usquam vinctos habeo nec ibi quisquam._ I take _instruendi_ as referring
to _agri_ just above. The slaves are a normal part of _instrumentum
fundi_.
[1287] _hac paenuria colonorum._ Not the tenants’ poverty. Cf VII 30 § 3.
[1288] _sum quidem prope totus in praediis._
[1289] Daubeny, _Lectures_ p 147, regards this great variation as normal
in modern experience, and vineyards as the least lucrative kind of
husbandry.
[1290] VIII 15, IX 28, IV 6, X 8 § 5.
[1291] II 4 § 3.
[1292] _querellae rusticorum_, V 14 § 8, VII 30 § 3, IX 36 § 6.
[1293] _remissiones_, IX 37 § 2, X 8 § 5.
[1294] As de Coulanges remarks pp 17-8, Pliny does not propose to get rid
of them, but to keep them as partiary tenants. They would be in his debt.
He uses the expression _aeris alieni_ IX 37 § 2. He would have to find
_instrumentum_ for them.
[1295] IX 20 § 2.
[1296] IX 16.
[1297] IX 20 § 2 _obrepere urbanis qui nunc rusticis praesunt_.
[1298] IX 37.
[1299] _necessitas locandorum praediorum plures annos ordinatura._
[1300] _priore lustro._ The _lustrum_ or _quinquennium_ was the common
term of leases, and recognized in law books. Cf Digest XII 1 § 4¹, XIX 2
§ 24, etc.
[1301] _ut qui iam putent se non sibi parcere._
[1302] _si non nummo sed partibus locem, ac deinde ex meis aliquos operis
exactores custodes fructibus ponam._ His new tenants would be _coloni
partiarii_.
[1303] VIII 2.
[1304] V 6 § 12.
[1305] VIII 17.
[1306] VI 25.
[1307] _interceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium._
[1308] Cf Juvenal X 19-22.
[1309] Fronto, when appointed to govern Asia, one of the most peaceful
Provinces, at once looked out for a military officer to deal with
_latrones_. Fronto p 169 Naber.
[1310] Paul _Ephes_ 6 §§ 5 foll, _Coloss_ 3 §§ 22 foll, I Pet 2 §§ 18
foll.
[1311] X 29, 30, with Hardy’s notes.
[1312] The first reference to a practice that was common later.
[1313] _cum haberent condicionis suae conscientiam._
[1314] On the other hand we hear of free citizens trying to shirk army
service earlier than this. Cf Sueton _Aug_ 24, _Tib_ 8.
[1315] Capitolinus _Marcus_ 21 §§ 6, 7.
[1316] VII 18.
[1317] _actori publico mancipavi._ See chapter on the _alimenta_ of
Trajan’s time. References to municipal benefactions are very numerous in
the Digest.
[1318] As we have seen above, the tenant _coloni_ employed slave labour.
Whether they worked with their own hands, or confined themselves to
direction, probably varied in various cases.
[1319] Sueton _Julius_ 26, 28.
[1320] _Aug_ 21 _sub lege ... ne in vicina regione servirent neve intra
tricesimum annum liberarentur_. See Shuckburgh’s note.
[1321] _Aug_ 32, _Tiber_ 8.
[1322] _Aug_ 16.
[1323] _Aug_ 24.
[1324] _Aug_ 42 _quod earum [frumentationum] fiducia cultura agrorum
cessaret_.
[1325] _Aug_ 41 _usum eius (pecuniae) gratuitum iis qui cavere in duplum
possent_.
[1326] _Claud_ 25.
[1327] _Nero_ 31.
[1328] _Vesp_ 1.
[1329] _mancipem operarum quae ex Umbria in Sabinos ad culturam agrorum
quotannis commeare soleant._
[1330] _Vesp_ 4 _ad mangonicos quaestus_. Hence his nickname _mulio_, for
which as a sign of indigence cf Gellius XV 4.
[1331] _Domit_ 7, 9. See p 272.
[1332] Fronto p 144 Naber, cf Seneca _epist_ 44 § 3.
