[20] _A Psychological Study of Religion_, p. 234.
[21] _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 501.
[22] _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 410.
[23] Some very curious information concerning the use of this and other
fungi is given by Dr. J. G. Bourke in his _Scatologic Rites_, pp. 69-75.
[24] Cited by Bourke, p. 90.
[25] Tylor, ii. pp. 417-9.
[26] For a clear account of the effects of hemp preparations, calculated
to produce a feeling of religious ecstasy, the reader should consult Dr.
Hale White's _Text-Book of Pharmacology_, 1901, pp. 318-22. The effects
of opium are thus described by another writer: "Opium, in those who are
capable of stimulation by it, gives rise to a pleasurable feeling,
something like that which is produced by wine in not excessive doses;
but the excitement derived from it, instead of tending to some highest
point, remains stationary for hours, and in place of the slight
incoherence of thought always present in those who are exhilarated with
wine, the most perfect harmony is established among all the conceptions.
There is an extraordinary stimulation of the pure intellect, and not
merely of the power of expression. The opium-eater seems to have had the
eyes of his spirit opened, to have acquired a gift of insight into
things that to mere mortals are inexplicable. The most remote parts of
consciousness come into clear light; the finer shades of personality,
those that had been unknown even to the opium-eater himself, are brought
into view and become distinct; the smallest details of the things around
take new significance, and are seen to be profoundly important; their
analogies with other phenomena of nature are revealed. It is the same
with the moral as with the intellectual being; that also becomes
indefinitely exalted. An absolute balance of the faculties seems to have
been attained. The whole man _is_ what in his ordinary state he only
tends to be; he has realised the highest perfection of which he is
capable; only his 'best self' now remains; his lower self has been left
behind without need of the purgatorial fire of contention with the
environment to destroy it."--T. Whittaker, _Essays and Notices,
Psychological and Philosophical_, p. 367.
[27] _Anthropology_, p. 296.
[28] For a general account of religious dances, see Major-General
Forlong's _Faiths of Man_, art. "Dancing."
[29] Catlin, _North American Indians_, i. p. 36.
[30] Cited by Frazer, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 161.
[31] Turner's _Samoa_, p. 345-6.
[32] Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_, vol. i. p. 223.
[33] Cited by Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. pp. 412-3.
[34] _Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings_, p. 277.
[35] A very good account of the methods followed in these places will be
found in Miss Hamilton's _Incubation, or the Cure of Diseases in Pagan
Temples and Christian Churches_, 1906.
[36] Grote, _History of Greece_, vol. i. p. 359 and vol. v. p. 232.
[37] "The ancient Egyptians and Greeks," says Dr. Maudsley, "used humane
and rational methods of treatment; it was only after the Christian
doctrine of possession by devils had taken hold of the minds of men that
the worst sort of treatment, of which history gives account, came into
force" (_Pathology of Mind_, p. 523). For a general account of Egyptian
medicine see the chapter on Egypt in Dr. Berdoe's _Origin and Growth of
the Healing Art_.
[38] Meryon, _The History of Medicine_, vol. i. p. 67.
[39] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 104.
[40] See Sir Michael Foster's _Lectures on the History of Physiology_,
chap. i.
[41] _Primitive Culture_, ii. 124.
[42] _On the Miracles_, p. 168.
[43] Cited by White, who gives original authorities, _Warfare of Science
with Theology_, ii. 107.
[44] White, ii. 108.
[45] _Meditations_, bk. i.
[46] Fort's _Medical Economy during the Middle Ages_, p. 345.
[47] Dr. Howden, Medical Superintendent of the Montrose Lunatic Asylum,
in _Journal of Mental Science_, 1873.
[48] _First Signs of Insanity_, p. 293.
[49] _Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases_, p. 428. The whole of
chapter xi. is very pertinent.
[50] Dr. R. Jones, in Allbutt's _System of Medicine_, vol. viii. p. 335
[51] Dr. Hollander, _First Signs of Insanity_, pp. 64-5.
[52] Cited by Ireland, _The Blot on the Brain_, p. 39.
[53] Allbutt's _System of Medicine_, viii. 395.
[54] _Physiology of Mind_, p. 251. See also Dr. Mercier's _The Nervous
System and the Mind_, p. 55.
[55] _Literary Remains_, p. 83.
[56] W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, ii. 235-6.
[57] Dr. H. Maudsley has gone fully into the case of Swedenborg in an
article in the _Journal of Mental Science_ for July and October 1869,
since reprinted in his _Body and Mind_.
[58] See _Luther_, by H. Grisar, 1913, vol. i. pp. 16-7.
[59] For other cases, and a general account of the relations between
pathologic states and religious delusion, see Lombroso, _Man of Genius_,
chap. iv. pt. iii.
[60] _Varieties of Religious Experience_, pp. 6-7.
[61] _The Soul of a Christian_, p. 13.
[62] See Parish's _Hallucinations and Illusions_, pp. 38-9.
[63] _Saint Teresa_, by H. Joly, pp. 25, 26, and 58.
[64] _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, 1883, p. 68.