conciliation and generosity to calm the rebellion, which his resolute
march into the mountains at the head of four thousand men had to a great
extent suppressed; but an accidental massacre at Jubiles, and an act of
treachery at Laroles, rekindled the flame of revolt which had been
partly extinguished; and the ruthless murder of one hundred and ten
Moriscos by their Christian fellow-prisoners in the jail of the Albaycin
still further exasperated the persecuted race. Mondejar was innocent of
any share in this bloody work, and was marching with his guard to the
prison to quell the disturbance, when the Alcayde met him with the
remark: "It is unnecessary; the prison is quiet--_the Moors are all
dead_." After this the Moriscos gained daily in strength, and Aben
Umeyya became really lord of the whole district of the Alpuxarras. This
incapable and profligate sprig of Cordovan nobility enjoyed his power
for a very brief period, however; for in October, 1569, private spite
and suspicion led to his being strangled in bed by his own followers,
when an able and devoted man, the true leader of the rebellion, and one
who could even dare to die for his friend, assumed the title of king as
Muley Abdallah Aben Abo.
Aben Abo had to deal with a new opponent. The king's half-brother, Don
John of Austria, a young man of twenty-two, but full of promise,
superseded Mondejar as commander-in-chief against the Moriscos, and
after a protracted war of letters he convinced Philip of the gravity of
the situation and the necessity for strong measures. At last Don John
received his marching orders, and after that, it was but a short shrive
that the Moriscos had to expect. In the winter of 1569-70 he began his
campaign, and in May the terms of surrender had been arranged. The
months between had been stained with a crimson river of blood. Don
John's motto was "no quarter"; men, women, and children were butchered
by his order and under his own eye; the villages of the Alpuxarras were
turned into human shambles.
Even when the rebellion seemed at an end, a last feeble flicker of
revolt once more sprang up: Aben Abo was not yet reconciled to
oppression. Assassination, however, finally convinced him: his head was
exhibited over the Gate of the Shambles at Granada for thirty years. The
Grand Commander, Requesens, by an organized system of wholesale butchery
and devastation, by burning down villages, and smoking the people to
death in the caves where they had sought refuge, extinguished the last
spark of open revolt before the 5th of November, 1570. The Moriscos were
at last subdued, at the cost of the honour, and with the loss of the
future, of Christian Spain.
Slavery and exile awaited the survivors of the rebellion. They were not
very many. The late wars, it was said, had carried off more than twenty
thousand Moors, and perhaps fifty thousand remained in the district on
that famous Day of All Saints, 1570, when the honour of the apostles and
martyrs of Christendom was celebrated by the virtual martyrdom of the
poor remnant of the Moors. Those taken in open revolt were enslaved, the
rest were marched away into banishment under escort of troops, while the
passes of the hills were securely guarded. Many hapless exiles died by
the way, from want, fatigue, and exposure; others reached Africa, where
they might beg a daily pittance, but could find no soil to till; or
France, where they received a cool welcome, though Henry IV. had found
them useful instruments for his intrigues in Spain. The deportation was
not finished till 1610, when half a million of Moriscos were exiled and
ruined. It is stated that no less than three million of Moors were
banished between the fall of Granada and the first decade of the 17th
century. The Arab chronicler mournfully records the _coup-de-grace_;
"The Almighty was not pleased to grant them victory, so they were
overcome and slain on all sides, till at last they were driven forth
from the land of Andalusia, the which calamity came to pass in our own
days, in the year of the Flight, 1017. Verily to God belong lands and
dominions, and He giveth them to whom He doth will."
The misguided Spaniards knew not what they were doing. The exile of the
Moors delighted them; nothing more picturesque and romantic had occurred
for some time. Lope de Vega sang about the _sentencia justa_ by which
Philip III., _despreciando sus barbaros tesoros_, banished to Africa
_las ultimas reliquias de los Moros_; Velazquez painted it in a memorial
picture; even the mild and tolerant Cervantes forced himself to justify
it. They did not understand that they had killed their golden goose. For
centuries Spain had been the centre of civilization, the seat of arts
and sciences, of learning, and every form of refined enlightenment. No
other country in Europe had so far approached the cultivated dominion of
the Moors. The brief brilliancy of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the
empire of Charles V., could found no such enduring preeminence. The
Moors were banished; for a while Christian Spain shone, like the moon,
with a borrowed light; then came the eclipse, and in that darkness Spain
has grovelled ever since. The true memorial of the Moors is seen in
desolate tracts of utter barrenness, where once the Moslem grew
luxuriant vines and olives and yellow ears of corn; in a stupid,
ignorant population where once wit and learning flourished; in the
general stagnation and degradation of a people which has hopelessly
fallen in the scale of the nations, and has deserved its humiliation.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D.