[1333] Sueton _fragm_ p 24 Reifferscheid, Gellius III 3.
[1334] Gellius V 3.
[1335] Gellius II 18.
[1336] Madaura was in the Numidian part of the Province, near the
Gaetulian border. See the _Apologia_ 24. Oea, referred to below, was in
the eastern strip, on the coast.
[1337] Juvenal VII 148-9 _nutricula causidicorum Africa_.
[1338] F Norden _Apuleius von Madaura und das Römische Privatrecht_
(Teubner 1912).
[1339] _Metamorphoses_ VIII 24. See Norden’s remarks pp 83-4.
[1340] See for instance _Metam_ IV 9, VI 31, VII 4, 9.
[1341] _Metam_ IX 39-42.
[1342] It seems certain that the convenience of humble rustics was little
regarded by the upper classes. Even Marcus Aurelius (in Fronto p 35
Naber) confesses to the reckless scattering of a flock of sheep and to
having been taken for a mounted brigand.
[1343] _Metam_ IX 35-8. This is a case of _periculum mortis ab hominis
potentis crudelitate aut odio_, referred to Digest XXXIX 6 § 3 [Paulus]
as a risk like that of war or brigandage.
[1344] _cuncta facile faciens in civitate._
[1345] Norden pp 161-3.
[1346] _cum alioquin pauperes etiam liberali legum praesidio de
insolentia locupletium consueverint vindicari._
[1347] Fierce dogs seem to have been a marked feature of country life.
See VIII 17, IX 2.
[1348] _hortulanus_, see IV 3, IX 31-2, 39-42.
[1349] See V 17, VII 15, VIII 17, 29, 31. Cf Norden pp 88-9.
[1350] IX 32. Cf the case of small farmers in Africa, _Apol_ 17, 23.
[1351] See IV 30, VIII 26. Cf Norden p 89, and pp 84-5 on metaphorical
use of the legal term _postliminium_, which occurs also in Rutilius _de
reditu_ I 214.
[1352] Norden pp 26-7.
[1353] _Apologia_ 17.
[1354] _an ipse mutuarias operas cum vicinis tuis cambies._
[1355] Because of the strict rules of the laws passed to check
manumission. Gaius I §§ 42-7. Norden p 86.
[1356] _Apol_ 23.
[1357] _triduo exarabas_, to mark the smallness of the _agellus_.
[1358] _Apol_ 93.
[1359] _Apol_ 47 XV _liberi homines populus est, totidem servi familia,
totidem vincti ergastulum_. See Norden p 87. _ergastulum_ = the inmates
of a lock-up, regarded as a body. See quotations from Columella p 263 and
Pliny p 285, Mayor on Juvenal XIV 24, and cf Lucan II 95. So _operae_ is
used = ‘hands.’
[1360] _viliconum_, _Apol_ 87. Cf _Metam_ VIII 22.
[1361] Norden p 81.
[1362] _Metam_ IX 12.
[1363] Herodian II 4 § 6.
[1364] δεσπότης.
[1365] Vopisc _Aurel_ 48 § 2.
[1366] Vopisc _Probus_ 16 § 6.
[1367] Trebell _Claud_ 9 §§ 4, 5. _Scythicis_ is an emendation. _senibus_
MSS.
[1368] _familias captivas._
[1369] Vopisc _Aurel_ 39 § 7.
[1370] Lamprid _Alex_ 55 §§ 2, 3, cf Trebell _Gallien_ 9 § 5.
[1371] Vopisc _Probus_ 18 §§ 1, 2. See Zosimus I 71 and No V of the
_Panegyrici_ cap 18 for other versions, in which the raiders are called
Franks.
[1372] Even the extreme license of the soldiery, in deposing and
murdering their own nominee, occurs repeatedly, and was no doubt one of
the chief evils that prompted the reforms of Diocletian.
[1373] O Seeck, _Untergang der antiken Welt_ book II ch 6.
[1374] See index under the word.
[1375] See chapter on evidence of the Digest.
[1376] See chapter on the African inscriptions.
