as a strength to the State.
INDICES
_Where the reference is less direct, the figure is given in brackets_
I GENERAL
=Agriculture, etc.=
Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, 170, 333-4
Accommodation land, 190-1
Aqueducts, 293-6
asses, 107, 330, 334, 400, 422
contempt for, 12, 69, 145-7, 160, 334
Decay of, general, 337, 383, 387, 393
Decay of, in Greece, 11, 96, 104, 127, 129, 132, 300 foll.
Decay of, in Italy, 11, 14, 143-4, 147, 154 foll., 163, 174,
209-10, 250-1, 265, 271-2, 281 foll., 288, 299, 358, 365, 404
foll.
Delegation of management, 432-3
growth of distaste for, 42, [79], 88, [119], 124, 251, [278], 302
Importance and recognized value of, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 82, 141, 200,
204-6, 212, 226, [280], 283, 400, 437, 444
improved by knowledge of foreign countries, 179, [251]
Industrializing of, 146-7, 150-1, 168-9, 203-4, 445, 447, 452
in Peloponnesus, 30, 49, 50, [69], 82, 118, 120, 122-3, 128-9
in the East, 303-5
Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, 457-8
Military point of view, 3, 8-11, 64-5, 74-5, 122, [128], 132, 133,
147, 152, 163, 166, 176, 213-4, 283, 395-7, 438, 440
Moral or civic point of view, 3, 11, 31, 64, 70, 83, 96, 107-8,
124, 133, 135 foll., 166, 213, [277 foll.], 281 foll., 302,
439-40, 445, 458
need of capital, 47, [67], 83, 104, 144, 154, 174, 200-1, 204,
[225], 250, 255, 320, 345, 365
problem of food-supply, 3, 9, 14, 15, [19], 29, 30, 47, 48, 62, 66,
77, 81, 87, 92, 96, 118-9, 132, 208, 211, 283, 288, 309, [326],
332, [337], 339, 347, 357-8, 375, 379, 382-4, 387-98, 403,
406-8, 411-2, 416, 427-8, 460-1
Property and proprietary rights, 436
Punic, 151, 164, [168], [179], 203-4, [282], 353
remunerative or not, 14, 41, 83, 107, 111, 154-60, 166, 169, 174,
186, [193], 201, 205, 252-3, [268], [277], 284, 306, 308-10,
318, 320-2, 351, 365, 404-5
Barbarian and Greek, 27, 28, 31-2, 34, 54-5, 78-9, [112], 113, [164]
Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, 427
Barbarians and the Roman army, 14, 210, 270, 273, 292, 339, 382, 387,
397, 413-4, 417-8
Barbarians, fertility of, 382
Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, 337-8, 340, 360, 384,
414-5, 416, 426, 431
Bee-keeping, 184, 228, 230, [266], 309
Beggars, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 243, 392
Book-keeping on great estates, 249-50, 258-9, [264], 335, 368
Bucolic poetry, 115-6, 218-20, 280
Capitalism and employment of labour, 2, 36, 48, 55, 57-8, 70-1, 107,
150, 151-2, 156 foll., 173, 220, 254, 302, 441, 443, 454-6
Capitalism, growth of, 13, 25, 33, 36, 47-8, 49, 58, 70, 76, 83,
[106], 129, 142-4, 212, 282, 288 foll., 314
Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, 151-2, 201, [212],
[297]
Capitalist profiteers, 403
cases, query, hypothetical?, 264, 304-5
Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, 210, 212, [376-7], 383,
389-91, 396, 405, 413, 423, 451
Census, the later Imperial, 388, 390, 420-2, 431
Centralization, bureaucratic, 379-80, 381, 384
Cereal crops, 19, 47-8, 81, 104, 107, 111, [118], [121], 154, 174,
249, [253], 266-7, 283-4, 291, 303, 309, 350, 352, 375, 388,
403, 406, 412, [428-9], 461, 463
Charcoal, 42, 64
Charitable institutions, 271, 273, 296, 324
Charity, private, 403
Christianity, influence of, 410-1, 420, 422-3, 426-32, [435], 449
foll.
