borders of the wings; female white, with outer borders heavily
blackish; fore wings shot with shining sky-blue at base. Hind wings
near anal angle have conspicuous eye-spots both above and below.
Expanse 0.80 inch.
Occurs in the Gulf States and throughout the tropics of the New World.
[Illustration: PL. XCIV]
(11) _Lycæna acmon_ Doubleday & Hewitson, Plate XCIV, Fig. 1, ♂
(Red-margined Blue).
In many respects resembling _L. melissa_, but somewhat smaller. Male
on upper side brighter blue, and female not as brown as _L. melissa_,
though darker than the male, her wings broadly shot with violet-blue.
In both sexes a broad deep red submarginal band on hind wings, marked
with black spots. Expanse 0.85-1.10 inch.
Ranges from Arizona to Washington and Montana. The larva feeds on
_Hosackia_.
(12) _Lycæna ammon_ Lucas, Plate XCIV, Fig. 2, ♀, _under side_ (The
Indian River Blue).
Male brilliant lilac-blue on upper side; female violet-blue with wide
black borders on fore wings, and one or two conspicuous eye-spots
near anal angle of hind wings, each surmounted by a carmine crescent.
Expanse 0.95-1.10 inch.
Not uncommon in southern Florida; abundant in the Antilles and tropical
America.
(13) _Lycæna marina_ Reakirt, Plate XCIV, Fig. 4, ♀ (The Marine Blue).
Male on upper side pale dusky lilac, the dark bands of the under side
showing through on upper side. Female dark brown above, with wings at
base shot with lilac-blue; the dark bands on the disk are prominent in
this sex, especially on fore wings. Expanse 1.10 inch.
Occurs in Texas, Arizona, southern California, and southward. The larva
feeds on alfalfa and allied plants.
(14) _Lycæna lygdamus_ (Doubleday), Plate XCIV, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Silvery
Blue).
The upper side is well shown in our illustration. The under side is
pale chocolate-brown, having on both wings a submarginal band of black
spots encircled with white, similar spots at the end of the cells, and
one or two also on the costa of the hind wing. Expanse 0.85-1.00 inch.
Ranges from Michigan to Georgia.
(15) _Lycæna heteronea_ Boisduval, Plate XCIV, Fig. 5, ♂; Fig. 6, ♀
(The Varied Blue).
The largest species of the genus. Male blue, female brown; the
markings on upper side of latter recalling the female of the genus
_Chrysophanus_. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch. Below the wings are white
marked with faint brown spots on the hind wings and more distinct spots
on the fore wings.
Ranges from Colorado to California at suitable elevations among the
mountains.
FAMILY PAPILIONIDÆ
(THE SWALLOW-TAILS AND ALLIES).
The _butterflies_ of this group are provided in both sexes with six
legs adapted to walking. The internal vein of the hind wing is wanting,
its place being taken by the submedian. _Caterpillars_ elongate, and
in the genus _Papilio_ provided with _osmateria_ or protrusive forking
scent-organs, which, when excited, they thrust forth from the pouch
back of the head in which they usually lie concealed. _Chrysalids_ in
all the genera more or less elongate, attached at anal extremity to a
button of silk, and held in place by a silk girdle, but never closely
appressed to the supporting surface as is the case in the _Erycinidæ_
and _Lycænidæ_.
SUBFAMILY PIERINÆ
(THE YELLOWS, SULPHURS, AND WHITES).
For the most part small or medium-sized _butterflies_, white or yellow
in color, with dark marginal markings. The _eggs_ are spindle-shaped,
marked with vertical ridges and horizontal cross-lines. The
_caterpillars_ are cylindrical, relatively long, generally green in
color, with longitudinal stripes. The _chrysalids_ are more or less
pointed at the head, with the wing-cases greatly developed on the
ventral side, forming a more or less keel-shaped projection upon this
surface.
