formati, facie caenoso pigmento delita et oculis obunctis graphice
prodeunt, mitellis et crocotis et carbasinis et bambycinis iniecti,
quidam tunicas albas in modum lanciolarum quoquoversum fluente purpura
depictas cingulo subligati, pedes luteis induti calceis; deamque serico
contectam amicuio mihi gerendam imponunt brachiisque suis humero tenus
renundatis, attollentes immanes gladios ac secures, evantes exsiliunt
incitante tibiae cantu lymphaticum tripudium. Nec paucis pererratis
casulis ad quandam villam possessoris beati perveniunt et ab ingressu
primo statim absonis ululatibus constrepentes fanatice pervolant, diuque
capite demisso cervices lubricis intorquentes motibus crinesque pendulos
in circulum rotantes, et nonnunquam morsibus suos incursantes musculos,
ad postremum ancipiti ferro quod gerebant sua quisque brachia dissicant.
Inter haec unus ex illis bacchatur effusius ac de imis praecordiis
anhelitus crebros referens, velut numinis divino spiritu repletus,
simulabat sauciam vecordiam, prorus quasi deum praesentia soleant homines
non sui fieri meliores sed debiles effici vel aegroti.... Arrepto denique
flagro, quod semiviris illis proprium gestamen est, contortis taeniis
lanosi velleris prolixe fimbriatum et multiiugis talis ovium tesseratum,
indidem sese multinodis commulcat ictibus, mire contra plagarum dolores
praesumptione munitus. Cerneres prosectu gladiorum ictuque flagrorum
solum spurcitia sanguinis effeminati madescere.... The translation is
that of S. Gaselee in “Loeb Classical Library” (1915).
[194] In _ERE_, VI. 403 _a_; we give the quotation in full as this large
Encyclopaedia is not, for many, easily accessible.
[195] On the Korybantes, the mythical attendants on Kybele, who were
supposed to dance in wild fashion with the goddess on the mountains, see
Rohde, _Psyche_..., II. 48 ff. (1907); the name was also given to the
eunuch priests of the goddess in Phrygia.
[196] Panofka, _Dionysos und Thyiden_, pl. I. 2 (1853).
[197] Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, p. 453
(1903).
[198] The treasure is in the Berlin Museum, Cat. 2290; Harrison, _op.
cit._, p. 428.
[199] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 393; see also Gruppe, _Griechische
Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte_, I. 162, II. 840, 1293; Lobeck,
_Aglao._, II. 1085 ff.; Bekker, _Anecdota Graeca_, I. 234.
[200] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 397; Gruppe, _op. cit._ II. 748, 1293;
Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 123.
[201] Philo, _De Vita Contempl._ II.
[202] Diodorus, IV. iii. 2.
[203] Rohde, _Psyche_, II. 11 ff.; Roscher, _Ausführliches Lexikon_...,
II. 2243-2283 (1894-1897).
[204] Pausan. X. iv. 1, 2.
[205] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 540 (omitting the interjected words of
Xanthias and Dionysos).
[206] See Mommsen, _op. cit._ p. 224; cp. Foucart, _Les grands mystères
d’Eleusis_, pp. 121 f.; and for the dancing at the celebration of the
mysteries, see p. 142 (1904).
[207] Quoted by Harrison, _Pyth._ III. 77.
[208] Pausan. II. vii. 6. Cp. also Lobeck, _Aglao._, II. 1088; Reinach,
_Orpheus_, pp. 153 ff.
[209] Lines 680-691.
[210] IV. 3.
[211] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 500; and the same author’s _Themis_, pp. 23
ff. (1912). Rohde, _Psyche_, I. 272.
[212] _Protr._ II. 12. Concerning them Gruppe says: “Die Kureten, nach
denen ein Magistratskollegium hiess, das unter dem _proto-koures_
mystische Opfer feierte, sollten durch den Lärm der Waffen Hera
vertrieben haben; eine Sagenbildung, die auf eine Angleichung an die
Riten die zwar ebenfalls euboisch-boiotischen, aber vielleicht erst hier
mit dem Artemis-dienst in Verbindung gesetzten Kultus der grossen Göttin
hinweist” (_Griech. Myth._ I. 284; see also II. 820, 898, 1106, 1198).
[213] Frazer, _GB_, _Adonis, Attis, and Osiris_, pp. 250 f. (1907). See
further, Hepding, _Attis, seine Mythen und sein Kult_, pp. 128 ff. (1903).
[214] Ep. I. 49, II. 34, VI. 40; Dill, _Roman Society in the last century
of the Western Empire_, p. 16 (1910).
[215] On the Galli see Lucian, _De Dea Syria_, XLIII, L-LX.
[216] Frazer, _op. cit._ p. 223. See further Cicero, _De Divinatione_,
II. 50; Catullus, _Carm._ LXIII.; Lucretius, II. 598 ff.; Hepding, _op.
cit._, pp. 142 ff.; Glover, _The Conflict of Religions in the early Roman
Empire_, pp. 20 f. (1909).
[217] Fallaize, in _ERE_, X. 124 _b_.
[218] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, II. 133 f. (1920); he also mentions
this type of dance among the Patagonians, Fijians and others, pp. 419 ff.
[219] Frazer, _GB_, _Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, p. 61.
[220] Réville, _Les Religions des peuples non-civilisés_, p. 267 (1883);
Schoolcraft, _op. cit._ I. 286.
[221] _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_ (Hibbert Lectures, 1884), p.
225.
[222] _Malay Magic_, p. 463 (1900).
[223] Fallaize, in _ERE_, X. 124 _b_.
[224] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 408; N. Tsaki, _La Russie
Sectaire_, pp. 66 ff. The Shakers of New Lebanon attempt in the dance to
obtain the Holy Spirit, Lilly Grove, _op. cit._ p. 7.
[225] J. Macmillan Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, p. 204 (1907).
[226] _Folk-lore in the Old Testament_, III. 277 (1918).
[227] In _Allerlei_, I. 164-168.
[228] _Introduction to the Study of Religion_, p. 174 (1904).
[229] “They prophesied until the time of the evening oblation”
(עֲלוֹת הַמִּנְחָה), 1 Kings xviii. 29.
[230] An inspired prophet.
[231] A five-thonged scourge, with iron at the extremity of each thong.
[232] _The Sun and the Serpent_, pp. 99 f. (1905).
[233] The feast of _Pesach_ (“Passover”) coincided with this; it was
also a spring festival at which the firstlings of the herds were offered
(Exod. xxxiv. 25).
[234] _E.g._ 1 Kings viii. 2, xii. 32; Judg. xxi. 19; Lev. xxiii. 39, 41.
[235] This is also true of the Targums, where an allusion to the dance
is sometimes strikingly obvious, _e.g._ in the Targ. of _Onkelos_ to
Deut. xvi. 14; the people are bidden to rejoice at their feasts with the
playing of flutes; this was one of the most usual accompaniments to the
sacred dance all the world over.
[236] See Moore, _Judges_, pp. 304 f. (1903).