TARIK: Battle of the Guadalete 711
CHARLES MARTEL: Battle of Tours 733
CHARLEMAGNE: Pass of Roncesvalles 777
OMEYYAD KINGS 755--1008
1. Abd-er-Rahman I. 755
2. Hisham I. 788
3. Hakam I. 796
4. Abd-er-Rahman II. 822
5. Mohammad 852
6. Mundhir 886
7. Abdallah 888
8. Abd-er-Rahman III., the Great 912
9. Hakam II. 961
10. Hisham II., &c. 976
Almanzor Vezir 978--1002
Berbers and Slavs 1008
The Cid 1064--1099
Invasion of Almoravides: Battle of Zallaka 1086
Invasion of Almohades 1145
Battle of Las Navas 1212
Fall of Granada 1491
Revolts in the Alpuxarras 1501 & 1568
Final Expulsion of the Moors from Spain 1610
[Illustration]
INDEX TO THE TEXT AND THE NOTES.
A
Abbadites, 176
Abb[=a]side, 59, 60, 63-4
Abdallah, 98-107
Abd-el-Melik, 55, 56
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n I., 33, 57, 59-68, 131, 136
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n II., 78-94
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n III., 107-128
Abd-er-Rahm[=a]n of Narbonne, 28
Aben Abo, 277-8
Abencerrages, 227, 247
Aben Dmeyya, 274
Abu-l-Hasan (Alboacen), 232 _ff._, 247
Acisclus, St., 89
Aguilar, Don Alonzo de, 237, 271-2
Ahmar, Ibn-el-, 218
Alans, 6
Alarcos, 217
Albarracin, 209
Albaycin, 247, 271, 277
Albucasis, 144
Alcazar of Cordova, 131
Aledo, 177, 180
Alexander the Great, 1
Alexandria, 76
Alferez, 240
Alfonso I., 33
Alfonso IV., 176-181, 186, 194-196, 206
Alfonso the Battler, 184
Alfonso the Learned, 194, 218
Algarve, 110
Algeciras, 13, 179, 214, 221
Alhama, 235
Alhambra, 221 _ff._
Alhandega, 123
Almanzor, 156-166
Almeria, 148, 151, 176
Almohades, 214
Almoravides, 178-184
Alpuente, 209
Alpuxarras, 259, 271-280
Alvar Fanez, 181, 196
Alvaro, 86
Amir, Ibn-Aby-, 156-166
Andalus, Emir of, 51
Andalusia, 43
Andarax, 259
Antequera, 236
Aquitaine, 28, 29
Arabic Studies, 90
Arabs, pre-Mohammedan, I
Aragon, 208, 218
Archidona, 25, 62
Arts in Andalusia, 147
Asturias, 27, 33, 35, 116 _ff._, 186
Aurora, 156, 157, 158, 161, 164
Avenzoar, 144
Averroes, 144
Axarquia, 237
Ayesha, 225, 247
B
Badajoz, 119, 179, 186, 217
Barcelona, 165, 166, 201
Basques, 13, 34
Bavieca, 210, 213
Baza, 258, 259
Beaune, 28
Bedr, 61
Beja, 63
Bellido, 195
Berbers, 4, 13_n._, 20, 40, 52-6, 65, 101, 109, 167-184
Bermudez, Pero, 201, 213
Bernardo del Carpio, 34
Beytar, Ibn-, 144
Boabdil, 225, 242, 245, 246 _ff._, 267
Bobastro, 102, 110
Body-guard, 66, 75, 114, 158
Bordeaux, 29
Burgos, 197
Burgundy, 28
C
Cabra, Count of, 242, 263
Cadiz, 177-8, 184
Cadiz, Marquess of, 235, 236, 238, 252, 263
Calahorra, 206
Calatrava, 251
Campeador, 192, 195
Carcasonne, 28
Cardena, St. Pedro de, 199, 213
Carmona, 28, 63, 184
Castile, 123 _ff._, 165, 189
Cava, 11 _n._
Cazlona, 105
Ceuta, 4, 54, 55, 217
