1886-1889
During the year 1886 Selous did but little hunting and shooting, though
he twice made short visits to Matabeleland both before and after a
journey home to England, where he remained for several months. In the
following year he was employed to act as guide and hunter to Messrs. J.
A. Jameson,[32] A. C. Fountaine,[33] and F. Cooper,[34] on a long trip
to Mashunaland, in which all concerned had wonderful sport. The party
killed twelve lions, and discovered the remarkable limestone caves of
Sinoia and the subterranean lake whose waters are cobalt blue.[35]
A main camp was established on the Upper Manyami, and from there hunts
were organized in all directions. The travels of the four Englishmen
occupied the greater part of the year.
It was during this expedition that one day whilst chasing four koodoo
bulls Selous charged straight into one of the pitfalls made by the
natives for trapping game. The impact was so great that the horse broke
his back and Selous himself so injured the tendons of one of his legs
that he was unable to walk for three weeks afterwards. In such a life as
he had, much of which was spent in rough country, racing game at full
speed on horseback, it was unavoidable that the hunter should meet with
numerous falls. He was, however, so tough and clever that in most cases
he escaped unhurt, but once, when chasing a black rhinoceros on the
Manyami river in 1883, he had a bad fall and smashed his collar-bone,
and on another occasion, in October, 1880, whilst chasing a bull eland,
he dashed at full speed into a dead tree branch. Even after this he
killed his game, but on reaching camp became half-unconscious with
concussion of the brain. There was a deep wound on the side of his eye
which destroyed the tear-duct, leaving a cavity which eventually healed
up, but a year after, one day in London, he coughed up a piece of wood
that must have been driven right through the tear-duct till it reached
the passage at the back of the nose. The scar on his face seen in all
later photographs of Selous was caused by the recoil of his first
elephant-gun, which his native servant had inadvertently loaded twice.
Of the expedition of 1887, when Selous hunted with J. A. Jameson, A. C.
Fountaine, and Frank Cooper, no complete record seems to have been kept,
but Selous narrates a few of their adventures in his articles in the
Geographical Society's Journal[36] (1888), and in "Travel and Adventure
in South-East Africa," pp. 445-7, he gives some details of their
wanderings.
It was not the habit of Selous to give up any scheme, however difficult,
once he had set his heart upon it. We have seen how often his plans for
reaching the "Promised Land" beyond the Zambesi had been foiled, but he
never abandoned the idea and resolved to put it into execution whenever
the opportunity should occur. At last, in 1888, he found himself free to
make another attempt. He was in good health and possessed an ample
supply of money to purchase material, which in the case of the long
journey involved was a necessity.
He left Bamangwato on April 9th, 1888, with two waggons, five salted
horses, and sixteen donkeys. His intention was to go first to Lialui and
take up his residence with Lewanika for at least a year. Panda-ma-tenka
was reached on the 16th of May, and there Selous learned that the
country to the north was in a very unsettled condition owing to rival
claims to the chieftainship of Barotsiland, and that it might be months
before he got across the Zambesi. Soon after, he met his old friend
George Westbeech, who strongly advised him not to enter Barotsiland, but
to take advantage of an invitation from Mr. Arnot, who was established
in the Garanganzi country, which was said to be full of elephants.
Accordingly Selous left his waggons and set off down the Zambesi,
intending to cross the river at Wankie's Town and strike north along his
old route of eleven years before. In the light of his subsequent
adventures amongst the Mashukulumbwe it is here necessary to say
something of his coloured companions on this eventful trip. There was
Daniel, a Hottentot waggon-driver; Paul, a Natal Zulu; Charley, an
interpreter who had been trained amongst Westbeech's elephant-hunters;
and two of Khama's men. All these were well armed with modern
breechloading rifles. Besides these men he had four Mashunas who had
served him on former expeditions, and whom he could trust in an
emergency. Other boys were hired at Panda-ma-tenka, and with these and
the donkeys carrying the outfit Selous set forth for Wankie's Town with
complete confidence.