[237] Cp. Judges ix. 27.
[238] See _e.g._ Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 273 (1909); Carl Rathjens, _Die
Juden in Abessinien_, p. 78 (1921).
[239] _Talmudische Archäologie_, III. 101, and the references on p. 285.
[240] Mishnah, _Sukkah_, V. 1.
[241] _Sukkah_, IV. 1-4.
[242] Cp. Reinach, _op. cit._ p. 271.
[243] See _Megillath Taanith_, IV. 8-10; this was before the Day of
Atonement had become a Fast-day; one sees, therefore, how ancient the
custom was.
[244] _Megillath Taanith_, V.
[245] _Bell. Jud_. II. xvii. 6.
[246] See further on this, Krauss, _op. cit._ III. 102, 285.
[247] On these see further Doughty, _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, I. 340
ff., 391 f. (1921).
[248] Alois Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, III. 200 ff. (1908).
[249] Dalman, _Palestinischer Diwan_, p. 254 (1901).
[250] Featherman, _Social History of Mankind_, I. 334 f. (1881).
[251] See G. Friedlander’s edition of this work, p. 208 (1916).
[252] Cp. Enclow, _JE_, IV. 425 _b_, and Jacobs, _JE_, IV. 96 ff.
[253] See Curtiss, _op. cit._ pp. 164 ff.
[254] Kees, _Der Opfertanz des ägyptischen Königs_, pp. 105-226 (1912);
Maspero, _Études de mythologie et de l’archéologie égyptiennes_, VIII.
313 (1893-1916); Blackman, _Rock Tombs of Meir_, I. 23 f., II. 25, and
the same writer in the _Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, VII. 21 f.
[255] Erman, _Aegypten_ ..., I. 336.
[256] Erman, _op. cit._ I. 340; see also Voss, _Der Tanz und seine
Geschichte_, p. 20 (1869), who unfortunately omits references to
authorities.
[257] See further, Flinders Petrie, _Stud. Hist._ III. 69 (1904), and for
festivals generally the same author’s _Egyptian Festivals_ ... (1908).
[258] _Schol. in Luc. Dialog. Meretr._ VII. 4 (ed. Rabe, 1906), referred
to by Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 146; see also Lübker, _op. cit._ 298 _b_.
[259] Mommsen, _Feste_ ..., pp. 359 ff.; Harpocration, _s.v._ Ἁλῷα, I.
24 (ed. Dindorf [1853]). For Vintage Festivals see, further, Mommsen,
_Heortologie_, pp. 66 ff.
[260] Harrison, _op. cit._ pp. 146 f. On this festival see also Bekker,
_op. cit._ I. 384 f.; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., III. 315 f.; Frazer, _GB_,
_The Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, I. 60 ff.
[261] The author refers to his note on Pausanias, VIII. xxxvii. 3 in vol.
IV. pp. 375 ff. of his _Pausanias_.
[262] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, II. 339.
[263] Gruppe, _op. cit._ II. 783; Preller, _Griechische Mythologie_, pp.
618 ff. (1872).
[264] Cp. Pausan. VIII. xxv. 1 ff.; Ovid, _Metam._ V. 106; Pliny, XVI.
33; and for the _Charites_ see Gruppe, _op. cit._ I. 81, II. 1073, 1083,
1189, 1284; Lobeck, _op. cit._ II. 1085 ff.; _Julii Pol. Onom._ IV. 95.
For the Thesmophoria see Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., II. 16
ff.; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., III. 85-93; and for the Thargelia, _GB_, _The
Scapegoat_, pp. 254 ff.; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., IV. 268 ff.
[265] _E.g._ in the cult of Ἄρτεμις Κορδάκα, see Lobeck, _De myst.
priv._ II. 959; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., II. 445; Pausan. VI. xxii. 1. The
procession called φαλλοφορία was especially associated with Dionysos and
Hermes, see Farnell in _ERE_, VI. 417 _a_.
[266] See Farnell in _ERE_, VI. 403 _b_; he says: “this privilege of
ecstasy might be used for the practical purposes of vegetation-magic.”
[267] Mars was originally a god of vegetation; he appears subsequently as
the god of war.
[268] See Aust, _Die Religion der Römer_, p. 171 (1899).
[269] A translation in full is given by Carter in _ERE_, II. 10 _b_, 11
_a_.
[270] See further on the whole subject Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencycl. der
klassischen Altertumswissenschaft_, II. 1463 ff. (1896).
[271] See Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, III. 444 (1885).
[272] Cp. the name of the month in which the festival was held, February,
which gets its name from _februare_ “to purify.”
[273] March 19 was a special day as being the birthday of Minerva (Ovid,
_Fasti_, III. 812; see Mommsen, _Feste_ ..., p. 59).
[274] “... per urbem ire canentes carmina cum tripudiis solemnique
saltatu,” Liv. I. 20. 4. See, further, Wissowa, _op. cit._ I. 482, who
refers to Dion. Hal. II. 70. 2. Cp. de la Saussaye, _op. cit._ II. 441
ff.; and see Seneca, _Epp._ XV.; Quintilian, I. 2. 18.
[275] _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 232.
[276] Frazer, _ibid._; Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, III.
427 f. (1885); Aust, _op. cit._ p. 130; Cirilli, _Les Prêtres Danseurs
de Rome_, pp. 97 ff. (1913); for Harvest Festivals generally among the
Romans see Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, pp. 191 ff., for
the _Hilaria_, pp. 321 ff. (1912); Roscher, _Ausführliches Lexikon der
griechischen und römischen Mythologie_, s.v. Attis, I. 715 ff. (1884);
for the _Vinalia_, Aust, _op. cit._ p. 173. Cp. Farnell, _The Evolution
of Religion_, p. 145 (1905).
[277] See, for illustrations not mentioned here, Lilly Grove, _op. cit._
pp. 65-92.
[278] This is given by Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., I. 95 f.,
from A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, I. 167-169 (1904 ...).
[279] Frazer, _op. cit._ p. 107. See also Chalmers, _Pioneering in New
Guinea_, pp. 323 ff. H. L. Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British
North Borneo_, I. 262 (1896), says: “The Dyaks really seem to consider
dancing as a part of divine service, attributing to it some mysterious
and wholesome efficacy”;—they do not enquire why; it is taken for granted
that it is so.
[280] _Malay Magic_, p. 462 (1900).
[281] Cp. Réville, _Les Religions des peuples non-civilisés_, p. 269,
who tells of how the imitative magic dance develops into a specifically
religious act.
[282] _Op. cit._ p. 464; see, further, pp. 465 ff., and also Skeat
and Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, I. 364 f., II. 119
ff., 126 ff., 137 with the illustration on p. 138; and for the negro
Baris, whose country is situated on either bank of the White Nile, see
Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, I. 74 (1881).
[283] W. Schneider, _Die Religion der Afrikanischen Naturvölker_, pp.
52-58 (1891); Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s_, p. 327 (1872).
[284] On initiation dances see Harrison, _Themis_, pp. 24 f.
