One Kalen Wahud
Two Fula Thanine
Three Seba Thalata
Four Nani Arba
Five Lulu Kumsa
Six Uruh Setta
Seven Urn'klu Sebba
Eight Säae Timinia
Nine Kanuntée Taseud
Ten Dan Ashra
Eleven Dan kalen Ahud ash
Twelve Dan fula Atenashe
Thirteen Dan seba Teltashe
Nineteen Dankanartée Tasatasli
Twenty Mulu Ashreen
Thirty Mulu nintau Thalateen
Forty Mulu fula Arbä'in
Fifty Mulu fula neentan Kumseen
Sixty Mulu sebaa Setteen
Seventy Mulu sebaa nintan Sebä'in.
374 Eighty Mulu nani T'aramana'een
Ninety Mulu nani neentaan Tasa'een
One hundred Kemi Mia
One thousand Uli Elf
This Neen Hadda
That Waleem Hadduk
Great Bawa Kabeer
Little Nadeen Sereer
Handsome Nimawa Zin
Ugly Nuta Uksheen (k guttur.)
White Kie Bead
Black Feen Khal
Red Williamma Hummer
How do you do? Nimbana mcuntania Kif-enta
Well Kantée Ala-khere
Not well Moon kanti Murrede
What do you want Ala feta matume Ash-bright
Sit down Siduma Jils
Get up Ounilee Node
Sour Akkumula Hamd
Sweet Timiata Helluh
True Aituliala Hack
False Funiala Kadube
Good Abatee Miliah
Bad Minbatee Kubiah
A witch Bua Sahar
A lion Jatta Sebaâ
375 An elephant Samma El fel
A hyæna Salua Dubbah
A wild boar Siwa El kunjer
A water horse Mali Aoud d'Elma
A horse Suhuwa Aoud
A camel Kumaniun Jimmel
A dog Wallee Killeb
Hel el Killeb Hel Wallee Hel El Killeb
or the dog-faced
race.
A gazel Tankeen Gazel (g guttural)
A cat Niankune El mish
A goat Baâ El mâize
A sheep Kurenale Kibsh
A bull Nisakia Toôr
A serpent Saâ Hensh
A camelion Mineer Tatta
An ape Ku'nee Dzatute
A fowl or chicken Susee Djez
A duck Beruee El Weese
A fish Hihu El hout
Butter Tulu Zibda
Milk Nunn El hellib
Bread Mengu El khubs (k guttur.)
Corn Nieu Zra
Wine Tangee Kummer (k guttur.)
Honey Alee Asel
Sugar Tobabualee Sukar
Salt Kuee Mil'h
Ambergris Anber Anber
376 Brass Tass Tass
Silver Kudee Nukra
Gold-dust Teber Tiber
Pewter Tass ki Kusdeer
A bow Kula El kos
An arrow Binia Zerag
A knife Muru Jenui
A spoon Kulia Mogerfa
A bed El arun El ferrashe
A lamp El kundeel El kundeel
A house Su Ed dar
A room Bune El beet
A light-hole Jinnee Reehâha
or window
A door Daa Beb
A town Kinda Midina
Smoke Sezee Tkan (k guttural)
Heat Kandia Skanna (k guttural)
Cold Nini Berd
Sea Bedu baha Bahar
River Bedu Wed
A rock Berri Jerf
Sand Kinnikanni Rummel
The earth Binku Dunia
Mountain Kuanku Jibbel
Island Juchüi Dzeera
Rain Sanjukalaeen Shta
God Allah Allah
Father Fa Ba
Mother Ba Ma
Hell Jahennum Jehennume
377 A man Kia Rajil
A woman Musa Murrah
A sister Bum musa Kat (k guttural)
A brother Bum kia Ka
The devil Buhau Iblis
A white man Tebabu Rajil biad
A singer Jalikea Runai (r guttural)
A singing woman Jalimusa Runaiah (r guttural)
A slave June Abeed
A servant Bettela Mutalem
Having now given some account of the languages of Africa, we shall
proceed to animadvert on the similitude of language and customs
between the Shelluhs of Atlas and the original inhabitants of the
Canary Islands. The words between inverted commas, are quotations
from Glasse's History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary
Islands.
"The inhabitants of Lancerotta and Fuertaventura are social and
cheerful;" like the Shelluhs of Atlas; "they are fond of singing
and dancing; their music is vocal, accompanied with a clapping of
hands, and beating with their feet;" the Shelluhs resemble them in
all these respects; "Their houses are built of stone, without
cement; the entrance is narrow, so that but one person can enter at
a time."
378 The houses of the Shelluhs are sometimes built without cement, but
always with stone; the doors and entrances are low and small, so
that one person only can enter.
"In their temples they offered to their God milk and butter."
Among the Shelluhs milk and butter are given as presents to princes
and great men; the milk being an emblem of good will and candour.
"When they were sick (which seldom happened) they cured themselves
with the herbs which grew in the country; and when they had acute
pains, they scarified the part affected with sharp stones, and
burned it with fire, and then anointed it with goat's butter.
Earthen vessels of this goat's butter were found interred in the
ground, having been put there by the women, who were the makers,
and took that method of preparing it for medicine."
The custom of the Shelluhs on such occasions is exactly similar;
the butter which they use is old, and is buried under ground many
years in (_bukul_) earthen pots, and is called _budra_: it is a
general medicine, and is said to possess a remarkably penetrating
quality.
"They grind their barley in a hand-mill, made of two stones, being
similar to those used in some remote parts of Europe".
In Suse, among the Shelluhs, they grind their corn in the same way,
and barley is the principal food.
"Their breeches are short, leaving the knees bare;" so are those
worn by the Shelluhs.