[1377] This matter is ably treated at length by Seeck _op cit_ vol I pp
578-83. That they were distinct from _coloni_ and _servi_ is clear from
the later constitutions in Cod Theod V 17, 18 (9, 10), XII 19, and Cod
Just XI 48 § 13.
[1378] We shall find some reference to them later in the Codes.
[1379] Herodian VII 4 §§ 3-6.
[1380] τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἰκέτας.
[1381] πεισθέντες κελεύουσι τοῖς δεσπόταις.
[1382] φύσει γὰρ πολυάνθρωπος οὖσα ἡ Λιβύη πολλοὺς εἶχε τοὺς τὴν γῆν
γεωργοῦντας.
[1383] ὑπερμαχόμενοι τῶν δεσποτῶν.
[1384] Capitolinus _Maximin_ 13 § 4, 14 § 1.
[1385] _per rusticanam plebem deinde et quosdam milites interemptus est._
[1386] Frontin gromat p 53.
[1387] _non exiguum populum plebeium._
[1388] _legere tironem ex vico._
[1389] This evidence has come to hand since Heisterbergk wrote (1876)
_Die Entstehung des Colonats_.
[1390] _op cit_ pp 116-8.
[1391] Dion Cass _epit_ LXXVI 10. For this story Dion is a contemporary
witness.
[1392] The special treatises on these documents are fully mentioned in
Girard’s _Textes de droit Romain_, ed 4, 1913. An essay on the _Colons du
saltus Burunitanus_ in Esmein’s _Mélanges_ (1886) is still of great value.
[1393] Text in Girard’s _Textes de droit Romain_ part III chapter 6.
[1394] We seem to have the names of two former owners, Varianus and
Mancia. For the retention of names of former owners see Dittenberger in
_Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae_ No 669 note 18. Rostowzew _Gesch
des Röm colonates_ ch 4 rejects this view and makes the _lex Manciana_ an
imperial law.
[1395] Pliny _epist_ III 19 § 7. Digest XIX 2 § 19², XXXII § 91¹, XXXIII
7 _passim_.
[1396] Dig XIX 2 § 3, and Monro’s note.
[1397] So Cuq, Seeck, Schulten, rightly I think. But in practice I
believe the chance seldom occurred.
[1398] Text in Girard, part I chapter 4 § 10.
[1399] This significant hint seems to have been almost normal in such
petitions. A good instance is the petition of Scaptoparene (see index,
_Inscriptions_).
[1400] It is perhaps worth noting that under Commodus the transport of
corn from Africa was specially provided for by the creation of a _classis
Africana_ for that purpose. See Lamprid _Commodus_ 17 §§ 7, 8.
[1401] De Coulanges pp 10 foll deals with this point at length, but I
think he pushes his conclusions too far.
[1402] Cf the Aragueni (see index, _Inscriptions_) παροίκων καὶ γεωργῶν
τῶν ὑμετέρων.
[1403] Dig I 19 § 3¹ is of a later date, but refers to a protective
rescript of Antoninus Pius. Cf XLIX 14 § 47¹, L 6 § 6¹¹. See Schulten in
_Hermes_ XLI pp 11-16.
[1404] CIL VIII 14428.
[1405] _[domum rev]ertamur ubi libere morari possimus._
[1406] Seneca _ad Helviam_ 7 § 7 _ubicumque vicit Romanus habitat_.
[1407] Text in Girard, part III chapter 6.
[1408] From comparing the remains of the next inscription (5) it appears
that the emperor is Hadrian.
[1409] Cf _agrum rudem provincialem_ in Hyginus, Gromat I 203. In the
later empire we find legislation to promote such cultivation. See cod Th
V 11 § 8 (365 AD), § 12 (388-392), 14 § 30 (386).
[1410] Dig XLI 3 § 33¹. Of course the _dominus_ could possess _per
colonum_. See Buckland, _Elementary Principles_ § 38 p 77.
[1411] _quae venibunt a possessoribus._
[1412] For _aridi fructus_ cf Digest XLIX 14 § 50.
[1413] _in cuius conductione agrum occupaverit._
[1414] _rationi_ (_bus fisci_) gives the sense. But _rationi_ simply may
be correct, cf Digest II 14 § 42, etc.