Cid, The, 177, 178, 181, 191-213
Charlemagne, 30, 33-8, 57, 65
Charles V., 222, 225, 231, 273
Charles Martel, 29, 30
Christian disaffection, 83 _ff._
Christian power, 116 _ff._, 185 _ff._
Christianity in Roman and Gothic Spain, 6-8
Chronicle of the Cid, 192, 195 _ff._
Coimbra, 186
Cordova, 24, 26, 62, 74, 78, 106-7, 129-145, 184, 218
Coria, 55
Covadonga, 116-7
D
Darro, 225
Dhu-n-N[=u]n, 101, 176
Dozy, 47, 52, 56, 63, 76, 122, 127, 163, 176, 192
Durenda, 36-7
E
Elvira, 25, 56, 102
Emir, 121
Estevan de Gormaz, San, 119, 120
Estremadura, 101
Eudes, 28, 29, 55
Eulogius, 86-95
F
Fakis, 76
Farax, 274
F[=a]timite Khalifs, 115
Ferdinand and Isabella, 232, 251, 257, 260 _ff._
Fernando I. of Leon and Castile, 186
Fernando III., 218
Feth, El-, 113
Fez, 76
Flora, 86-93
Florinda, 11
Foss, Day of the, 74
France, Arab advance into, 28-30
Franks, 29
G
Galicia, 55, 118, 165, 186
Garcia, 123
Garonne, 29
Gayangos, 56_n_.
Gebal-T[=a]rik (Gibraltar), 14
Generalife, 228, 231
Gerona, 148
Gh[=a]lib, 159
Gibralfaro, 253, 254
Gonzalez, Fernando, 123-5
Goths, 4-8, 26
Granada, 25, 102, 184, 217 _ff._, 267
Greek ambassadors, 143
Greek Empire, 3, 4
Guadalete, 14, 23
Guadarrama, 40, 185
Guadalquivir, 40, 131, 135
Guadix, 252, 254, 258
Guarinos, 35
H
Hafs[=u]n, Ibn-, 102, 106, 107, 110
Hajj[=a]j, Ibn-, 105-6
Hakam I., 74-7, 78
Hakam II., 152-6
---- his library, 155
Hamdin, Ibn-, 184
Hamm[=u]d, 175, 176
Har[=u]n-er-Rash[=i]d, 78, 81
Hasdai, 125-6
Hayy[=a]n, Ibn-, 67, 116
Henry VI., 279
Hish[=a]m I., 71-4, 136
Hish[=a]m II., 156-171
Hish[=a]m III., 171
Hroswitha, 144
H[=u]d, Ibn-, 217
I
Isaac the monk, 88, 89
Isaac the Mosilite, 81
Isabella, 232, 251, 254, 260, 269
Isidore of Beja, 48
Islam, 2
Irving, Washington, 19, 221 _ff._, 232 _ff._
J
Jaen, 56
Jayme I., 218
Jews of Spain, 24
John of Austria, Don, 278
Julian, 4, 11, 12, 13, 27
K
K[=a]dy, 87
K[=a]sy, Ibn-, 184
Khalif, 23, 27, 51, 56, 58-60
Khalif of Spain, 122
Kharaj, 44
L
Lamt[=u]ny, 184
Lanjaron, 272
Laroles, 277
Leon, 34, 35, 118, 159, 163, 189
Leon chivalry, 119, 190
Library of Hakam, 155
Lockhart, 21, 34-5, 124, 267, 271
Lorca, 101
Lormego, 186
Lothair, 29
Louis the Debonnaire, 83
Loxa, 251
Lucena, 242
M
Majolica, 148
Makkary, 56_n_, 128, 131
Malaga, 25, 56, 214, 251, 257
Malaga, the mountains of, 236 _ff._
Maml[=u]ks, 114
Mans[=u]r, the Khalif, 64
Marabout, 53
Mardan[=i]sh, Ibn-, 184
Martin, Abbey of St., 29
Mary, 92-3
Maxwell, Sir W. Stirling, 269, 275
Maym[=u]n, Ibn-, 184
Medina, 73
Medinaceli, 166
Merida, 28, 47, 55, 119
Mohammed I., 94, 98
Mohammed the Prophet, 2
Mahammedanism, 2
Mohammedan conquests, 3
Mondejar, Marquess of, 277
Monousa, 55
Moor, 13_n_
Moriscos, 270 _ff._
Mosque of Cordova, 136 _ff._
Mo'temid, 176, 178, 180