Having arrived at Wankie's Town in eight days, the donkeys having been
safely towed across the river, troubles now began. Daniel, the
Hottentot, developed fever and died in four days, and then the boys whom
he had hired at Panda-ma-tenka deserted. Selous, however, managed to get
on with his own small lot, and even hired a few Batongas. But soon old
Shampondo, the Batonga chief of the district, came and demanded further
presents, bringing at the same time a small Batonga army to enforce his
views. For a moment there was nearly trouble, as Selous' "boys" loaded
their rifles at the threatening aspect of the natives, but their master,
with his usual tact in dealing with savages, saved the situation, though
he was not allowed to proceed without further extortion. Selous knew
that later he would have to pass through the territory of Mwemba, "the
biggest scoundrel" amongst the Batongas, so he importuned Shamedza to
give him porters and to help as far as the Zongwi river, and this the
chief did.
The reason of these extortions was that the Batonga chiefs were afraid
of the white men because of their own evil deeds. Although they had seen
no Europeans since Dr. Livingstone, his brother, and Kirk, several
Jesuit fathers had been as far as the Zambesi and had died or been
maltreated. David Thomas had also been murdered by the Batongas, as well
as a Portuguese trader. Selous knew that if he followed the Zambesi as
far as the Kafukwe he was certain to be attacked and probably murdered.
Accordingly he decided to strike due north to the Mashukulumbwe in spite
of their evil reputation.
Next day he reached the Muga and the following crossed the Kachomba
river, and on the third day came to the Mwedzia, where he was able to
hire a few useful men. During the following day he marched over what he
describes as the "roughest country to walk over in the whole world,"
stony and barren conical hills devoid of game or water. On the third day
he emerged into better country covered with forest and good grass, and
here at a village he picked up a guide to take him to Monzi, a Batonga
chief, who lived on a high plateau which was said to abound in game.
The following day he reached the plateau and saw abundance of zebra,
Liechtenstein's hartebeest, blue wildebeest, roan antelope, and eland.
Later he interviewed old Monzi, who told him he had seen no white man
since the visit of Dr. Livingstone thirty-five years before. The natives
were very friendly, as Selous gave them an eland and a zebra he had
shot, and all seemed to go well. At Monzi's the traveller got two guides
to take him to the Kafukwe, and at the second village he struck he found
himself for the first time amongst the naked Mashukulumbwe. Here a lot
of Sikabenga's men (Barotsi) arrived with a crowd of armed
Mashukulumbwe, and said they had come to buy ammunition. The attitude of
the natives was suspicious, and when Selous refused either to sell them
powder or to go with them, they said: "You will live two days more, but
on the third day your head will lie in a different place from your
body."
Selous, however, paid no heed to their threats, and that day proceeded
on his journey, telling his guides to proceed east to the Mashukulumbwe
villages and intending to camp in the open veldt. Paul and Charley, who
both had experience with natives north of the Zambesi, agreed that this
was the best policy, but "we unfortunately allowed ourselves to be
dissuaded and led into the jaws of death by our ignorant guides." These
men said the party would find no water on the plateau but only in the
villages, so there they went.
At the second village the natives were frightened, and, avoiding this
place, they pressed on over a veldt teeming with game to the Ungwesi
river. Here Selous camped at a village where, after preliminary shyness,
the natives seemed fairly friendly and showed the hunter where to camp
and get wood and water. At the Magoi-ee Selous found himself in a highly
populated district and camped at a village where lived Minenga, the
chief of the district. That worthy insisted on Selous camping alongside
the village and would take no refusal. Accordingly Selous found himself
in the lions' den, as it were, and felt he must brave it out now if
anything went wrong, so he set to work to make a "scherm" of cornstalks
and plant-poles to secure the donkeys.
After a while things did not look so bad, as the natives abandoned their
spears and came and joined in a dance with the Batonga boys. Then, too,
the women and girls came down and ate with Selous' men--usually a sure
sign of peace. By nightfall Selous viewed the whole scene and felt he
had no cause for alarm, and felt he had quite gained the goodwill of
these savages. At nine o'clock, when Selous was already in bed, Minenga
sent him a message to come to drink, but, as he was tired, he did not
go. In the light of subsequent events, Selous was glad he had not
accepted the invitation, for he would certainly have been murdered. The
dance and noisy musical instruments were intended to drown any noise
that might have occurred.
Next day Selous hunted, and later, when in camp, was surrounded by great
crowds of natives which, however, left at sundown.
