turmae vel cohorti praetoriae consulendum foret, quem fortissimum
praeficerent, sui arbitrii esse duxerunt ...’, _Pro Instaur. Scholis._ 5.
[830] _Pan. Lat._ vi. 23. Cf. Symmachus, _Ep._ i. 20 ‘Iter ad capessendos
magistratus saepe litteris promovetur.’
[831] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 5. 4 ‘ne ... veluti repentino nubilo ...
deprehensi incerta dicendi signa sequerentur’.
[832] _Prof._ xvii. 4.
[833] _Prof._ ii. 13.
[834] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 1.
[835] ‘Ne autem litteraturae, _quae omnium virtutum maxima est_, praemia
denegentur, eum qui studiis et eloquio dignus primo loco videbitur
honestiore faciet nostra provisio sublimitate’, _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 1. 1.
Cf. Napoleon’s scheme of education for the service of the State.
[836] Heynius. _Opusc. Acad._ vi. 91.
[837]
‘Sive panegyricis placeat contendere libris,
in Panathenaicis tu memorandus erit.’—_Prof._ i. 13.
[838] _Pan. Lat._ vi. 23.
[839] _Ep._ ix. 16; _Carm._ viii. 8.
[840] _Ep._ i. 9. 8.
[841] ‘In ius etiam vocari vel pati iniuriam prohibemus, ita ut, si quis
eos vexaverit, centum milia nummorum aerario inferat, a magistratibus
vel quinquennalibus exactus, ne ipsi hanc poenam sustineant: servus eis
si iniuriam fecerit, flagellis debeat a suo domino verberari ...’, _Cod.
Theod._ xiii. 3. 1.
[842] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 3. Cf. xiii. 3. 7.
[843] ‘Grammaticos, oratores adque philosophiae praeceptores, nec non
etiam medicos, praeter haec quae retro latarum sanctionum auctoritate
consecuti sunt privilegia immunitatesque, frui hac praerogativa
praecipimus, ut universi qui in sacro palatio inter archiatros militarunt
cum comitiva primi ordinis vel secundi, nulla municipali, nulla curialium
conlatione, nulla senatoria vel glebali describtione vexentur, ... sint
ab omni functione omnibusque muneribus publicis immunes, nec eorum domus
ubicumque positae militem seu iudicem suscipiant hospitandum. Quae
omnia filiis etiam eorum et coniugibus inlibata praecipimus custodiri,
ita ut nec ad militiam liberi memoratorum trahantur inviti. Haec autem
et professoribus memoratis eorumque liberis deferenda mandamus’, _Cod.
Theod._ xiii. 3. 16. Confirmed by xiii. 3. 18.
[844] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 18. Cf. _Pan. Lat._ iv. 38 ‘Omnia foris
placida, domi prospera annonae ubertate ... exornatae mirandum in modum
ac prope de integro conditae urbes’, &c., &c.
[845] _Pan. Lat._ v. 5 ff.
[846] Ibid. § 9.
[847] Ibid. § 11.
[848] xxviii. 1.
[849] ‘At Valentinianus, magna animo concipiens et utilia, Rhenum omnem a
Rhaetiarum exordio ad usque fretalem Oceanum magnis molibus communiebat,
castra extollens altius et castella turresque adsiduas per habiles locos
et opportunos, qua Galliarum extenditur longitudo: nonnunquam etiam ultra
flumen aedificiis positis subradens barbaros fines’, ibid. 2.
[850] Ὠιήθη δεῖν καὶ τῆς εἰς τὸ μελλον ἀσφαλείας τῶν Κελτικῶν ἐθνῶν
ποιήσασθαι προνοίαν, iv. 12 (ed. Mendelssohn).
[851] Ibid. vi. 3.
[852] _Pan. Lat._ xi. 19. He was probably a Gaul, § 9. Maximian, to whom
the speech was addressed, frequently stayed there.
[853] Cf. Pichon, _Études sur l’Hist. de la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules_,
i. 123, ‘L’Empire romain ... souffre d’une hypertrophie de l’organe
central’, and ‘la cour absorbe tout sans rien distribuer’.
[854] Cf. esp. Mamertinus, _Grat. Act. Iuliano_.
[855] _Grat. Act. Iuliano_, i. ‘non minus exitialibus quam pudendis
praesidentum rapinis’.
[856] Pottier in Daremberg-Saglio, _Dictionnaire des Antiquités_, s.v.
Education.
[857] ‘Universos, qui usurpantes sibi nomina magistrorum in publicis
magistrationibus cellulisque collectos undecumque discipulos circumferre
consuerunt, ab ostentatione vulgari praecipimus amoveri, ita ut, si qui
eorum post emissos divinae sanctionis adfatus, quae prohibemus adque
damnamus iterum forte temptaverit, non solum eius quam meretur infamiae
notam subeat, verum etiam pellendum se ex ipsa ubi versatur inlicite urbe
cognoscat. Illos vero, qui intra plurimorum domus eadem exercere privatim
studia consuerunt, si ipsis tantum modo discipulis vacare maluerint,
quos intra parietes domesticos docent, nulla huiusmodi interminatione
prohibemus. Sin autem ex eorum numero fuerint, qui videntur intra
Capitolii auditorium constituti, ii omnibus modis privatorum aedium
studia sibi interdicta esse cognoscant, scituri quod, si adversum
caelestia statuta facientes fuerint deprehensi, nihil penitus ex illis
privilegiis consequentur, quae his, qui in Capitolio tantum docere
praecepti sunt, merito deferuntur’, _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 3.
[858] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 5.
[859] e.g. _Pan. Lat._ xii. 19, 20, 25, 26. Cf. the scene in heaven, vi.
7. Cf. _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 6. 2. ‘caelestia verba et divina sensa
principum’, &c.
[860] _Pan. Lat._ ii, _ad fin._ Cf. xi. 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, &c.
[861]
Quem pluris faciunt novem sorores
quam cunctos alios, Marone dempto.—Dedication of the _Eclogues_.
[862] _Prof._ xiv.
[863] _Pan. Lat._ iv. 5.
[864]
Non habeo ingenium: Caesar sed iussit: habebo.
...
Non tutum renuisse deo.—_Praefat._ iv. 11.
[865] _Grat. Act._ iii.
[866]
Diligo Burdigalam, Romam colo....
... cunae hic, ibi sella curulis.—_Ordo urb. nob._ xx. 39.
[867] _Euchar._ 37.
[868] Ibid. 70, 145.
[869] Ibid. 424.
[870] Ibid. 44.
[871] ‘Reddatur unusquisque patriae suae, qui habitum philosophiae
indebite et insolenter usurpare cognoscitur ... turpe enim est ut patriae
functiones ferre non possit, qui etiam fortunae vim se ferre profitetur’,
_Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 7.
[872] Cf. Ammianus, xiv. 9. 5 ‘Epigonus ... amictu tenus philosophus’.
Symm. _Ep._ i. 28 mentions his contemporary Barachus among those ‘qui
philosophiam fastu et habitu metiuntur’.
[873] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 16. Cf. ‘Equidem ipsos patriae deos testor,
tanto me civitatis istius amore flagrare, ut quocunque oculos circumtuli,
ad restitutionem operum singulorum ita gaudio ferar ut spiritum identidem
meum pro illorum salute devoveam, quorum iussu opibusque reparantur’.
There is more than rhetoric in his words.
[874] Source book of the _Hist. of Education_, p. 395.
[875] Cf. _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 1. 1.
[876] _De Scholis Roman._, p. 13.
[877] _Epigr._ xv.
[878] Cf. Guizot, _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 320 ff.; Montalembert,
_Monks of the West_, i. 187 ff.
[879] _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 4 ‘Habeat unus quisque licentiam sanctissimo
catholicae (sc. _ecclesiae_) venerabilique concilio decedens bonorum quod
optavit relinquere’. So in 434 Theodosius and Valentinian enacted that
the intestate property of a Church official should go to his church or
monastery, _Cod. Theod._ v. 3. 1.
[880] ‘Qui religiosa mente in ecclesiae gremio servulis suis meritam
concesserint libertatem, eandem eodem iure donasse videantur quo civitas
Romana solemnitatibus decursis dari consuevit’, _Cod. Theod._ iv. 7. 1,
A.D. 321.
[881] ‘Qui divino cultui ministeria religionis impendunt ... ab omnibus
omnino muneribus excusentur’, _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 2 _et passim_.
[882] _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 41.
[883] Ambrose and Augustine complain of their heavy judicial duties; cf.
_Camb. Med. Hist._ i. 566.
[884] Sidon. _Ep._ vii. 7; so Lupus had successfully negotiated with
Attila for Troyes; see Lavisse, _Hist. de Gaule_, ii. 1. 1, pp. 21 ff.,
L’Épiscopat en Gaule au IVᵉ et au Vᵉ Siècle. Cf. Rambaud, _Histoire de la
civilisation française_, i. 74, and the whole of Bk. I, chap. iv (_Gaule
chrétienne_) for a useful summary of the activities and relations of the
Gallic Church at this time.
[885] Cf. St. Martin’s opposition to Avitianus and Valentinian. Hilary
of Arles declared the prefect unworthy of the sacrament, and he had to
retire.
[886] e.g. Epictetus and the Stoics, who taught the equality of mankind.
[887] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 8. 5.
[888] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 8. 6; iv. 8. 9; iv. 9. 1.
[889] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 25. 1.
[890] Cappadocia was practically the only place where slaves were still
bred for export to Rome.
[891] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 5 ‘de spectaculis’, A.D. 425.
[892] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 5. 7.
[893] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 7. 4, A.D. 380.
[894] ‘Scaenici et scaenicae, qui in ultimo vitae ac necessitate cogente
interitus imminentis, ad dei summi sacramenta properarunt ... nulla
posthac in theatralis spectaculi conventione revocentur’, _Cod. Theod._
xv. 7. 1, A.D. 371.
[895] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 12. 1.
[896] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 12. 2, A.D. 357.
[897] _Cod. Theod._ ix. 40. 8, A.D. 365.
[898] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccles._ v. 26.
[899] Glover, _Life and Letters_, p. 161. Cf. Sym. _Ep._ iv. 12, ix. 126.
[900] Cf. Sidon. _Ep._ vi. 12. 1, 5.
[901] _Cod. Iust._ xi. 26. Cf. _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 18. 1.
[902] It is true that pagan philosophers like Epicurus had women among
their intimates, but their recognition was as much of an anomaly in the
ancient world as they themselves were. With Christianity the recognition
claimed a more general acceptance, though the claim was subsequently
disregarded and never fully admitted.
[903] Cf. _Camb. Med. Hist._ i. 168.
[904] ‘Indecens visum. Repudiatis fiscalibus, propriis cum sumptibus
vivere maluerunt’, Sulpic. Sever. _Chron._ ii. 41.
[905] Sid. _Ep._ vi. 1, viii. 11, ix. 11.
[906] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 17.
[907] _Ep._ iv. 17. 3 ‘Lupus ... Auspicius quorum doctrinae abundanti
eventilandae nec consultatio tua sufficit’.
[908] _Ep._ vi. 12; ii. 10. 2; iv. 25. 5.
[909] _Ep._ ix. 3.
[910] _Ep._ vii. 1; iv. 9. 6; v. 14. 2.
[911] _Ep._ vi. 8; vii. 2. 7, 11; ix. 4.
[912] _Ep._ vii. 9; iv. 18.
[913] Montalembert, _Monks of the West_ (transl.), i. 205.
[914] _Antidosis_, 231. See Hubbell, _The Influence of Isocrates on
Cicero, Dionysius, and Aristides_.
[915] Ibid. 276. The subjects must be καλὰς καὶ φιλανθρώπους καὶ περὶ τῶν
κοινῶν πραγμάτων.
[916] Pichon, _Études sur l’histoire de la litt. lat._ i. 42, is too
severe on Isocrates’ theoretical and unpractical judgement.
[917] Gilbert Murray, _Ancient Greek Literature_, p. 344.