[1415] Girard cites Rostowzew’s opinion that the right to occupy
abandoned land as well as old wastes was an extension of the _lex
Manciana_ by the _lex Hadriana_.
[1416] See Dig XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.
[1417] Later legislation to prevent this neglect of poorer land. Cod Th V
14 § 34 (394 AD), X 3 § 4 (383), XI 1 § 4 (337), etc.
[1418] Prof Buckland writes to me that he believes these squatters
were to be owners, not _coloni_, owners in the only sense possible in
non-Italic soil, paying _tributum_. The words _frui possidere_ used to
describe their right are the technical words for provincial ownership. Cf
Gaius II 7.
[1419] In _Hermes_ XXIX pp 215, 224.
[1420] Girard, part III chapter 6.
[1421] _lege Manciana condicione saltus Neroniani vicini nobis._
[1422] It is tempting to identify these with the six mentioned in Nos (2)
and (4) above.
[1423] For the vast extent of imperial estates, particularly in Africa,
see Hirschfeld, _der Grundbesitz der Römischen Kaiser_, in his _Kleine
Schriften_.
[1424] De Coulanges seems hardly to recognize how small was the amount of
_operae_, a few days in the year. But in his tenth chapter he shews how
vastly the system was extended (so many days a week) in the early Middle
Age.
[1425] Mommsen in _Hermes_ XV pp 391-6.
[1426] Such as the _lex coloniae Genetivae Iuliae_ of 44 BC, and the
_leges_ of Salpensa and Malaca of 81-4 AD. Girard, and Bruns’ _Fontes_.
[1427] Esmein p 309 well refers to the passages in Lachmann’s
_Feldmesser_, Frontinus p 53 and Siculus Flaccus p 164. Cf Hirschfeld
l.c. p 558.
[1428] Colum I 6 §§ 7, 8.
[1429] Colum I 7.
[1430] _conductor_ and _coloni_ are both bound by the statute for the
_fundus_ or _saltus_. In theory both are tenants of the emperor, in
practice the _conductor_ has the upper hand, as Cuq points out.
[1431] Compare Dig XIX 2 § 15⁴ with § 25⁶.
[1432] _quasi societatis iure._ Of course not a real _socius_. See Index,
_colonia partiaria_, and Vinogradoff, _Growth of the Manor_ note 91 on p
109.
[1433] See Dig I 19 § 3¹, an opinion of Callistratus, a jurist of the
time of Severus. That in some sense or other the _coloni_ were tenants
of the emperor seems certain. See CIL VIII 8425 (Pertinax), 8426
(Caracalla), also 8702, 8777. And Esmein pp 313-5.
[1434] This becomes an important subject of legislation in the Theodosian
code. See Cod Th V 11 § 8, 14 § 30.
[1435] See de Coulanges pp 140-4, where this view is more strongly
expressed.
[1436] _Die Entstehung des Colonats_ pp 70 foll, citing especially
Frontinus Gromat I p 35 and Columella III 3 § 11.
[1437] This is very nearly the view of Wallon III 264 ‘le Colonat à
l’origine ne fut pas un droit mais un fait.’ Ib 266.
[1438] I have made some reference to it below in the chapter on the
_Digest_.
[1439] This is fully treated by Seeck, bk III c 5.
[1440] In the Ain el Djemala inscription we have them used indifferently.
It is not clear that the usage in various provinces was identical. See
Vinogradoff _Growth of the Manor_ pp 69, 70.
[1441] Given in a long note, vol I pp 578-83.
[1442] Marcian in Dig XXX § 112ᵖʳ. Cf L 15 § 4⁸ (Title _de censibus_) _si
quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professus_ etc, where the mention
of _colonum_ is suspected of interpolation by Seeck.
[1443] Dig XXX § 112ᵖʳ _si quis inquilinos sine praediis quibus adhaerent
legaverit, inutile est legatum_ (Marcian). Esmein p 313 takes them to be
really slaves, but I cannot follow him.