Citizen and alien, 32, 36, 47, 48, 66, 96-7, 301, 314, 329
Citizens as such not producers, 102
Citizens, new, incorporation of, 126-7, 149, 153, 271, 288, 389, [444]
Citizenship, 86, 92, 94, 98, 113-4, 120, 301-2, 389, 431, 444
City and country, 9, 13, 24, 31-2, 40, 43-4, 48, 49, 63, 83, 89, 90,
108-9, 115-6, 124-5, 145-6, 153, 184, [200], 217, 222, 235-6,
251, 278-9, 301-2, 306, 308, 332, 400, 409, 429
City and State, 380
Cleruchies, 39, 41-2, 51-2, 81, 83, 105-6, [120]
Clients [πελάται, _clientes_], 25, 134, [150], [167], 243, 314, 431,
433
Colonies, 26-7, 51, 67, 72, 76, 83, 87-8, 152, 174, 207, 270, [272],
273-5
Commerce and seafaring, 19, 23, 39, 114, 215, 288, 290, 309, 347,
381, 391, 403, 412
Commerce restricted, 77, 92, 96, [98], 100, 102, [142], [290]
Communistic schemes and legends, 41, 45, 89, 92, 120, 218, 232, 236,
248, [459]
Confiscation and redistribution, 67, [70], 72, [88], 89, 128, 155-6,
176-7, 178-9, 193, 200, 203, [225], 234, 236, 240
Continuity of occupation, importance of, 207-8, 252-3, 255, 344-5,
347, 355-6, 377, 383-4
Corn-dealers, 81, 403
Corn trade (Euxine), 31, [39], 81, 104-5
Cosmopolitanism, 113-4, [187], 232, 271, [288]
Country carts, 39, 400
Country houses, 51, 82, 106, 108-9, 124, 157, [164], 165-6, 201, 224,
235, 246, 310, 312, 366, 427-9
Country life idealized, desire of, 43, [115], 124-5, 200-1, 215, 217,
222, [230], 234-6, 280, [302-3], 417, 429
Craftsman as employer, 2, [48], [51], 172-3, [385], 441, 446
Crops, dealers in, 111, 171, 322, 375
Crops, hanging, sale of, 171, 265, 284, 322
Crops, variety in, movement towards, 203, 266
Cultivation etc. by contract, 140, 166, 171-3, [180], 186, 264-5
Cultivation, intensive, 231, 265, [291]
Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, 126-7, [207-8], 211-2,
[272], [301], 337-8, 340, 349-52, 357, [383], 387, 394
Damage, responsibility for, 363, 366, 373-4
Debt, pressure of, 22, 25, 133-4, 144, 155, [209], 321, 430, 436-7
Devastation of farms in war, 31, 38, 40, 43, [84], 104, 118, 133,
136, 139, 144, 410-1, 412
Differentiation of soldier and farmer, 210, 382, 417-8
Digging, 35, 46, 116, 172, 186, 261, 282, 317
Dogs, 23, 331, 372
Domains, imperial, 207, 209, 337, 342-58, 377-8
Domestication of animals, 15, 32, 433-4
Drainage, 366
East and West, 409, 460-4
Education, 68-9, 72-3, 76, 101
Emigration of working farmers (?), 207, 256, [272], 274-5, [293],
348-9
=Estates=
abroad, 39, 51-2, 81, 83-4, 106, 207, 214, 248-9, 251, 281-2,
[291], 298, [301], 309, 319, 341, 348, 353-4, 405
and boundaries, 17, 108, 174-5, 190, 331
as ‘Peculiars’, 354, 377, 392-3
division of, 22, 190-1, 256
Great, growth of, in Italy, 126, 143-4, 147, 152-3, 154, 165, 201,
203, 205, 248, 251, 256, 263, 281-3, 297, 314, [354]
Large and small, 46, 47, 51, 88, 106-7, 119, 125, 129, 138, 141-4,
[166], 182, 196, 201, 214, 281-4, 296-7, 334
