JOHN O’MAHONY, WM. SULLIVAN, FLORRY ROGER O’SULLIVAN, BRIAN DILLON,
JACK DILLON, MICHAEL O’BRIEN, C. U. O’CONNELL, JAMES MOUNTAINE, AND
OTHERS.
The two letters published in the last chapter, written by James
Stephens and Thomas Clark Luby to John O’Mahony, at the start of the
Fenian movement, speak for the Irish side of the house. The following
letter, written by John O’Mahony to William Sullivan, of Tiffin, Ohio,
at the start of the movement, speaks for the American side. I may add
that there is not a line or a word added, omitted or altered in this
original manuscript letter of John O’Mahony’s:
NO. 6 CENTRE ST., N. Y., 4th April, 1859.
TO WM. SULLIVAN, ESQ:
MY DEAR SIR--I rest satisfied that our organization cannot
now go down in Ohio while under the earnest and influential
auspices of yourself and your brothers. It is but natural that
our progress should be slow at first, particularly as our
finances do not yet warrant us in sending round agents to the
different centres of the Irish-American population. Neither
have we at our disposal in this country the right kind of man
to send forth as our representative. I could not myself be
absent from this for many days without injury to the movement.
We must then wait until the arrival of Mr. O’Leary, who must
be now on his way out. As you are most probably already aware,
he was to have met Mr. Stephens on his landing, and, having
given his report of the progress made by the so-called Phœnixes
for the last five months, to have come directly to this, with
instructions for our further guidance. After seeing me and
staying a few days to rest himself in this city, he will set
out on his tour of organization. You will be likely to meet him
here when you come in the middle of the month.
We must calculate upon a certain amount of opposition from some
of the priests. I do not, however, consider it judicious to
come into collision with them openly. Those who denounce us go
beyond their duty as clergymen. They are either bad Irishmen,
who would not wish to see Ireland a nation, or very stupid and
ignorant zealots, who do not understand what they are about.
Our association is neither anti-Catholic nor irreligious. We
are an Irish army, not a secret society. We make no secret of
our objects and designs. We simply bind ourselves to conceal
such matters as are needful to be kept from the enemy’s
knowledge, both for the success of our strategy and for the
safety of our friends. I hold that I do not exceed the bounds
prescribed by my religion when I swear this, nor shall I ever
tax my conscience with it in the confessional. It is ridiculous
for men to denounce us for enrolling ourselves under the
Irish banner, when they say nothing against those who enroll
themselves under the American banner, or even under the banner
of such private adventurers as General Walker and others, whose
sole apparent aim is most unjustifiable plunder. However, there
is no use in arguing with members of the priesthood on such
points. It is better to avoid their denunciatory attacks by
modifying the form of our pledge so as not to be obnoxious to
spiritual censure, even by the most exacting ecclesiastic in
America. They cannot deny the goodness, justice and even piety
of the object we propose, and, if there be a shade of sin in
the words by which we pledge ourselves to effect it, let those
words be so altered as to be perfectly innocuous to the soul.
This can be done wherever a clergyman insists upon it: but
where there are liberal and enlightened priests, there need be
no change.
In every case, it will be well to give but as few secrets as
possible to individual members. They can do good work without
knowing all that is doing, and who are doing it. They should
be taught that it is enough for them to know that those in
immediate communication with themselves are trustworthy, and
that they will truly and faithfully discharge the duties of
their position. Men need not be sworn previous to helping us
along. They see enough by the newspapers to show them that
the time for exertion is come now--that Ireland is thoroughly
aroused and that a crisis in England’s fate is fast approaching
from her external enemies.
A member of the Belfast Arms Club has arrived here within a
few days. He was the secretary of the men lately arrested
there. The news he brings is highly encouraging. The Ribbonmen,
throughout the North, are fully determined to join the
Phœnixes, as they call them. In Belfast they have 20,000 stand
of arms. Their organization extends through all Ulster and
much of Connaught and Meath; it is also widely spread through
England and Scotland. This party was not included in my
friend’s estimate. It is most important that we get into direct
communication with it, for by it we could cripple England, by
attacking her at home in her large towns. The fear of such a
contingency would force her to grant us peace after a short
struggle. All these matters must be looked to.