[285] Bab. Talm. _Rosh Ha-shanah_ 16 _a_, Mishnah, _Sukkah_, IV. 9; cp.
Mishnah, _Berakôth_, V. 2; see also the curious story in Lucian, _De Dea
Syria_, XIII.; and for numbers of examples of rain-charms see Frazer,
_GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 247-329.
[286] _The Threshold of Religion_, p. 76 (1909).
[287] _ERE_, X. 359 _b_.
[288] The root meaning of _ʿanah_ is “to sing,” see Isa. xxvi. 2, Exod.
xxxii. 18, Ps. cxix. 172; and cp. the cognate Arabic root _ghanna_; in
neo-Hebrew it is often used of singing in chorus.
[289] A different interpretation of the passage is given by a few
commentators, _e.g._ Briggs in the _Intern. Crit. Com._, but the natural
meaning seems to be as above.
[290] We have referred to this in another connexion, see p. 141. It is
probable that we have in this episode a combination of an historical fact
and some form of the Adonis myth.
[291] Pausan. IV. xvi. 4. See, further, Hermann, _Gottesdienstliche
Alterthümer_, §§ 24, 50.
[292] Reference is made in 1 Sam. xxi. 5, 2 Sam. xi. 11 to an act of
self-control which was also part of the consecration for battle; but
this, which is found among many other races, had its special reason and
does not come into consideration here.
[293] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., II. 145, where other examples are
given.
[294] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., I. 22.
[295] The possibility is not excluded that in all cases of animals being
eaten in order to absorb their qualities, their sacredness may have been
the real reason at one time in the history of the rite. When this reason
was forgotten and its qualities became the sole reason for eating an
animal, the extension of the idea in other ways would be natural.
[296] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 288.
[297] _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 165 f. (1911);
the account is taken from S. Müller, _Reizen en Ondergoekingen in den
Indischen Archipel._, II. 252 (1857). For another example see Chalmers,
_op. cit._ p. 182.
[298] C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, p. 298
(1910), quoted by Frazer, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 168.
[299] Spencer and Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp.
493 f. (1899).
[300] De Flacourt, _Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar_, pp. 97 f.
(1658), quoted by Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 131 (1911).
[301] _The Secret Tribal Societies of West Africa_, p. 17, quoted by
Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 132.
[302] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 133 f.
[303] _Uit het leven der Bevolking van Windessi_, in the “Tijdschrift
voor Indische Taal-Landen Volkenkunde,” XL. 157 f. (1898); _GB_, _Taboo
and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 169 f.
[304] _E.g._ in such cases as the May-pole dance, and the dances round
the Midsummer fires.
[305] Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 455, where
references to original authorities are given. See also Stade, _Biblische
Theologie des Alten Testaments_, i. 148.
[306] _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 158; for further
examples see pp. 161 ff., and _The Magic Art_, I. 125 ff. Conceivably
the taboo on the persons left at home during the absence of the fighting
men may have originally had something to do with the victory dance being
performed by women alone.
[307] See the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, chaps.
VIII-X.
[308] _E.g._ Gen. xxiv. 49 ff., xxix. 27; Judg. xiv. 7; Isa. lxi. 10;
Jer. ii. 32, vii. 34, xxv. 10; Ps. xlv. 10 ff.; Cant. iii. 6-11; cp. 3
Macc. iv. 8. In the New Testament we have more details, _e.g._ Matth.
xxii. 2, xxv. 1 ff.; Lk. xii. 36; John ii. 1 ff.
[309] See König, _Hebr. und Aram. Wörterbuch_, p. 505, and cp. the Sept.
τῇ Σουμανείτιδι (Cod. B).
[310] _Kimĕhôlath hammaḥanaim._ Cp. the Septuagint rendering: ὡς χοροὶ
τῶν παρεμβολῶν.
[311] Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 52, says, “The
tenacity with which the Oriental mind, if left to itself, holds that
which has always been, and turns to it as unerringly as the needle to
the pole, has often been observed, and is our guaranty that we may find
primitive religious conditions among people with whom, if we approach
them in the right way, we may hold intercourse to-day.” This may
certainly apply to the present instance.
[312] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, pp. 287 ff. (1873).
[313] Cp. the reference to the king in Cant. i. 4.
[314] _Mittel-Syrien und Damascus_, p. 123 (1853).
[315] _Arabia Deserta_, II. 118 (1921).
[316] See Rothstein’s article, “Moslemische Hochzeitsgebräuche in Lifta
bei Jerusalem,” in Dalman’s _Palästinajahrbuch_, 1910, pp. 102-123,
especially 110-114; a photographic illustration of a sword-dance is given
on p. 102; and Klein in the _Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinischen
Vereins_, VI. 94 ff. (1883).
[317] “Its general unscientific nature has been demonstrated by Mr Fison
and Dr Westermarck.... The theory, then, that mankind in general, or
even a particular section of mankind, even in normal circumstances were
accustomed to obtain their wives by capture from other tribes, may be
regarded as exploded. There have been, of course, and still are, sporadic
cases of capture of wives from hostile tribes or others, but such cannot
prove a rule.” Crawley, _The Mystic Rose: A Study of Primitive Marriage_,
p. 367 (1902).
[318] _Op. cit._ pp. 323 ff.
[319] For the reasons why these maleficent influences should be believed
to be present on such occasions see Crawley’s work, chaps, XIII, XIV.
[320] _Palestinischer Diwan_, p. 254 (1901). For the custom among the
Arabs of the Hedjaz see Featherman, _op. cit._ V. 402.
[321] Krauss, _Talmudische Archäologie_, II. 39 (1911).
[322] Bacher, _Aggada der Palestinischen Amoraim_, III. 36 (1897); _JE_,
VIII. 341 f.
[323] Abrahams, _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, p. 193 (1896).
[324] Abrahams, _op. cit._ pp. 195 f.; cp. with this the rite in the
ancient Indian ritual, in which the bride takes seven steps towards
the bridegroom; at the seventh he seizes her by the foot, Winternitz,
_Das altindische Hochzeitsrituell_, in “Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften,” XL. 51 (1892).
[325] Grunwald, in _JE_, VIII. 346 _a_, quoting from Chorny, _Sefer
ha-Massaʿot_, p. 298.
[326] Abrahams, _op. cit._ p. 196. For marriage rites among Jews and
Mohammedans in Palestine to-day see Baldensperger in the _Quarterly
Statement_ of the Pal. Exploration Fund, 1899, pp. 140 ff., 1900, pp. 181
ff., 1901, pp. 173 ff.
[327] Westermarck, _Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco_, p. 144 (1914).
[328] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 388 (1910).
[329] On this, see further Crawley, _op. cit._ pp. 327 ff., 335 ff.
[330] _Op. cit._ p. 321.
[331] _Op. cit._ p. 344.
[332] Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, V. 480 (1881).
[333] Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 251.
[334] Winternitz, _Das altindische Hochzeitsrituell_, XL. 30.
[335] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 374.
[336] Skeat, _op. cit._ p. 381.