Letting to tenants, 14, 36, 39, 52, 82-3, 84, 106, 111, [125],
157-8, 160-1, 167, 177, 183, 191, 194-5, 198, 201-2, 208, 211,
216, 224, 233-5, 246-7, 252-7, 264, 277, 280, 297-9, 303,
307-8, 320-1, 325, 355, 358-9, 362 foll., 367-8, 376, 390, 433,
450, 463
Management by owner, 13, 57-8, 82, 106, [146], 167, 170-1, 224,
[250-1], 284, [319], 325
Management by owner’s steward, 13, [33], 36, 51, 57-60, 88, 106,
116, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 168, 186, 194, 224, 251-3, 256
foll., 297 foll., 304, 321, 325, 335, 343, 353, 367-8, 461
Mixed, 82, [83], 106, 108, [155], 169, [201], 310
of _collegia_, 295
retain names of former owners, 343
Small, profits on, 160, 184, 230, 284, 306
Suburban, 109, 128, 164, 248, 294-5, 306, 312
Eugenics, 72-3, [90], 93
Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, 4, 374, [429-30],
454
Experiments, 258
Fallows and rotation of crops, 291
Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, 16, 44, 136, 140,
213-4, 379
Farm-equipment found by landlord, 216, 255, 297-9, 320-1, 344-5,
364-5, 367
Farmer and politics, 11, 12, 36, 40-4, 49, 70, 89, 90, 302
Farmer as man of substance, 39-40, 41, 46, 104
Farmer-heroes, Roman, 135 foll., 145-6, 197, 213, 232, 281, 313, 328,
415, 418, 445
Farmer not a soldier, 74, [98], 101, 210, 313, [316], 396-8, 417
Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, 42, 167, [185]
Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, 46, 47, 104, [193]
Farmers required to be resident, 204-5, 208, 297, 383-4
Farmers resident in the city, 33, 51, 82
Farm-hands as oarsmen, 90, 95, 183
Farming, fancy, 109, 179, 282, 308-10
Farming, high or scientific, 98-9, 122, 179, [181], 201, 286
Farming means unremitting attention and toil, 22, 23, [152], 159-60,
166, [197], 218, 222, 251, 321, 451
Farm slaves barbarians, 63, 92, 94, 124, [292], [325], 337
Farm tenants and their burdens, 14, [131], [157-8], 183, 195, 197,
209, 211, 254, 377-8, 397, 415
Figs, 45, 81, 108, 266, 283, 303, [463]
Financial interests, power of, 152
Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, 211-2, [225],
346, 348, 354-5, 375-8, 381-3, 388 foll., 394, 401, 410 foll.,
427
Fires, 249, 374, 428
Firewood, 42, 107, 111, [115], 118, 252, 309, 388, 408
Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), 16, 19, 20, 29, 81, 88, 90,
115-6, 121, 154, 165, 171, 174, 179, 266, 278, 301, 303, 309,
[372], 388, 406, 429, 448
Floods, 108, 312, 322, 374
Flower gardens, 108-9
Food, imported, 39, 47, 48, 69, 77, 81, 104, 119, 154, 174, 184, 266,
283, 288, 309, 326, 347, 358, 403, 416
Foods, 19, 20, 24, 25, 45, 137, 283, 403
Fortified homesteads, 412-3, 429
Free craftsmen employed by farmer, 172-3, 184, [462]
Freedmen (German), 292
Freedmen (Greek), 80, 82, 85, [123]
Freedmen (Roman), 127, [160], 168-9, 183, 188, 192-3, 196-7, 201,
213, 234, 236, 243, 244, 264, 271, 284, [288], 290-1, 300, 312,