[918] Ὅσῳ περ ἄν τις ἐρρωμενεστέρως ἐπιθνμῇ πείθειν τοὺς ἀκούοντας,
τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἀσκήσει καλὸς κἀγαθὸς εἶναι, καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πολίταις
εὐδοκιμεῖν, _Antidosis_, 278 (ed. Blass).
[919] _Antidosis_, 253.
[920] ‘Illa vis autem eloquentiae tanta est, ut omnium rerum virtutum
officiorum omnisque naturae quae mores hominum, quae animos quae vitam
continet, originem vim mutationesque teneat, eadem mores leges iura
describat, rem publicam regat, omniaque ad quamcumque rem pertineant
ornate copioseque dicat’, _De Oratore_, iii. 20. 76.
[921] Ibid. iii. 15. 57. In Homeric days ‘neque diiuncti doctores, sed
idem erant vivendi praeceptores atque dicendi’. Cf. 59 ‘ancipitem _quae
non potest esse seiuncta_, faciendi dicendique sapientiam’.
[922] Ibid. i. 6. 20.
[923] Ibid. iii. 23. 87, 89.
[924] Boissier, in blaming Quintilian for this change in rhetoric,
seems somewhat unfair (_La fin du paganisme_, i. 219 ff.). He says
Quintilian regarded the grammarian as an intruder, but Quintilian is
merely protesting against the assumption of the rhetor’s duties by the
grammarian (ii. 1. 2-6) and is quite willing to give him his due (ii.
1. 13). However, he does seem to attach an exaggerated importance to
rhetoric (e.g. ii. 20) as opposed to general knowledge.
[925] § 3 ἕλκει ἐκ τῶν ὤτων ἄπαντας δεδεμένους.
[926] ‘Neque ego unquam facundiam exercui, et populus Romanus virtutem
armis adfirmavit: sed quoniam apud vos verba plurimum valent....’, Tac.
_Hist._ iv. 73. Cf. the commentator Pithoeus, _In Quintil. Declam._, p.
415, ‘etiam infelicissimis temporibus superfuisse Galliae oratores suos,
cum urbi ipsi deessent’.
[927] Comment. on _Ep. to Galatians_, ii; Migne, xxvi. 355.
[928] _C. I. L._ xii. 1941. Cf. ibid. 1949, 2039, 2058; xiii. 1. 1. 128
(a fifth-century stone with twenty-four lines of poetry); xiii. 1. 1.
2395, 2397.
[929] Jerome, _Ep._ 125. 6; Migne, xxii. 1075 ‘ubertatem Gallici
nitoremque sermonis’.
[930] _Ep._ 372 (ed. J. C. Wolf, Amsterdam, 1738).
[931] Ibid.
[932] _Ep._ iv. 17. 1.
[933] ‘Heiden von hervorragender Stellung werden seit 450 in Gallien
nicht mehr erwähnt, und unter den Christen gewann die strenge
Mönchspartei einen immer grössern Einfluss und verdammte die Studien der
Rhetoren’, _Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen_, p. 31.
[934] _De Idol._ x.
[935] _Ep._ 21; Migne, xxii. 386.
[936] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ vi. 406) ‘ante
scipiones et trabeas est pomposa recitatio’.
[937] Ibid.; _Euchar._, p. 395.
[938] ‘Ego illa quae vel commuto si sunt facta vel facio: quantisvis
actionum tenebris involuto lux sufficit, quam legendo contulero. Ego sum
per quam expectant homines reatum de turbida et innocentiam de serena
... ad meum compendium ubicumque est Romanus invigilat: fasces divitias
honores si non ornamus, abiecta sunt: nos regna regimus’, ibid. ‘Ambrosio
et Beato’, p. 407.
[939] _Antidosis_, 253.
[940] Ibid. 255 τοὺς κακοὺς ἐξελέγχομεν καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐγκωμιάζομεν.
[941] _De Orat._ ii. 9. 35 ‘vituperare improbos ... laudare bonos’.
[942] ‘Quid quod declamationum nostrarum oblectatio vincit universa quae
sapiunt, et opinionem quam conciliamus (perhaps a Vergilian reminiscence
of _urbem quam statuo_) aeterna est?... De virorum fortium factis quod
volumus creditur; actum nemo aestimat quod silemus. Poetica, iuris
peritia, dialectica, arithmetica, cum me utantur quasi genetrice, me
tamen adserente sunt pretio’, Ennod. _l.c._ Cf. Dictio XII. Rhetoric is
the mainspring of literature.
[943] ‘Istae (virtutes) tamen prae foribus quasi nutricem ceterarum
anteponunt Grammaticen, quae adulescentium mentes sapore artificis
et planae locutionis inliciat, et ad Tullianum calorem scintillis
praefigurati vaporis adducat’, ibid., p. 405.
[944] Ibid., p. 401.
[945] Ibid., p. 305.
[946] _Euchar._, p. 395. Cf. p. 396 ‘Sic dum me concinnationis superfluae
in rhetoricis et poeticis campis lepos agitaret, a vera sapientia
mentitam secutus abscesseram, nihil cupiens nisi auris vanae laudationis
adsurgere’.
[947] Migne, x. 577.
[948] Cf. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, Intro. xxviii (Nicene and
post-Nicene Fathers).
[949] Cf. Constant. 11 ‘At nunc fructus operum tuorum, lupe rapax, audi
... Levius te putas, sceleste, Iudaeorum impietate peccasse?’ § 25 ‘O tu
sceleste, qui ludibrium de Ecclesia facis’, &c.
[950] Cf. e.g. § 12 _de Seleuciae Synodo_.
[951] _Vita Hilarii_ (by Honoratus), Migne, _Pat. Lat._ l. 1231.
[952] Ibid. ‘non doctrinam, non eloquentiam, sed nescio quid super
homines consecutum’.
[953] _Chronologia Lerinensis_, i. 33.
[954] Hom. I.
[955] Hom. XX.
[956] Hom. XIII.
[957] Hom. XIII.
[958] Hom. XIV.
[959] _de Idol._ x.
[960] Matt. xii. 34-7; Mark xiii. 11. Cf. Glover, _The Jesus of History_,
p. 83.
[961] 1 Cor. i. 17.
[962] Cf. Salvian, _De Gubern. Dei, praef._ 3 ‘rerum magis quam verborum
amatores’. Cassian, _Instit., praef._ 3 ‘me quoque elinguem et pauperem
sermone et scientia ... quamvis imperito digeram stilo’. _Vita Caesar._,
_praef._ 2 ‘quod stylus noster videtur pompa verborum et cautela artis
grammaticae destitutus’.
[963] _Ep._ vii. 2. 1.
[964] _Ep._ viii. 16. 3.
[965] Cf. Sym. _Ep._ vii. 9 ‘ingeniorum varietas in familiaribus scriptis
neglegentiam quandam debet imitari’.
[966] _Institut. Divin._ i. 1. 10.
[967] e.g. _Ep._ ii. 8; vii. 17. Cf. Le Blant, _Nouveau recueil_, No. 311
(fifth cent.) and 441.
[968] Le Blant, _Inscrip. chrét. de la Gaule_, No. 215. Cf. No. 256.
[969] ‘Sanctus Hilarius Gallico cothurno attollitur et quum Graeciae
floribus adornetur longis interdum periodis involvitur, et lectione
simplicium fratrum procul est’, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 585; _Ep._ 58.
Cf. ibid. 395 ‘Nulla est in hoc libello adulatio ... nulla erit rhetorici
pompa sermonis’; and ibid. 459 ‘Sint alii diserti ... mihi sufficit sic
loqui ut intelligar’.
[970] _De vita contempl._ xxiii.
[971] _Ep._ 52. 8; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 534.
[972] _Dialog._ i. 27.
[973] Appendix, Augustine, _Serm._ 10; Migne, xxxix. Cf. Aug. _in Psalm._
36. _Serm._ 3. 6 ‘melius in barbarismo nostro vos intellegitis quam in
nostra disertitudine vos diserti estis’.
[974] Cf. Sid. _Ep._ iv. 16; v. 15; _Carm._ xi.
[975] Ruric. i. 4.
[976] ii. 18.
[977] ii. 38.
[978] Jerome, _Ep._ xxii (Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 416) ‘Si quando ...
prophetas legere coepissem, sermo horrebat incultus’.
[979] _Vita Martini_, i.
[980] Ibid.
[981] Cf. Ozanam, _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 88 ff.
[982] _Ep._ 22, § 30 ‘Quae enim communicatio lucis ad tenebras? Quid
facit cum psalterio Horatius? Cum Evangeliis Maro? Cum Apostolis Cicero?’
His struggles with his passionate love for pagan letters, and the story
of the angel in his dream who told him he was a Ciceronian and not a
Christian (Migne, xxii. 416) are well known.
[983] Hilar. Pict., Migne, ix. 502.
[984] Aug. _Confess._ i. 16; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxxiii. 685.
[985]
Non vitium nostrum est? Paulo et Salamone relicto
quod Maro cantatur Phoenissae et Naso Corinnae,
quod plausum accipiunt lyra Flacci aut scena Terenti?
nos horum, nos causa sumus: nos turpiter istis
nutrimenta damus flammis.—Migne, lxi. 970.
[986]
Nunc alia mentem vis agit, maior deus
...
vacare vanis, otio aut negotio,
et fabulosis litteris
vetat....—_Ep._ xxxi. 29 ff.
[987] Ibid. 37 ff.
[988] See Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 87 ff.
[989] Pacatus, _Pan. on Theod._, § 42, A.D. 389.
[990] Cf. vii. 13; vi. 3, 9; v. 13; ix. 10, 16, 20, &c.
[991] _Pro Saltatoribus_, 18, Libanius, ed. Foerster.
[992] Cf. Keil, _Gram. Lat._, _passim_. The authority, not the truth, of
a dogma is the main point to the grammarian.
[993] e.g. Macrobius’s _Saturnalia_ is an example of what a youth’s
education should be. All kinds of subjects are treated, but Christianity
is not once mentioned. Symmachus and Capella, both representative of
culture in their day, are silent about Christianity. There was always
the suspicion, even between two contending Christians, that the other
might not have had the rhetorical or philosophical training necessary
for argument. Cf. Jerome to Vigilantius: ‘Scilicet et gloriari cupis ...
me non potuisse respondere eloquentiae tuae et acumen in te Chrysippi
formidasse’ (Migne, xxii. 604).
[994] _De Reditu_, i. 440.
[995] Ibid. 443.
[996] Ibid. 521.
[997] _Ep._ lxi. 3; _Ep._ 1. 2.
[998] _Ep._ lii. 9. Cf. _Ep._ lvii. 12 ‘qui sermone se dicit imitari
apostolos, prius imitetur in vita’.
[999] ‘Sancta rusticitas solum sibi prodest et, quantum aedificat ex
vitae merito ecclesiam Christi, tantum nocet si destruentibus non
resistat’, _Ep._ liii. 3.
[1000] Rocafort, _De Paul. Pell. vita et carm._, p. 75. Cf. Ozanam,
_Hist. of Civilization in Fifth Cent._, i. 233.
[1001] Sedul. _Carm. Pasch._, Dedicatio, Migne, xix. 538.
[1002] Socrates, _Hist. Eccles._ iii. 16; Migne, _Pat. Graeca_, lxvii.
418; Sozomen, v. 18; Migne, _Pat. Graeca_, lxvii. 1270.
[1003] _De Gallorum oratorio ingenio_, 93.
[1004] _Ep._ xxxi. 22 ff.
[1005] ‘Cumque in primis partibus vincas alios, in penultimis te ipsum
superas ... et cum Tulliana luceat (_sc._ genus eloquii) puritate,
crebrum est in sententiis’, _Ep._ lviii, Migne xxii. 584.
[1006] e.g. Jerome made his monks copy Cicero.
[1007] Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 27. Cf. his plea for using the pagan
writings, _Ep._ lxx, Migne xxii. 665 ‘Quis enim ignorat et in Moyse et in
Prophetarum voluminibus quaedam assumpta de Gentilium libris’.
[1008] Cf. the fifth-century compilation ‘collatio legum Mosaicarum et
Romanarum’.