[337] “For practical purposes, as is hardly necessary to premise,
the complex fears of men and women are often subconscious, or are
only expressed as a feeling of diffidence with regard to the novel
proceedings, and also are not always focussed on the personality of
either party with its inherent dangerous properties nor stimulated by
conscious realisation of particular dangers.... We have, however, seen
cases where the individual in marriage is consciously aware that it is
his human partner who is to be feared” (Crawley, _op. cit._ p. 323).
[338] Skeat, _op. cit._ p. 377, and for other dances at weddings see pp.
388 f., 392.
[339] _The History of Human Marriage_, II. 584 (1921); see also
Featherman, _op. cit._ I. 208.
[340] Frazer, _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 171.
[341] Frazer, _GB_, _The Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, II. 255.
[342] Westermarck, _Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco_, p. 90.
[343] Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 144.
[344] H. A. Metcalf’s translation, _The Idylls and Epigrams of Theocritus
..._ (1905).
[345] _The Mystic Rose_, pp. 337 ff.
[346] For these, see the present writer’s book, _Immortality and the
Unseen World: a Study in Old Testament Religion_, pp. 141 ff. (1921).
[347] _Talmudische Archäologie_, II. 67 f., 483 (1911); cp. also Thomson,
_The Land and the Book_: Lebanon, Damascus, and beyond Jordan, pp. 401
ff. (1886).
[348] Crawley, in _ERE_, X. 358 _a_.
[349] The mystic number, seven, in connexion with the rite will not
escape notice. The whole service will be found in Gaster’s _Daily and
Occasional Prayers_, vol. I. (1901). The supplications, though not in
precisely the same form in which they now appear, are known to go back
to pre-Christian times; the antiquity of the ritual by which they are
accompanied, especially when its nature is considered, will obviously be
at least as great, let alone the long history behind it.
[350] _Sacred Books of the East_, XI. 129 (1879-1910).
[351] In _ERE_, III. 658 _b_.
[352] Hartland, in _ERE_, IV. 426 _b_.
[353] Walse, in _ERE_, IV. 453 _b_.
[354] Joyce, _Social History of Ancient Ireland_, I. 301 (1903).
[355] Alois Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, III. 203 (1908).
[356] For illustrations of this kind see, _e.g._, Rosellini, _Les
Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_, Pl. CXIV. fig. 2, Pl. CXVI. fig. 6
(1831); Lepsius, _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_, Div. II, Pls.
52, 53 (1849); Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité:
l’Égypte_, p. 701 (1882).
[357] In _ERE_, V. 238 _a_.
[358] Erman, _Aegypten ..._, I. 336.
[359] Erman, _op. cit._ I. 338, II. 434.
[360] Reported in the _Times_, 29th June, 1922.
[361] Cp. Herodotus, II. 85.
[362] _An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_,
II. 272 (1871).
[363] _Op. cit._ pp. 344, 408 f., 452.
[364] Among the Romans, during the earliest periods, funerals always took
place at night; for the evidence see Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der
Römer_, pp. 343 f. (1886).
[365] As to funeral games see Daremberg et Saglio, _Dictionnaire des
antiquités Greques et Romaines_, II. 1376 (1896 ...): “La présence de
nombreux chars sur les vases peints du Dipylon fait croire qu’on continua
à célébrer des jeux funèbres en l’honneur du mort, et cet usage persista
longtemps encore, comme semble l’indiquer une peinture où un char de
course est représenté à côté d’une stèle qu’on achève de décorer.” Cp.
Rohde, _Psyche ..._, I. 224 f. As Hartland points out (_ERE_, IV. 437
_a_), “funeral games, familiar to us in classical literature, are of very
wide distribution. They cannot be separated from dances, for there is no
hard and fast line between the two.”
[366] See also Rohde, _Psyche ..._, I. 221.
[367] In Dionys. VII. 72 there is a description of such a procession in
which troops danced in the dress of Sileni and Satyrs. Suet. _Caes._ 84
(Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_, pp. 352 f.).
[368] Crawley, in _ERE_, X. 356 _a_.
[369] _Antike Gesichtshelme und Sepulcralmasken_, p. 4 (1878), referred
to by Marquardt, _Privatleben der Römer_, p. 241, and see further, pp.
353 ff.
[370] Showerman in _ERE_, IV. 505 _b_, 507 _b_. Cp. Daremberg et Saglio,
_op. cit._ s.v. _Funus_.
[371] _Op. cit._ II. 32.
[372] See the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, pp. 9,
21 f.
[373] _I.e._ “sacred,” the first month of the Musulman year.
[374] Jaʿfar Sharif, _Islam in India, or the Qānūn-i-Islam: The Customs
of the Musulmans of India_, translated by G. A. Herklots, pp. 161-174
(1921).
[375] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, II. 183.
[376] J. M. Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, p. 203. “Funeral dances and
death-bed dances are a world-wide custom. We hear of them in Patagonia,
in Abyssinia, in North America, in the East Indian isles and in the
Highlands of Scotland; we read about them in ancient Egypt, and we can
see them to-day in Spain, in Ireland, and in the centre of France,” Lilly
Grove, _op. cit._ p. 4.
[377] _ERE_, IV. 434 _b_.
[378] Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, pp. 358 ff.,
716 (1910).
[379] Frazer, _The Belief in Immortality_, I. 200 (1913).
[380] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 399.
[381] _The Indian Tribes of Guiana_, pp. 154 f. (1868).
[382] Schoolcraft, _op. cit._ I. 198, 234.
[383] Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, I. 413 (1881).
[384] Baldwin Spencer, _The Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of
Australia_, pp. 234 ff. (1914).
[385] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 293 f.
[386] _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Straits_, V.
256.
[387] _Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart_, V. 1070.
[388] Nelson, _The Eskimo about Bering Strait_, Eighteenth Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. I. 363 (1899).
[389] Frazer, _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 166.
[390] Spencer and Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp.
505 ff. (1899).
[391] Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, I. pp. 384 ff. (1903).
[392] _ERE_, IV. 481 _a_.
[393] _ERE_, IV. 416 _b_.
[394] See on this the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen
World_, p. 180.
INDEX
Aaron, 161
Ab, feast of, 143
_Abel-meḥolah_, 142
Abijah, 92
Absorbing the god, 25
Abydos, royal tombs at, 203
Achna, Kybele _temenos_ at, 99
Air a means of lustration, 99
Altar, dance round, 91 f.
procession round, 94
Amalekites, David’s attack on the, 48
Amathus, 70
_Ambarvalia_, 100, 149
Ancestor-worship, 131
dancing connected with, 195
Animals, belief in descent from, 18, 78
holy, 166
imitated in dance, 18
sacred, 166
Animistic stage, 14
Aphrodite, 98
Aphrodite-Ariadne, 70
Apis festivals, 60
Apollo, 7, 63, 68, 74, 120
Apollo Karneios, 69
Apollo, Pythaean, 69
Apollonius Rhodius, 201
Apuleius, 118
Apuleius’ account of sacred dance, 61 f.