"I could not sleep, however, and was lying under my blanket,
thinking of many things, and revolving various plans in my head,
when about nine o'clock I observed a man come cautiously round
the end of our scherm and pass quickly down the line of
smouldering fires. As he stopped beside the fire, near the foot
of Paul and Charley's blankets, I saw that he was one of the two
men who had accompanied us as guides from Monzi's. I saw him
kneel down and shake Paul by the leg, and then heard him
whispering to him hurriedly and excitedly. Then I heard Paul say
to Charley, 'Tell our master the news; wake him up.' I at once
said, 'What is it, Charley? I am awake.' 'The man says, sir,
that all the women have left the village, and he thinks that
something is wrong,' he answered. I thought so too, and hastily
pulled on my shoes, and then put on my coat and cartridge-belt,
in which, however, there were only four cartridges. As I did so,
I gave orders to my boys to extinguish all the fires, which they
instantly did by throwing sand on the embers, so that an intense
darkness at once hid everything within our scherm.
"Paul and Charley were now sitting on their blankets with their
rifles in their hands, and I went and held a whispered
conversation with them, proposing to Paul that he and I should
creep round the village and reconnoitre, and listen if possible
to what the inhabitants were talking about. 'Wait a second,' I
said, 'whilst I get out a few more cartridges,' and I was just
leaning across my blankets to get at the bag containing them
when three guns went off almost in my face, and several more at
different points round the scherm. The muzzles of all these guns
were within our scherm when they were discharged, so that our
assailants must have crawled right up to the back of our camp
and fired through the interstices between the cornstalks. The
three shots that were let off just in front of me were doubtless
intended for Paul, Charley, and myself, but by great good luck
none of us was hit. As I stooped to pick up my rifle, which was
lying on the blankets beside me, Paul and Charley jumped up and
sprang past me. 'Into the grass!' I called to them in Dutch, and
prepared to follow. The discharge of the guns was immediately
followed by a perfect shower of barbed javelins, which I could
hear pattering on the large leathern bags in which most of our
goods were packed, and then a number of Mashukulumbwe rushed in
amongst us.
"I can fairly say that I retained my presence of mind perfectly
at this juncture. My rifle, when I picked it up, was unloaded;
for, in case of accident, I never kept it loaded in camp, and I
therefore had first to push in a cartridge. As I have said
before, between our camp and the long grass lay a short space of
cleared ground, dug into irregular ridges and furrows. Across
this I retreated backwards, amidst a mixed crowd of my own boys
and Mashukulumbwe.
"I did my best to get a shot into one of our treacherous
assailants, but in the darkness it was impossible to distinguish
friend from foe. Three times I had my rifle to my shoulder to
fire at a Mashukulumbwe, and as often someone who I thought was
one of my own boys came between. I was within ten yards of the
long grass, but with my back to it, when, with a yell, another
detachment of Mashukulumbwe rushed out of it to cut off our
retreat. At this juncture I fell backwards over one of the
ridges, and two men, rushing out of the grass, fell right over
me, one of them kicking me in the ribs and falling over my body,
whilst another fell over my legs. I was on my feet again in an
instant, and then made a rush for the long grass, which I
reached without mishap, and in which I felt comparatively safe.
I presently crept forwards for about twenty yards and then sat
still listening. Standing up again, I saw that the Mashukulumbwe
were moving about in our camp. It was, however, impossible to
see anyone with sufficient distinctness to get a shot, for
whenever one of the partially-extinguished fires commenced to
burn up again it was at once put out by having more sand thrown
over it.
"But I now thought no more of firing at them. I had had time to
realise the full horror of my position. A solitary Englishman,
alone in Central Africa, in the middle of a hostile country,
without blankets or anything else but what he stood in and a
rifle with four cartridges. I doubt whether Mark Tapley himself
would have seen anything cheerful in the situation. Could I only
have found Paul or Charley or even one of my own Kafirs, I
thought my chance of getting back to Panda-ma-tenka would be
much increased, for I should then have an interpreter, I myself
knowing but little of the languages spoken north of the Zambesi.
I now began to quarter the grass cautiously backwards and
forwards, whistling softly, in hopes that some of my own boys
might be lying in hiding near me; but I could find no one, and
at length came to the conclusion that all those of my people who
had escaped death would make the most of the darkness and get as
far as possible from Minenga's before day-dawn, and I decided
that I had better do the same."[37]
He therefore decided to strike for Monzi's, the first village where he
dared to show himself. First he made his way down to the ford on the
Magoi-ee, but luckily observed a party of men watching there. Selous
then retreated some 300 yards down stream and swam the river, which he
well knew was swarming with crocodiles.