[1009] _Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen_, p. 54.
[1010] _Maxima Bibliotheca Patrum_, vol. viii, p. 840. _Homiliae_, 20
‘negociatores, qui cum litteras non noverint, requirunt sibi mercenarios
litteratos’.
[1011] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 25.
[1012] _Ep._ vii. 9.
[1013] _Ep._ vi. 12.
[1014] Euseb. _Hist. Eccl._ v. 10. (Migne, _Pat. Gr._ xx. 456.)
[1015] Acts xix. 9. The school of Tyrannus.
[1016] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccl._ i. 3.
[1017] Suidas, _s.v._ Λουκιανὸς ὁ μάρτυς.
[1018] Cf. Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 30, ‘Gaul—the peculiar land for the
cenobitic life’.
[1019] Gennad. _Vir. ill._ xix.
[1020] _Ep._ vii. 16.
[1021] e.g. Jerome against Vigilantius.
[1022] Sulpic. _Sev. Dial._ i. 23. Cf. Jerome’s constant answers to
inquirers on theological questions (the women of Gaul, _Ep._ 120, 121)
and Eucherius’s answers to his son.
[1023] _Vita Hilarii_, Migne, li. 1229.
[1024] _Vita Caes._ i. 5, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1020 ‘In disserendis
autem Scripturis’, &c.
[1025] _Vita Caes._, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1004.
[1026] Cf. Ennod. _Ep._ ii. 6.
[1027] _Hist. litt. de la France_, ii. 245.
[1028] Cf. Paulin. Pell. _Euchar._ 521.
[1029] Cassian, _Instit._ ix. 18.
[1030] Gennad. _de Script. Eccles._ 65.
[1031] Cf. Sidon. _Ep._ ix. 9.
[1032] Sid. _Ep._ vi. 1.
[1033] _Hist. mérid. de la Gaule_, i. 403.
[1034] ‘(Deus) per orbem uberes palmites ampliavit, multiplicatisque eius
tentoriis, fecit suos funiculos prae caeteris monasteriis longiores’, i.
22.
[1035] _Carm._ xvi. 109 ff. ‘quantos illa insula plana miserit in caelum
montes’. Cf. _Ep._ vii. 7. 3; viii. 14. 2; ix. 3. 4.
[1036] Guizot, _Histoire de la civilisation en France_, i. 93.
[1037] ii. 130.
[1038] Salvian, _Ep._ i.
[1039] Bolland, _Acta Sanctorum_, Jan. 6, i. 328, § 2. Cf. Kaufmann,
_Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen_, 75.
[1040] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1109 ‘Omnes litteras discant: omni
tempore duabus horis lectioni vacent’. A brother of Sidonius was educated
by Faustus (_Carm._ xvi. 72), but whether at Lérins or afterwards at Riez
is doubtful.
[1041] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ l. 773 _eloquentia_ and _sapientia_ are
mentioned among the subjects.
[1042] _Chron. Ler._ i. 321.
[1043] Denk, _op. cit._, p. 187.
[1044] For a full treatment see Seidl, _Die Gottverlobung der Kinder oder
de pueris oblatis_.
[1045] Ennodius, _Vita Epiphan., Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._, p. 332.
[1046] _Ep._ iv. 25.
[1047] Caesarius, _Regula ad Virgines_, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1107.
[1048] Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 82.
[1049] ‘Quicunque in clero puberes aut adulescentes existunt _omnes in
uno conclavi atrii_ commorentur ut ... in disciplinis ecclesiasticis
agant, deputati probatissimo seniori, quem et magistrum doctrinae et
testem vitae habeant’, Hefele, _Conciliengesch._ iii. 82.
[1050] Remig. _Ep._ 4; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxv. 969.
[1051] Cf. _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1, 2385.
[1052] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccl._ iv. 15; Migne, _Pat. Gr._ lxxxii. 1157.
[1053] ‘Fiant ei litterae vel buxeae vel eburneae et suis nominibus
appellentur: ludat in eis, ut et lusus eius eruditio est’, _Ep._ cvii. 4.
[1054] _Inst._ i. 1-26.
[1055] _Ep._ i. 6.
[1056] Cf. Eumen. _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 20, § 3.
[1057] _Ep._ cxxviii. 1.
[1058] _Inst._ i. 1. 30. He protests against a hurried introduction of
reading or writing.
[1059] ‘Qui autem ad huiusmodi provehitur gradum, iste erit doctrina et
libris imbutus, sensuumque ac verborum scientia perornatus’, _De Eccl.
Offic._ ii. 11. 2; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxxiii. 791.
[1060] ‘Lector cum ordinatur, faciat de illo verbum episcopus ad plebem,
indicans eius fidem ac vitam atque ingenium. Post haec, spectante
plebe, tradat ei codicem de quo lecturus est, dicens ad eum: Accipe, et
esto verbi Dei relator, habiturus, si fideliter et utiliter impleveris
officium, partem cum eis qui verbum Dei ministraverunt’, Migne, _op.
cit._ lxxxiv. 201.
[1061] _De Felice_, iv. 108.
[1062] Boissieu, _Inscrip. de Lyon_, p. 584.
[1063] _Instit._ i. 1. 27.
[1064] _Ep._ cvii. 4.
[1065] Denk, _op. cit._, quotes Mabillon, _An._ i. 352.
[1066] _Life of Martin_, x.
[1067] Ibid.
[1068] _Regula ad Virgines_, Migne, lxvii. 1109.
[1069] Bolland, _Acta Sanctorum, August._ 11, p. 657.
[1070] These _acta_ were originally _acta proconsularia_, i.e. the
official record of proceedings at the trials of Christian martyrs.
Sometimes the Christians themselves would make notes on the trial,
sometimes they would purchase from the clerks copies of the official
report. Having obtained an account in either of these ways they usually
embroidered the facts with mystic and visionary embellishments. For two
examples of the original official protocols see Hardy, _Studies in Roman
History_, p. 151.
[1071] Cf. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, Intro. xl. Origen is a case in
point.
[1072] Adopting the emendation of Salinas.
[1073] _Vita Hilarii_, Migne, l. 1232.
[1074] ‘Apposito notario, cogebat (_sc._ me Ausonius) loqui quae
velociter edita velox consequeretur manus ...’, _Ep._ cxviii.
[1075] _Ep._ cxviii.
[1076] _Peristeph. Hymn._ ix. 21-4; Migne, lx. 434.
[1077] _Ep._ v. 15.
[1078] _Ep._ ix. 7. 1.
[1079] Cassian, _Inst._ iv. 17; Caesarius, _ad Monachos_ 49, _ad
Virgines_ 16.
[1080] ‘De loquela per gestum digitorum et temporum ratione’. Cf. p. 59.
[1081] _De artibus Donati_, 4.
[1082] Cantor, _Ueber die Gesch. der Mathematik_, i. 450.
[1083] Alcuin, _Ep._ 103, _De comparatione numerorum Veteris et Novi
Testamenti_; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ c. 476. An example of the strained way
in which the comparison was worked out is the following: ‘Quatuor eunt
elementa quibus mundi ornatus maxime constat. Quatuor sunt virtutes
quibus minor mundus, id est, homo ornari debet.’
[1084] Cf., besides the case already quoted, ii. 135, ‘viguit
in Grammaticae artis disciplinis rationalibus ac dialecticorum
praedicamentorum argumentis exilibus et Aristotelicis definitionibus, nec
non Rhetoricorum protelationibus’, and ii. 328. Aygulpus is instructed
at Blesium in ‘Grammatica, Rhetorica, Dialectica omniumque scientiarum
genere’.
[1085] Le Blant, _Épigraphie chrétienne en Gaule_, p. 73.
[1086] Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil_, No. 331.
[1087] Aus. _Epist._ xxxi.
[1088] _Ep._ cxviii _ad fin._ (Migne, xxii. 966).
[1089] For a discussion of his date see Pauly-Wissowa, _s.v._
[1090] They were prescribed by the statutes of all the leading mediaeval
schools in England, and among their numerous editors were Brinsley (1612)
and Hoole (1659). They dealt with Stoic morals, enmity and friendship,
adversity and prosperity, avarice and adulation, &c., and were obviously
unsuited to young children. Watson, _English Grammar Schools to 1660_, p.
122, quotes the following as a favourable specimen:
Cum te quis laudet, iudex tuus esse memento;
plus aliis de te, quam tu tibi, credere noli.
officium alterius multis narrare memento;
atqui aliis cum tu benefeceris, ipse sileto.
[1091] _Ep._ x. 3 ‘Eius scripta summam quandam litterarum Gallicarum eo
saeculo continent’. He may be the same as the Agricius or Argicius of
Ausonius, _Prof._ xvi. 6.
[1092] e.g. in Cassian’s _Instituta divin. et secular. litterarum_ and
Isidore of Seville’s _Etymologiae_.
[1093] Migne, lxxi. 572.
[1094] ‘Die Zeitgenossen sprechen von dem Kloster als einer _schola_;
von den Mönchen als den _discipuli_; sie bezeichnen damit die
religiös-sittliche Erziehung’, _op. cit._, p. 62.
[1095] Migne, _Liber Instructionum_, l. 728.
[1096] Cf. Migne, _l.c._, l. 775 ff. and 730 ff.
[1097] Migne, l. 775 ff.
[1098] ‘Properantes ad se de disciplinis saecularibus salutis opifex
non refutat, sed ire ad illas quemquam de suo nitore non patitur. Iam
si eum mundo subtraxeras, mundi in eo schemata non requiras: erubesco
ecclesiastica profitentem ornamentis saecularibus expolire’, _Ep._ ix. 9.
(_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._ vi. 234.)
[1099] _Ad Salonium Prolog._ Migne, l. 773.
[1100] Le Blant, _Épigraphie chrétienne_, p. 70.
[1101] Harnack says that it was introduced into the West under the cloak
of church-doctrine and through the medium of Augustine, _Cambridge
Mediaeval History_, i. 568.
[1102] _Cod. Theod._ ix. 16. 7 (A.D. 364); 16. 8 ‘cesset mathematicorum
tractatus’. Learning and teaching the subject are forbidden on pain of
death (370). As late as 409 we find such a law (16. 12).
[1103] _Praef. Formulae._
[1104] _Ep._ xiv. l. 17.
[1105] _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 402.
[1106] Cf. ‘quin hoc idem senserint scriptoque prodiderint Arcippus
... et omnes Pythagorae posteri, quorum videlicet nominum ne dicam
sententiarum multitudine, si eadem prodita velim, volumen efficerem’. He
had evidently made a special study of the Pythagoreans.
[1107] Fauriel, _Hist. de la Gaule_, i. 412.
[1108] ‘Anima inditur corpori per numerum et immortalem eandemque
incorporalem convenientiam’, _De Statu animae_, ii. 7.
[1109] _Ep._ iv. 11.
[1110] _Ep._ ix. 9. 13.
[1111] Cf. _Ep._ iv. 1. 3 ‘inter Aristotelicas categorias’; and _Ep._ iv.
3. 6; ix. 9. 14; _Carm._ ii. 174.
[1112]
Cum pusillis et iocamur inter ipsa dogmata
nam iubet rigor magister ne per omne terreas,
‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 406, _Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ vi.
[1113] _Ep._ iv. The authorship of this letter has been questioned.
[1114] _Ep._ xxxii. 33 ‘Ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus et saepe
manum ferulae subduximus’. Cf. _c._ _Rufin._ iii. 6 ‘Nec tibi, ut dicis,
ferulas adhibeo neque athenogeronta (_Senem discipulum_) meum scutica et
plagis litteras docere contendo’.
[1115] Sidon. _Ep._ vi. 1.
[1116] ‘Bene in omnibus causis timor obtemperat disciplinae: qui pro hoc
ipso, quod imminentes periculorum causas aut iras iudicum cavere novit,
potestatem conservandae salutis obtinuit.... Omnia sub metu disciplinae
vitia iacent’, Hom. I, La Bigne, _Patrologia Patrum_, vol. viii.
[1117] _Acta SS. Ordin. Benedict._, Praef., lix. ff.
[1118] Isidor. _Regula_, 6; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxxiii. 874.
[1119] _Vita Caesarii_, i. 9; Migne, lxvii. 1003.
[1120] _Instit._ x. 14.
[1121] Ibid. 17, 18; Ephesians iv. 28.
[1122] Cassian, _Instit._ 21; Proverbs xxviii. 19.
[1123] Cassian, _Instit._ 22.
[1124] Ibid. 24.
[1125] Migne, l. 718.
[1126] _De Statu animae_, ii. 9. Erasmus praised the purity of his style
in his dedicatory letter to the works of Eucherius (1531).
[1127] _Gen._, ch. 70, ed. Herdingius.
[1128] Ch. 65. Cf. Ebert, _Gesch. der christ. lat. Literatur_, iii. 18.
[1129] _Op. cit._, p. 85.
[1130] ‘Alpina corpora umente caelo educata habent quiddam simile nivibus
suis’, Florus, _Epitome de Tito Livio_, i. 20, ed. Halm; Caesar, _B. G._
iii. 19. Cf. Dio Cass. _Excerpta_, τῆς Γαλατίας τὸ κοῦφον καὶ τὸ δειλὸν
καὶ τὸ θρασύ, and Livy vii. 12. 11.
[1131] ‘Ad militandum omnis aetas aptissima, et pari pectoris robore
senex ad procinctum ducitur et adultus, gelu duratis artubus et labore
assiduo multa contemptura et formidanda’, xv. 12.
[1132] xv. 11. 5.
[1133] _De Gub. Dei_, vii. 12.
[1134] Ibid. vi. 3.
[1135] Ibid.
[1136] _Histoire de la Gaule_, i. 438.
[1137] The laws against rape are many and severe. A man who abused a girl
was delivered over to her as a slave with all his goods after receiving
two hundred blows, _Cod. Vis._ iii. 3. 1. If a woman marries her paramour
both are put to death, iii. 3. 2. An instance of their sense of honesty
is the Goth who sent Paulinus, living in poverty and banishment at
Marseilles, the price for his captured property, _Euchar._ 570 ff.
[1138] _Cod. Theod._ ix. 7. 1 (A.D. 326).
[1139] ‘Deportatione plectatur adque universae eius facultates fisci
viribus vindicentur’, _Cod. Theod._ ix. 8. 1.
[1140] Ibid. ix. 9. 1.
[1141] ‘Denegata audientia patibulo adfigatur’, ibid. ix. 5 (A.D. 314).
[1142] Ibid. ix. 6. 3 (A.D. 397).
[1143] ‘Iudices qui se furtis et sceleribus fuerint maculasse convicti,
ablatis codicillorum insignibus et honore exuti inter pessimos quosque et
plebeios habeantur’, ix. 27. 1.
[1144] Cf. ix. 19. 1. A Curial is to lose his social status as a
punishment.
[1145] _Euchar._ 87.
[1146] _Hist. de France_, i. 3. 421.
[1147] _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1, 1862, 2200, 2205; xii. 2039, &c.
[1148] Cf. those of Sidonius and Ausonius.
[1149] _Ep._ 88.
[1150] _Ep._ 88 ‘Quid mihi prodest scire agellum dividere ... simus hoc
titulo rusticiore contenti: O virum bonum’.
[1151] Cf. the modern controversy about religious education, and the
criticism that the dry facts are brought out in scriptural teaching
rather than the spirit of the Bible.
[1152] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 14.
[1153] ‘Credo igitur, tali Caesar ... instinctu, tanto studium litterarum
favore prosequitur, ut non minus ad providentiam numinis sui existimet
pertinere bene dicendi quam recte faciendi disciplinas, et pro divina
illa intelligentia mentis aeternae, sentiat litteras omnium fundamenta
esse virtutum, utpote continentiae, modestiae, vigilantiae, patientiae
magistras’, _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 8. Cicero’s actual words in _de
Orat._ iii. 15. 57 ‘illa doctrina ... et recte faciendi et bene dicendi
magistra’.
[1154] Cf. Horace, _Ars Poet._ 310 ff.
[1155] _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1. 393.
[1156] ‘Fabricatum Martius Campus militem suscipit, quem simulacrum
mentitae dimicationis animavit nec pedem retorquet a classicis cui
bucinarum clangor et ministeria belli inter pacis blandimenta crepuerunt.
Usu enim virtus nutrita grandescit et de institutione nascitur
periculorum tolerantia’, Ennodius, ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt.
Eccles. Lat._ vi. 405).
[1157] _Confess._ i. 16.
[1158] Ibid. i. 18.
[1159] _Ep._ 88, § 20.
[1160] _Ep._ ii. 2. 6.
[1161] _Ep._ iii. 13. 1.
[1162] _Op. cit._, p. 35.
[1163] Liv. iii. 44.
[1164] _Epigr._ viii. 3.
[1165] _Trist._ ii. 369.
[1166] _Protrep._ 33.
[1167] _Parent._ vi.
[1168] _De nuptiis Honor._ 232.
[1169] Victor, rhetorician at Marseilles towards the end of the fifth
century. _De perversis aetatis moribus ad Salmonem epistola_, Migne, lxi.
970.
[1170] So he says, _Carm._ xxiv. 95.
[1171] _Ep._ ii. 10. 5.
[1172] _Ep._ ii. 2. 9 ‘frons triclinii matronalis’. _Carm._ xv. 144 ‘Hoc
opus (of a work of embroidery) virgineae posuere manus’.
[1173] Sidonius mentions the place set apart for the women in the
library, _Ep._ ii. 9. 4.
[1174] _Ep._ 127.
[1175] _Mon. Germ. Hist._ vi. 2, p. 173, Canon 36.
[1176] Ibid., p. 182.
[1177] Aug. _de Mor. Eccles. Cath._ i. 70.
[1178] e.g. in the second Preface to his translation of the Psalms,
Migne, xxix. 118.
[1179] Daniel, the twelve Minor Prophets, Isaiah, Psalms, Esther, Samuel
and Kings, and to Eustochium alone (after Paula’s death) Joshua, Judges,
and Ruth.
[1180] Ozanam, _Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century_, i. 246.
Cf. for Jerome’s connexion with Gaul, _Ep._ v. 2; _Ep._ 117, 120, 121.
_Adv. Iovianum_, ii. 7 (acquaintance with Hilary). For Augustine, Holmes,
_Christian Church in Gaul_, pp. 383 ff. For Ambrose, E. W. Watson,
_Hilary of Poitiers,_ p. xi.
[1181] Migne, xix. 542.
[1182] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ vi. 409).
[1183] _De Ord._ i. 11; Migne. xxxii. 992.
[1184] _Ars Amat._ ii. 281.
[1185] Wilamowitz, _On Greek Historical Writing_ (trans. G. Murray), p.
16, ‘The Greeks and Romans had no education in history’; p. 18, ‘No man
in antiquity ever gave lectures on history’. Chassang remarks that there
was no separate ‘chair’ for history, _Le Roman dans l’antiquité_, p. 98.
Glover, _Life and Letters_, p. 106.
[1186] _Röm. Privatalt._, p. 328, note 3.
[1187] Aus. _Prof._ xxvi. 3:
_Historia_ si quos vel poeticus stylus,
Forumve fecit nobiles.
This seems to indicate that history was conceived of as a separate
subject.
[1188] _Protrep._ 61.
[1189] _Prof._ xx. 8 ‘Historiam callens Livii et Herodoti’.
[1190] Aus. _Ep._ x. 32. 22.
[1191] _Tech._ x.
[1192] _Instit._ x. l. 31 ‘Historia est proxima poetis et quodam modo
carmen solutum’. Cf. Wilamowitz’ Oxford lecture on Greek historical
writing (trans. G. Murray, p. 4). ‘The ancients were even further from a
genuine science of history than from a genuine science of nature.... The
method of historical research which we regard as an imperative duty is
scarcely a century old.... And yet ... the first thing is to recognise
that all our historical writing rests on foundations laid by the Greeks,
as absolutely as does all our natural science.’
[1193] _Ep._ xx. (title).
[1194] _Prof._ xvi. 11.
[1195] _Carm._ ix. 240 ff.
[1196] _Prof._ xx. 9.
[1197]
Memor, celer, ignoratis
adsidue in libris, nec nisi operta legens,
exesas tineisque opicasque evolvere chartas
maior quam promptis cura tibi in studiis.—_Prof._ xxii. 1.
[1198] _Prof._ xxii. 14.
[1199] Ibid. 3, 4.
[1200] _De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine_, p. 33.
[1201] Cf. Dill, _Rom. Soc._, p. 424.
[1202] _De Ordine_, ii. 12; Migne, xxxii. 1012 ‘huic disciplinae
(Grammaticae) accessit historia ... non tam ipsis historicis quam
grammaticis laboriosa’.
[1203] _Pan. Lat._ viii. 1.
[1204] _Libri de Fastis_, iii. 3 (p. 194, Peiper’s ed.).
[1205] Ibid. i. 8.
[1206] Ibid. iv. 3.
[1207] Puech. _De Paulini ... Ausoniique epistolarum commercio_, p. 11.
[1208] _Antike Kunstprosa_, p. 81.
[1209] ‘Concessum est rhetoribus ementiri in historiis, ut aliquid dicere
possint argutius’, _Brut._ 42.
[1210] _De leg._ i. 5 (quoted Norden).
[1211] _Inst._ x. 2. 21.
[1212] e.g. _Pan. Lat._ xi. 10.
[1213] Ibid. xii. 5.
[1214] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 10.
[1215] ‘Ibi (in the school), fortissimorum imperatorum pulcherrimae
res gestae per diversa regionum argumenta, recolantur, dum calentibus
semperque venientibus victoriarum nuntiis, revisuntur gemina Persidos
flumina et Libyae arva sitientia, et convexa Rheni cornua et Nili ora
multifida, dumque sibi ad haec singula intuentium animus adfingit,
aut sub tua, Diocletiane Auguste, clementia, Aegyptum, furore posito,
quiescentem, aut te Maximiane invicte, perculsa Maurorum agmina
fulminantem.... Nunc enim, nunc demum, iuvat orbem spectare depictum, cum
in illo nihil videmus alienum’, Ibid. 21.
[1216] _Ep._ iv. 22. 5.
[1217] Ibid.
[1218] Symm. _Ep._ iv. 32. Cf. iv. 18; Symmachus refuses the request that
he should write a history.
[1219] _Ep._ viii. 15. 1.
[1220] _De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata_, p. 29.
[1221] See Woodward, _Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman
Empire_, p. 5. Cf. the saying of Donatus ‘quid est imperatori cum
ecclesia?’
[1222] Cf. Woodward, _Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman
Empire_ (1916).
[1223] Ibid., p. 5.
[1224] Orosius, v. 2. 1 (quoted Dill, _op. cit._, p. 315).
[1225] Strabo, iv. 4.
[1226] See p. 9. Lucian in the second century found a Gallic philosopher,
ἀκριβῶς Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ἀφιείς, Herak. iv.
[1227] Cf. Fauriel, _Hist. de la Gaule_, i. 432.
[1228] Jullian, _Revue internat. de l’Enseignement_, p. 37 (1893). Cf.
Jullian, _Histoire de Bordeaux_, pp. 27, 28.
[1229] Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil_, No. 150. Cf. No. 326 (Narbonne)
νιψάμενος προσεύχου and the Christian signs; the labarum, with α and ω.
[1230] Ibid., No. 374.
[1231] Cf. Jerome, _Ep._ 130 ‘negotiatoribus et avidissimis mortalium
Syris’, and Eumen. _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 12 ‘Syrus mercator’.
[1232] Le Blant, _Épigraphie chrétienne_, p. 43.
[1233] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 7.
[1234] ‘Genitor ille deorum oceanus’ = _Iliad_ Ξ 201 of which 178 appears
in ‘Iovi et Iunoni recubantibus novos flores terra submisit’. Cf. Brandt,
_Eumenios von Augustodunum_, 20.
[1235]
Cecropiae commune decus Latiaeque camenae
_solus_ qui Chium miscet et Ammineum.—_Ep._ xxxi. 31.
[1236] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.
[1237] e.g. _Misopogon_, 342 (see Hertlein). One of the boasts of
Favorinus of Arles (second century) was that, though a Gaul, he could
write and speak Greek, Philostratus, _Vita Soph._ i. 206 (ed. Kayser).
[1238] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 17.
[1239] _Domest._ iv. 9.
[1240] _Prof._ viii:
Obstitit nostrae, quia, credo, mentis
tardior sensus, neque disciplinis
adpulit Graecis puerilis aevi
noxius error.
The _credo_ seems to be ironical, and more a criticism of the masters
than of himself.
[1241] Stahl, _De Ausonianis studiis poetarum Graecorum_, ad init.
[1242] e.g. _Ep._ viii ‘πολύ cantica τέκνα’, etc.; ‘nunquam ipse torquet
αὔλακα’ _Ep._ vi. 10.
[1243] e.g.
οἱ πλεῖστοι κακοί
quod est Latinum: plures hominum sunt mali.
[1244]
Sedulum cunctis studium docendi,
fructus exilis tenuisque sermo.—_Prof._ viii. 5.
[1245]
Esset Aristarchi tibi gloria Zenodotique
Graiorum, _antiquus si sequeretur honos_.—_Prof._ xiii. 3.
[1246] Bolland, i, Jan., p. 50, _vita Eugendi_ ‘Lectioni namque se in
tantum die noctuque ... dedit et intendit ut praeter Latinis voluminibus
etiam Graeca facundia redderetur instructus’.
[1247] i. 13. Cf. _Contra Petilianum_, i. 91 ‘Graecae linguae perperam
assecutus sum et proprie nihil’.
[1248] _Confess._, _l.c._
[1249] Ibid. 14.
[1250] _De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine_, p. 34.
[1251] Ibid. 35.
[1252] _Euchar._ 77.
[1253] Cf. Auson. to Drepanius, _Eclog._ i. 11:
Quem pluris faciunt novem sorores,
quam cunctos alios Marone dempto.
[1254] _Saint Augustin_, p. 57 (transl.).
[1255]
Quae doctrina duplex (i.e. the study of the two languages) sicut est
potioribus apta ingeniis, geminoque ornat splendore peritos,
sic sterilis nimium nostri, ut modo sentio, cordis
exilem facile exhausit divisio (of the languages) venam.—_Euchar._ 81.
Cf. 117 ‘Argolico pariter Latioque instante magistro’.
[1256] _Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ xvi. 1. 277.
[1257] _Euchar._ 119-21.
[1258] Ibid. 115-18.
[1259] _Confess._ i. 14.
[1260] Cf. Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, 186 ff., also 149, 191, 220.
[1261] Cf. Giles, _Roman Civilization_, p. 11.
[1262] _Aemil. Paul._ 6, 7. Cf. Ussing, _Erziehung bei den Griechen und
Römern_, p. 123.
[1263] _De Fin._ i. 3, ‘hoc tam insolens domesticarum rerum fastidium’.
Cf. _Tusc._ ii. 15; iii. 5, 8, 10; _Pro Caecina_, 18; Sen. _Ep._ 58.
Cicero’s repeated and emphatic protests show how strong the hellenizing
tendency was in his day.
[1264] Plin. _Ep._ iv. 18.
[1265] Seneca, _Ep._ lvii. 1.
[1266] e.g. _De Fin._ i. 6.
[1267] _De Rhet._, § 2.
[1268] Glover, _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century_, p. 188.
[1269] ‘Sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari ut ab
Homero in scholis’, _Ep._ ii. 14.
[1270] ‘Initium quoque eius (Grammaticae) mediocre exstitit, siquidem
antiquissimi doctorum qui iidem et poetae et semigraeci erant ...
_nihil amplius quam Graecos interpretabantur_ aut si quid ipsi Latine
composuissent praelegebant’, _De Grammaticis_, § 1.
[1271] _Scriptt. Hist. Aug._ xix. 27 (2).
[1272] _Satyr._ 5.
[1273] _Instit._ x. 1. 46.
[1274] _Prof._ xxi; Jung, _De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata_, p. 25.
[1275] _Euchar._ 72.
[1276] _Protrep._ 45.
[1277] _Ep._ cvii. 9.
[1278] _Revue internat. de l’Enseignement_, 1893, p. 38.
[1279] _Op. cit._, p. 24.
[1280] _B. G._ lv. 5.
[1281] _Epigr._ lxvii and the eight following epigrams.
[1282] _Epigr._ lxxi. It must be remembered, however, that such
enthusiasm was very often conventional. The work was very famous in
literature (cf. Pliny, _N. H._ xxxiv. 57 ‘Myronem ... bucula maxime
nobilitavit celebratis versibus laudata’) and Ausonius’s appreciation
may be worth little more than that of the thirty-six epigrams on Myron’s
heifer preserved in the Greek Anthology. That the appreciation of an
epigram, however, need not necessarily be artificial is proved, e.g. by
iv. 54 of the Anthology of Planudes.
[1283] p. 433, Peiper’s ed. Cf. Petron. 88 ‘Myron, qui paene hominum
animas ferarumque aere comprehenderat’.
[1284]
Habet sepulcrum non id intus mortuum,
habet nec ipse mortuus bustum super;
sibi sed est ipse hic sepulcrum et mortuus.
(_Carmina a Thaddaeo Ugoleto Ausoni Epigrammaton libro inserta._)
[1285] _Ep._ viii. 6. 10 ‘cultor aliquis e primis architectusque’. Cf.
_Ep._ vi. 12. 3.
[1286] _Claudianus und Sidonius_; Dalton, Introd. to Sidonius, p. 101.
[1287] _Carm._ xxii.
[1288] _Ep._ ix. 14.
[1289] _Ep._ ii. 10.
[1290] _Ep._ iv. 18.
[1291] Ibid.
[1292] Dehio, _Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes_, i. 21; Dalton,
ii. 233.
[1293] See for example Reinach’s collection of sculptures.
[1294] Cf., however, p. 31, note. The excellence of the Gauls in pottery
has been referred to, ibid.
[1295] _Histoire de France_, i. 3. 407.
[1296] e.g. _Pan. Lat._ vi. 21.
[1297] _Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century_, i. 70 ff.
[1298] _Variarum_ lib. vii. 15 ‘Formula ad praefectum urbis de architecto
publicorum’.
[1299] _Vita S. Martini_, 10.
[1300] ‘Ut et facta veterum, exclusis defectibus, innovemus et nova
vetustatis gloria vestiamus’, _Var._ vii. 15.
[1301] _Ep._ xxxii. 24.
[1302] Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil_, No. 87.
[1303] Cf. _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 604 ff.
[1304] _Ep._ xxxii. 2 (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ xxix. 257 ff.).
[1305] Ibid., § 10:
Pleno coruscat Trinitas mysterio;
stat Christus agno, vox patris caelo tonat
et per columbam Spiritus Sanctus fluit.
[1306] Ibid., § 17 ff.
[1307] ‘Totum vero extra concham basilicae spatium alto et lacunato
culmine geminis utrimque porticibus dilatatur, quibus duplex per singulos
arcus columnarum ordo dirigitur. Cubicula intra porticus quaterna longis
basilicae lateribus inserta, secretis orantium ... accommodatos ad pacis
aeternae requiem locos praebent. Omne cubiculum binis per liminium
frontibus versibus praenotatur ..., ibid., § 12.
[1308] Ibid., § 17.
[1309] _C. I. L._ xii. 1923.
[1310] _C. I. L._ xii. 3344.
[1311] _Ep._ i. 2. 9.
[1312] _Confess._ ix. 6.
[1313] ‘In mari rubro transisse iustos, et Pharaonem cum suo exercitu
demersum, etiam in scholis cantant parvuli’, Migne, xxiii; _Adv.
Iovianum_, ii. 22.
[1314] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 11. 6.
[1315] ‘Alternante mulcedine monachi clericique psalmicines’, _Ep._ v.
17. 3.
[1316] _Regula_, Migne, lxxx. 213.
[1317] _Comm. in Ep. ad Galat._ ii, praef.
[1318] _Vir. Illust._, ch. 100. The common reference to this passage
to prove that Hilary was the _first_ to introduce hymns into Gaul is
therefore not quite correct.
[1319] Vide Dreves, _Lat. Hymnendichter des Mittelalters_, p. 3.
[1320] Hilary, _Homily on Psalms_, 65, § 1; cf. Watson, _Hilary of
Poitiers_, p. xlvi.
[1321] _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 64. He was a teacher of boys. ‘Studebat ut
omnes pueros ... statim litteras doceret ac psalmis imbueret’, Greg. Tur.
_Vitae Patrum_, 8. 2; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxi, 1042.
[1322] April 2, p. 95.
[1323] _Ep._ v. 17. 3.
[1324] _Prof._ xvii. 10.
[1325] _Prof._ i. 4.
[1326] _Prof._ xvi. 14 ff.
[1327] _Prof._ xix. 11.
[1328] _Prof._ xxii. 19.
[1329] _Prof._ xxiii. 6.
[1330] _Prof._ xiii.
[1331] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 9. 1.
[1332] Ritter, _Comment. on Cod. Theod._ xiii. 9. 1.
[1333] xiv. 6: xxviii. 4.
[1334] Cf. _Confess._ v. 8 (14) ‘Apud Carthaginem foeda est et
intemperans licentia scholasticorum: inrumpunt inpudenter et prope
furiosa fronte perturbant ordinem, quem quisque discipulis ad
proficiendum instituerit. Multai niuriosa faciunt mira hebetudine et
punienda legibus....’ He complains that Carthage is much worse than Rome.
The tradition of colonial rowdiness seems to have lasted to our own time.
[1335] _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1. 2040.
[1336] I owe this suggestion to the late Mr. H. J. Cunningham of
Worcester College.
[1337] ‘Paucae domus studiorum seriis cultibus antea celebratae, nunc
ludibriis ignaviae torpentis exundant, vocali sonu, perflabili tinnitu
fidium resultantes. Denique pro philosopho cantor, et in locum oratoris
doctor artium ludicrarum accitur’, xiv. 6. 18.
[1338] _Ep._ ii. 10; iv. 18; viii. 2.
[1339]
Quarum iamdudum nullus vigeat licet usus
disciplinarum, vitiato scilicet aevo.—_Euchar._ 68.
[1340] _Epist. posterior doctissimo viro Sapaudo_ (_Corp. Scriptt.
Eccles. Lat._ x. 203).
[1341] ‘Video enim os Romanum non modo neglegentiae sed pudori esse
Romanis’, ibid.
[1342] Cf. the criticisms of education in Juvenal and Seneca (_Ep. Mor._
xv. 3. 23; _Ep._ lxxvi. 4; _Ep._ cviii. 6). To rant about education has
been a temptation in all ages.
[1343] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 296.
[1344] Ibid. 392.
[1345] _De Reditu_, i. 21.
[1346] Ibid. i. 29 ff.
[1347] _Carmen de Providentia Dei_, 13; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ li. 618.
[1348] Ibid. 27.
[1349] Migne, li. 611, vs. 25.
[1350] Ibid., vs. 37 ff.
[1351] _Commonitorii_ ii. 165 (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._ xvi. 234).
[1352] e.g. by Maximin towards the end of the third century, _Pan. Lat._
iii. 5.
[1353] Ammianus, xxviii. 2, 10.
[1354] Zosimus, vi. 2.
[1355] Salvian, _De Gub._ v. 6, 24.
[1356] _Ep._ vi. 4. 1, A.D. 472.
[1357] _Ep._ vi. 6. 1, A.D. 472. Cf. _Ep._ vii. 10. 2, A.D. 474 ‘Si
commeandi libertas pace revocetur’, and _Ep._ vii. 11. 1.
[1358] _Ep._ vi. 10. 1, A.D. 473.
[1359] _Ep._ ix. 3. 2. Cf. _Ep._ ix. 5. 1.
[1360] _Ep._ vii. 1.
[1361] ‘Nam idcirco tantum incommodis calamitatum circumecribendis potius
quam sanandis pax quaedam videtur adludere, ut mentes fallaci securitate
laxatas, instaurato gravius metu succiduus gemitus adficiat’, _Ep. ad
Diversos_, xxxvii, ed. Peiper.
[1362] _Hist. of Europe in the Fifth Century_, p. 27.
[1363] _Ad Uxorem_, 7; Migne, li. 611.
[1364] _De Prov. Dei_, Migne, li. 618.
[1365] Ibid.
[1366] Guizot, _Hist. of Civilization_ (trans. Hazlitt), i. 439.
[1367] _De Reditu_, ii. 49.
[1368] Salvian, _De Gub._ v. 24 ‘De Bagaudis nunc mihi sermo est qui
per malos iudices et cruentos spoliati afflicti necati, postquam ius
Romanae libertatis omiserant, etiam honorem Romani nominis perdiderunt
... vocamus rebelles, vocamus perditos quos esse compulimus criminosos’.
Salvian was a preacher and loved vividness. But, as Hodgkin remarks
(I. i. 2, pp. 920 ff.), he was a truthful man, and had an enthusiasm
for justice, and as such he saw that there was much to be said on the
anti-Roman side. Cf. ‘... inciperent esse quasi barbari, quia non
permittebantur esse Romani’.
[1369] Pichon, _Études sur la Litt. lat._ i. 55.
[1370] Sidon. _Ep._ ii. 10. 1; iv. 17. 2.
[1371] Letter to Philip, 5, 10; Murray, _Religio Grammatici_, p. 18.
[1372] ‘Der Endzweck der Wissenschaften ist Wahrheit. Wahrheit ist der
Seele nothwendig, und es wird Tyrannei, ihr in Befriedigung dieses
wesentlichen Bedürfnisses den geringsten Zwang anzuthun.’
[1373] ‘Et ideo ego adolescentulos existimo in scholis stultissimos
fieri, quia nihil ex iis quae in usu habemus aut audiunt aut vident’,
_Satyr._ i. 1 and 2.
[1374] Aphthon. _Progym._ 4. 10.
[1375] Ibid. 7.
[1376] Ibid. 12.
[1377] _Ep._ xxii.
[1378] _Ep._ xiii. 6 ff.
[1379] _Ep._ xv. 24 ff. Cf. his trifling with Greek words, _Ep._ viii.
[1380] _Ep._ viii. 11. 5.
[1381] _Ep._ ix. 14. 4.
[1382] _Ep._ ix. 7. 2.
[1383] Professores, Epitaphia, Ludus, Caesares, Periochae, &c.
[1384] Eclogae, Cupido, Technopaegnion, Griphus, Cento, &c.
[1385] Cf. Sid. _Ep._ iv. 22. 2 ‘et ego Plinio discipulus assurgo’.
[1386] _Ep._ i. 1. 2.
[1387] Cf. Baret’s ed., p. 115.
[1388] _Ep._ iv. 3. 3.
[1389] _Ep._ iv. 22. 6.
[1390] ‘Quisquis enim recentiorum aliquid dignum memoria scriptitavit,
non et ipse novitios legit. Illi ergo reventilandi memoriaeque mandandi
sunt de quibus isti potuere proficere quos miramur’, _Ep. Posterior_
(_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._, vol. x, p. 206).
[1391] See especially Brandt, _Eumenius von Augustodunum_, pp. 18, 19.
Cf. Pichon, _Études sur la Litt. lat._ i. 36 ff.
[1392] It must be remembered, however, that the ‘litterati’ of the day
very often posed as familiar with authors whom they only knew from
extracts or anthologies. The rarer authors here prescribed were known,
probably, only in this superficial way.
[1393] Cf. Wackernagel in _Kultur der Gegenwart_, i. 8. 389.
[1394] Jer. _Ep._ 125. 6.
[1395] Sidonius gives as the special mark of the grammarian his love of
rule (_regulare_), _Ep._ iv. 1. 2.
[1396] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._, vol. vi, p.
408).
[1397] Cf. Aulus Gellius, N. A. i. 6. 4 ‘Rhetori concessum est sententiis
uti falsis, audacibus, versutis, subdolis, captiosis, si veri modo
similes sint....’
[1398] Ozanam, _Hist. of Civil. in the Fifth Century_, i. 3.
[1399] Cf. Rocafort, _Paulin de Pella_, p. xl; Ebert, _Geschichte der
Litteratur des Mittelalters_, p. 409.
[1400] Praef. § 1 ‘me scilicet _totam_ vitam meam deo debere’; _Euchar._
590 ff. ‘hoc unum ipse bonum statuens, hoc esse tenendum conscius,
hoc toto cupiens adquirere corde.... Te praefando loqui, Te meminisse
silendo’.
[1401] _De Prov._ 935; Migne, li. 618.
[1402] Ibid. 941.
[1403] Ibid. 958.
[1404] Migne, li. 611.
[1405] _Ep._ vii. 13.
[1406] _Ep._ 60; Migne, xxii. 600 ‘Orbis Romanus ruit et tamen cervix
nostra erecta non flectitur’.
[1407] _De Doctrina._
[1408] Ibid. iv. 2.
[1409] _Confess._ iii. 6.
[1410] ‘Ne ulterius pueri meditantes ... insanias mendaces et bella
forensia mercarentur ex ore meo arma furori suo’, ibid. ix. 2.
[1411] _Prin. Rhet._ i.; Migne, xxxii. 1439 ‘Oratoris officium est ...
primum ipsam (quaestionem) intellegere’. Cf. _De Ordine_, ii. 17, talking
of barbarisms and solecisms of which he confesses he himself may be
guilty, he says to his mother: ‘sed tu, contemptis istis vel puerilibus
rebus vel ad te non pertinentibus, ita grammaticae divinam fere vim
naturamque cognoscis _ut eius animam tenuisse, corpus reliquisse disertis
videaris_’.
[1412] Ibid., ch. 2. Cf. Isidore of Seville, _Etymol._ ii. 1 ‘Rhetorica
est scientia ... ad persuadenda iusta et bona’. Migne, lxxxii. 125.
[1413] ‘Hic est ordo studiorum sapientiae per quem fit quisque idoneus ad
intelligendum ordinem rerum, id est, ad dignoscendos duos mundos et ipsum
parentem Universitatis’, _De Ord._ ii. 18. Cf. i. 9; ii. 16.
[1414] _De Schol. Rom._, p. 43.
[1415] _Chron. Ler._ ii. 57; Migne, l. 718.
[1416] _Phaedo_, 66 C.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES.
(_a_) Pagan.
(Teubner Series, unless otherwise stated.)
Ammianus.
Aulus Gellius.
Ausonius (for a full bibliography to Ausonius see _Prolegomena to an
edition of the works of D. M. Ausonius_, Sister M. J. Byrne, 1916).
Caesar.
Cicero (esp. _De Oratore_ and _Brutus_).
Claudius Claudianus.
_Codex Theodosianus_, ed. Mommsen and Meyer, with the old but
valuable commentaries of Gothofredus and Ritter.
Diodorus (Dübner).
Galen, ed. Kühn.
_Grammatici Latini_, ed. Keil (esp. Servius).
_Grammaticae Romanae Fragmenta_ (1907).
Horace.
Isocrates.
Justinus, ed. Benecke.
Juvenal, with Mayor’s _Commentary_.
_Leges Visigothorum_ (_Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_).
Libanius, _Orations_, ed. Reiske.
Libanius, _Letters_, ed. Seeck.
Lucian.
Macrobius.
Martial.
_Panegyrici Latini_ (1911).
Petronius, ed. Littré.
Pliny, _Naturalis Historia_.
Pliny, _Panegyric_, _Letters_.
Plutarch, _Lives_.
Quintilian.
Rhetores Graeci.
Rutilius Namatianus.
_Die Schriften der römischen Feldmesser_, ed. Mommsen.
_Scriptores Historiae Augustae._
Seneca, _Suasoriae et Controversiae_.
Seneca (the philosopher), _Epistulae_.
Sidonius, with Dalton’s Introduction to his translation of the
_Letters_.
Strabo (Dübner).
Suetonius, _De Grammaticis_, _De Rhetoribus_.
Symmachus, ed. Seeck.
Tacitus.
(_b_) Christian.
(Migne’s Series, unless otherwise stated.)
_Ad Uxorem._
Augustine, _Confessions_, ed. Knöll; and esp. _De Ordine_, _De
Doctrina_, _Principia Rhetorices_.
Avitus, _Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_.
Caesarius.
Cassian.
Cassiodorus, _Variae_.
Claudianus Mamertus (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).
_De Providentia Dei._
Ennodius (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).
Eucherius.
Gennadius, _De viris illustribus_.
Hilary of Arles.
Hilary of Poitiers.
Isidore of Seville.
Jerome, esp. _Letters_.
Paulinus of Nola (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).
Paulinus of Pella (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).
Prudentius.
Remigius.
Salvian.
Sedulius.
Socrates.
Sozomen.
Tertullian.
Theodoret.
Victor of Marseilles.
(_c_) Inscriptions.
Boissieu, _Inscriptions de Lyon_.
_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum._
Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil de l’Épigraphie chrétienne_.
Pirson, _La Langue des Inscriptions latines de la Gaule_.
II. MODERN AUTHORITIES.
(_a_) Works of Reference.
_Archiv für lateinische Lexicographie_, ed. Wölfflin.
Blümner, _Römische Privatalterthümer_.
Boquet, _Recueil des Historiens_, tom. 1.
Cramer, _Geschichte der Erziehung_.
Daremberg-Saglio, _Dictionnaire des Antiquités_.
Desjardins, _Géographie historique de la Gaule_.
Dreves, _Lateinische Hymnendichter des Mittelalters_.
Ebert, _Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters_.
Espérandieu, _Les bas-reliefs de la Gaule Romaine_.
Grasberger, _Erziehung u. Unterricht im klassischen Alterthum_.
Gröber, _Grundriss der romanischen Philologie_.
Head, _Historia Numorum_ (1911).
Hefele, _Conciliengeschichte_.
_Histoire littéraire de la France._
Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_.
Paul, _Grundriss der germanischen Philologie_.
Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopädie_.
Schanz, _Geschichte der römischen Litteratur_.
Teuffel-Schwabe, _History of Roman Literature_ (transl. Warr).
(_b_) Other Works.
_Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Benedictini_ (Bolland).
Barralis, _Chronologia Sanctorum et aliorum virorum illustrium atque
abbatum sacrae insulae Lerinensis_ (1613).
Bertrand, _Saint Augustin_ (transl.).
Boissier, _La Fin du Paganisme_; _Tacite_.
Bulaeus, _Historia Universitatis Parisiensis_.
Bury, _Roman Empire_.
_Cambridge Mediaeval History_.
Cantor, _Die römischen Agrimensoren_.
Denk, _Geschichte des gallo-fränkischen Unterrichts- u.
Bildungswesens_.
Fauriel, _Histoire de la Gaule méridionale_.
Frank, _Roman Imperialism_.
Freeman, _Historical Essays_.
Freeman, _Methods of Historical Study_.
Freeman, _Western Europe during the Fifth Century_.
Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, ed. Bury.
Glover, _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century_.
Guizot, _History of Civilization_ (tr. Hazlitt).
Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_.
Holmes, _Christian Church in Gaul_.
Jullian, _Histoire de Bordeaux_.
Jullian, _Histoire de la Gaule_.
Jullian, _Les Premières Universités françaises_ (_Rev. internat. de
l’Enseignement_, 1893).
Jung, _De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata_.
Kaufmann, _Rhetoren- u. Klosterschulen in Gallien während des 5. und
6. Jahrhunderts_.
Lavisse, _Histoire de France_.
Monnard, _De Gallorum oratorio ingenio_.
Montalembert, _The Monks of the West_ (transl.)
Norden, _Die antike Kunstprosa_ (2nd ed.).
Ozanam, _History of Civilization in the Fifth Century_ (transl.).
Pichon, _Études sur l’Histoire de la littérature latine dans les
Gaules_.
Puech, _De Paulini Nolani Ausoniique epistolarum commercio_.
Rocafort, _Paulin de Pella_.
Speck, _Quaestiones Ausonianae_.
Watson, E. W., _Hilary of Poitiers_ (_Nicene and Post-Nicene
Fathers_).
Woodward, _Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire_
(1916).
INDEX
(_For names of persons see subjects connected with them._)
_A._
Abacus (for arithmetic), 60.
Actors, 127, 154.
Administration, imperial, 119 ff.
Aesop, fables of, 73.
Afrikaans in South African schools, 255.
Age for beginning school, (pagan), 106;
(Christian), 181.
_Agrimensores_, 89.
Agroecius, text-book of, 64.
Alexandria, Christian schools at, 176.
doctors of, 89.
Alimenta, 138.
Ambrose, hymns of, 237, 238.
Analogists, 62.
Annonae, 113.
Anomalists, 62.
_Antecessores_, 85.
ἀντιθέσεις (rhetorical), 78.
Antioch, school-life at, 52.
Sophists of, 72.
school-exercises at, 72 ff.
Antiquities, 64, 65.
ἄπαξ εὶρημένα and provincialisms, preserved by Marcellus, 88.
Appointment of teachers, 113, 149.
Aquitaine, connexion with Greece of, 220.
distinction of, 46 ff.
first to be Romanized, 27.
morals of, 199.
peacefulness of, 39.
Archaism, prevalent in our period, 254.
effect on education, 255.
_Archiatri_, 88.
Architecture at Trèves and Autun, 102, 234.
Christian, 234.
Arena, 154.
Arithmetic, in Christian schools, 186.
in pagan schools, 59.
Art, in Catacombs, 235.
natural to Gauls, 231.
how modified in Gaul, 31, 232.
Martin and Cassiodorus on, 234, 235.
naturalistic in choice of subject, 31.
possible school of, at Martres, 233.
paintings, 236.
produced by foreigners, 233.
references in Ausonius, 231, 232.
remains of in Gaul, 30.
tendency to artificiality of, 232, 233.
vases, ivories, &c., 235, 236.
Artificiality, 160, 251-4.
Astronomy, needed for poetry, 41, 67, 68.
Authority, educational, of Quintilian, 57 ff., 183, 184.
Autun (Augustodunum, Flavia Aeduorum), 28, 37, 38 ff., 102 ff., 136.
eclipsed by Trèves, 48.
soon Romanized, 38.
_B._
Bagaudae, 37, 246, 249 and n.
Barbarians, imperial attitude towards, 25, 26, 32.
imperial policy towards, 31.
invasions of, 142, 143, 243 ff.
Bards among the Celts, 12.
Bede on finger-computation, 59.
Bible as text-book, 189, 229.
influence on history, 218.
Bishops, growth of power of, 153.
Book-copying, (pagan), 58;
(Christian), 186.
Bordeaux, educational importance of, 46 ff.
fortunes of, 47.
Greek teachers of, 222.
intellectual capital of Gaul, 46.
Breves (reports on work of students), 107.
Buildings, Roman, in Gaul, 30.
at Autun, 102, 234.
_C._
Capella, Martianus, seven acts of, 60.
in Christian schools, 188.
Cassiodorus, conception of art of, 235.
Catacombs, art in, 235.
Catechumen schools, 176, 178.
Cathedra, 103.
Celtic, survival of, 10 ff., 161.
plant-names in, 88.
Celts, boorishness of, 49 ff.
character of, 12 ff., 199.
worship Mercury, 11, 12.
oratorical gift of, 12.
priests of, 13.
exclusive educational system of, 13, 14.
Censure, ψόγος (rhetoric), 77.
Centralization, effect of, on education, 144, 145.
Charities, 155.
Chreia (rhetoric), 73.
kinds of, 74.
Chronography, 210, 217.
Church, adornment of, 232, 234, 235.
contains aristocrats and intellectuals of the time, 156, 157.
art in, described by Paulinus of Nola, 236.
enthusiasm for education of, 40, 42, 54, 177 ff., 197.
government of, 175.
does not create new education, 162.
gains individuality, 155.
influence of, 153, 256.
music in, 237.
political significance of, 152 ff.
reaction in, against paganism, 195.
does not transform Roman Empire, 157.
sincerity of, 257, 258.
Church schools, rise of, 175 ff.
scattered and indefinite, 181.
not exclusively moral, 188.
methods of, 193 ff.
Citizenship, 128, 148, 218.
Civil power, growth of, 119.
Class distinction in society, 124 ff.
Jullian’s statement concerning, 125 ff.
Mommsen’s, 128.
effect on education, 131.
Class-rooms, 102, 182.
Collegia, 127 ff.
Coloni, 129.
Comparison, σίγκρισις (rhetoric), 77.
Confirmation, κατασκευή (rhetoric) 76.
Conplatonicorum collegium, 80.
Controversia de loco (surveying), 89.
Controversiae, 69.
Contubernium, 111, 112.
Convictus, 111.
Corporati, 127 ff.
Cosmographia, of Aethicus Hister, 66.
Courses, length of, 106.
Courts, ecclesiastical, 152.
Criticism, literary, 62.
Curiales, 121, 126, 131.
_D._
Description, ἔκφρασις (rhetoric), 78.
Dictionaries, 65.
_Dictiones Ethicae_, 69.
of Ennodius, 69, 163 n.
Discipline, (pagan), 53, 93 ff.;
(Christian), 241.
Quintilian on, 96.
_Disticha Catonis_, 188.
Doctors, exempt from military service, 88.
State-paid, 88.
teachers of their profession, 88, 89.
chiefly provincials, 89.
wealthy, 89.
Donatus = grammar of Donatus, 63.
Dress, academic, 107.
Druids, philosophy of, 12, 82.
Caesar’s account of, 13.
learning of, derived from Britain, 13.
use of writing among, 13.
Cicero on science of, 13.
exclusive nature of learning of, 13, 14.
political influence of, 14.
imperial policy towards, 15.
persistence of, 15, 16.
female, 15, 16.
_E._
Education, abroad, of Gallic students, 240 ff.
affected by art, 234, 237.
authorities on, Quintilian supreme, 57 ff., 183, 184.
effect of centralization on, 144.
effect of class distinction on, 124 ff.
Christian, in Gaul, 175 ff.
control of, 93.
decline of, 243.
earlier Roman, 33 ff.
elasticity in, advocated by Christians, 168.
elementary, (pagan), 58;
support given by Emperors to, 138, 139;
(Christian), 175.
epitome of, (pagan), 53.
extent of, (pagan), 34 ff., 41 ff., 131 ff.;
(Christian), 175, 178, 181, 190.
female, 205.
practised by Gallic Celts, 11 ff.
general scope of, (pagan), 55, 56, 57.
given by grammaticus, 60 ff.
higher, (pagan), 68 ff.;
(Christian), 191.
history in, 205.
ideals in, 249 ff.;
of Isocrates and Cicero in, 158, 159;
of Panegyrici Latini in, 160.
imperial protection of, 36, 84, 85, 113, 135 ff.
invaders’ influence on, 37, 47, 243 ff.
Julian’s encouragement of, 2, 40, 113, 137.
language question in, 223 ff.
upheld by Massilia, 7 ff.
place of memory in ancient, 90.
monopolized by emperors, 113, 144, 145.
moral, 198.
organization of, (pagan), 102;
(Christian), 182 ff.
practice of, (pagan), 52 ff.;
(Christian), 180 ff.;
in Rhetores Graeci, 172 ff.
private, 55, 103, 145, 182.
prosperity of, in Gaul, 39 ff.
public, growth of, 135.
remuneration of, 112 ff.
given by rhetor, 68 ff.
based on rhetoric, 71 ff., 157 ff., 249.
affected by roads, 29, 30, 248.
stages of, 53, 55, 56, 103 ff.
Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία, 71.
Ἑλληνισμός (purity of style), 73.
Elocution, 61, 250, 251.
Ἠθοποιία, characterization (rhetoric), 77.
Eversores, 242.
Examinations, 107.
Exposition (_enarratio_), 61.
_F._
Fables, in schools at Antioch, 72 ff., 187.
forced interpretation of, 73.
Fathers, Church, interest in education of, 178 ff.
fondness for Rhetoric, 162 ff.
reaction of, against rhetoric, 166 ff. (_rusticitas_).
attitude to art, 234, 235, 237.
harsh methods of, 194.
manual labour of, 195.
enthusiasm of, 40, 41, 177 ff.
aim at simplicity, 166.
nature of work of, 197.
attitude to women, 206 ff.
Fees, 115.
Finger-computation, 59, 186.
Flaccus, M. Verrius (_see_ Dictionaries).
Flavia Aeduorum (Autun), 28 ff.
Flavius Caper (_see_ Text-books).
Floralia at Toulouse, 108.
Florus (_see_ Gauls, character of).
Formula, magic, for medicine, 88.
_G._
Gallic Latin, 21.
Games, 97 ff.
in home of Gallic aristocrat, 54.
gladiatorial, 154, 155.
Gaul, imperial status of, 42, 240.
prosperity of schools of, 39 ff.
Romanization of, 26 ff.
students of, abroad, 240 ff.;
how treated at Rome, 241, 242.
Gauls, capacity for art, 231.
supposed boorishness of, 49 ff., 221.
character of, 11, 12, 199.
capacity for eloquence, 11, 12, 141, 160.
lively spirit of, 231.
cultivate the panegyric, 141.
Geography, supposed weakness of Romans in, 66.
writers on, 66.
in Ausonius, 67.
function of, 66, 67, 215.
Germans, forbidden to intermarry, 21.
influence of, on Gaul, 20 ff.
influence of, on Latin, 20, 21.
influence of, on Romans, 19, 20.
Gladiators, action concerning, 154, 155.
Gnomê, γνώμη (rhetoric), 74.
Goths, attitude of aristocrats towards, 25, 26.
code of laws of, 24, 200.
entertainments of, 23, 237.
intellect of, 23.
moral influence of, 199.
not unpopular in Roman Gaul, 54.
Grammar (modern sense), 64.
Grammatikê, first treatise on, by Dionysius Thrax, 61.
how regarded by Ennodius, 163.
function of, 61.
compared with Rhetoric, 68.
criticized as non-ethical, 202.
regarded as incentive to virtue, 203, 204.
general scope of, 56.
Greek, neglected by Ausonius, 222.
in Church, 9, 44, 222, 223.
decline of, 221 ff.
in Gaul (second century), 35.
influences gymnastics, 101.
inscriptions in, 221.
influence of Massilia in favour of, 4 ff., 161, 220.
identified with paganism, 220.
Quintilian on, 229.
found difficult by schoolboys, 55, 222, 223, 224.
why found difficult, 225 ff.
Guilds, 127 ff.
Gymnastics, regarded with disfavour by Romans, 99.
due to Greek influence, 101.
Quintilian on place of, 100.
_H._
Head masters, 116, 182, 184.
Heiresses, married by Bordeaux teachers, 133.
History, 57, 209 ff.
Constitutional, 65.
ancient conception of, 211 ff.
Christian influence on, 217.
directed by imperial policy, 66, 210, 215, 216.
logical and psychological value of, 219.
moral value of, 219.
ruled by rhetoric, 214, 215.
treated as side issue, 210, 211.
haphazard study of, 213.
Holidays, increase of Christian, 109.
attitude of Church to pagan, 110.
Floralia at Toulouse, 108.
easily produced, 110, 111.
less splendid in provinces than at Rome, 108.
Home, literary atmosphere of, 54.
education, 103, 145, 182.
Hours, school, 107.
Hymns, antiphonal, 238.
influence of Augustine, 237.
contribution of Gaul, 239.
importance of, for modern metres, 239.
origin of, 237, 238.
used in schools, 237, 238.
_I._
Ideals, Pagan and Christian, 249 ff.
of Isocrates and Cicero, 158, 159.
of Panegyrici Latini, 160.
Imperial interest in schools, 36, 84, 85, 113, 135 ff., 146.
Inscriptions, 4, 15, 45, 46, 99, 161, 182, 203, 221, 242.
Intermarriage, between Roman and barbarian, 21 (ff. 248, 249)
between different classes in society, 127.
Invasions, 37, 47, 243 ff.
affect education through slaughter of children, 248.
_J._
Jurisdiction, civil, passes over to Church, 152.
_K._
Κατηγορία (rhetoric), 78.
Knowledge, low general standard of, 124 ff., 175, 181, 190.
widespread among Christians, 40, 42, 43, 54, 177, 178, 179, 196.
made a matter of class by Celts, 13, 14.
affected by imperial protection, advantageously, 135 ff.;
disadvantageously, 144 ff.
Κοινόβιοι, original idea of monastery, 177.
Κοινὸς τόπος (rhetoric), 76.
_L._
Labour, manual, 155, 195.
La Tène Civilization, 14.
Law, Arles a centre of, 83.
connexion with imperial policy, 84.
increased interest in, during fifth century, 82.
Justinian on teaching of, 84, 85.
Civil magistrates drawn from profession of, 85.
Roman, passes into Church, 153.
students of, go to Rome, 83, 84, 241.
few teachers of, 82.
Lawyers, as lecturers (_antecessores_), of Massilia, 82.
bad reputation of, 86, 87.
Lector, 181, 183.
ordination and qualifications of, 184.
Lérins, education at, 177, 179, 180, 187, 190, 195.
Lesson, method of conducting in pagan schools, 60.
Literature, enthusiasm for, 43, 131, 140.
pagan, banned by Christians, 169 ff., 206, 260;
reason for exclusive attitude toward, 170, 171;
partially accepted by wiser Christians, 172, 173, 188;
form of, used by Christians, 189.
Litterae formatae, 223.
_Litterator_ (elementary teacher), 105.
_Locus communis_, κοινὸς τόπος, 76.
_Vergilianus_, 69.
Ludi Florales, 108.
λύσεις (rhetoric), 78.
_M._
Maeniana, meaning of, 38.
school at Autun, 38, 41, 100, 102.
Magic, in medicine, 88.
Manumissions, in Church, 152.
Maps, 66, 67.
imperial use of, 66, 215, 216.
Martyrum, Acta, 9, 185, 210.
Masses, ignorance of, 130, 131, 175, 190.
Massilia, art of, 5.
coins of, 4.
culture of, 6.
Christian place of refuge, 10, 177, 178, 200 note.
doctors of, 87.
educational centre, 6, 7.
lawyers of, 82.
languages of, 8, 9.
part placed by, 9.
friendship with Rome, 5.
teachers of, 8.
contrasted with surrounding tribes, 7.
effect on surrounding tribes, 7, 8.
St. Victor, monastery of, at, 10, 177, 178.
Mathematics, of primary school, 60.
came to Rome from Egypt, 89.
Medicine, studied by Ausonius’s aunt, 41.
influence of Massilia on, 87.
a lucrative profession, 89.
prominence of provincials in, 89.
no separate school of, 87.
superstition in, 88.
Memory, place of, in ancient education, 91, 92.
Mendicancy, law against, 155.
_Merces_ (fees), 115.
Mercury, worshipped in early Gaul, 11 ff.
Metres, modern, developed by Christian hymns, 239.
Military power, decreases in later Empire, 119.
_Minerval_ (fees), 115.
Mnemonics, 90.
Monasticism, rise of, in Gaul, 177.
widespread educational influence of, 178.
not yet organized by St. Benedict, 166, 181.
Monks, trained in Arts of Capella, 188.
appreciation of their work, 197.
harsh discipline of, 193, 194.
efficiency of, as teachers, 196.
educated chiefly at Lérins and Marseilles in fifth century, 179.
manual labour of, 193, 194.
attitude of, to Rhetoric, 162 ff.
Music, work of Augustine on, 237.
ecclesiastical, 237.
among the Goths, 23.
mentioned in school exercises, 73.
frivolous nature of, at Rome, 237.
_N._
Narration, διήγημα (rhetoric), 73.
Nationalism in Roman Empire, 18, 19, 219.
Neoplatonism, 192.
Newspapers, professors used instead of, 140.
Notarii, (pagan), 59;
(Christian), 185.
Number of pupils at Bordeaux, 105.
_O._
_Oblati_, 181.
Organization, of pagan schools, 102;
of Christian schools, 182.
Oxford, compared with Bordeaux University, 135.
_P._
Paedagogus, 52.
protects child from evil influences, 53.
Paganism, artificiality of, 160, 251-4.
Paganism, attitude of Christians towards, 42 ff., 169 ff.
bitterness of, 170 ff.
neglects elementary education, 175.
neglects education of lower classes, 124 ff.
persists in holidays, 110.
persists in rhetorical tradition, 162 ff.
how Christianity supplemented, 175, 191, 195.
Palladia, name for Toulouse, 34.
Panegyric, archaism of, 254.
one of teacher’s duties, 141.
historical value of, 33 note.
imperial use of, 146.
merits of, 251.
servility of, 146 ff.
Panegyrists, genuinely grateful to Emperor, 142.
hysterically loud in his praise, 146 ff.
Greek learning of, 221.
Patriotism, inculcated by history, 218.
Pelagianism, 192.
Philology, 62, 189.
Philosophy, of Ausonius, 81.
Christian, 191 ff.
of Claudianus Mamertus, 192, 193.
of history, 217.
in grammarian’s school, 79, 203.
among _litterati_ of Gaul, 79 ff.
connected with natural sciences, 80.
neglect of, 81.
Jung’s theory to account for neglect of, 81, 82.
influence of Pythagoras on, 193.
Physicians, State-paid, 88.
Πιθανότης (rhetoric), 73.
Plato, how regarded by Christians, 80, 193.
Platonic club, 80, 112.
Play, 97 ff.
Poetry, in pagan schools, 56, 57, 68, 69.
in Christian schools, 169, 188, 206.
Poor scholars, support of, 138.
Pottery, 31.
Praefectus Galliarum, Ausonius becomes, 119.
Praise, ἐγκώμιον (rhetoric), 76.
Prescriptions, book of, by Marcellus Empiricus, 88.
Primus magister (_litterator_), 104, 105.
_Progymnasmata_, 72 ff.
_Proscholus_, 105.
Provinces, exposed to attacks of barbarians, 47, 48, 244.
divisions of society in, 121.
advantages of imperial protection of, 122, 141 ff.
disadvantages of imperial protection of, 123, 144 ff., 215.
government of, 18, 24, 29, 31, 119 ff., 249.
status of, 32, 240.
Salvian on misgovernment of, 249 note.
_Q._
Qualifications of teacher, 137 (Julian’s decree); 138 (decree of
Valentinian and Valens).
_Querolus_, fourth-century comedy, 171, 200.
_R._
Reader, Church, _see_ Lector.
Reading, in Christian schools, 183.
in pagan schools, 59.
clearness and intonation aimed at, 61.
Quintilian on, 59, 61 n., 183.
Refutation, ἀνασκευή (rhetoric), 74.
perverse method of, 75.
Research, attitude towards, 212, 213.
Restrictions, local, due to imperial protection, 127.
_Rhetores Graeci_, 71.
Rhetoric, advantages of, 249-51.
disadvantages of, 251-6.
natural to Gauls, 11, 12, 16.
persistence of, 157 ff.
power of, 160.
how regarded by Ennodius, 163.
of Hilary of Arles, 165.
of Hilary of Poitiers, 164, 167.
ideal of Isocrates in, 158, 159.
ideal of Cicero in, 159.
ideal of Panegyrists in, 160.
increasing futility of, 158.
why a failure, 256.
predominant in schools, 162.
prominent in Gaul, 11, 39, 50, 51, 160, 161.
general scope of, in schools, 68.
stages of, in schools, 69.
universality of, 70.
Roads, influence of, on education, 29, 30, 248.
Romanization, 26 ff.
causes of, in Gaul, 31.
not quite complete, 27, 29.
proved by archaeological remains, 30.
Rusticitas, 166 ff.
_S._
Salaries of teachers, amount of, 114.
enactments of Vespasian and Gratian concerning, 113.
gifts of Emperor supplement, 115.
paid at one time by parents, 115.
paid sometimes by individual towns, 114.
paid by State first in Gaul, 112.
unequal, 112.
Schola, meaning of, in fourth century, 103.
Schoolboy, picture of, in Libanius, 52.
Schoolroom, nature of, (pagan), 102;
(Christian), 182.
Schools (_see_ Education), grades of, 103 ff.
private adventure, discouraged, 113.
Sculpture (_see_ Art).
Semi-Pelagianism, 192.
Sententia, γνώμη (rhetoric), 74.
Shorthand, (pagan), 59;
(Christian), 185, 186.
Slaves, education of, 128, 129.
new attitude to, 153.
decrease of, reasons for, 154.
Social life of Bordeaux teacher, 132 ff.
Stage, action of Church against, 154.
unhealthy state of Gallic, 199.
State, relation of, to Church, 151 ff.
overshadowed by Church, 152, 153.
flouted by Church, 156.
as the champion of the Church, 156.
passes on its law and organization to Church, 153.
pays teaching doctors, 88.
pays teaching lawyers, 85.
pays school-teachers, 112 ff.
protects education materially and spiritually, 135 ff.
Stationes (of lecturing lawyers), 85.
Strenae, gifts of Emperor, 115 and note.
Studies, decline of, 243.
primary, (pagan), 58 ff.;
(Christian), 175 ff.
secondary, (pagan), 68 ff.;
(Christian), 191.
Subdoctor (_proscholus_), 105.
συνηγορία (rhetoric), 78.
Superstition, in Astronomy, 67, 68.
in Medicine, 88.
_T._
Teachers, appointed by Emperor, 136, 139.
to be approved of by Emperors, 113, 137, 138.
at Antioch, 72 ff.
benefits bestowed by Emperor, 136 ff.
conviviality of, at Bordeaux, 133 ff.
encouraged by Julian, 2, 40, 113, 137.
Gratitude of, to Emperor, 142.
Greek, at Rome, 135, 136.
harshness of, (pagan), 53, 93 ff.;
(Christian), 193 ff.
intellect of, (pagan), 134;
(Christian), 193.
methods of, (pagan), 52 ff., 90 ff., 93 ff.;
(Christian), 180 ff., 193 ff.
of morals, 203.
number appointed at Bordeaux, 115, 116.
public, gradually recognized at Rome, 136.
remuneration of, 112 ff.
social status of, 134, 135.
State, forbidden to teach privately, 145.
unhappiness of, 132.
whether they followed pupils from class to class, 116 ff.
Teaching, private, (pagan), 55, 103, 145;
(Christian), 182.
public (_see_ Education).
Text-books, 63, 189, 193.
of Donatus, 63.
of Sinnius Capito, 64 ff.
epitomes of Varro, 65.
Vergil, in pagan schools, 55, 56, 62, 69 _et passim_;
in Christian schools, 162, 169, 174, 187, 197.
Theatres, Gallic, Salvian’s condemnation of, 199.
Theodosian Code, 82, 88, 90, 129, 133, 137, 152 n., 153, 200, 201 _et
passim_.
Thesis (rhetoric), 78.
Trèves, eclipses Autun in importance, 48.
buildings of, 30.
imperial capital, 30, 34, 48.
predominantly military, 48.
_U._
Universalism of Christianity, 217.
University, residential, germ of, 111.
_V._
Vates (οὐάτεις) among Celts, 12.
Victor St., monastery of, 10, 177, 178.
_W._
Women, attitude of Christians towards, 155, 205 ff.
education of, influenced by Christianity, 205, 207;
at Rome, 206;
objected to by Claudius Victor, 206;
in Sidonius, 207;
small on the whole, 209.
friends of Jerome, 208.
intellect of, praised by Sedulius, 208;
by Ennodius, 209.
Writing, in Christian schools, 184.
in pagan schools, 58.
among Druids, 13.
Quintilian on, 58, 184.
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