ON THE BRINK.
When we last left Maharbal upon the shores of the Adriatic he was a
prey to great sorrow at the loss of his dear friend Mago. But soon he
had no time for any personal feelings, for the army was once more in
motion. Hannibal, ever mindful of his dream, proceeded to follow out
the plan that the dream had suggested, namely, the devastation of
Italy. Accordingly, ever leaving a destroyed territory in his wake, he
marched onward and southward. Every village that he came across he
pillaged and burned, every town or walled city that he met he laid
siege to, captured, and destroyed. It was not a part of his plan of
campaign to allow his followers to hamper themselves with the
quantities of female slaves that they took prisoners, as there could
be no means of exportation for them. Therefore, merely delaying for a
few days’ repose after the capture of each place, he caused the army
to relinquish all the women they had taken, and so to march on, ever
forward, unhampered save by the enormous booty they had acquired.
The power of Rome having been apparently paralysed, he, for a
considerable space, wandered whither he would, utterly unopposed.
Having traversed, from end to end, the countries of Picenum, Campania,
Samnium, and Apulia; having for months and months devastated all the
richest country in Italy, under the very eyes of the following force
of Romans, under the Dictator Fabius, surnamed Cunctator or the
Lingerer, he seized upon and carried by assault the citadel and town
of Cannæ, where there was an immense store of provisions and
materials of war belonging to the Romans. There he rested for a time,
and armed all his Libyan infantry with Roman armour and Roman weapons.
What a delight must not the Carthaginian chief have felt, as he dealt
out by the thousand to his followers the suits of armour that he had
taken from the Roman warriors even in their own country. He now had,
however, not only the most absolute confidence in himself and his
mission, but a sarcastic delight in thus arming his forces with Roman
harness to fight against the Romans themselves. And this feeling was
shared by the men of mixed nationalities in his army, who, with
feelings of triumph, arrayed themselves in the trappings of the enemy
whom they were commencing to despise.
Meanwhile, the members of the Senate at Rome were tearing their hair.
They determined that an effort must be made, and this puny invader,
who, with such a ridiculously small force, had dared to affront all
the might of Rome, must be crushed forthwith. Despite, therefore, the
previous disasters, they girt their loins together most manfully, and
prepared for new and more determined efforts to wipe Hannibal and all
his crew off the face of the earth.
What the power of the Roman Senate, what the resolution of the Roman
people must have been, is exemplified by the fact that, despite
previous losses, they soon had in the field an army amounting in
number to more than four times the usual annual levy of legions. For
it consisted, counting horse and foot, of nearly ninety-eight thousand
men! And the Dictator, the lingerer Fabius, having been proved a
failure, and he and his master of the horse, and sometimes
co-dictator, Minucius, having been repeatedly defeated in various
small actions and skirmishes, this enormous force was placed under the
command of the two new consuls for the year, Paullus Æmilius, and
Terentius Varro, the former being a patrician of great fame, the
latter a popular demagogue of plebeian origin. Æmilius had already
greatly distinguished himself in the Illyrian war, for which he had
celebrated a splendid triumph; but as for Varro, he was, although the
representative of the people, nothing but a vulgar and impudent bully,
with no other knowledge of war than his own unbounded assurance. When
Hannibal, with his usual military genius, had seized upon the citadel
of Cannæ, these two consuls, burning to retrieve the frequent recent
disasters, arrived upon the scene and took over the command. But after
all that had gone before, they were not sure of themselves, and
therefore persuaded the out-going consuls, Cnœus Servilius and Marcus
Atillus, to remain and join in the battle. Marcus Minucius likewise,
who had been co-dictator with Fabius, returned to the army to take
part in the great fight which, with all his rashness, he had not
himself been able to precipitate during his own term of office, but
which he knew to be imminent. He had already suffered a defeat at the
hands of Hannibal, and was burning to gain his revenge. And now he
knew that he had his chance against the comparatively small force of
the presumptuous invader, for never, in all her history, had Rome put
such an enormous army in the field.