[1444] This conclusion, I am pleased to find, had been forestalled by
Esmein p 307.
[1445] _Le Colonat Romain_ pp 125, 132.
[1446] In fact, as we say, _edited_.
[1447] Of this Title there is a useful little edition by the late C H
Monro.
[1448] XIX 2 § 15², 25⁶, also § 15¹,⁸.
[1449] XIX 2 § 15²,⁵.
[1450] XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.
[1451] XVII 2 § 46, XLIV 7 § 34², XLVII 2 § 68⁵.
[1452] XIX 2 § 54ᵖʳ, XX 6 § 14, etc.
[1453] XX 1 § 21ᵖʳ, XLIII 32, 33, XLVII 2 § 62³.
[1454] XIX 2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ, XLV 1 § 89.
[1455] XIX 2 § 52, cf XLIX 14 § 50.
[1456] XIX 2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).
[1457] IX 2 § 27¹⁴, XLVII 2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare also XIX 2 § 60⁵,
XLVII 2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved
here. See Buckland’s _Elementary principles_ § 135.
[1458] XIX 2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹, XXXIII 4 § 1¹⁵.
[1459] VII 8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with the _fructus_, the
usuary cannot interfere with the _colonus_.
[1460] XIX 2 § 54¹.
[1461] XIX 2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years
(_lustrum, quinquennium_).
[1462] XIX 2 § 24¹, XLI 2 § 30⁶, XLIII 16 § 20. So in law of 224 AD, cod
Iust IV 65 § 6.
[1463] XII 2 § 28⁶.
[1464] XIX 2 § 25³, XL 7 § 40⁵. Compare the language of XXXIV 3 § 16 with
§ 18.
[1465] XIX 2 §§ 3, 54².
[1466] XIX 2 § 19², XXXII §§ 91¹, 93², 101¹, XXXIII 7 _passim_, esp § 4.
For the _vilicus_, XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker, _ibid_ § 15².
[1467] XXXIII 7 § 24.
[1468] XIX 2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.
[1469] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XLVII 2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p
14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money
rent, citing (p 12) Gaius III 142, Dig XIX 2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am
not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal
remedy. See Monro on Dig XIX 2 § 19³, and Pliny _epist_ IX 37 § 3. And
Vinogradoff, _Growth of the Manor_ note 91 on p 109.
[1470] See XIX 2 § 15.
[1471] XIII 7 § 25, XXXI § 86¹.
[1472] VII 1 § 41, XXVII 9 § 13ᵖʳ.
[1473] VII 1 § 13⁴.
[1474] VII 4 §§ 8, 10.
[1475] XXXII § 91¹, L 16 § 198. Cf Juvenal I 75, Suet _Aug_ 72, _Gaius_
37, Palladius I 8, 11, 24, 33.
[1476] VII 1 § 13, XII 2 § 28⁶, XIX 2 §§ 25⁵, 29, XLVII 2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7
§ 9.
[1477] XIX 2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.
[1478] XLIII 24 § 13⁶.
[1479] XXXIX 3 §§ 4²,³, 5.
[1480] Alternative, XX 1 § 32.
[1481] A curious case is the putting in an _imaginarius colonus_ [of
course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a
farm. XIX 1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.
[1482] See XXXII § 41⁵, XXXIV 4 § 31ᵖʳ.
[1483] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XL 7 § 40⁵.
[1484] XX 3 § 16, XXXIII 7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.
[1485] _servus actor_, his _rationes_, XL 7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.
[1486] His _reliqua_, XXXII §§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.
[1487] XXXIV 1 § 18³, 3 § 12, XL 7 § 40 _passim_.
[1488] XXXII §§ 41², 91ᵖʳ, XXXIII 7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer to
_legata_, in which particular intention could be expressed, cf XXXII §
91¹.
[1489] IX 2 § 27⁹,¹¹, XIX 2 § 30⁴.
[1490] XXI 1 § 32, XXVIII 5 § 35³, XXXII §§ 60³, 68³, XXXIII 7 § 20.
[1491] See above on Martial pp 307-10.
[1492] XXXII § 99, XXXIII 7 _passim_, esp § 25¹. Buckland, _Slavery_ p 6.
[1493] Alfenus Varus in Dig XV 3 § 16.
[1494] Hence the frequent references to _peculia_. See XXXIII 8 _de
peculio legato_, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that his _peculium_
might include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.
[1495] XXXII § 97 etc.
[1496] XXXIII 7 § 12³ etc.
[1497] VII 7 § 3 _in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas
mercedes_ (Gaius), XII 6 § 55.
[1498] VII 1 §§ 25, 26, XIX 2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by
Javolenus).
[1499] XL 7 § 14ᵖʳ _mercedem referre pro operis suis_ (Alfenus), cf XLV 3
§ 18³.
[1500] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. _mercede_ or _pensionis certa quantitate_ as
opposed to _fide dominica_.
[1501] VIII 6 § 20, XLIII 16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.
[1502] XLIII 24 § 5¹¹.
[1503] XLI 1 § 44.
[1504] XLVII 14, cf XLVIII 19 § 16⁷, XLIX 16 § 5².
[1505] In XIX 2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful
damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.
[1506] XVIII 1 § 35⁸.
[1507] XLVII 21 § 2.
[1508] XLIII 16, _de vi et de vi armata_.
[1509] XLI 3 § 33¹ etc.
[1510] XLI 2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.
[1511] VIII 3 _de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum_. Specimens of
inscribed notices of servitudes, Girard _textes_ part III ch 3 § 1.
[1512] VII 1 § 27³, XIX 2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of
troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In
the third century AD we have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in
Thrace (238) text in Mommsen _ges Schr_ II 174-6, and from the Aragueni
in Asia Minor (244-7), text in Dittenberger _Or Graec inscr_ No 519. For
Italy in 5th century see on Symmachus.
[1513] XIX 2 §§ 9³, 15.
[1514] XLI 1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.
[1515] XI 4 § 1¹, cf Paulus _sent_ I 6 _a_ § 5.
[1516] Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early
medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.
[1517] XLVII 9 §§ 3³, 16, Paulus _sent_ V 3 § 4.
[1518] XIII 4 § 3.
[1519] Callistratus in L 11 § 2, quoting Plato _rep_ 371 _a-c_.
[1520] XLVII 11 § 9.
[1521] XLVII 11 § 10, cf cod Th IX 32 § 1, cod Just IX 38.
[1522] _agri vectigales_ or (as the title calls them by a later name)
_emphyteuticarii_. VI 3 §§ 1, 2, XIX 1 § 13⁶, XLIII 9 § 1, L 16 § 219.
Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (_mancipes_) and sublet in
parcels to _coloni_, XIX 2 § 53.
[1523] VI 3 §§ 1, 3.
[1524] L 8 § 2¹.
[1525] _subiectis aliorum nominibus._
[1526] XXXIX 4 § 11¹, _auctoritate principali_.
[1527] Gaius III 145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one
of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes
everything save the bare _dominium_, notably _possessio_, and, as Prof
Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be
enforced by the _actio ex locato_.
[1528] XXXIX 4 § 11⁵.
[1529] XLIX 14 § 3⁶.
[1530] _principalibus rescriptis._ From the text I infer that these are
later than Hadrian.
[1531] XXX § 39¹⁰, XIX 2 § 49.
[1532] XLIX 14 § 47¹ (Paulus).
[1533] XLIII 8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.
[1534] Papirius Justus in L 1 § 38¹, _muneribus fungi sine damno fisci
oportere_.
[1535] Callistratus in L 6 § 6¹¹, _ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus
habeantur_.
[1536] References are endless. Most significant is L 4 § 4 (Ulpian)
_honores qui indicuntur_.
[1537] Title XLIX 14 _de iure fisci_.
[1538] II 14 § 42 (Papinian).
[1539] XLIX 14 § 3¹⁰.
[1540] XLVIII 22 § 1, cf XLIX 14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).
[1541] That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of
the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (=
_inquilini_ and _coloni_) of the emperor.
[1542] L 5 §§ 10, 11, etc.