Muez, 121
Mugh[=i]th, 23, 24
Mugh[=i]th, Ibn-, 63
Mundhir, 98
Murcia, 25, 103, 110, 176, 218
Murviedro, 209
M[=u]sa of Granada, 263-6
M[=u]sa, son of Noseyr, 12, 13, 23, 27, 28
Mus-hafy, 158-160
Mutes, 75, 76
Muzaffar, 169
N
Najera, 206
Narbonne, 28, 30, 136
N[=a]sir-li-d[=i]ni-ll[=a]h, En-, 122
Nasr, 81, 89
Nasr, Beny-, 217 _ff._
Navarre, 119-121, 165, 166
Navas, Las, 217
O
Oliver, 37
Omeyyads, 33, 57, 59, 60, 62 _ff._
Ordono II., 119, 120, 121
Ordono IV., 125
Orelia, 19
Orihuela, 25, 47
Osma, 119, 120
Ostrogoths, 4
P
Paderborn, 33
Padul, 267
Pamplona, 166
Pavement of Martyrs, 30
Pelagius, or Pelayo, 33, 116-7
Perfectus, 89
Philip II., 273
Philip III., 279
Pinos, 226
Poictiers, 29
Pulgar, 264
Q
Quixote, Don, 35
R
Ramiro II., 122
Regio, 110
Renegades, 48, 102
Requesens, 278
Roland, 36-8
Roderick, 4, 8, 11-22, 48
Roderick's vision, 18, 19
Roncesvalles, 34-8, 65
Ronda, 251, 258
S
Sacralias, 179
Sancho, 90
Sancho of Navarre, 119-121
Sancho of Castile, 195
Sancho the Fat, 125
Santa Fe, 265
Santiago, Master of, 238 _ff._
Santiago de Compostella, 165
Saracens, 3
Science, 147
Seddaray, 184
Septimania, 28
Seville, 28, 62, 105, 109, 170-1, 176, 180, 184, 186, 214, 218
Sierra Nevada, 274
Simancas, 119
Slaves, 48
Slavs, 114, 158, 161, 170, 171, 175
Southey's Cid, 193
Spain under the Romans and the Goths, 4, 5-8
Suevi, 4, 6
Sult[=a]n, 121
T
Tablete, 276
Talavera, Archbishop, 269, 270
Tar[=i]f, 13
Tar[=i]fa, 13, 181
T[=a]rik, 13, 20, 21, 23-28
Tarraconaise, 29
Tar[=u]b, 81
Taxes, 44
Tendilla, Count of, 235, 263
Theodemir of Murcia, 25
Theological students, 73-6, 161
Theuda, 123
Tizona, 213
Toledo, 12, 14, 26, 28, 64, 74, 94, 102, 110, 148, 176, 186
Toledo, enchanted tower, 14-19
Toulouse, 28
Tours, 29, 30
Tribes, Arab, 50-2, 56, 101
Tudela, 120
Turpin, pseudo-, 35
V
Val de Junqueras, 120
Valencia, 176, 178, 182, 184, 205-213, 218
Vandals, 6
Vega, 221, 260
Velez, 251
Viseu, 186
Visigoths, 4-8
W
Wady Bekka, 14
Wel[=i]d the Khalif, 23, 28
Wittekind, 33, 34
Witiza, 8, 11, 20, 21, 27
X
Xativa, 205
Xeres, 184
Ximena, 198, 199, 200, 213
Ximenes, Cardinal, 269, 270
Ximenes, Seven Sisters of, 253
Y
Yahy[=a], 73
Yahy[=a] of Valencia, 205
Yemen tribes, 61, 65
Y[=u]suf the Almoravide, 179-181
Y[=u]suf, 62
Z
Z[=a]b, Prince of, 164
Zaghal, Ez-, 240, 247 _ff._, 259
Zahara, 232-4
Zahr[=a], Medinat-ez-, 140-4, 175
Zall[=a]ka, 179
Zamora, 119, 195
Zaragoza, 34, 65, 101, 122-3, 176, 186, 200
Zegris, 247
Zegry, Ez-, 253, 254
Ziry[=a]b, 81-2
Zogoiby, 246
Zoraya, 247
* * * * *
The following changes have been made in the text
(note of etext transcriber):
Guadelquivir=>Guadalquivir {2}
Carcasfonne=>Carcasonne
Generalife=>Generalife
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. i.