"The Mashukulumbwe I saw had now made up the fires, upon which
they were throwing bundles of grass, by the light of which I
presume they were dividing my property. I turned my back upon
this most melancholy spectacle and, taking the Southern Cross
for my guide, which was now almost down, commenced my lonely
journey."
Selous' own account of his wanderings in his retreat from the
Mashukulumbwe to the Zambesi makes some of the most interesting reading
to be found in any book devoted to true adventure. Here he was, alone in
Africa, only furnished with his rifle and four cartridges, a knife, and
a few matches, and he had to overcome at least three hundred miles or
more before he dared approach a village. It was a position that might
have depressed any man except a genuine veldtsman, for that danger from
all natives was to be feared was a certainty, since they would not
hesitate to attack a single man whose life was wanted, just as one dog
always chases another running behind a cart. All night long he walked,
keeping a watchful eye for lions, and at the hill Karundu-ga-gongoma
next day he searched for spoor to see if any of his boys had come that
way, but there was no fresh sign, so he lay all day under a tree
watching the ford of the river. Here he heard voices, and thinking they
might be his own men he concealed himself and listened. Presently two
heads appeared above the grass and he recognized two Mashukulumbwe by
their cone-shaped head-dresses. They were evidently discussing the
imprint of the hunter's shoes left on the sand. Selous was ready to
shoot both if they saw him, but it was some relief when they turned and
went back the way they had come. Hunger now began to assert itself, and
the wanderer determined to shoot anything he could find, but, as his
stock of cartridges was so small, he had to make a certainty of each
shot. Luckily at this moment a single wildebeest came by within thirty
yards and furnished an abundant supply of meat.
After a good dinner and the sun had set, Selous, shouldering his rifle
and a supply of meat, again struck south. At dawn, perished with cold,
he reached the last Mashukulumbwe village, and, being near Monzi's, he
determined to risk trouble, and entered the village. Here he found an
unarmed boy, who furnished him with water, but even as he drank it he
heard whispering in a hut close by and saw a man come out stealthily and
vanish in the darkness. Presently this man returned with a gun in his
hand, and later Selous heard him testing a bullet with the ramrod. All
was quiet for a time, however, and Selous sat dozing over the fire. Then
he awoke with a start, to find that two unarmed men had arrived and sat
by the fire close to him. They questioned him and he endeavoured to
answer them.
"In endeavouring to do so to the best of my ability, I kept
gradually turning more towards them, till presently my rifle lay
almost behind me. It was whilst I was in this position that I
heard someone behind me. I turned quickly round to clutch my
rifle, but was too late, for the man whom I had heard just
stooped and seized it before my own hand touched it, and, never
pausing, rushed off with it and disappeared in the darkness. I
sprang up, and at the same moment one of the two men who had
engaged me in conversation did so too, and, in the act of
rising, dropped some dry grass which he had hitherto concealed
beneath his large ox-hide rug on to the fire. There was at once
a blaze of light which lit up the whole of the open space around
the fire. My eyes instinctively looked towards the hut which I
had seen the man with the gun enter, and there, sure enough, he
sat in the doorway taking aim at me not ten yards from where I
sat. There was no time to remonstrate. I sprang out into the
darkness, seizing one of the pieces of wildebeest meat as I did
so; and, as the village was surrounded with long grass, pursuit
would have been hopeless, and was not attempted. My would-be
assassin never got off his shot."[38]
Bad as his position had been, it was now far worse with the loss of his
rifle. His only hope was that Monzi might prove friendly, so, after
travelling all night, he reached Monzi's village. When that old chief
heard his story he said, "You must leave my village immediately. They
will follow you up and kill you. Be off! Be off instantly." Monzi was
not so bad as the rest, he filled Selous' pockets with ground-nuts, and
sent three men to take him a short distance, and these men strongly
advised him not to trust the Batongas, in whose country he now found
himself. After a meal it occurred to him that it would be a good plan to
make south-east to Marancinyan, the powerful Barotsi chief, and throw
himself on his protection. This chief was a friend of George Westbeech,
the Zambesi trader, but the difficulty was to find his village. Somewhat
unwisely, as it turned out, Selous visited some Batonga huts and asked a
man the footpath to Sikabenga's (Marancinyan) kraal. This man at once
roused the village, and a dozen armed men pursued and came up to Selous,
who faced them, but these men proved not unfriendly, and even showed him
the right track to follow.