Arabi Pasha, 115
Arabs, 193
ancient, 116
_cultus_ of the, 49, 94
wedding dance among the, 181
mourning rite among the, 202
song round well of, 89
Arāwaks, funeral dance among the, 212 f.
procession round corpse of, 201
Archigallus, 127
Ares, 63
Argonauts, 201
Ariadne, 70
Ariadne’s Dance, 27, 69, 71 f.
Aristomenes, 163
Aristophanes, _Frogs_ quoted, 123
Aristotle, 14
Ark, 36, 54, 94
_Arkteia_, 68, 102
Artemis, 19, 63, 66, 102
Brauronian ceremonies of, 68
Caryatis, 67
Koruthalia, 66
worship of, 67
Artemis-Kybele, groves of, 99
Arunta of Central Australia, 169
funeral dance among the, 216
Arval Brothers, 149
Ashantees, 170
Ashdod, 47
Ashkenazic Jews, 198
Asiatic peoples, sacred dance among, 76
_Asiph_, 140
Asshurbanipal, inscription of, 58
Assyrian festivals, 58
procession, 58
sacred dance, 6
Athena, 19, 64, 120
Athens, 123
Atonement, day of, 143
_Atrium_, 208
Attic women dancing in honour of Dionysos, 123
Attis, worship of, 126, 127
Baal, 38
Marqôd, 19, 56
of dancing, 56
prophets of, 111, 113, 131 f.
“Baby Jesus”, 23
Babylonian festivals, 57
hymns, 58
Bacchanalian assemblies, 124
Bacchantes, 121, 124
Bagobos of Mindanao, 103
_Bāmāh_, 108
Bambaras of Senegambia, 145
Barges, procession of, 62
Basket, 60
Baskets dancing, 67
Bear dance, 68, 102
Bechuanas, marriage dance among the, 181
Bedouin Arabs, 193
dance among the, 56 f.
Benihassan, inscription on tomb at, 203
Benjamites, 142
Bēs, 60
Bēsa, 61
Bethel, 38
_Bharang_, 211
Bheels, marriage dance among the, 181
Blood, flowing of during dance, 213
Bodo-priest, 27, 128
Boghazkeui, rock-inscription at, 59, 109
Bond of life, 200
Bondas, funeral dance among, 213
Bones venerated, 210
Book of the Dead, the, 11
Brahman worship, 77
Brauronian ceremonies, 68, 84
Brethren of the Ploughed Fields, 149
Bridal couples, royal state of, 29
Bride and bridegroom in a state of danger, 184
Buddha, pyre of, 201
Burial rite, dancing as a, 29 f., 42
customs not an innovation, 197
tenacity of, 197
Burials, Chinese, 201
Buriats, procession round corpse of, 201
Byblos, 116
Cactus, 217
Camel, processional dance round, 28, 95
Caryae, 67
Cassowary-dances, 18
Castor and Pollux, 67
Cattle increased by sacred dance, 103
_Charites_, 148
_Chela_, 133
Child mind, the, 22
Chinese burials, 201
_Chitôn_, 67
Chnomhôtep, 203
Choruses of Physcoa and Hippodamia, 124
_Chuppah_, 177
Cicero, 78
Circle-dance of men and women, 205 f.
Circle, magic, 28, 94
Circuit round sanctuary, 94
sacrifice, 94
sevenfold, 93, 94
Circuits round a corpse, 200
Circumambulation, 199
Circumambulatory procession, 100
Circumcision festivals, dancing at, 144 f.
of Isaac, 145
City, encirclement of, 94
Clapping of hands, 7, 52
Clement of Alexandria, 125
_Coelibaris hasta_, 181
Coins from Tralles, 69
Conibos, funeral dances among the, 212
“Consecrated”, 94
Consecration of warriors, 161
Corinth, golden plate from grave near, 73
Corn-Mother, 103
Corneto, 207
Corybantes, 69
Crane dance, 72
Cremation in India, 201
Cretan labyrinth, 71
Cretan legend of birth of Zeus, 69
Cretan-Mycenaean creed, 120
Crete, 70
Crops made to grow by dancing, 27, 29
_Cultus_ of ancient Arabs, 94
Custom, traditional, retained, 217
Cylinder seals, 59
Cylix of Hieron, 122
Cymbals, 7, 52
_Cypresses_, 148
Cyprus, 70
excavations in, 11, 98
inscriptions from, 59 f., 72 f., 98 f.
Dagon, 47
_Daḥa_ dances, 144
Dakotahs, 21, 77, 83, 101, 165 f.
sun worship among the, 77
_Dālag_, 44, 46, 47, 48
Dance accompanied by cymbals, 7
by hand-drums, 7
by singing, 7
by tambourine, 121, 203
among the Greeks, 11
the Israelites, 7
the natives of New Guinea, 1 f.
the uncivilized races, 8
and music, 7
and religion, 69
applied to processions, 100
as a mourning rite among the Greeks and Romans, 207 ff.
at funeral feasts, 207
at weddings as an initiatory ceremony, 188
ecstatic, 37 ff.
encircling, 37, 183, 199, 205
funeral, 204 ff.
funeral, purposes of, 204 ff.
Hebrew terms for, 44 ff.
_Hikuli_, 217 f.
imitative, 14
in honour of the army of the heavens, 69
of the Egyptian gods, 61
in semi-circle, 98
limping, 87, 111
musical accompaniment to, 51 ff.
never useless, 2
of Jewish maidens, 143
of maidens in the _forum_, 75
on graves, 29
orgiastic, 122
processional, 36
represented on Greek pottery, 5
round a sacred object, 88 ff.
altar, 91 f.
golden calf, 90
men disguised as familiar spirits, 214
slain enemies, 206
trees, 88
wells, 88
scaring away evil spirits, 30
the dead brought back by, 30
the dead personated in, 30
Dance-spirit, the, 153
Dancers sprinkled, 217
Dances and funeral games, 207
at Egyptian funerals, 203
at festivals among the Romans, 149 ff.
in celebration of victory, 40 f., 159 ff.
in honour of superhuman powers, 54 ff.
of the dead, 205 f.
of gods, 17
of the _Salii_, 150
performed under trees, 148
Dancing accompanied by instrumental music, 122
as an act of devotion, 129
as an expression of will, 6
as a mourning rite among savages, 209 ff.
at celebration of Eleusinian mysteries, 124
at circumcision festivals, 144 f.
at Egyptian festivals, 146
at feasts, 140 ff.
at festivals among the Baris, 153
Hottentots, 153 f.