The news from these states has been rather more promising
during the past week. The organization is extending rapidly,
though as yet but little money has come in since I left.
Boston is the best city I have on my roll. In it a full centre
is now almost completed. What I like best about its members
is that they do their work systematically, each sub-centre
sending weekly the regular dues. A list has been also opened
there for the contributions of men who will not be initiated.
Branches of our society have been also started in Vermont,
Maine and Connecticut. From Pennsylvania I have received a
most satisfactory communication from the Railroad men. If
the plan proposed by them is well carried out, it will bring
overwhelming numbers into our ranks. I will speak more about it
when I meet you.
In Milwaukee and Chicago, I expect that great things will be
done under the auspices of Mr. Lumsden, whom you may know. The
result of the late trials will, I hope, excite our countrymen
to work everywhere. It is our first triumph, and, though but a
partial one, it has proved that our home organization is almost
spy-proof.
Present my compliments to your brother, Mr. Edmund Sullivan. I
felt greatly disappointed at not having seen him again at my
office previous to his late departure from this city. Tell him
that the brothers in New York are beginning to exert themselves
more earnestly than of late. On yesterday, I had a very
enthusiastic meeting of men who will work, if I mistake not.
It is hard to get the mass of the Irish in New York to believe
that any one can be serious who speaks of freeing Ireland. They
have had their hopes disappointed, when raised to the highest
pitch, twice or three times within the five years I have been
here. Then, the majority of them are mere dupes of designing
politicians who scoff at the notion that any one could be so
green as to hope for Ireland. But this must soon cease. True
men are beginning to see that we are really in earnest, and
they will not much longer heed the sneers which the venal and
corrupt have always at hand for every noble and disinterested
action.
I remain, dear sir,
Yours very faithfully,
JOHN O’MAHONY.
That letter was written in the year 1859. This is the year 1897. Nigh
forty years ago. For any hope of Ireland’s freedom in my day, I would,
before my God, rather see Ireland as it was that day, than as it is
to-day. That day, there were no weeds in the field. To-day the field
is nothing but weeds--with the patriots of the day grazing on them--to
free Ireland; growing fat and contented on them, too; satisfied they’ll
be able to arrive at freedom in the _next_ generation. Go b’hfoire Dia
oruinn!
I bring into my book that letter of John O’Mahony’s that it may live in
the history of Fenianism, to stand against what may be said about the
movement being opposed to the Church.
The demonstrations about the McManus funeral in Cork and Dublin,
demonstrated to the English in Ireland that the spirit of rebellion was
strong in the land; and all the English agencies of business were set
to work to destroy it. Clerks were discharged from business; licenses
to carry on business were refused; the man who was in business found
that his credit was stopped, if he didn’t stop his politics--in a word
many had to stop, and had to prepare to leave the country. All through
the years 1862 and 1863, this fight was going on, and continued on,
from the start of the Irish People newspaper in November, ’63, up to
the suppression of that paper, and the suspension of the habeas corpus
act in September, ’65. During those three years, John O’Mahony kept
saying that it had a bad effect on the spirit of the organization in
America, that so many men belonging to the organization in Ireland
were leaving Ireland. James Stephens kept telling him, he could not
help it, that they had to leave; that they were among the best of his
men--making themselves so active, zealous and independent, that they
became marked men. While it broke his heart to have them be obliged
to go, he could not refuse giving them the few words of introduction
to some friend in New York that they asked for when they were leaving
Ireland. I have some of the letters of those times. When I show you
five or six of them, you will be able to judge of the spirit of the
times, and of the condition of things that was to be met with in those
days.
Here--the first letter that comes to my hand, is a letter of Florry
Roger’s. Shall I put it aside? No, no; Florry Roger has a place in my
memory, and must have a place in my book. I met him a few times, and
met a noble man. He was arrested as one of the Phœnix men when he was
a medical student in Killarney. After release from prison, he went to
Dublin and got employed in a drug store in Queen street. He died the
following year. This is the relic of his I hold:
NO. 46 QUEEN ST., DUBLIN, 8th Nov., 1861.
MY DEAR O’DONOVAN--I casually learned by some paper that you
were in town. I slindged over to the Shelbourne Hotel to-day
thinking to get a glimpse at you, but I was informed by Mr.
Generally-useful, that you did not put up there. I therefore
address this to Colonel Doheny for you--being in my opinion the
surest means of arriving at the knowledge of your whereabouts.
As I am anxious to see you, will you do me the favor of calling
over here to-morrow, that we may have a chat together on the
state of the weather, and crops in the South.
Oblige your very faithful,
F. R. O’SULLIVAN, JR.
The O’Donovan Rossa, care of Col. Doheny, Shelbourne Hotel,
Kildare Street.
Next is a letter from William O’Carroll, who was one of the centres in
Cork city:
CORK, Oct. 10, ’61.
MY DEAR O’DONOVAN--Something has come to my ears lately. It
may be no harm to give you a wrinkle on the matter. Sir John
Arnott is negotiating with John McAuliffe about his house
and stock in Skibbereen. It seems that the latter is your
next-door neighbor, and your landlord, and that the former has
your mansion taken, too. My friend in the house was telling me
that Sir John, and Grant and McAuliffe and a few others had
a kick-up about many things--not the least of which was your
castle.… You now see the position of things. You will certainly
come up to the funeral. I will be glad to have a chat with you
then. We are making every preparation we can. I am, your friend,
WILLIAM O’CARROLL.
That William O’Carroll had to leave Cork next year, 1862. He went to
Australia. With him, went another centre, James O’Mahony, who kept a
draper’s store in Bandon. The two wanted me to go with them. I didn’t
go. This is one of O’Mahony’s letters:
CORK, March 15, 1862.
MY DEAR O’DONOVAN--I suppose you expected to hear from me ere
this. I have spent the greater portion of the past fortnight
in Cork City, but will be returning to Bandon on next Monday.
I had hoped that either myself or my wife, or both, would have
paid you a visit to Skibbereen ere this, but the weather was
so unfavorable that we could not attempt moving. They are
making great preparations for the annual ball here. ’Tis likely
I’ll not make my appearance there at all, though at first, I
was determined on going. Still, all things considered, I think
it better not to go.
Your friend,
JAMES O’MAHONY.
Twenty-two years afterward, 1884, I had a letter from Melbourne, from
James O’Mahony. Here are some passages of it:
“I do not think where’er thou art,
Thou hast forgotten me.”
MY DEAR ROSSA--I wrote to you three times since we last met
last at the Rock mills. I have often thought of your farewell
words after I took your photograph from you that early morning
in Patrick street: “No ship that was ever built should take us
away from Ireland.”
Yours as ever, go dilis,
JAMES O’MAHONY, Seamas laidir Ua Maghthamhna.
Go bhfeiceadsa an la go mbeidh raas air an Sagsanach.
A luingeas dha mbath, air lar na fairge.
John Lynch who, five years after, died in the next ward to me in a
London prison, was an officer of that banquet committee in Cork City,
Patrick’s day, 1862. He sent me this letter of invitation:
NATIONAL READING ROOMS, TUCKEY ST., CORK, Feb. 26, 1862.
MY DEAR SIR--I am directed by the committee to ask your
attendance as a guest at our Soiree and Ball in the Atheneum on
St. Patrick’s night, to celebrate our National festival.
Trusting that you will make it your convenience to attend,
and awaiting the favor of a reply, I am, dear sir, yours very
truly,
JOHN LYNCH.
Mr. O’Donovan Rossa, Skibbereen.
I went to the banquet. Jerrie Hodnett, of Youghal, presided. Father
Ned Mulcahy, Timoleague, delivered an address in the Irish language,
and Brian Dillon raised the roof off the house singing “O’Donnell
Aboo” and “Is truadh gan oighre ’nar bhfarradh.” Father Ned is dead.
Riding by his side at a funeral one day, he told me, he had had his
parishioners ready to start into the field with him in ’48, if there
was any fighting going on anywhere. He was one good Irish priest. Oh,
yes; I believe there are lots of good Irish priests who aren’t known
to be good, but who would show themselves good if the people were any
good. When people show themselves slaves, it is not the duty of priests
to make soldiers of them. It is not for such work as that, that men are
ordained priests.
Brian Dillon died in prison. I have here a letter of introduction that
he gave Michael O’Brien, the Manchester Martyr, to John O’Mahony, when
Mike was leaving Cork in 1862. I may as well let you see it; blessed
are the words of the brave dead:
CORK, 23d April, 1862.
DEAR SIR--I had the pleasure of introducing the bearer, Mr.
Michael O’Brien to you, the evening you visited the National
Reading-room in Cork. He was the Secretary of that room, and
was since ’58 an active, zealous brother and “B” of mine. He
will himself tell you the reason of his visit to America, where
he is so well known as to make this introduction of mine quite
superfluous.
The news of the Colonel Doheny’s death has caused a wide-spread
feeling of sorrow here. I trust in God, should his remains be
ever brought over to Ireland, their landing will be the signal
for that resurrection of the old land for which he labored
so earnestly and well. All friends here deeply sympathize
with Mrs. Doheny in the loss she has sustained, and it ought
assuredly be a consolation to her to know that in the hour of
her affliction, thousands of the truest in the old land have
offered up their prayers for the repose of the soul of the
eloquent, noble-hearted man and patriot who was her husband.
Mr. O’Brien will tell you all about the departure of Messrs.
O’Carroll and O’Mahony to Queensland.
Fraternally yours,
BRIAN DILLON.
* * * * *
29th April, 1862.
DEAR SIR--As you will perceive by date at the head of this,
Mr. O’Brien has remained here a week longer than he at first
intended. This delay has enabled me to communicate with
Skibbereen. Donal Oge (Dan McCartie,) sends by him a letter to
you. You will have read in the _Irishman_ before this Rossa’s
letter. Its terseness and pointedness has settled the whole
thing. * * * * * * *
Another “B” of mine, William Walsh, of Cloyne, accompanies Mr.
O’Brien. He is a shipwright and is compelled to emigrate, there
being no work for his trade in Cork. He is an honest, earnest
young man; he intends joining the Phœnix Brigade, in the hope
of learning something that he could turn to good account,
should opportunity ever offer here.
Fraternally and faithfully yours,
B. DILLON.
I have not printed the whole of that letter. Where I make star-marks:
* * *, reference is made to some newspaper fighting I was engaged in
at the time. Nearly every one belonging to the fight is dead--except
myself--and I don’t want to keep it up in these “Recollections” of mine.
Michael O’Brien comes before me again, in a letter of introduction he
has to John O’Mahony from Mr. O’Connell. These are the words of it:
CORK, May 1st, 1862.
BELOVED BROTHER--This will be handed to you by brother Michael
O’Brien, who has held on here as long as he possibly could.
He has been out of employment for the last five months; and
you can conceive what he mentally endured all the time. Seeing
he could get nothing to do here, he at last resolved to turn
his face to New York, in the hope of better fortune. Above all
things, he desires to acquire military knowledge in the Phœnix
Brigade. He will tell you, himself, why he was first thrown out
of employment; and you can rely upon what he says, as he is
genuine unsophisticated honesty itself, and as firm as a rock.
Yours fraternally and affectionately,
CHAS. U. O’CONNELL.
This is a letter of introduction brought from Mr. Stephens to Mr.
O’Mahony by a Drogheda man. I knew him; but as I do not know whether
he is living or dead--in Ireland or America--desiring the honor of
publication or not, I do not print his name. I print the letter to show
that Drogheda was not behind-hand in the organization at the time:
Tuesday, May 26.
BROTHER--The bearer, Mr. ---- ----, of Drogheda, is compelled,
through the oppression of his employer to seek a temporary home
in the States. I regret his going, as he has proved himself a
good workman, having as B., enrolled certainly fifty men in his
native place. He, of course, is anxious to see you. He does
not, however, expect a commission, or anything else that I am
aware of, save only to know you and be placed under you, as our
head in the States. Nothing of consequence has occurred since
Chas. O’Connell left.
Yours fraternally,
J. KELLY.
The following is part of a letter of introduction brought from James
Stephens to John O’Mahony by John, the brother of Brian Dillon:
CORK, June 11, 1862.
BROTHER--The bearer, Mr. John Dillon, has done the work of a B.
This alone should be a strong recommendation. He is, moreover,
a brother of Mr. Brian Dillon, one of our staunchest and most
effective A’s. He leaves in search of work (he is a ship
carpenter), which cannot possibly be had here. The pagan knows
him well; anybody can see that he is the stuff of a soldier.
A word about the men who have already gone out, or who may
go out in time to come, I deem it necessary to say something
about them as, owing to your complaints on the subject (to me
and others in Dublin, but especially to parties here), a bad
feeling has been created--a feeling calculated to do serious
injury, if not properly explained. Neither I nor the parties
going out expect any assistance from you or our friends--they
have all gone, and mean to go on what you call “their own
hook.” To insinuate, much more to state unequivocally, that you
fear their becoming a burden upon you, is keenly hurtful to
these men. It is painful, too, to these men, to find themselves
criticized for doing what they cannot help. Your having written
here to this effect would have prevented several of these men
from calling on you; and finding no proper party to communicate
with, they would probably write home to say that we are nowhere
in New York. You must see at a glance, the consequence of this.
Of course, if I send a special message to New York, it will be
only fair to see to his personal wants. But I have sent no such
man since my return to Ireland.
No sooner did I find myself in possession of even limited means
than I took the old track once more. I left Dublin on the 31st
of May, and have since visited the counties of Kildare, Carlow,
Kilkenny, Tipperary, Waterford, on to Cork. I could not now
do justice to the firmness of all our friends; but such is my
faith in them that I can surely defy, not only the clique but
all influences whatever. Our position here is all that heart of
man could wish. I speak for what I have already seen, and doubt
not that my whole course shall give the same results. Much new
ground has been broken, and the old soil is being tilled to
its best. Here in Cork I cannot help saying a few words about
O’Carroll. I can find no extenuating circumstances in his case;
at least, I have been unable to find any, up to this.
Yours fraternally,
J. MASON.
Well, I don’t know; I only know that William O’Carroll, of Cork City,
and James O’Mahony of Bandon were two of the first men in the south
of Ireland that Mr. Stephens got into the organization; that it was
through them he got introduced to Dan McCartie and O’Donovan Rossa
in Skibbereen, and that they worked hard in the organization for some
time. They might have cooled down a little after the arrests; I know
they felt as if they had been deserted, or left to themselves, the time
that I and my companions were in Cork Jail. In the Australian letter
of James O’Mahony from which I quoted before, there is another passage
I may quote. He says “You know my funds were always at the command of
‘Seabhac’--(Shouk--the Hawk,) and that as long as I had a red cent, it
was forthcoming. The amount was large as you may know.” I know, that
in the first years of the organization, many men in many counties of
Ireland, spent their own money organizing. I don’t like to see a bad
word said of any one of them, who might have broken down under the work.
James Mountaine is dead. In honor to the memory of one of the
Protestant National Irishmen of Cork City, I will publish this letter
of introduction that he brought from James Stephens to John O’Mahony:
DUBLIN, Oct. 27, 1863.
BROTHER--The bearer, Mr. James Mountaine, is a friend, though
paying but a flying visit to America (he is going to see his
son, a surgeon in New York, and will stay but six weeks or so
in the States), it would grieve him to leave, without taking
your hand in his. When in yours, you should grasp that hand
firmly, for it is that of as brave and true an Irishman as
you know. He is one of the few who, with a good deal to lose,
as the saying is, still clings to the cause as of old--nay,
as years and prospects increase, they but add to his zeal and
devotion. He is one of the few, too, who are sure to rally
round me in times of trial--whose friendship is shown at need,
in better coin than words. It is now some time since I asked
you for a favor. In the present instance I do so, and request
that you will show Mr. Mountaine all the consideration in your
power. All that he expects and would accept, is that you should
receive him as a brother, and speak of him as a man who is
at all times ready to fight or die for Ireland. For my part,
I would gladly go out of my way, to meet and welcome, and be
a brother to such a man. Mr. Mountaine would, I am sure, be
delighted to see some of our military friends in their element;
and, should an opportunity offer, I bespeak for Mr. Mountaine
every attention you can pay him. Yours as ever, fraternally,
J. POWER.
This extract of a letter from Stephens to O’Mahony, April, 1862, is
interesting:
The Dublin organization has nearly trebled within the last
three months. And as it is in Dublin, so it is elsewhere.
Our doctrine alone has life in it. The very class we found
it so hard to reach till this year--the farming class, are
now craving for our approach. But with all this, there is so
strong a desire for intelligence--for frequent communication
with _me_--that whatever the risk and inconvenience, I must go
amongst them. In England and Scotland as well as at home, I am
called for clamorously. In the name of God and of Liberty,
will our friends yonder ever rise to a sense of duty, and
the want of the hour. I should forget everything did they
give me but three months uninterrupted work now. What might
I not do! Then, as already said, I could go to America with
such credentials as no Irishman ever brought there before me.
The results produced here, together with my knowledge--or
belief--of what is in me, lead me to the conviction that my
toil yonder shall produce necessary fruits. I have never heard,
nor can I ever conceive, anything to shake this faith in
myself, and in my countrymen in America.
J. S.
One morning in Skibbereen, I got a letter from James Stephens, asking
me to send Patrick Downing to him to Paris. I went to Pat Downing’s
house, he was in bed, I ordered him to get out of bed and go on to
Paris. I asked him where was the parcel of letters I gave him to put in
hiding for me. His father was building a house next door. He showed me
a stone in an angle of the wall. “The letters are inside that stone,”
he said. Very likely they are there this day I am writing. Patrick J.
Downing had been in America in 1853, and came back home about 1855.
When the Stephens organization started in 1858, he became the most
expert at learning drill from the drill-master that James Stephens sent
down to instruct us. When that drill-master, Owens, left us, Patrick
became our instructor. He was arrested as one of the Phœnix men in
December, 1858. He was in the dock with me, in presence of Judge Keogh,
in the Cork Court house, Patrick’s Day, 1859. I find him bringing
a letter from James Stephens to John O’Mahony, bearing the date of
“Paris, 5th of March.” The year must be the year 1860. This is the
first paragraph of it:
PARIS, 5th March.
BROTHER--This will be given you by Patrick Downing, one of the
“State prisoners.” He is a townsman and particular friend--a
blood relation too--of Donal Oge (McCartie,) who, should I
forget to bespeak bearer a cordially honorable reception, would
not fail to secure it from him.
Indeed bearer is of the stuff that recommends itself, and
should give you a high opinion of the manhood of his district;
for, what but a high opinion can you form of a district, the
sub-centres of which are all like my friend, Mr. Downing. He
has been by my side for the last fortnight; and every day has
raised him more and more in my estimation. I answer for it:
Circumstances shall not swerve _him_ from what he believes
a high and holy duty. Receive _him_ then, in all earnest
brotherhood--be a real brother and a friend to him.
JAMES STEPHENS.
Patrick J. Downing learned the drill of a soldier, by moonlight, on the
hillsides of Ireland. So did three of his brothers. The four of them
gave their services as soldiers in the American war; Denis, as captain
of a company in a Buffalo regiment, losing a leg at the battle of
Gettysburg. Patrick rose to the command of Colonel in the Forty-second
New York (Tammany) Regiment.
He died in Washington a dozen years ago. I went to Washington to his
funeral. After the requiem mass, the priest who celebrated the mass,
spoke some words to his memory. I could not help thinking--sadly
thinking, how the Irish race are scattered, and how strangely they
sometimes meet; far, far away from home!
Colonel Downing and Father Nunan were no blood relations; but here was
I between them; the dead soldier--the grandson of my father’s sister;
and the priest--the grandson of my grandfather’s sister.