The subfamily is very large, and is well represented in the tropics
of both the eastern and western hemispheres. Certain genera are also
widely distributed in the colder regions of both the north and the
south, among them the genus _Colias_, species of which occur from
Greenland to Patagonia and from the North Cape to the Cape of Good
Hope.
GENUS TACHYRIS WALLACE
(THE FLORIDA WHITE).
There are about seventy species in this genus, all of which are found
in the Old World, except the one which occurs in our fauna, and which
has a very wide range throughout the tropics of the New World.
[Illustration: PL. XCV]
(1) _Tachyris ilaire_ (Godart), Plate XCV, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀. Our
plate gives such an excellent reproduction of the upper side of the
wings of this species that no formal description seems necessary. A
melanic form of the female sometimes occurs in which the wings are
almost wholly dull blackish on both sides. Normally the under side of
the wings in the female is pearly white marked with bright orange at
base of fore wings. Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches.
Occurs in southern Florida and throughout tropical America.
GENUS PIERIS SCHRANK
(THE WHITES).
Medium-sized _butterflies_, generally white in color, marked on both
upper and under sides with darker lines and spots. Antennæ clubbed;
palpi short, compressed, with the last joint short and pointed. _Eggs_
spindle-shaped, with vertical raised ridges. _Caterpillar_ elongate,
head hemispherical, feeding upon cruciferous plants. _Chrysalis_
attached by anal extremity and held in place by a silk girdle; concave
on the ventral side, convex on the dorsal side, with a hump-like or
keel-shaped eminence on the thorax. Head conical.
An extensive genus, confined principally to the northern hemisphere.
[Illustration: PL. XCVI]
(1) _Pieris monuste_ (Linnæus), Plate XCVI, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The
Great Southern White).
Our figure gives a perfect idea of the upper side of the wings. Hind
wing on under side grayish saffron, crossed by a poorly defined pale
brown transverse band of spots, the veins pale brown, between them pale
brown rays on the interspaces. Expanse 1.65-2.35 inches.
Has a wide range in tropical America. Common in the Gulf States.
[Illustration: PL. XCVII]
(2) _Pieris protodice_ Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XCVII, Fig. 1, ♂;
Fig. 2, ♀ (The Common White).
Our illustration of both sexes obviates the necessity for a
description. Expanse 1.90-2.15 inches.
Ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from southern
Canada to the Gulf States.
[Illustration: PL. XCVIII]
(3) _Pieris napi_ (Linnæus), variety _oleracea_ (Harris), Plate XCVIII,
Fig. 1, ♂; variety _pallida_ Scudder, Plate XCVIII, Fig. 2, ♂; variety
_bryoniæ_ (Ochsenheimer), Plate XCVIII, Fig. 3, ♀ (The Mustard White).
(See p. 174.)
Occurs throughout temperate and boreal North America, ranging well up
to the Arctic Circle; also occurs in the eastern hemisphere, ranging
from north Africa to the North Cape, and all over temperate and
subarctic Asia. There are a multitude of forms which have been named
and described; we give but three of those found in America. _Oleracea_
is a winter form; _pallida_ is the common form; and _bryoniæ_ is a
subarctic form found in Alaska, Siberia, and the Alps in Europe.
The species ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Alaska to
the northern boundaries of the Gulf States. Expanse 1.50-2.00 inches.
[Illustration: PL. XCIX]
(4) _Pieris rapæ_ (Linnæus), Plate XCIX, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The
Cabbage Butterfly). (See p. 174.)
This excessively common insect has been in comparatively recent years
introduced from Europe. It first appeared about Quebec in 1860; since
then it has come to occupy the continent, and wherever cabbages are
grown hundreds of these butterflies may be seen. The loss to gardeners
which it causes is estimated to run into millions of dollars annually.
It feeds on all the _Cruciferæ_. The multiplication of _P. rapæ_ has
been followed by the partial extinction of our native Pierids just as
our birds have disappeared before the English Sparrow. Expanse 2.00
inches.