Kai, 152
Kayans, 151 f.
at Greek festivals, 146 ff.
at the feast of Purim, 144
connected with ancestor-worship, 195
definitions of, 5
Dervishes, 115, 130, 137
during the making of vows, 145
field of, 142
Hebrew words for, 35 ff., 197
highest development of, 9
in honour of the dead, 203 f.
in honour of the moon, 153
magical, 171
modern, 6
modes of, 5 f.
of masked men and women, 148
priests, 150
religious in origin, 129
serious for savages, 21
spirit of, 130
to ensure a fruitful marriage, 191
to the point of unconsciousness, 129
Dancing-floor in Knossos, 70
Dancing-grounds, Greek, 65
[_See also_ Ecstatic Dance, Funeral Dance, Sacred Dance]
_Davar_, 49, 95
David, 36, 54, 162
Day of Atonement, 143
of Blood, 127
Dead, continued existence of the, 209
imitated in dance, 30
sacrifice for the, 213
the, brought back by dance, 30
_Decemviri_, 75
_Deir el-Ḳala_, 56
Delos, 70, 72
Delphian women dancing in honour of Dionysos, 123
Demeter, 24
dance in honour of, 90
mysteries of, 147
Departed, dance in honour of the, 198 f.
personating the, 214
spirit of, feared, 205 f.
wrath of, appeased by dance, 215
Dervishes, dancing, 115, 130, 137
Descent from animals, 18, 78
Development of ideas, 218
Devil dancers, 27, 128
_Dhāt anwāt_, 96
_Dies Sanguinis_, 127
Dinka, negro tribe in Soudan, 206
Diodorus, 124
Dionysiac ritual, 6
Dionysos, 7, 19, 21, 63, 64, 66, 120, 143, 147, 148
contact with through dance, 122
festivals, 122
orgies in honour of, 123
raving in honour of, 38
temple of, 124
under the influence of, 122
worship of, 120
Dioscuri, 19
Disguise of mourners, 205, 211
Divine indwelling, 26
Dog-dances, 18
Drum-beating, 2
Dutch New Guinea, funeral dance among inhabitants of, 212
Ecstatic dance, 32, 107 ff.
a means of mystic experiences, 116
among Greeks, 119 ff.
Israelite prophets, 109 ff.
Romans, 126
Syrians, 116 ff.
uncultured races, 128 ff.
contagious, 108
means of divine indwelling, 32
means of union with the deity, 108
not confined to early Israelite prophets, 107
outcome of strong religious emotion, 107
two forms of, 114
Ecstatic state, 27
means of inducing an, 39, 120
voice of the god during, 129
Egyptian fresco, dancing depicted on, 10
inscriptions, 5
funeral dances, 203, 204
procession, 203
temples, sacred dance depicted on doors of, 62 f.
Egyptians, mourning rite among the, 202 f.
Eleusinian mysteries, dancing at the celebration of, 124
Eleusis, 90, 124
Elagabalus, 149
Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 143
Elijah, 113
Elis, 68
Encirclement of city, 94
Encircling dance, 199, 206
procession of gods, 96
_Epithalamium_, 190
E-sagila, temple of, 57
Eskimo, procession round corpse of, 201
Esquimaux, funeral dances among, 215
Eteokles, the daughters of, 148
Eternity, Feast of, 203
Etruria, sacred dance introduced from, 75
Etruscan vase, 71
Etruscans influenced by Greeks, 76
Euripides, _Bacchae_ quoted, 124
Evil eye, 188
Evil spirits, 47, 132
combated in dance, 204 f.
in vicinity of corpses, 205
protection against, 205
scared away by dance, 30
Excavations in Cyprus, 11, 70
Exegesis, Rabbinical type of, 86
Familiar spirits, men disguised as, 214
Fātima, 211
Faunus, 150
Fear of departed spirit, 205
Feast of Eternity, 203
of Tabernacles, dancing during, 94
Feet, stamping of, 198
Festival, funeral, 203
Field of dancing, 142
Figures, semi-human, 147
Fire as a lustration, 99
Flute-playing as a mourning rite, 196
_Forum_, dance of maidens in the, 75
_Fratres Arvales_, 149
Funeral dance among Aaru archipelago natives, 218
Aborigines of N. Australia, 213
Arāwaks, 212 f.
Arunta, 216
Bondas, 213
Conibos, 212
Dutch New Guinea natives, 212
Esquimaux, 215
Gilbert islanders, 212
Indian tribes of Guiana, 212
Maoris, 212
Melanesians, 212
N. American Indians, 213
Pulu islanders, 214
Sioux, 214
Sulka, 212
Tami islanders, 213 f.
Tarahumares of Mexico, 217
Timor islanders, 215
Funeral dances collective, 199
purposes of, 204 f.
Funeral festival, 203
Funeral games cannot be separated from dances, 207
Funeral procession, scenes at, 199
Funerals at night, 207
Gallas’ dance round sacred tree, 103
Game of Troy, 69, 71, 74
Games at funerals, 207
_Geranos_, 72
Ghosts of the dead, 29
propitiation of, 167 ff.
Gilbert islanders, funeral dance among, 212
Gilyaks, 18
Goddesses personated, 148
Golden calf, dance round the, 90
Grave a dwelling-place, the, 208
Greek influence on the Romans, 73 f.
pottery, 66
dances represented on, 5
vases, 10
Greeks, dancing of the, 65
funeral processions among the, 207
national temperament of the, 76
Grotta del Trichinio, 207
_Gymnopaediae_, 68 f.
_Ḥāgag_, 44, 48 ff., 92
_Ḥagg_, 49, 51, 94, 141
Halfa, 204
_Ḥalîl_, 52
Hallel, 93
_Haloa_, 147
Hand-drums, 7
_Hantu mĕnāri_, 130
Harmony, 53
Harp-players, 202
Harpokrates, 61
Harvest festivals, 39 f.
dancing at, 140 ff.
Ḥatḥor, 19, 60 f.
Head-hunters in Dutch New Guinea, 171 f.
Heavenly bodies, symbolic representation of movements of, 95
_Ḥebel_, 92, 108
Hebrew prophets, 33
terms for dancing, 44 ff., 197
Hebrews, festivals among the, 139 ff.
religious superiority of the, 139
Heliodorus, 117
Hell-gallop, 206
Henna-dance, 187 f.
Hera, 64
Herakles, Tyrian, 117
Hermes, 148
Herodotus, 124
Herodotus’ account of Egyptian worship, 62
Hezekiah, 58
Hieron, cylix of, 122
_Hikuli_ dance, 217 f.
Hindoo Koosh, natives of, 171
Hippodamia, Chorus of, 124
Hittite inscriptions, 10, 59 f., 109
Homer, 122
Honouring the departed by dance, 30, 203 f., 209, 211
Hosea, 136
_Ḥūl_, 44
Human victim, dance round to make crops grow, 103
Husain, 211
Iacchus, 124
Iamblichus, theory of, 117
Ideas, development of, 218
Identification, 25
Identity, change of, 29
_Iḥwy_, 60
Ilabistan, wells of, 90
_Imagines_, 208
Imitation, 25
Imitative magic, 3, 4, 23, 183
propensity in man, 14
Indian, ancient ritual at weddings, 186
Initiation rite, 68
Inscription on tomb at Benihassan, 203
Inscriptions, dancing depicted on, 10
Egyptian, 5
from Cyprus, 65, 98 f.
