Modern music at first vocal, and without instrumental
accompaniment--Awkward instrumentation of the
contrapuntists--Primitive orchestration in Italy--The orchestra
of Monteverde--Haydn the father of modern orchestral music--The
Mozart symphonies--Beethoven establishes the modern
orchestra--But few instruments added since--Greater richness
due to subtler technique--Beethoven's development of the
orchestra traced in his symphonies--Greater technical demands
on the players--Beethoven and Wagner--"Meistersinger" score
has only three more instruments than the Fifth
Symphony--Berlioz an orchestral juggler--Architectural
music--Wagner, greatest of orchestral composers--Employs large
orchestra not for noise, but for variety of expression--Richard
Strauss's tribute to Wagner--Wonderfully reserved in the use of
his forces--Wagner's scores the only advance worth mentioning
since Berlioz 167