314-5, 318, [334], 379, [429]
Freedom, its local value, 21, 137
Fruit-trees and orchards, 19, 20, 25, 127-8, 139, [178], 230, 344,
350, 421
Goats, 47, 84, 183
Granaries, 107, [198], 249, 267, 288, 411-2, 429
Greeks enslave Greeks, 27, 31, 55, 73, 112, 435
Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., 16-7, 33, 35, 63, 84, 109, 115-6, 154,
162, 179, 218-20, 301, 304, 310, 315, 448
Highwaymen and brigands, 154, 160, 179, 191-2, 233, 323, 329, 342,
372, 375, 392, 405
Home or Manor Farm on estates, [161], [201], 216-7, 235, 246, 254-6,
257, 298, 319, 342, 353, 355
Horses, 33, 57-8, 120-1, 418-9
Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., 185, 307, 309, 319, 405
Imperial jealousy of great private estates, 207, 301, 353, 387,
392-3, 394-5
Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, 301, [303], 336, 357, 381-4,
387 foll., 393, 410 foll., 421-2, 424, 427
Improvement by fire, 223
Internal maladies of Roman Empire, 409 foll., 413
Irrigation, 16, 246, 293
Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, 178-9, [182-3], 200-1,
214-8, 235, 251-3, 288, 404-6, [419]
Italian agriculture, protection of, 157, [272]
Italian land and taxation, 205, 212, [291], 358, 365, 388, 406
Italian land, encouragement to invest in, 274, 289, 291, 297, 319
Italian slaves in Italy, 137, 149, [160]
Jealousy of wealth, 41, 44, 66, 70, 72, [76], 87, [109]
Jurists as Ministers, 336
=Land, etc.=
as investment, 106, 144, 159, 165, 169, 190, 201, 225, 289 foll.,
319-20, 365-6, 405
as security, 143, 288-90, 296, 324, 326-7, [430]
bought by capitalist speculators, 47, 57, 106, 142-4, 153, 191,
[199], 238, [284], 353
buying or selling of, 23, [47], 57, 84, 88, 106, 108-9, [119],
[135-6], 143-4, 154, 167, 175, 190-1, 193, [200], 234-5, 238-9,
251, 282, 284, 288 foll., 295, 305, 315, 318-20, 405, 428
grabbing and monopoly, 67, 88, 120, 142-4, 165, 174, 190, 248-9,
251, 282, 313-4, 438
holding peasantry and military duty, 10, 14, 42, 89, 90, 132-4,
138, 141-2, 148-9, 152-3, 175 foll., 198, 204, 213, 230, 313,
[418], 438, 440
hunger, 8, 52, 54, 87, 106, 128, 133, 135, 145, 174, [437]
lots, κλῆροι, 20, 21, 22, 26, 39, 51-2, 67, 76-7, 88-9, 91, 94,
120, 128, 133, 174, 177, 210, 441
lots, sale of, forbidden, 88, [91], 175-6
lots, small in early times, 135-6, 243, 281-3, 313
lots, tradition of primitive equality, 75, 89, [91]
mortgages on, etc., 25, [82], 88, 106-7, 109, 155, 288-90, 327,
[430]
neglect of poorer soils, 351
owners, large, and war, 38, 39, 41
owning and citizenship, 8, 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 57, 66-7, 70,
77, 86, 94, 96, 97, 105-6, 127, 138, 148, 191, [313], 437, 440,
444
owning and residence, 51-2, 94, 106, 108-9, 124-5, 153, 165-6, 168,
250-1, 256
owning, prestige of, 13, 14, 39, 58, 106, 154-5, 157, 201, 205,
235, 297, 358, 365-6, 438 foll.
