[Footnote 622: Cic. ad Att. ii. 1. Dicit enim tanquam in Platonis
[Greek: politeia] πολιτέιᾳ non tanquam in fæce Romuli sententiam. I
have translated Plutarch literally, though I have no doubt that the
occasion to which he alludes (which is not mentioned by Cicero, l.c.)
is that of the election to the prætorship, B.C. 55, when the worthless
adventurer Vatinius was preferred to Cato. M. Cato in petitione
præturæ, prælato Vatinio, repulsam tulit. Liv. Epit. cv. See also Val.
Max. vii. 5, and Merivale's 'History of the Romans,' vol. i. ch. ix.
The word [Greek: hupateia] ὑπατεία is always used by Plutarch as the
Greek equivalent for the Roman title of consul.]
[Footnote 623: This saying of his is mentioned in the 'Life of
Demosthenes," c. 10.]
[Footnote 624: He was elected no less than forty-five times to the
annual office of Strategus or General of the city--that is, one of the
Board of Ten so denominated, the greatest executive function at
Athens.--Grote, 'Hist. of Greece,' Part ii. ch. lxxxvii.]
[Footnote 625: Meaning, why do you affect to be a Spartan, and yet
speak like an Athenian? See vol. iii. 'Life of Kleomenes,' ch. ix.]
[Footnote 626: Grote observes, in commenting on this passage, that
"Plutarch has no clear idea of the different contests carried on in
Eubœa. He passes on, without a note of transition, from this war in
the island (in 349-348 B.C.) to the subsequent war in 341 B.C. Nothing
indeed can be more obscure and difficult to disentangle than the
sequence of Eubœan transactions."--'Hist. of Greece,' Part ii., ch.
lxxxviii.]
[Footnote 627: From Plutarch's narrative one would imagine that the
"enemy" must mean the Macedonians: but we find that they really were
the native Eubœans, led by Kallias of Chalkis, with only a detachment
of Macedonians and some Phokian mercenary troops.]
[Footnote 628: Disregarding Phokion's order, and acting with a
deliberate treason which was accounted at Athens unparalleled,
Plutarchus advanced out of the camp to meet them; but presently fled,
drawing along in his flight the Athenian horse, who had also advanced
in some disorder. --Grote, l.c.]
[Footnote 629: The battle of Chæronea, which took place in August,
B.C. 338.]
[Footnote 630: The Greek is "to offer sacrifice," with the implied
idea of feasting on the animal offered. In the first chapter of this
Life we learn that it was only the less eatable parts of the victim
which were burned. Thus the idea of offering sacrifice always
suggested merry-making and feasting to the Greek mind. Grote says, "We
cannot doubt that the public of Athens, as well as Demosthenes, felt
great joy at an event which seemed to open to them fresh chances of
freedom, and that the motion for a sacrifice of thanksgiving, in spite
of Phokion's opposition, was readily adopted."]
[Footnote 631: This speech of Phokion is given at greater length by
Diodorus, xvii. 15.]
[Footnote 632: A quarter of Athens, probably south of the Acropolis.
See Lieut.-Col. Leake's 'Topography of Athens,' sect. iv.]
[Footnote 633: The original is [Greek: apobatês] ἀποβάτης, which
corresponds to the Latin desultor, meaning one who rode several
horses, leaping from one to the other.]
[Footnote 634: Plutarch's narrative here is misleading, as it seems to
imply that Harpalus gave this money to Charikles _after_ his arrival
in Athens. We know from Theopompus (Fr. 277) that the monument had
been finished some time before Harpalus quitted Asia. Plutarch treats
it as a mean structure, unworthy of the sum expended on it; but both
Dikæarchus and Pausanias describe it as stately and magnificent.
Grote's 'History of Greece,' Part II. ch. xcv., note.]
[Footnote 635: See Life of Demosthenes, ch. xxv.; and Grote, Hist. of
Greece, Part II., ch. xcv.]
[Footnote 636: The Lamian war, so called from the siege of Lamia, in
which Leosthenes perished.]
[Footnote 637: [Greek: Hêbê] Ἥβη, the word here used, means the time
just before manhood, from about fourteen to twenty years of age; at
Sparta it was fixed at eighteen, so that of [Greek: hoi deka aph'
hêbês] οἱ δέκα ἀφ' ἥβης were men of twenty-eight, [Greek: hoi
tettarakonta aph' hêbês] οἱ τετταράκοντα ἀφ' ἥβης men of fifty-eight,
&c. Xen. Hell. 3. 4, 23. Liddell and Scott. Here, therefore, [Greek:
hoi achri heksêkonta aph' hêbês] οἱ ἄχρι ἑκσήκοντα ἀφ' ἥβης must mean
all citizens under about seventy-five years of age.]
[Footnote 638: Rhamnus was a demus of Attica, situated on a small
rocky peninsula on the east coast of Attica, sixty stadia from
Marathon.]
[Footnote 639: In Thessaly. The action was fought B.C. 322. Menon with
his Thessalian horse defeated the Macedonian cavalry, but the Greek
infantry were beaten back by the phalanx, with a loss of 120 men.]
[Footnote 640: Plutarch speaks as if Leonnatus had effected his
junction with Antipater before the action was fought. But the real
truth was that Leonnatus advanced to raise the siege of Lamia, and
that Antiphilus, who was not strong enough to continue the blockade
and fight the relieving force, raised the blockade and moved by rapid
marches to attack Leonnatus apart from Antipater. Through the superior
efficiency of the Thessalian cavalry under Menon, he gained an
important advantage in a cavalry battle over Leonnatus, who was
himself slain. On the very next day Antipater came up, bringing the
troops from Lamia, and took command of the defeated army.]
[Footnote 641: See Smith's Dict. of Antiquities, s.v. Graphé
Paranomon.]
[Footnote 642: Demades, although Plutarch does not mention it,
accompanied Phokion on his first visit to Antipater.]
[Footnote 643: The successor of Plato and Speusippus as presiding
teacher in the school of the Academy.]
[Footnote 644: The expression in the text is vague, but we learn from
other sources that the surrender of at least two other anti-Macedonian
orators was demanded.]
[Footnote 645: Grote.]
[Footnote 646: See vol. i., Life of Alkibiades, ch. 34.]
[Footnote 647: The three sub-divisions of Port Peiræus were named
Kantharus, Aphredisium and Zea. See Leake, 'Topography of Athens,' and
Schol. in Ar. Pac. 144.]
[Footnote 648: The upright threads of the loom are meant, not a large
rope.]
[Footnote 649: Philip Arrhidæus.]
[Footnote 650: Another of the accused.]
[Footnote 651: May.]
[Footnote 652: These words, which I borrow from Clough, express the
meaning to English ears, though the Greek merely is "piled up a
mound."]