At last he reached Marancinyan's kraal and found the chief to be a tall,
well-built young fellow, and, as he spoke Sintabili fairly well,
conversation was easy. He did not treat the wanderer well, "yet had it
not been for him I should in all probability have been murdered by the
orders of his uncle. This, however, I only learnt some time afterwards,
and though for three days I must have lived constantly in the very
shadow of death, I had no idea at the time that my life was in danger."
In three days Marancinyan told Selous that his life was in danger and
that the Mashukulumbwe had followed, demanding his death, and that he
must leave at once and go to a small Batonga village close by and wait
there till sundown, when he would bring guides.
Disturbed and suspicious at this news, Selous knew the Mashukulumbwe
would never dare to threaten the well-armed Barotsi. However, he saw he
must comply and trust to the Barotsi chief's promise. Accordingly he
went off, but as Marancinyan did not appear Selous returned to his kraal
and thus boldly addressed him: "What do you mean, Marancinyan, who say
that you are George Westbeech's friend and the friend of all white men,
by sending me to sleep among your dogs? Have you given orders to murder
me in the night? If you want to kill me, you can do so here in your own
town." This seemed to have upset the chief, who again repeated that
Selous' life was in danger and that if he would go and sleep at the
Batonga village he would for certain bring guides to lead him to
Panda-ma-tenka.
On the following morning the chief fulfilled his promise, and next day
Selous reached a Batonga village under one Shoma. Here he found a friend
who gave him fresh guides, and also heard the welcome news that ten of
his boys had slept in a village close by and were making for the village
of Shankopi far to the south. Here, five days later, Selous met with the
remnant of his party, who had for long given him up for lost. They were
very glad to greet their master, and "patted me on the breast and kissed
my hands." In the night attack it appears that twelve men were killed
and six more wounded out of the whole twenty-five. Everyone had had
narrow escapes.
"Paul, the Zulu, got through the first rush of our assailants
unhurt, but was nearly drowned in crossing the river, where he
lost my single 10-bore rifle. Charley also got out of the scherm
unwounded, and, making his way to the river, there fell in with
two of our boys, and with their assistance crossed safely with
rifle, cartridge-belt, and clothes. I found that we had all done
the same thing, namely, held to the south through the night,
across country. Charley said he was close to me when I shot the
wildebeest; he heard the shot, and ran with the two boys in the
direction, but never saw me. I fancy he must have passed me
whilst I was cooking the meat, as I was then in a deep hollow.
He too had been seen and pursued in the daytime near the village
where my rifle was captured, but again escaped in the long
grass. This had also happened to the survivor of the two
Mangwato men, who, being likewise alone and unarmed, had
incautiously approached a village. He said that one man got
close up to him and threw three assegais at him, one of which
cut his right hand. At last, however, he outran him and escaped.
Neither Paul, Charley, nor the rest had gone near Monzi's, or
any other village, being afraid of the inhabitants, but had kept
through the veldt, and only cut into our trail beyond the hill
U-Kesa-Kesa. Here Charley shot a zebra, and was shortly
afterwards joined by Paul, who had then been three days without
food. Farther on Charley shot another zebra, and here he and
Paul remained for three days more, hoping that I would turn up,
and collecting all the other survivors of our party."[39]
After this all danger and most of the hardship were past. They got
provisions, and in a few days crossed the Zambesi, and three days later
reached the waggons at Panda-ma-tenka. Thus it took the party about
three weeks to cross three hundred miles of country since the night of
the attack by the Mashukulumbwe.
In time Selous was able to piece together the reasons why he was
attacked by the Mashukulumbwe. The actual cause of the trouble was due
to Sikabenga's uncle, who sent a party of men north after Selous to get
powder from him at all costs, even if they had to kill him. These were
the men Selous met the day he left Monzi's. Then the hunter refusing
them powder, they followed him up and induced the Mashukulumbwe to
attack him. One of the Barotsi warriors was left in a village beyond
Monzi's, having fallen sick, and this was the man who tried to shoot
Selous and failed.