precarious tenure of, 20, 134, 167
proud capitalists, 14, [47], 155, [169], 201, 235, 249-50, 282-3,
290-1, 314, 332, 358
public, 68, 94, 134-5, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 177, 195, 197-8
question of improvements, [166], 174, [176], 233-4, 252, [301],
365-7
regarded as property of the state, 204, [277], 303, [377]
rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, 26, 77, 252, 292,
297, 303, 321, 332, 343-4, 346-7, 356, 365, 371, 376, [394],
428, 433
systems, foreign, 204-5, 210-1, 291-2
tenure, questions of, 237-8, 272, [286]
the classes concerned with it, 432-3
value dependent on presence of labour, 60, [84], 122, 142, 144,
[154], 170, 201, 256, [319], 320, 383, 393-5, 396
various qualities, importance of, 25, [36], 41-2, 47, [63-4], 82-3,
[108-9], 121, 139, 180, 186, 231, [239], [267], 365
Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, 174-5, 186, 198, [200], 210,
226, 231, 239, [251], 273, [315], [351]
=Landlord=
as tax-collector, 393-4
can force tenant to cultivate properly, 253-4, 351, 363, 433
distrains on defaulting tenants, 298, 320-1, 378
duty to his tenant, 404
duty to support his tenant’s interests, 404
encroach on tenants’ rights, 246-7, [393]
great, and politics, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 207
great, as protectors, 392, 393, 424
great private, and imperial policy, 281-2, 301, 352-4, 366, [383],
392-3, 394-5
mad finance of, 154-5, 157, 289
rights of, 363-4, 367, 394
selfishness of, 294-6, 375, 405, 407
the enterprising, glorified, 12, 58, [178-9], 284
the town-bred man, 108, 200, [234]
=Laws=
Agrarian of 111 B.C., 143, 175
Claudian, 142, [165], [169]
Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. See under list of passages cited
Digest. See under list of passages cited
Imperial by-laws, 343 foll., 346, 349, 352, 354
Imperial rescripts and constitutions, 346-7, [352], 360-1, 372,
376, 378, 386-7, 431
Julian (of Caesar), 177, 288
Jurists separately cited, 293, 333, 351
Law appealed to, [329], 331, 402
Law as evidence, 131, 361-2, 399
Licinian, 131, 141, 174
municipal charters, 354
of Gortyn, 436
on manumission, 333
Sempronian (of Gracchi), 175
Servilian (of Rullus), 177, 198
Twelve Tables, 283
Leases, perpetual, 359, 376
Leisure for citizens, 77-8, 93-4, 97, 102, [188], 454
Lime, 172, 388, 408
Limitation of scope, 6, 132
Literary evidence, nature and value of, 5, 6, 30, 131, 136 foll.,
142-4, 145-8, 160, 187-8, 199-201, 213-7, 218 foll., 267-9,
281, 286-7, 300 foll., 303 foll., 305 foll., 317 foll., 325,
328, 399, 402, 409, 415, 417, 420, 422-3, 426 foll., 454
Loans by the state to landlords, 225, 273, 326
Local conditions, importance of, 255, 267, 282, 319-20, 372, 388
Local custom, recognition of, [345], 364-5, 367
Local government, questions of, 379-80
Luxury and extravagance, 381
Luxury, its effect on farming, 179, 246, 266, [306, 308-10], 365-6
Malarious lands, 180, 182, 253, [462]
Manufacture of articles on the farm, 185, [219], [227], 262
Manufactures, 53, [83], 381, 441
Manuring, 44, 174, 266, 284
Market gardens, 184, 231, 265, 295-6, 306, 330, 332
Markets, urban, 306, 308-9
Master’s eye, importance of, 57-9, 116, 166, 170-1, 194, 243, [251],
252-3, 266, 282
Metics, 49, 71, [86], 97, 98
Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, 386, 444, 451
=Military=
Class control [and plunder] farmers, 26-8, 68, 91-2, [94], 101,
[103], [104], 436
Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, 10, 11, 29,
155-6, 176-7, 179, 210, 214-5, 219, [223], 234, 236, 238, 240,
251, 274-5, 293
Gymnastics and military service, 100-1, 128, 316
License and outrages, 104, 160, 219, [313, 315], 330, 342, 374,
378, 405, 422-3
Mercenary soldiers, 10, 50, 53-4, 64-5, 71, 95, 103-4, 112-3, 116,
119, 125, 132, 292, 339
Professionalism, growth of, 13, [54], 69, [74], 95, 100, 153, 177,
186, 210, 313, 316, 417
Service unpopular and evaded, 41, 71, 103, 324, 326
Substitutes, 324, 396
Systems, 9-11, 27, [97-8], 101, 122, 128, 132-3, 138-9, 152-3,
175-7, 186, 209-10, [225], 323-4, 339, [341], 396-7, 407,
413-4, 417, [423], 438
Tenure of barbarian colonists, 273, 339-40, 415
Veterans, retired, as local magnates, 400, 402
Milk and cheese, 265, 309
Mining and quarrying, 51, 59, 108, [192], 443, 446-7
Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, 375, 387-8
Moral causes of Imperial decline, 423-6
Mules, 24, 33, 400, 422
Municipal estates, 207, 255, 359, 375-7, 400
Municipalities and benefactors, 271, 324, 381, [408]
Municipalities as taxation-centres, 380-1, 390, 392, 401, [408], 421,
425
Municipalities, jealousy between, 380, 401 408-9
Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, 217, 293, 376,
390, 400-1
Municipal jurisdictions, 354, 380, 399 foll.