Hannibal and his army were encamped upon some heights to the south of
a river called the Aufidus. This stream was remarkable in one respect,
it being the sole stream in the whole of Italia which flows through
the range of the Apennine mountains, rising on their western side,
passing through the hills, and falling into the Adriatic Sea on the
eastern side of the Italian Peninsula. From the excellent situation of
the Carthaginian camp, all the military dispositions of the Romans
could be easily observed, and by means of the spies employed by old
Sosilus, Hannibal was not long in being informed of the dissensions
between the two consuls. Never was there an instance in which the
disadvantage of a dual command was shown more than upon the present
occasion, when one consul was in command of the whole force one day
and the other the next, and what the one did to-day the other undid
to-morrow. For it was the custom in the Roman army when both consuls
were present to give to each the supreme command on alternate days. It
was a wonder, however, that after the example of the co-dictators
Fabius Cunctator and Marcus Minucius, who had found it an utter
failure a short time before, that this system of daily alternate
command had not been abandoned. For Fabius and Minucius had found it
so unworkable that they had for a time divided the army into two, each
taking his own half. And with his half only, having risked a battle,
Minucius was utterly defeated owing to an ambush of cavalry prepared
by Hannibal. The late Master of the Horse and his troops were, upon
this occasion, only saved from utter destruction by the Lingerer
setting his own half of the army in motion, and coming to his rash
colleague’s assistance in the nick of time, and checking the
Carthaginian pursuit, with much loss to the triumphant Phœnician
force. After that, Minucius had wisely resigned his right to the
command, leaving the entire power in the hands of Fabius.
Hannibal, with some of his chief officers, was watching from his camp
upon the hill the movements of the Roman army, a large portion of
which could be seen crossing the river Aufidus to the northern side,
where, at some distance from the river, a camp was being prepared for
them by strong working parties, covered by large picquets and their
supports. Meanwhile, a brisk conflict could be seen going on near the
banks of the river, Hannibal having sent a large number of light-armed
men and some cavalry to annoy the Romans by attacking their flank
while on the line of march.
For a while this attack was successful, but suddenly the situation
changed.
“Ha! General Hanno, seest thou that?” quoth Hannibal. “The Romans
have, as far as I can see for the clouds of dust, altered the whole
face of the action. Withdrawing their light-armed troops, they have
now faced our men with large bodies of their heavy-armed hoplites. Ay,
’tis easy to see them now; they are issuing from the dust; there they
are in three lines--the Hastati, the Principes, and the Triarii. And
the Hastati are charging our men, who retreat in confusion. ’Tis true
those tall black and purple plumes rising up from the crests of their
helmets do give those heavy-armed Roman infantry a somewhat terrifying
appearance. They still advance, I see, and in large numbers. Were it
not the day for the command of Æmilius, I should say that they were
attempting to bring on a general engagement, and trying to draw me on
to throw mine own heavy troops into the action also.
“But Æmilius is too cautious to fight, if he can avoid it, thus, with
only part of his force, and it would be dark before he could bring the
remainder of the army into action. The same applies to us. A battle
this evening, therefore, can do neither of us any good. Therefore, the
light-armed troops must even make good their retreat as they can. I
wonder, though, what is the object of the Romans in thus weakening
themselves by dividing their camp in two?”
“I think, my lord Hannibal, ’tis to annoy our foraging parties,”
replied Hasdrubal, formerly chief of the Pioneers, who had succeeded
to the command of the heavy cavalry upon the departure of Mago. “’Tis
either for that purpose, or to protect their own foraging parties from
us.”
“But ’twill not protect their watering parties,” responded the Chief,
“and, moreover, in this warm summer weather ’twill be a terrible thing
for them if they get not water. I hold them now in the hollow of my
hand, and can force on a general engagement when I choose, and that,
too, upon ground of mine own choosing, and most favourable to cavalry.
To-morrow is, methinks, the day for the command of Terentius Varro,
and him I can soon draw out, and so we will prepare the army for the
battle to-morrow.
“What matter, if we have but forty thousand to their ninety-eight
thousand? their very numbers will prove their great source of
weakness, if I draw them, as I propose, into yonder ground below us
within the loop formed by the double bend of the river. But thou wilt
have a busy time with the heavy cavalry, General Hasdrubal, and upon
thee in a great measure will depend to-morrow the fate of the whole
battle--ay, the fate of Carthage or of Rome.”