Hittite, 10
Inspiration gained by dancing, 128
Instinct of play, 7
Irish, procession round corpse, 201
Isaac, circumcision of, 145
_Isidis Navigium_, 62
Isis, worship of, 61
Israelite prophets, 38
Israelites and the nations of antiquity, 85
dancing, 7
religious uniqueness of, sometimes exaggerated, 31 f.
sacred dance among the, 31 ff.
stage of culture of the, 8 f.
Italian god of vegetation, 27
Jacob, 113, 118
Jahwe, 33, 36, 38, 54, 93, 94
possession by spirit of, 109
Jephthah, 141, 162
Jewish custom, post-biblical, 9
maidens, dance of, 143
Jews, Ashkenazic, 198
of post-biblical times, marriage dance among the, 181 f.
of the Caucasus, marriage dance among the, 183
Sephardic, 198
_Juno Regina_, 74
_Kaaba_, 49, 95, 115
_Kailang Nāg_, 133
Kamtchatka, 18
Kangaroo-dances, 18
Kayans of Sarāwak, 28, 102, 106
_Ḳazir_, 140
Kazwini, 90
Killing a god in animal form, 165
King’s week, 178
_Kinnôr_, 52
Knossos, dancing-floor in, 70
Kol tribes of Chota Nagpur, 210
Kore, 147
Korybantes, 121
Kouretes, 125
Kûkubûry, 116
_Kumbâz_, 180
Kybele, 121, 126, 127
Kybele-_temenos_, 99
Labyrinth, 27, 69 f.
Lacedaemonians, 67, 163
Laconia, 67
Lameness simulated in dance, 111 f.
Lares, 149
Latona, 68, 69
Lattuka, negro tribe in Soudan, 205 f.
Law, the, 32
Leaping high to make crops grow, 150
over threshold, 47
Leukosia, 98
Limping dance, 87
at sunrise, 113
of Syrian origin, 114
step, 38, 51
Lucian, 96, 147
on dancing, 64
_Lupercalia_, 101, 149 f.
_Luperci_, 101
Lustration by air, 99
by fire, 99
Lycosura, 147
Lycurgus, the son of, 201
Madagascar, ancient natives of, 170
Madonna and Child, 23
Maenads, 11, 121 ff., 125
Magic and religion, 41
circle, 28, 94
to keep in angry spirits, 206
dance, 160, 171
imitative, 3, 23, 28, 183
sympathetic, 24, 28
vegetation, 149
Magna Mater, 126
Maidens’ chorus, 66
Makarakâ, negro tribe in Soudan, 206
Malayans, wedding dance among the, 186
_Malbûs_, 116
Mana, conception of, 3, 17
Mandan Indians, dancing among the, 189
Maoris, funeral dance among the, 212
war dance among the, 130
Maquarri dance, 212
Marduk, 57
Marqôd, Baal, 81
Marriage by capture, 180
fruitful, by means of dance, 1, 191
procession, 178, 186
rite, 28
state, dangers on entering, 28 f.
Mars, 149
Masked men and women, dancing, 148
Masks, 151 f., 208
May day, 47
May-pole, 103, 172
_Mazzôth_, 140
Medicine women, 130
Melanesians of British New Guinea, funeral dance among, 212
Mephibosheth, 111
Messenians, 67
Mexican Indians, beliefs of, 84
Michal, 54
Mindanao, 103
Minerva, 150
Minotaur, 71 f.
Miriam, 161
Mizpah, 141
Moon-worshippers, 153
Mopsus, 201
_Mormodellick_, 79
Morning Star, worship of, 95
Moroccans, wedding rite among the, 184, 186, 190
Mosaic legislation, 34
Mother and son, 125
Mourners disguised, 205
Mourning rite, dancing as a, why not mentioned in O.T., 194 f.
Mouth-pieces of the deity, 129
Movement, 14
_Muharram_ festival, 211
Music and dance, 7
Musical accompaniment to dancing, 51 ff.
_Muzzayîn_, 144 f.
Mycenae, 99
Myrtle-boughs, 182
_Mystae_, 123
Mysteries of Demeter, 147
Mystery, 14, 17
Naioth, 108
Nature-magic, 120
_Nebboot_, 204
_Nēbel_, 52
Nĕgrān, date-palm at, worshipped annually, 97
New Guinea, belief of natives of, 1 f.
Nilus, 89, 95
_Nobiles_, Roman, funeral procession of, 208
North American Indians, dancing among the, 129
Noṣairis, festival of St Barbe among the, 97
Oak, dance round sacred, 103
Objects of dance coalesce, 20 f.
Oceania, aborigines of, 129
Old Testament, dancing spoken of in, 8 f.
Olympian dance, 98
Onkelos, Targum of, 141
Orgiastic dance, 122
dance of priests, 126 f.
frenzy, 112
Oriental influence on the Romans, 74
Origin of sacred dance, 13 ff.
Original object of wedding dances, 185
_Orkēsis Iōnikē_, 68
Orphic mysteries, 125
Osiris, king deified as, 146
Palatine hill, running round, 150
Palestine, peasants of, 145
Pan, 63, 124, 150
Pan’s-pipe, 52
_Panathenaia_, 64
Panopeus, 122
Parnassos, 66, 123
_Pāsaḥ_, 44, 50 f.
_Pasâḥu_, 50
Patroclus, 201
Pausanias quoted, 67, 69, 122, 123, 124, 163
Pektides, 117
Peniel, 113, 118
Perambulation, ritual, 95
Persephone, 24, 147
Persian custom of leaping over threshold, 47
Personating the dead, 30, 214
Personation, 25, 148
Philochorus, 147
Philosophy, savage, 218
Phrygia, goddess of, 121
Physcoa, chorus of, 124
Pigs, sacrifice of, 102
Pindar, Pythian Ode quoted, 124
Pine-cone, 121
Pisistratus, 64
Play, human instinct of, 7
Pleiades, worship of, 79
Plutarch, 143
Polynesian dancing, 20
Pompeii, mosaic at, 71
_Porta Carmentalis_, 74
Poseidon, month of, 147
Possession, 122, 128
by spirit of Jahwe, 109
Pottery, Greek, 68
Powers, supernatural, 3
Priests, dancing, 150
orgiastic dance of, 126
Procession, circumambulatory, among the Romans, 100
form of dance, 100
funeral, 199, 202
round altar, 94
corpse, 199
sacred, 150
Processional dance, 36, 54 ff.
a normal mode of worship, 81
round camel, 28
Prophets, band of, 108
Hebrew, 33, 38
Israelite, ecstatic dance among the, 109 ff.
of Baal, 38
Syrian, 39
the, 32
Propitiation of ghosts, 167 ff.
Ptah, 146
Pulu islanders, funeral dance among, 214
Purim, feast of, dancing at the, 144
Pyre, festival of the, 96
threefold procession round, 201
Pyrrhic Dance, 19, 64, 69
Pythaean Apollo, 69
Pythian Ode quoted, 124
Qāsim, 211
Rain charm, 157 f.