GENUS NATHALIS BOISDUVAL
Small yellow butterflies margined with black. Fore wings somewhat
narrow and produced; antennæ quite short; upper radial vein in fore
wing wanting. There are three species found in the subtropical regions
of the New World, one of which invades our territory.
[Illustration: PL. C]
(1) _Nathalis iole_, Boisduval Plate C, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The Dwarf
Yellow).
This little species, of which we give excellent figures, cannot be
mistaken. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.
It ranges from southern Indiana and Illinois to Arizona, southern
California, and northern Mexico. The larva feeds on _Erodium
cicutarium_ or pin-clover, and other _Geraniaceæ_.
GENUS EUCHLOË HÜBNER
(THE ORANGE-TIPS AND MARBLE-WINGS).
Small _butterflies_, white in color, with the apex of the fore wings
dark brown, marked with spots and bands of orange-yellow or crimson; on
the under side the hind wings are generally more or less mottled with
green spots and striæ. _Eggs_ spindle-shaped; _caterpillar_ relatively
long, with small head; _chrysalis_ with the head greatly produced,
wing-cases compressed forming a keel-shaped projection.
(1) _Euchloë ausonides_ (Lucas), Plate C, Fig. 3, ♂, _under side_ (The
Western Orange-tip).
On upper side wings at apex tipped with dark fuscous, and lack
altogether the orange or red which is characteristic of most of the
other species of the genus. On under side fore wings have a very pale
greenish tint; hind wings marked with three irregular green bands, more
or less broken up, forking in various directions. Expanse 1.65-1.90
inch.
Ranging from Arizona to Alaska and eastward to Colorado.
(2) _Euchloë genutia_ (Fabricius). Plate C, Fig. 4, ♂ (The Falcate
Orange-tip).
Readily recognized by the hooked tip of the fore wings. The female has
no orange marking on the tip. Single-brooded in the Northern States,
but double-brooded in the Carolinas. Expanse 1.30-1.50 inch. The
caterpillar feeds on _Sisybrium_, _Arabis_, _Cardamine_, and other
cruciferous plants.
Ranges from New England to Texas.
[Illustration: PL. CI]
(3) _Euchloë sara_ (Lucas) Plate CI, Fig. 1, ♂ (Lucas’ Orange-tip).
There are numerous varieties of this beautiful insect. On the under
side the hind wings are marked with irregular patches of greenish
scales having a “mossy” appearance. Expanse 1.75 inch. Occurs in
Pacific States.
(4) _Euchloë rosa_ (Edwards), Plate CI, Fig. 2, ♂, _under side_ (The
Rosy Marble-wing).
Above pure white without any red at the tip of the primaries; a
transapical black band, broken in the middle, and a small black bar
closes the cell. Under side well shown in our figure except that
there fails to appear a faint rosy tint in the hind wings which is
characteristic of all specimens which we have examined. Expanse
1.35-1.40 inch. Found in Texas.
(5) _Euchloë hyantis_ (Edwards), Plate CI, Fig. 3, ♀, _under side_
(Edwards’ Marble-wing).
This species also is without orange at the tip of the fore wings; the
wings on the under side are as shown in our figure, heavily marbled on
the hind wings with dark green bands and spots. Expanse 1.65-1.85 inch.
_Habitat_ California.
GENUS CATOPSILIA HÜBNER (THE GREAT SULPHURS).
Large _butterflies_; brilliant lemon-yellow or orange-yellow marked
with a few darker spots and with a narrow band of brown, especially
in the female, on the outer margin of the fore wings. Very quick in
flight. _Eggs_ spindle-shaped and acutely pointed, vertically ribbed.
_Caterpillars_ relatively long, head small, segments resembling beads
strung together, surface covered with minute papillæ in transverse
rows. _Chrysalis_ concave dorsally, head conical, projecting,
wing-cases compressed, forming a wide keel-shaped projection on ventral
side.
The genus is mainly tropical; one species, however, ranges as far north
as Long Island and western Pennsylvania.
