in the spring of 1812, an action that was repudiated by the
American government after protest from Spain, although it was authorized
in official instructions. About the same time an attempt to organize a
government at St Mary's was made by American sympathizers, and a petty
civil war began between the Americans, who called themselves "Patriots,"
and the Indians, who were encouraged by the Spanish. In 1814 British
troops landed at Pensacola to begin operations against the United
States. In retaliation General Andrew Jackson captured the place, but in
a few days withdrew to New Orleans. The British then built a fort on the
Apalachicola river, and there directed expeditions of Indians and
runaway negroes against the American settlements, which continued long
after peace was concluded in 1814. In 1818 General Jackson, believing
that the Spanish were aiding the Seminole Indians and inciting them to
attack the Americans, again captured Pensacola. By the treaty of 1819
Spain formally ceded East and West Florida to the United States; the
treaty was ratified in 1821, when the United States took formal
possession, but civil government was not established until 1822.
Indian affairs furnished the most serious problems of the new Territory
of Florida. The aborigines, who seemed to have reached a stage of
civilization somewhat similar to that of the Aztecs, were conquered and
exterminated or absorbed by Creeks about the middle of the 18th century.
There was a strong demand for the removal of these Creek Indians, known
as Seminoles, and by treaties at Payne's Landing in 1832 and Fort Gibson
in 1833 the Indian chiefs agreed to exchange their Florida lands for
equal territory in the western part of the United States. But a strong
sentiment against removal suddenly developed, and the efforts of the
United States to enforce the treaty brought on the Seminole War
(1836-42), which resulted in the removal of all but a few hundred
Seminoles whose descendants still live in southern Florida.
In 1845 Florida became a state of the American Union. On the 10th of
January 1861 an ordinance of secession, which declared Florida to be a
"sovereign and independent nation," was adopted by a state convention,
and Florida became one of the Confederate States of America. The
important coast towns were readily captured by Union forces; Fernandina,
Pensacola and St Augustine in 1862, and Jacksonville in 1863; but an
invasion of the interior in 1864 failed, the Union forces being repulsed
in a battle at Olustee (on the 20th of February 1864). In 1865 a
provisional governor was appointed by President Andrew Johnson, and a
new state government was organized. The legislature of 1866 rejected the
Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, and soon afterwards
Florida was made a part of the Third Military District, according to the
Reconstruction Act of 1867. Negroes were now registered as voters by the
military authorities, and another Constitutional Convention met in
January and February 1868. A factional strife in the dominant party, the
Republican, now began; fifteen delegates withdrew from the convention;
the others framed a constitution, and then resolved themselves into a
political convention. The seceding members with nine others then
returned and organized; but the factions were reconciled by General
George M. Meade. A new constitution was framed and was ratified by the
electors, and Florida passed from under a quasi-military to a full civil
government on the 4th of July 1868.
The factional strife in the Republican party continued, a number of
efforts being made to impeach Governor Harrison Reed (1813-1899). The
decisive year of the Reconstruction Period was 1876. The Canvassing
Board, which published the election returns, cast out some votes, did
not wait for the returns from Dade county, and declared the Republican
ticket elected. George F. Drew (1827-1900), the Democratic candidate for
governor, then secured a mandamus from the circuit court restraining the
board from going behind the face of the election returns; this was not
obeyed and a similar mandamus was therefore obtained from the supreme
court of Florida, which declared that the board had no right to
determine the legality of a particular vote. According to the new count
thus ordered, the Democratic state ticket was elected. By a similar
process the board's decision in favour of the election of Republican
presidential electors was nullified, and the Democratic electors were
declared the successful candidates; but the electoral commission,
appointed by Congress, reversed this decision. (See ELECTORAL
COMMISSION.)
Since 1876 Florida has been uniformly Democratic in politics.
American Governors of Florida.
Territorial Governors.
Andrew Jackson 1821-1822
William P. Duval 1822-1834
John H. Eaton 1834-1835
Richard K. Call 1835-1840
Robert R. Reid 1840-1841
Richard K. Call 1841-1844
John Branch 1844-1845
State Governors.
William D. Moseley 1845-1849 Democrat
Thomas Brown 1849-1853 Whig
James E. Broome 1853-1857 Democrat
Madison S. Perry 1857-1861 "
John Milton 1861-1865 "
William Marvin 1865 Provisional
David S. Walker 1865-1868 Democrat
Harrison Reed 1868-1872 Republican
Ossian B. Hart 1873-1874 "
Marcellus L. Stearns 1874-1877 "
George F. Drew 1877-1881 Democrat
William D. Bloxham 1881-1885 "
Edward A. Perry 1885-1889 "
Francis P. Fleming 1889-1893 "
Henry L. Mitchell 1893-1897 "
William D. Bloxham 1897-1901 "
William S. Jennings 1901-1905 "
Napoleon B. Broward 1905-1909 "
Albert W. Gilchrist 1909- "
Bibliography.--Physical and economic conditions are discussed in a
pamphlet (591 pp.) published by the State Department of Agriculture,
_Florida, a Pamphlet Descriptive of its History, Topography, Climate,
Soil, &c._ (Tallahassee, 1904); in _Climate, Soil and Resources of
Florida_ (United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1882);
_A Preliminary Report on the Soils of Florida_ (United States
Department of Agriculture, Division of Soils, Bulletin 13, 1898); C.L.
Norton's _Handbook of Florida_ (2nd edition, New York, 1892); the
volumes of the Twelfth Census of the United States (for 1900) which
treat of Agriculture and Manufactures, and the Special Report on Mines
and Quarries for 1902. J.N. MacGonigle's "Geography of Florida"
(_National Geographic Magazine_, vol. 7), T.D.A. Cockerell's "West
Indian Fauna in Florida" (_Nature_, vol. 46), L.F. Pourtales's "Flora
and Fauna of the Florida Keys" (_American Naturalist_, vol. 11), and
C.F. Millspaugh's _Flora of the Sand Keys of Florida_ (Chicago, 1907),
a Field Columbian Museum publication, are of value. To sportsmen, C.B.
Cory's _Hunting and Fishing in Florida_ (Boston, 1896) and A.W. and
J.A. Dimock's _Florida Enchantments_ (New York, 1908) are of
interest. For administration, see Wilbur F. Yocum's _Civil Government
of Florida_ (De Land, Florida, 1904); and the _Revised Statutes of
Florida_ (1892). The standard history is that by G.R. Fairbanks,
_History of Florida_ (Philadelphia, 1871). This should be supplemented
by D.G. Brinton's _Notes on the Floridian Peninsula, its Literary
History, Indian Tribes and Antiquities_ (Philadelphia, 1859), which
has an excellent descriptive bibliography of the early explorations;
Woodbury Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of
the United States_ (New York, vol. i., 1901; vol. ii., sub-title
_Florida_, 1905); R.L. Campbell's Historical Sketches of Colonial
Florida (Cleveland, 1892), which treats at length of the history of
Pensacola; H.E. Chambers's _West Florida and its Relation to the
Historical Cartography of the United States_ (Johns Hopkins Studies in
Historical and Political Science, Series 16, No. 5); and Herbert B.
Fuller's The _Purchase of Florida; its History and Diplomacy_
(Cleveland, O., 1906). The only published collections of documents
relating to the state are Buckingham Smith's _Colleccion de varios
documentos para la historia de la Florida y tierras adyacentes_
(London, 1857), and Benjamin F. French's _Historical Collections of
Louisiana_ (New York, 1846-1875).