“I am ready, my lord,” answered the ex-chief of the Pioneers simply.
“And if I fall, there are plenty of other good men and true among mine
officers to succeed me in carrying out thine orders.”
“Good! Now, my generals, as I perceive that the Romans are no longer
pursuing our light-armed troops, but have resumed their order of
march, we need remain here no longer. Hath General Maharbal returned
from the skirmish yet? If not, we will await him.”
“Nay, my lord, thither he cometh,” and the enormous form of the young
general, towering above a small surrounding group of the Numidian
cavalry, could be seen issuing from the clouds of dust upon the Roman
flank. He had been covering, as far as lay in his power, the retreat
of the light-armed footmen, and was now retiring leisurely, while
directing his troops to pick up and bring in all the wounded they
could find.
Presently he returned to the camp and joined the group of generals, in
a very bad humour at this small reverse. Hannibal addressed him.
“Well, Maharbal! so thy forces were driven back, were they?”
“Yea, verily were they, Hannibal; and that for want of due support,”
answered Maharbal testily, while removing his helmet and wiping the
sweat and dust from his face.
“Which support thy commander ought to have given thee, eh? and so
brought on a general action just about nightfall. ’Twould have been
truly most wise. What! hast thou not slain enough of the Romans? And
yet, methinks, ’tis something more than red paint that I see upon thy
hand.” Hannibal smiled at the evident ill-humour of his beloved
lieutenant, and continued: “Blood, Maharbal! thou shalt have Roman
blood enough to-morrow; and I pray the gods that thine own be not
shed. But now shalt thou have wine; thou must be sorely thirsty.”
“Thirsty--ay! I could drink up the river Aufidus,” responded Maharbal,
smiling, for his ill-humour had vanished completely at the kindly
words of his chief.
“Then come to my tent, lad, and ye also, my generals; and while
Maharbal taketh his well-deserved refreshment, I will, with pen and
ink, demonstrate unto ye all the plans I have conceived for
to-morrow’s action, and the part which will fall unto each of ye
therein.”
After the council of war Hannibal called his senior general aside.
“Now, Hanno, it will, lest the troops be depressed by to-day’s slight
reverse, be as well for me to address them. Be so good as to parade
troops from all the different forces. As I cannot address the whole
army, I wish to have as many representatives as possible present from
each arm. Form them up into a hollow square, as many files deep as
possible, leaving only room for me and mine interpreters in the
centre, and a small lane, two files in width, through which I can ride
in.”
All was soon done as directed, and then Hannibal addressed the army as
follows:
“First, give thanks to the gods, for they have brought the enemy into
this country because they design the victory for us. And next to me,
for having compelled the enemy to fight--for they cannot avoid it any
longer--and to fight in a place so full of advantages for us. But I do
not think it becoming in me now to use many words in exhorting you to
be brave and forward in this battle. When you had no experience of
fighting the Romans, this was necessary, and I did then suggest many
arguments and examples to you. But now, seeing that you have
undeniably beaten the Romans in three successive battles of such
magnitude, what arguments could have greater influence with you in
confirming your courage than the actual facts? Now, by your previous
battles, you have got possession of the _country_ and all its wealth
in accordance with my promises, for I have been absolutely true in
everything I have ever said to you. But the present contest is for the
_cities_ and the wealth in them; and, if you win it, all Italy will be
at once in your power; and, freed from your present hard toils, and
masters of the wealth of Rome, you will, by this battle, become the
leaders and lords of the world. This, then, is a time for deeds, not
words; and, by the blessing of the gods, I am persuaded that I shall
carry out my promises to you forthwith.”
These encouraging words were received with tumultuous shouts and
cheers by the many who heard them, and even those who were not
actually present, learning from their comrades what Hannibal had said,
had their spirits greatly raised, and became full of confidence for
the morrow.
It was in this manner that Hannibal ofttimes inspired his men. He
fulfilled his promises to them, and never asked them to face a danger
or a hardship which he was not ready to share himself, even as were he
a mere private soldier, instead of being the great commander, the head
and brains of the whole army, the wonder of the world.