Sikabenga, who had acted on his uncle's instructions, but was really
anxious to save the white man's life, was therefore in a quandary when
Selous appeared and threw himself on his protection, and especially so
when he expected the loot from Selous' camp to arrive at any moment.
That was why he was so anxious to get him out of the village, for if
Selous had observed Sikabenga's complicity in the attack that chief
would have been obliged to order his murder. But Sikabenga himself did
not long survive in this land of battle, murder, and sudden death, for a
Matabele impi crossed the Zambesi in August, 1889, and killed him and
most of his people.
Most men, having gone through such exciting experiences, would have been
content to have given African savages a wide berth for a long period
afterwards, but not so Selous, whose reckless disposition he himself
describes as "nearly equal to that of the Wandering Jew." But a few days
elapsed and he was again planning a journey across the Zambesi to visit
Lewanika, the head chief of the Barotsi, with the purpose of selling to
him some of his salted horses and getting permission to hunt elephants
in the unknown country north of the Kabompo river in the following year.
After shooting five elands to furnish meat at his main camp during his
absence, Selous crossed the Zambesi, towing his horses behind a canoe.
From here he moved westwards to the Ungwesi river. After crossing the
Kasaia the horses ran away, but were recovered after they had passed
through some belts of "fly" country, but as the day was cloudy and a
high wind blowing no serious results were to be feared. When the horses
turned up, the party moved on to Sesheki, where Selous met two
missionaries, branch workers belonging to Mr. Coillard's mission, long
established in Barotsiland.
After leaving Sesheki's the road led through "fly" country, which was
traversed by night, and, crossing the Loanja, a dull, comparatively
gameless country was traversed, until the party reached Sefula and
Lialui in the main Barotsi valley. Here Selous met Mr. and Mrs.
Coillard, who did so much for this country and who survived the
pestilential climate for many years.
Selous was well received by Lewanika, who was perhaps the most
enlightened black chief in all South Africa with perhaps the exception
of Khama. With him he did some good trading. It was interesting to
observe the attitude of the natives to their chief when an audience was
granted.
"When strangers came in, they saluted the chief most
ceremoniously. First they would kneel down in a row, and after
clapping their hands, bend their heads forward until their
foreheads touched the ground, when the head was moved slowly
from side to side; then, raising their heads again, they would
look towards the chief, and throwing their arms quickly and
wildly into the air would shout twice in unison, and in slow
measured tones, the words 'So-yo, so-yo.' This ceremony would be
twice repeated, when, after clapping their hands again, they
would get up and retire."
Selous found the Barotsi valley enervating and far from interesting,
although birds were numerous in the swamplands. Cranes, storks, avocets,
spoonbills, herons, bitterns, egrets, wattled and spur-winged plovers,
stilts, dotterel, and curlew were abundant and afforded him some
amusement in watching their habits, but the large game, except lechwe,
were rare. Beyond Sinanga to the west the scenery became more beautiful,
and here the hunter found tracks of elephants and large herds of
buffalo. He also visited the Falls of the Gonyi, which few travellers
had ever seen. At the mouth of the River Nangombi his boatmen killed a
huge reed-rat, like an immense guinea-pig, which Selous believed was an
animal new to science. Next day a disaster befell one of the canoes,
which was sunk in twelve feet of water by a hippopotamus, and the
traveller was only able to recover a small portion of its valuable
cargo. Soon after this he turned back and reached his waggons on the
12th of October, going south in December, and reaching Bamangwato early
in January, 1889.
FOOTNOTES:
[32] J. A. Jameson, a brother of J. S. Jameson.
[33] A. C. Fountaine, of Narford Hall, Norfolk.
[34] Frank Cooper, of Bulwell Hall, Notts, another well-known big game
hunter of his period who had had in previous years excellent sport with
wapiti in Colorado, where he and his brother secured some remarkable
heads.
[35] For Selous' own account of these caves and their discovery see
"Proc. Geographical Soc.," May, 1888.
[36] Selous was a regular contributor to the Geographical Society's
Journal. In course of time the Society honoured his discoveries by
giving him the Cuthbert Peek grant, the Back Premium and the Founder's
Gold Medal.
[37] "Travel and Adventure in S.E. Africa," pp. 221-224.
[38] "Travel and Adventure in S.E. Africa," p. 232.
[39] "Travel and Adventure in S.E. Africa," p. 241.