[Illustration: PL. CII]
(1) _Catopsilia eubule_ (Linnæus), Plate CII, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The
Cloudless Sulphur).
Well depicted in our plate and requiring no special description.
Expanse 2.50 inches. The caterpillar feeds on leguminous plants,
preferably the species of _Cassia_.
GENUS KRICOGONIA REAKIRT
Medium-sized butterflies, whitish or yellow on upper side, with some
dark markings, especially in the male; fore wings somewhat falcate.
The genus is confined to the New World; one species occurs in our
territory.
[Illustration: PL. CIII]
(1) _Kricogonia lyside_ (Godart), form _terissa_ (Lucas), Plate CIII,
Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (Godart’s Sulphur).
Our plate gives a very good idea of this insect in both sexes, the male
being always marked near the outer angle of hind wings by a short black
bar. Expanse 1.90-2.10 inches.
Found in southern Texas and Mexico.
There are a number of forms of this insect, slightly variant.
GENUS MEGANOSTOMA REAKIRT (THE DOG-FACE BUTTERFLIES).
Closely resembling the insects of the next genus, from which they may
be distinguished by the more pointed fore wings, and the fact that the
rude outlines of the head of a dog are shown in yellow silhouette upon
the fore wings. There are two species in our territory, one of which,
_M. eurydice_ Boisduval, found in California, may be distinguished from
the other by the splendid purplish iridescence of the fore wings of the
male.
[Illustration: PL. CIV]
(1) _Meganostoma cæsonia_ (Stoll), Plate CIV, ♂ (The Southern
Dog-face). (See p. 180.)
The sexes are much alike in this species, which ranges from Florida and
the Gulf States northward as far as southern Illinois. Expanse 2.25
inches.
GENUS COLIAS FABRICIUS (THE SULPHURS).
Medium-sized _butterflies_, yellow, orange, and sometimes white or
greenish yellow with dark-bordered wings, the borders generally
heaviest in the female. _Eggs_ spindle-shaped, tapering at top and
bottom, and attached to the surface where laid by a flat disk-like
expansion; vertically and horizontally ribbed. _Caterpillars_
elongated; head small; body generally green, striped longitudinally.
They feed upon leguminous plants, and especially upon the various
species of clover (_Trifolium_) and _Astragalus_, though some
boreal species are known to feed upon the foliage of huckleberries
(_Vaccinium_) and willows.
The genus is large and is found on every continent except Australia.
It is lacking in the very hot tropical regions of both the New and
Old Worlds, but is found in Greenland and thence ranging south among
the cordilleran uplifts to Patagonia. It is represented from Japan to
Norway, and turns up at the Cape of Good Hope.
[Illustration: PL. CV]
(1) _Colias philodice_ Godart, Plate CV, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, _albino_, ♀
(The Common Sulphur).
This is the common “Puddle-butterfly” or “Clover-butterfly” which every
child has seen gathered in swarms about moist places, or hovering by
the score or hundreds over the blossoming clover fields. There are many
variations both in size and color. The females are frequently albinoes,
that is to say they are white, rather than yellow. Now and then melanic
males turn up, but they are rare. In these the wings are black, of
the same color as the borders in normal specimens. Expanse 1.25-2.25
inches.
Ranges from Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mountains.
[Illustration: PL. CVI]
[Illustration: PL. CVII]
(2) _Colias eurytheme_ Boisduval, Plate CVI, Fig. 1, ♂; Plate CVII, ♀;
form _keewaydin_ Edwards, Plate CVI, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Orange Sulphur).
(See pp. 182 and 183.)
This is a form which is known to be very strongly polymorphic, having
quite as many varieties and races as _Lycæna pseudargiolus_, for
instance. _C. keewaydin_ is a large winter form, which has the wings
strongly washed with orange; there is a small winter form called _C.
ariadne_, which is also laved with orange, though not so strongly.
There is another form called _C. eriphyle_, which belongs to the summer
brood, which has no orange on the wings, but is plain yellow; and there
are still other forms. Expanse 1.60-2.15 inches.
The Orange Sulphur has a wide range, extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and from Canada to the northern portions of the Gulf States,
though not invading the hotter parts of these states.
GENUS TERIAS SWAINSON (THE YELLOWS).
Small _butterflies_, generally some shade of orange or yellow, with
wings more delicate in structure than most of the genera belonging
to the _Pierinæ_. Both wings generally rounded, but in a few species
produced at the apex of the fore wing and at the end of the second
median nervule of the hind wing. _Eggs_ spindle-shaped, much swollen
at the middle. _Larva_ cylindrical, with a very small head, and the
three first segments larger than those after them giving the body a
humped appearance in front. _Chrysalis_ compressed laterally, with the
wing-cases forming a deep keel on the ventral side, more pronounced
than in any other American genus, except _Catopsilia_.
This is a very large genus represented by many species in the tropical
and subtropical regions of both the eastern and western hemispheres.
Many of the species are dimorphic or polymorphic, and there is a vast
deal of confusion as to their classification.
[Illustration: PL. CVIII]
(1) _Terias nicippe_ (Cramer), Plate CVIII, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The
Small Orange). (See Plate on p. 184.)
The species is subject to considerable variation. Rare in New England,
but common south of latitude 40° as far as the Rocky Mountains; also
reported from Southern California, where it is rare. Expanse 1.50-2.00
inches.
(2) _Terias mexicana_ Boisduval, Plate CVIII, Fig. 3, ♂ (The Mexican
Yellow). (See Plate on p. 184.)
Easily recognizable by our figure. Expanse 1.75-1.85 inch. Found in
Texas and Arizona, thence southward.
[Illustration: PL. CIX]
(3) _Terias lisa_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CIX, Fig. 1, ♂ (The
Little Sulphur). (See Plate on p. 184.)
Allied to the three following species, but may be told apart at once by
the solid black outer borders of the wings and the absence of the black
band on the hind margin of the fore wing. Expanse 1.25-1.60 inch.
Ranges from New England to Honduras, east of the Rockies.
(4) _Terias elathea_ (Cramer), Plate CIX, Fig. 2, ♂ (The Florida
Yellow). (See Plate on p. 184.)
May be told from the next two species by the white hind wings. Expanse
1.25-1.40 inch.
Found in Florida, Mexico, and the Antilles.
[Illustration: PL. CX]
(5) _Terias delia_ (Cramer), Plate CX, Fig. 1, ♂; Fig. 2, ♀ (The Gulf
Yellow). (See Plate on p. 185.)
Almost exactly like the preceding species, but the hind wings are
yellow above and red below, and the apex of the fore wing is red below.
Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.
Common in the Gulf States.
This species and the one preceding and following are very closely
related but perfectly distinct. They are apt to puzzle the beginner,
but by comparison he will soon learn to discriminate them.
(6) _Terias jucunda_ (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CX, Fig. 3, ♂ (The
Fairy Yellow).
Separable from the preceding species by the black border surrounding
the hind wing, and the pale under surface. Expanse 1.60-1.75 inch.
Found in the Gulf States.
(7) _Terias proterpia_ (Fabricius), Plate CX, Fig. 4, ♂ (The Cadmium
Orange).
Our figure will enable the student to immediately recognize it. Expanse
1.50-1.75 inch.
Found in Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.
SUBFAMILY PARNASSIINÆ
(THE PARNASSIANS).
This peculiar group of butterflies is classed with the Papilionidæ
because the internal vein of the hind wings is always wanting, a
characteristic of all papilionine genera. The caterpillars are not
provided with osmateria, or offensive scent-organs, and pupation
takes place upon the ground among loosely scattered leaves which
are interwoven by the larva with a few loose strands of silk. The
insects are mainly inhabitants of the mountain regions of the northern
hemisphere.
GENUS PARNASSIUS LATREILLE
(THE PARNASSIANS).
What has been said of the family will suffice to characterize the genus.
[Illustration: PL. CXI]
(1) _Parnassius smintheus_ Doubleday & Hewitson, Plate CXI, Fig. 1, ♂;
Fig. 2, ♀ (The Colorado Parnassian).
This is a somewhat variable species, but may easily be recognized by
the figures we give. Expanse ♂, 2.00-2.50; ♀, 2.25-3.00 inches.
Ranges from New Mexico and Colorado west to California and north to
Montana. The caterpillar feeds upon _Sedum_ and _Saxifraga_.
SUBFAMILY PAPILIONINÆ
(THE SWALLOW-TAILS).
Large butterflies. As shown on Plate B, Fig. 10, the hind wings lack
the internal vein, its place being held by the submedian vein. There is
great diversity of form in this group. Many species are tailed, as are
the three occurring in Europe, and the name common in England has come
in popular phrase to be loosely applied to the whole genus.
There are many hundreds of species and varietal forms, most of which
occur in the tropics of the eastern and western hemispheres. There are
only three species found in all Europe; there are about thirty found in
the United States and Canada.
GENUS PAPILIO LINNÆUS
(THE SWALLOW-TAILS).
This great genus has been subdivided for purposes of classification
into a number of smaller groups or subgenera, which are useful
when dealing with the whole assemblage of species, but which in a
manual like this, dealing with only a few forms, may consistently be
overlooked.
[Illustration: PL. CXII]
[Illustration: PL. CXIII]
(1) _Papilio ajax_ Linnæus. Winter form _walshi_ Edwards, Plate CXII,
♂; summer form _marcellus_ Boisduval, Plate CXIII, ♂ (The Papaw
Butterfly).
The species is more or less polymorphic. Plate CXII represents the form
which emerges in the spring of the year from chrysalids which have
overwintered; Plate CXIII shows the form which appears in the second
brood and in which the tails are twice as long as in the first. There
are other forms. Expanse 2.50-3.25 inches.
The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the Papaw (_Asimina triloba_)
and wherever this plant grows the insect may be found. It ranges from
New England and Ontario to Florida and far westward through the valley
of the Mississippi.
[Illustration: PL. CXIV]
[Illustration: PL. CXV]
(2) _Papilio turnus_ Linnæus, Plate CXIV, ♂; Plate CXV, _P. glaucus_
Linnæus, dark dimorphic ♀, _under side_ (The Tiger Swallow-tail).
In the Middle States and southward a large proportion of the females
are black, belonging to the form _glaucus_; in Ontario and northward
and westward to Alaska the females are yellow, like the males. The
Alaskan form is very small, dwarfed by the cold and poor feeding. The
figure on Plate CXIV is that of a male from Alaska of the natural size;
a specimen taken in Pennsylvania would be nearly twice as large. The
metropolis of the species is the Appalachian uplift; but it ranges
northwestward to Alaska and south to the Gulf States. Expanse 3.00-5.00
inches.
The caterpillars are partial to the foliage of wild cherry trees, but
are found on a great variety of plants.
The dark female form reveals its relationship to the paler form by
the stripes on the under side. On the upper side the insect shown on
Plate CXV is very black and shows no stripes at all. I possess females
with yellow wings on one side and black on the other. The identity of
the forms named by Linnæus _turnus_ and _glaucus_ could not be more
forcibly shown than by these specimens, in which the two are united by
the vital force which called them into being.
[Illustration: PL. CXVI]
(3) _Papilio rutulus_ Boisduval, Plate CXVI, ♂ (The Pacific Tiger).
Closely resembling _P. turnus_, which it replaces on the Pacific
Coast in Washington and southward. The female is never dimorphic; the
marginal light spots on the under side of the fore wings run together
forming a continuous band, and are not separate as in _P. turnus_.
Expanse 3.50-4.25 inches.
The larva feeds on alder and willows.
[Illustration: PL. CXVII]
(4) _Papilio eurymedon_ Boisduval, Plate CXVII, ♂ (The White-striped
Tiger).