[2] I reproduce this celebrated legend without vouching for its truth.
Florinda, or Cava as the Moslems call her, plays too prominent a part in
the first chapter of Andalusian history to be ignored; and, if her part
be fictitious, her father's treachery at least is certain.
[3] The word Moor is conveniently used to signify Arabs and other
Mohammedans in Spain, but properly it should only be applied to
_Berbers_ of North Africa and Spain. In this volume the term is used in
its common acceptation, unless the Arabs are specially distinguished
from the Berbers.
[4] Washington Irving: The Conquest of Spain, Bohn's ed., 378 ff.;
American edition, Spanish Papers, vol. i. p. 42.
[5] Lockhart: Spanish Ballads.
[6] On Pelayo or Pelagius, see below, ch. vii.
[7] Dozy: Hist. des Musulmans d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. ii.
[8] Dozy Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre i.
[9] Makkary: History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain (Gayangos),
vol. ii. p. 46. Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre i. ch. xii.
[10] For an account of the power of the body-guard and the fall of the
Khalifate, the reader is referred to The Story of the Saracens, by
Arthur Gilman.
[11] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre i. ch. xiii.-xvi.
[12] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. iii., iv.
[13] Makkary: ii. 121. Dozy: livre ii. ch. v.
[14] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, ch. vi.-ix.
[15] Dozy: livre ii. ch. ix.
[16] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. xi ff.
[17] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre ii. ch. xvii.
[18] Ibn-Hayy[=a]n, in Makkary, ii. 34.
[19] Dozy, livre iii.
[20] Lockhart: Spanish Ballads.
[21] Dozy: Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre iii. p. 90.
[22] Makkary: Hist. Moh. Dynast. ii. 146, 147.
[23] Makkary, i. book iii.
[24] Dozy. Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, livre iii. ch. vi.-xii.
[25] Dozy, livre iii.
[26] The Alhambra was begun in the thirteenth century and completed in
the fourteenth. Washington Irving, who visited it in 1829, in company
with Prince Dolgorouki, has given an interesting account of his life
there, which combines the romance and the history of the place.
[27] Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, chap. iv.
[28] Mr. Irving says of his "chronicler": "In constructing my chronicle,
I adopted the fiction of a Spanish monk as a chronicler. Fray Antonio
Agapida was intended as a personification of the monkish zealots who
hovered about the sovereigns in their campaigns, marring the chivalry of
the camp by the bigotry of the cloister, and chronicling in rapturous
strains every act of intolerance towards the Moors." (Introduction to
the revised edition of the Conquest of Granada, 1850.)
[29] Washington Irving: Conquest of Granada, chap. xii.
[30] Lockhart: Spanish Ballads.
[31] Sir W. Stirling Maxwell: Don John of Austria, i. 115.
[32] The Spaniards were never able to do justice to the rich soil of
Andalusia. So little did the Crown think of the fertile country about
Granada that in 1591 the royal domains there were sold, because they
cost more than the Spaniards could make them yield! In the time of the
Moors the same lands were gardens of almost tropical luxuriance.
[33] Sir W. Stirling Maxwell: Don John of Austria, i. 126-8.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Moors in Spain, by Stanley Lane-Poole