_Rakâdu_, 81
_Raḳṣ_, 6
_Raḳṣa_ dance, 202
Ramah, 108
_Raqaʿ_, 198
_Rāqad_, 199
Raving in honour of Dionysos, 33
_Raymi_, 129
Reasoning of savages, 15
Religion and magic, 41
connexion of dance with, 69
Religious customs, persistency of, 31
ideas, modification of, 196
uniqueness of Israelites exaggerated, 31 f.
Rhythm, 6 f.
Rhythmic instinct, 7
Rite, original meaning of forgotten, 200
Rites, intermingling of, 217
Romans, ecstatic dance among, 126
funeral processions among, 207 f.
influenced by oriental cults, 127
national temperament of the, 76
sacred dancing among the, 73 ff.
Roro-speaking tribes of New Guinea, 168 f.
Royal state of bridal couples, 29
Royalty of bridal pair, 184
Running round newly born infants, 99
Russian Tapps, procession round corpse of, 201
_Sābab_, 44, 46, 92, 93
Sacred Dance a means of bringing back the dead, 214
a means of a fruitful marriage, 29
of obtaining food, 1, 4, 29, 103, 131
aiding the sun to run his course, 27
among Assyrians, 6
Bedouin Arabs, 6 f., 144
Greeks, 63 ff., 97 ff., 119 ff., 146 ff., 207 ff.
Jews of all periods, 184
Romans, 73 ff., 100 f., 119 ff., 149 ff.
Semites, 31 ff., 54 ff., 88 ff., 107 ff., 140 ff., 159 ff.
uncultured races, 77 ff., 101 ff., 128 ff., 151 ff., 167 ff., 184
ff., 209 ff.
appeasing wrath of departed, 214 f.
as a marriage rite, 1, 28 f., 41 f., 177 ff.
as a mourning and burial rite, 29 f., 42, 194 ff.
assisting warriors in battle, 28, 167 ff.
contagious, 38
departed personated in, 214
for magical purposes, 103, 148, 151
ghost of deceased driven away by, 217 f.
in honour of supernatural powers, 22, 209, 218
in the Old Testament, 8 f., 33 ff., 89, 107 ff., 140 ff.
introduced in Rome from Etruria, 75
led by Theseus, 70
many forms included under, 6, 35 f.
objects of the, 3, 19 ff.
origin of the, 13 ff.
round tree, 99
sources of information regarding the, 9 ff.
taught by animals, 18
unconsciousness brought about by the, 25
union brought about with god by the, 24, 32
Sacrifice, circuit round, 94
of pigs, 102
Sacrificial victim, 24
St Barbe, 97
St Paul, 32
_Salii_, the, 27, 150
Sanctuaries, limping dance performed at, 111
Sanctuary, circuit round, 94
Sarāwak, Kayans of, 28, 102
Satan dancing, 46
Saturn, 150
Satyrs, 64, 208
Saul among the prophets, 109 f.
_Sed_ festival, 146
Self-laceration, 38
Sennacherib, 58
Sephardic Jews, 198, 199 f.
burial of, 200
Serpent worship, 133
Seven circuits round a corpse, 200
Sevenfold circuit, 93 f.
_Shabuôth_, 140
Shaman, 128
Shiloh, 142
“Showing off”, 22 f.
_Sicinnis_, 64
_Sileni_, 208
Siloam, 157
Sinaitic Peninsula, Arabs of the, 95
Singers and dancers at funerals, 202
Sioux, funeral dances among, 214
Indians, 102
Sisera, 163
_Sistrum_, 52, 60
“Sixteen Women,” the, 124
_Skēnē_, 147
Speech, laudatory at burials, 198
Spirit of dancing, possessed by, 130
of the departed kept in grave, 216
indwelling, 16
Spirits of fertility represented by masked men, 152
Stamping of feet, 198
Statius, 201
Statue of the departed, 203
Step, limping, 38, 51
Stringed instruments, 52
_Sukkah_, reference to, 94
_Sukkôth_, 140
Sulka, of New Britain, funeral dance among, 212
Sun aided to run its course by dancing, 27
_Sungal_, 134
Supernatural powers, 3
imitated in dance, 15
sense of the, 17
the, 13
Sword dance, 28, 180, 186, 188
Symmachus, 126
Sympathetic magic, 24, 28
Syrian goddess, 118
desert, Bedouin Arabs of the, 81
peasants, weddings among the, 178 ff.
prophets, 39
Syrians, ecstatic dance among, 116 ff.
Tabari, ancient Arabian historian, 97
Tabernacles, feast of, 94, 141, 143, 157 f.
Taboo, 104, 174 f.
Talmudic period, 198
Tambourine accompanying dance, 121, 203
Tami islanders, funeral dance among, 213 f.
_Ṭaphaz_, 142
Tarahumares, funeral dance among, 217
Targum, 46
Targum of Onkelos, 141
Tarphon, Rabbi, 182
_Ṭawâf_, 95
Temple worship, 58
Terence quoted, 12
_Thargelia_, 148
_The Golden Ass_ quoted, 118 f.
Theocritus, 190
Theseus leading the sacred dance, 70
_Thesmophoria_, 148
Thompson Indians of British Columbia, 170
Threefold procession round pyre, 201
Threshing-floor, 147, 179
Threshold, 47
Thyia, first priestess of Dionysos, 121
Thyiads, 21, 121 ff.
_Thyrsus_, 121, 143
Timagani Indians, 102
Timor, inhabitants of, 167 f.
island, inhabitants of, funeral dances among, 215
Tinnevelly, 132
Titans, 125
_Tithēnidia_, 66
Tom-tom, 7, 52
_Tôph_, 52, 55
Torch dance, 143
Torres Straits, 214
Tragliatella, 71
Tree, dance round to make crops grow, 103
for hanging things on, 96
Tree-spirits, 106
Trees, dance round, 88, 99
dancing performed under, 148
Troy, game of, 69, 71, 74
Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, 128
_ʿUgâb_, 52
Unconsciousness brought about by dance, 25
dancing to the point of, 129
Uniformity in mythology, 2
in ritual, 2
Union brought about by dance, 24
Vedda, 128
Vedic worship, 77
Vegetation magic, 120, 149
Victory dances, 40 f.
Vine-leaves, 121
Vintage festivals, 39 f.
dancing at, 140 ff.
Visions due to over-wrought state, 122
Vows, dancing during performance of making, 145
Walpurgis night, 47
Wand, curved, used during funeral dance, 203
Warriors dancing, 71
_Wazara_, 184
Wedding ceremony, dancing at, 41 f.
Wedding-feast, 177
Well of Fair Dances, 90
Well, song of the, 89
Wells, dance round, 88
Wen-Amon, 116
Wends’ dance round sacred oak, 103
Women under the influence of Dionysos, 122
Women, Bacchanalian assemblies of, 124
Xanthias, 123
_Xulophoria_, 144
Yuki tribes of California, 170 f.
_Zēlaʿ_, 114
Zeus, 19, 64, 69
Ziklag, 48
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY W. LEWIS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS