$870.5 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.29 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
European Union
$NA
Finland
$8.346 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$8.385 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
France
$102.9 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$115.7 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Gabon
$1.925 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.238 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Gambia, The
$140 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$142.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Georgia
$1.48 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.361 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Germany
$138 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$136.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Ghana
$2.028 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.831 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Greece
$3.473 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.658 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Guatemala
$4.471 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.139 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Guinea
$93 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$86 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Guyana
$355.9 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$313 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Haiti
$708 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$555 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Honduras
$2.492 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.546 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Hong Kong
$182.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$152.7 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Hungary
$33.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$24.05 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Iceland
$2.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.436 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
India
$254 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$273.9 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Indonesia
$51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Iran
$96.56 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$82.06 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Iraq
$49.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$30.66 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Ireland
$1.023 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$926.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Israel
$42.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$28.52 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Italy
$105.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$94.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Jamaica
$1.767 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.879 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Japan
$1.011 trillion (31 December 2008 est.)
$954.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Jordan
$8.918 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.929 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kazakhstan
$19.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$17.63 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kenya
$2.879 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.355 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Korea, South
$201.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$262.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kosovo
$NA
Kuwait
$17.23 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$16.78 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
$1.225 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.177 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Laos
$803 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$540 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Latvia
$5.248 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.758 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Lebanon
$28.28 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$20.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Lesotho
$993 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$874 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Libya
$92.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$79.6 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Lithuania
$6.441 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.721 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Luxembourg
$397.8 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$205.5 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Macedonia
$2.109 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.265 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Madagascar
$982.3 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$846.7 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Malawi
$185 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$217.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Malaysia
$91.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$101.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Malta
$373.4 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.798 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Mauritius
$1.785 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.822 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Mexico
$95.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$87.19 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Moldova
$1.672 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.334 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Montenegro
$NA
Morocco
$22.72 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$24.72 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Mozambique
$1.578 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.445 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Namibia
$1.293 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$896 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Netherlands
$28.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$26.98 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
New Zealand
$11.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$17.25 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Nicaragua
$1.141 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.103 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Nigeria
$53 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$51.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Norway
$50.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$60.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Oman
$11.58 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.524 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Pakistan
$8.903 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$15.69 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Panama
$2.693 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.935 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Papua New Guinea
$1.987 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.087 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Paraguay
$2.863 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.462 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Peru
$31.25 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$27.78 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Philippines
$37.55 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$33.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Poland
$62.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$65.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Portugal
$11.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$11.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Qatar
$9.998 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.752 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Romania
$39.47 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$39.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Russia
$427.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$476.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Rwanda
$596 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$552.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Samoa
$70.15 million (FY03/04)
Sao Tome and Principe
$43 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$39 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Saudi Arabia
$30.59 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$34.01 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Senegal
$1.601 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.66 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Serbia
$14.22 billion (2007 est.)
$14.22 billion (2007 est.)
Seychelles
$64 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$40.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Singapore
$174.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$163 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Slovakia
$18.78 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$18.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Slovenia
$7.57 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.682 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
South Africa
$34.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$32.94 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Spain
$20.25 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$19.05 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Sri Lanka
$2.655 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.644 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Sudan
$1.399 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.378 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Suriname
$263.3 million (2006)
Swaziland
$752 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$774.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Sweden
$29.72 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$31.04 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Switzerland
$74.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$75.37 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Syria
$6.765 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.507 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Taiwan
$296.4 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$275 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Tajikistan
$195 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$328 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Tanzania
$2.869 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Thailand
$111 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$87.46 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Togo
$580 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$438 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Tonga
$40.83 million (yearend, FY04/05)
Trinidad and Tobago
$9.496 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.745 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Tunisia
$8.853 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.854 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Turkey
$73.66 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$76.51 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Turkmenistan
$13.88 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$13.19 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Uganda
$2.301 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.56 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Ukraine
$31.54 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$32.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
United Arab Emirates
$31.69 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$77.24 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
United Kingdom
$52.98 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$57.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
United States
$77.65 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$70.57 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Uruguay
$6.36 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.121 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Uzbekistan
$10.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.413 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Vanuatu
$40.54 million (2003)
Venezuela
$42.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$33.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Vietnam
$24.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$23.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Yemen
$8.157 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.759 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Zambia
$1.096 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.09 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Zimbabwe
$96 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$117 million (31 December 2007 est.)
======================================================================
@2189
Field Listing :: Union name
Country
Union name
European Union
conventional long form: European Union
abbreviation: EU
======================================================================
@2190
Field Listing :: Political structure
Country
Political structure
European Union
a hybrid intergovernmental and supranational
organization
======================================================================
@2191
Field Listing :: Member states
Country
Member states
European Union
27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, UK; note - Canary Islands (Spain), Azores and Madeira
(Portugal), French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion
(France) are sometimes listed separately even though they are
legally a part of Spain, Portugal, and France; candidate countries:
Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey
======================================================================
@2192
Field Listing :: Preliminary statement
Country
Preliminary statement
European Union
The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a
regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to
today's supranational organization of 27 countries across the
European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the
annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation
were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level
unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number
of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching
entity is truly unique.
Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far
more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or
Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with
independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, and
currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy
in its dealings with other nations.
In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely
to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has
been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World
Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this
description is placed after the regular country entries.
======================================================================
@2193
Field Listing :: Major infectious diseases
This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered
in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very
high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases
represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the
specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree
of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these
infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being
affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not
necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the
local population.
The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the
specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of
accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a
travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and
recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines.
Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories
shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk.
Note: The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual
country entries may vary according to local conditions.
food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on
the local economy:
Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of
the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated
with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims
exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will
experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available.
Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the
functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal
contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue,
abdominal pain, and dark colored urine.
Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food
or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit
sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%.
vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected
arthropod:
Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium;
transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito;
parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting
in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death
due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to
the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of
cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths
occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.
Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of
fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and
hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases.
Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from
influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever;
occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where
most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%.
Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus)
viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute
encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality
rates 30%.
African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa
Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking
Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and,
in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous
system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan
Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the
parasites.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa
leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results
in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries;
90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans
can act as reservoirs of infection.
Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated
with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible;
recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South
America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages;
manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes;
disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to
pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease;
infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or
tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle
East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and
muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose,
and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%.
Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and
humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects;
infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or
contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and
southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are
generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the
disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular
disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases.
Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever;
characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain
usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis.
water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in
freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers:
Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans;
infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil
contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe
headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease
can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or
respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated
recovery can take months.
Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm
Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release
larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed
to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood
vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become
trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as
either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or
learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in
advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74
developing countries with 80% of infected people living in
sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite.
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation
of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine:
Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys;
endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct
contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or
fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50%
in epidemic outbreaks.
respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an
infectious person:
Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation
of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most
important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of
its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high
fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person
to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and
prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often
with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases,
typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of
meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of
sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches
from Senegal east to Ethiopia.
animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local
animals:
Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the
bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the
central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms
initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to
neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of
symptoms.
Country
Major infectious diseases
Afghanistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Angola
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Argentina
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bangladesh
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Belize
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Benin
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Bhutan
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bolivia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Botswana
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)
Burkina Faso
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)