379
"Their common food was barley meal roasted and mixed with goat's
milk and butter, and this dish they call Asamotan."
This is the common food of the Shelluhs of Atlas, and they call it
by a similar name, Azamitta.
The opinion of the author of the History and Conquest of the Canary
Islands, is, that the inhabitants came originally from Mauritania,
and this he founds on the resemblance of names of places in Africa
and in the islands: "for," says he, "Telde[214], which is the name
of the oldest habitation in Canaria, Orotaba, and Tegesta, are all
names which we find given to places in Mauritania and in Mount
Atlas. It is to be supposed that Canaria, Fuertaventura, and
Lancerotta, were peopled by the Alarbes[215], who are the nation
most esteemed in Barbary; for the natives of those islands named
milk _Aho_, and barley _Temecin_, which are the names that are
given to those things in the language of the Alarbes of Barbary."
He adds, that--
"Among the books of a library that was in the cathedral of St. Anna
in Canaria, there was found one so disfigured, that it wanted both
the beginning and the end: it treated of the Romans, and gave an
380 account, that when Africa was a Roman province, the natives of
Mauritania rebelled and killed their presidents and governors, upon
which the senate, resolving to punish and make a severe example of
the rebels, sent a powerful army into Mauritania, which vanquished
and reduced them again to obedience. Soon after the ringleaders of
the rebellion were put to death, and the tongues of the common
people, together with those of their wives and children, were cut
out, and then they were all put aboard vessels with some grain and
cattle, and transported to the Canary islands." [216]
[Footnote 214: Telde or Tildie is a place in the Atlas
mountains, three miles east of Agadeer; the castle is in
ruins.]
[Footnote 215: The Alarbes, this is the name that the
inhabitants of Lower Suse and Sahara have, _El Arab_ or Arabs.]
[Footnote 216: One Thomas Nicols, who lived seven years in the
Canary Islands, and wrote a history of them, says, that the
best account he could get of the origin of the natives, was,
that they were exiles from Africa, banished thence by the
Romans, who cut out their tongues for blaspheming their gods.]
The following vocabulary will show the similarity of language
between the natives of Canaria and the Shelluhs (inhabitants of the
Atlas mountains south of Marocco).
LANCEROTTA AND SHELLUH OR ENGLISH.
FUERTAVENTURA DIALECT. LYBIAN TONGUE.
Temasin Tumzeen Barley
Tezzezes Tezezreat Sticks
Taginaste Taginast A palm-tree
Tahuyan Tahuyat A blanket,
covering, or petticoat.
Ahemon Amen Water
381 Faycag Faquair Priest or lawyer
Acoran M'koorn God
Almogaren Talmogaren Temples
Tamoyanteen Tigameen Houses
Tawacen Tamouren Hogs
Archormase Akermuse Green figs
Azamotan Azamittan Barley meal fried in oil
Tigot Tigot Heaven
Tigotan Tigotan The Heavens
Thener Athraar A mountain
Adeyhaman Douwaman A hollow valley
Ahico Tahayk A hayk, or coarse garment
Kabeheira Kabeera A head man or a powerful
Ahoren ---- Barley meal roasted
Ara ---- A goat
Ana ---- A sheep
Tagarer ---- A place of justice
Benehoare, the name of the natives of Palma.
Beni Hoarie, a tribe of Arabs in Suse between Agadeer and
Terodant.[217]
[Footnote 217: For further particulars, see Glasse's History of
the Canary Islands, 4to. page 174.]
382
TITLES
OF
THE EMPEROR OF MAROCCO,
STYLE OF ADDRESSING HIM,
AND
SPECIMENS OF EPISTOLARY CORRESPONDENCE.
* * * * *
_THE TITLES OF THE EMPEROR_
ARE
Servant of God.
Commander, Captain, or Leader of the (Mumeneen) _Faithful_ [i.e. in
Muhamed], _upheld by the Grace of God_.
_Prince of Hassenee_. Ever supported by God.
_Sultan of Fas, of Maroksh_ [Marocco], _of Suse, and of Draha, and
of Tafilelt and Tuat, together with all the kabyles_ [tribes] _of
the West, and of the Berebbers of Atlas, &c._
The Sultan calls his soldiers (_ketteffee_) "my shoulders or
support, or strength;" his subjects he calls his sons (_woledee_),
and himself the father of his people.
N.B. The Hejra, or Muhamedan æra began A.D. 622. The Muhamedan
years are lunar, 33 of which are about 32 solar years.
383
THE STYLE
USED BY MUSELMEN,
_IN ADDRESSING THE EMPEROR,_
IS AS FOLLOWS:
"Sultan of exalted dignity, whom God preserve. May the Almighty
protect that royal purity, and bestow happiness, increase of
wealth, and prosperity on the nation of believers [i.e. in
Muhamed], whose welfare and power is attributed entirely to the
favour and benevolence of the Exalted God."
The Sultan is head of the ecclesiastical, military, and civil law,
and is universally considered by his subjects God's Vicegerent, or
Lieutenant on Earth. All letters written to his Imperial Majesty,
are begun with the praise of God, and with the acknowledgment, (in
opposition to idolatry,) that there is neither beginning nor power
but what proceeds from God, the eternal God, (_La hule û la kûa ela
billa, Allah el adeem_.)
384
SPECIMENS
OF
_MUHAMEDAN EPISTOLARY CORRESPONDENCE._
* * * * *
_The following Letters are literal translations from the original
Arabic, and, although not of great importance, yet it is some
satisfaction to the enquiring mind, to observe the various modes of
address, and to note the style of Epistolary Correspondence
practised by the Muhamedans, which is so different from that which
is used among European and other nations._
* * * * *