[1543] See Spartian _Hadrian_ 7 § 5, Capitolinus _Anton_ 12 § 3, Spartian
_Severus_ 14 § 2.
[1544] De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was
a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here
were reached before reading his fine treatise.
[1545] _attributi_ or _contributi_. See Mommsen, _Staatsrecht_ III, _die
attribuirten Orte_.
[1546] Cf Dig XXXIII 2 § 28 _indictiones temporariae_ [Paulus], XIX 1 §
13⁶ [Ulpian].
[1547] Pliny _paneg_ 29 (of imperial subjects) _nec novis indictionibus
pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt_.
[1548] Hence cod Theod has a title _de superindictionibus_.
[1549] The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to
agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See
Schiller III pp 124-6.
[1550] It is true that the _colonus_ was guaranteed against disturbance,
but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.
[1551] There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of
the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.
[1552] Cod Th V 17 (9) § 1 _apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit
inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem
capitationem temporis agnoscat_ ... etc. Runaway _coloni_ are to be
chained like slaves, _iuris alieni_ = the control of someone other than
the person harbouring him. The _colonus_ is legally dependent, though
nominally free.
[1553] See Weber, _Agrargeschichte_ pp 256 foll.
[1554] See Seeck II 320 foll, 330 foll.
[1555] Cod Just XI 59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding the _civitatum
ordines_ unequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords
also.
[1556] See Seeck II 214 foll, 223, 249, IV 88.
[1557] Seeck II 249, 284. See Cod Th XI 2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in
Cod Just.
[1558] Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp
302-5.
[1559] The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great
article, _die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians_, in the Ztschr für social
und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.
[1560] Digest I 5 § 17, Dion Cass LXXVII 9 § 5. Schiller _Geschichte_ I
pp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding
to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself
has been found in a papyrus, see Girard, _textes_ part I ch 4 § 12. The
text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest
class of _peregrini_ (the _dediticii_) were not included in the grant.
[1561] See Seeck II 323. Cf Lactant _mort pers_ 23 § 5, Victor _Caes_ 39
§ 31.
[1562] Through the _ius commercii_.
[1563] Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_, cited above.
[1564] A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions, XI 28, consisting
of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African
Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.
[1565] In the panegyric (No VIII cap 11) on Constantine we have mention
of a reduction of 7000 _capita_ for relief of a district in Gaul.
[1566] Cod Th XI 1 § 14. Cf. Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 315-6.
[1567] Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence
of Libanius cited below.
[1568] See for instance cod Th XIII 10 § 1.
[1569] See below, in section on Salvian.
[1570] See Ammianus XIX 11 § 3, Victor _Caesares_ 13 §§ 5, 6. A long
title cod Th VIII 5 is devoted to the _cursus_, containing 66 laws from
315 to 407, and other references abound.
[1571] Cf cod Th XI 16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).
[1572] Cf Cic II _in Verr_ III § 190, Tac _Agr_ 19. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 22
(386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385), XIV 4 § 4
(367).
[1573] See the title _de naviculariis_, cod Th XIII 5, including 38 laws.
[1574] Cod Th XIV 18 _de mendicantibus non invalidis_.
[1575] If I rightly interpret Dig L 5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred
earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be mere _coloni_ in
order to evade liability (_ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt_. See
Dirksen under _transferre_).
[1576] Very significant is the law cod Th XVI 5 § 48 (410) by which even
heretics are held to curial duty.
[1577] See Seeck, _Schatzungsordnung_ pp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.
[1578] See Weber, _Agrargeschichte_ pp 266-7.
[1579] Cf cod Th XI 16 _passim_.
[1580] A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod Th XI 1 § 14,
cod Just XI 48 § 4.
[1581] Cf cod Th XIII 10 § 3, retained in cod Just XI 48 § 2, plainly
recognizing this.
[1582] See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p
144, and cf _ibid_ p 139.
[1583] Lactantius _de mort pers_ 7 § 3.
[1584] _enormitate indictionum._
[1585] Cf Augustin _de civ Dei_ X 1 _coloni, qui condicionem debent
genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum_.