Municipal offices shirked, 377, 381, 392, [401], 425
Music, 98, 123
Nationalization of aliens, [437], 444
New Hellenism, 112-4, 164, 275-6
Official favours and corruption, 357, 389-91, 403-7, 409, 410-1,
413-4, 421-2, 425
Old age, state-relief in, 80
Olives and oil, 19, 24, 42, 46, 47-8, 81, 84, 104, 108, 171-2, 174,
266, 283-4, 303, 350, 352, 406, 428, [463]
Oriental and other foreign influences, 6, 7, 204-8, 210-1, 314
Oriental Greeks, 113, 153, 271, 379
Oxen, 16, 22, 24, 44, 47, 99, 172, 180, [197], 214, 228-9, 231, 243,
249, 253, 261, 282, 284, 286, 331, 364, 398, 433-4, 438
Patrons of villages, 212, 400-1, 425
Payment in kind, not in debased currency, 211, [359-60], 384, 388
Peasant-farmer, hard life of, 25, 35-6, [47], 83, 90, 213, 222,
[234], 235, [313], [418]
Peasant-farmer, retirement of, 237
Penal servitude, 326
Pigs, 372, 388
Pitch-works, 192
Plantation system, 162, 165, 201, 203, 239, 297, 443
Ploughing, 16, 19, 22-4, 33, 116, [185], 218, 261, 278, 284, 334
Police, rural, no regular force, 189, 311, 323, 372, 448
Poor freemen, their trials, 63, 125, 199, 302
Populations, forced transfer of, 113
Post, Imperial [_cursus publicus_], 378, 391, 397
Poultry, 262-3, 309
Poverty and discontent, 33-4, 38, 41, 66, 70, [199]
Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, 22, 23, 25, 29, 36, [45], 46, 47-8
Poverty in Greece, 29, 53, 54, 302, 329
Poverty no reproach, 23, 111, [135 foll.], 302
Private property in land, growth of, 143-4, 174-5, 203, 205, 313,
436-8
Property, private, forbidden, 73, 75
Provincial land, tenure of, 293, 303, 351, [358]
Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, 357, 389
Reaping, 16, 22-4, 108-10, 180, 278
Reaping machine, 398
Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or taxes,
337, 344, 349-50
Religion, 18, 19, 23, 44-5, 120, 170, 258, 260, 314, [404], 434, 444,
448
Remission of dues to relieve distress, 390-1
Rent, arrears of, [161], 209, 256, 298, 320-1, 365, 404
Repetitions unavoidable, 5
Representative government unknown, 66, [89]
Restoration of exiles, effects of, 119, 122, 128
Rich and poor, 90, 94, 112, 120, 129, 205, 271, 273, 295, 302, 306,
329, 331-2, 391, 400, 403-4, 410, 424-5
Rights of way, watercourses, etc., 108, [258], 294-5, 373
Roads, 267, 295, 391, 429
Roads, public, work on, 173, 378, 391
Roman Empire a machine, 381-2, 384, 425, [427], 451
Roman Empire, stagnation in, 398, 451
Roman power of assimilation, failing, 270-1, 338, 340
Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, 423-4
Rural disputes and affrays, 188-91, 315, 372-4, [405]
Self-help, duty of, 23
Sheep, 109, 309