August 30th.
At seven o'clock this morning I left Christiania, accompanied by the good
wishes of my countrywoman and her husband, and went back to Gottenburg by
the same steamer which had brought me thence ten days before. I need
only mention the splendid view of a portion of Christian's Sound--also
called Fiord--which I lost on the former journey from the darkness of the
night. We passed it in the afternoon. The situation of the little town
of Lauervig is superb. It is built on a natural terrace, bordered in the
background by beautiful mountains. In front, the fortress of
Friedrichsver lies on a mountain surrounded by rocks, on which little
watch-towers are erected; to the left lies the vast expanse of sea.
We were delayed an hour at Friedrichsver to transfer the travellers for
Bergen {50} to a vessel waiting for them, as we had stopped on our
previous journey at Sandesund for the same purpose.
This is the last view in the fiord; for now we steered into the open sea,
and in a few hours we had lost sight of land. We saw nothing but land
and water till we arrived the next morning at the Scheren, and steered
for Gottenburg.
August 31st.
The sea had been rough all night, and we therefore reached Gottenburg
three hours later than usual. In this agitated sea, the surging of the
breakers against the many rocks and islets near Gottenburg has a very
curious effect.
The few travellers who could keep on their feet, who did not suffer from
sea-sickness, and remained on deck, spoke much of the dangerous storm. I
had frequently marvelled to hear people who had made a journey, if it
were even only a short one of forty to sixty leagues, relate of some
fearful storm they had witnessed. Now I comprehended the reason, when I
heard the travellers beside me call the brisk breeze, which only
occasioned what seamen call a little swell, a dreadful storm; and they
will probably tell at home of the dangers they have passed. Storms are,
fortunately, not so frequent. I have travelled many thousand leagues,
and have often met with stormy weather, especially on the passage from
Copenhagen to Iceland; but I only experienced one real storm, but a
violent and dangerous one, as I was crossing the Black Sea to
Constantinople in April 1842.
We arrived at Gottenburg at nine instead of at six o'clock in the
morning. I landed at once, to make the celebrated trip through the
locks, over the waterfalls of Trollhatta, with the next Stockholm
steamer. By the junction of the river Gotha with some of the interior
lakes, this great construction crosses the whole country, and connects
the North Sea with the Baltic.
I found the town of Gottenburg very animated, on account of the presence
of the king of Sweden, who was spending a few days here on his way to
Christiania to prorogue the Storthing. I arrived on a Sunday, and the
king, with his son, were in the church. The streets swarmed with human
beings, all crowding towards the cathedral to catch a glimpse of his
majesty on his departure. I, of course, mingled with the crowd, and was
fortunate enough to see the king and prince come out of the church, enter
their carriage, and drive away very near to me. Both were handsome,
amiable-looking men. The people rushed after the carriage, and eagerly
caught the friendly bows of the intelligent father and his hopeful son;
they followed him to his palace, and stationed themselves in front of it,
impatiently longing for the moment when the royal pair would appear at a
window.
I could not have arrived at a more favourable time; for every one was in
holiday attire, and the military, the clergy, the officials, citizens and
people, were all exerting themselves to the utmost to do honour to their
king.
I noticed two peasant-girls among the crowd who were peculiarly dressed.
They wore black petticoats reaching half way down the calf of the leg,
red stockings, red spensers, and white chemises, with long white sleeves;
a kerchief was tied round the head. Some of the citizens' wives wore
caps like the Suabian caps, covered by a little black, embroidered veil,
which, however, left the face free.
Here, as in Copenhagen, I noticed boys of ten to twelve years of age
among the drummers, and in the bands of the military.
The king remained this day and the next in Gottenburg, and continued his
journey on the Tuesday. On the two evenings of his stay the windows in
the town were ornamented with wreaths of fresh flowers, interspersed with
lighted tapers. Some houses displayed transparencies, which, however,
did not place the inventive powers of the amiable Gottenburgers in a very
favourable light. They were all alike, consisting of a tremendous O
(Oscar), surmounted by a royal crown.
I was detained four days in Gottenburg; and small consideration seems to
be paid to the speedy transport of travellers in Sweden. The steamer for
Stockholm started on the day I arrived from Christiania, but
unfortunately at five o'clock in the morning; and as in the month of
September only two steamers go in the week to Stockholm, I was compelled
to wait till Thursday. The time hung heavily on my hands; for I had seen
the town itself, and the splendid views on the hills between the suburbs,
during my former visit to the town, and the other portions only consisted
of bare rocks and cliffs, which were of no interest.
September 4th.
The press of travellers was so great this time, that two days before the
departure the cabins were all engaged; several ladies and gentlemen who
would not wait for the next steamer were compelled to be satisfied with
the deck, and I was among them; for the probability of such a crowd of
passengers had not occurred to me, and I applied for a place only two
days before our departure. During the journey fresh passengers were
taken in at every station, and the reader may conceive the misery of the
poor citizens unused to such hardships. Every one sought a shelter for
the night, and the little cabins of the engineer and steersman were given
up to some, while others crept into the passages, or squatted down on the
steps of the stairs leading to the cabins. A place was offered to me in
the engineer's cabin; but as three or four other persons were to share
the apartment calculated only for one person, I preferred to bivouac
night and day upon deck. One of the gentlemen was kind enough to lend me
a thick cloak, in which I could wrap myself; and so I slept much more
comfortably under the high canopy of heaven than my companions did in
their sweating-room.
The arrangements in the vessels navigating the Gotha canal are by no
means the best. The first class is very comfortable, and the cabin-place
is divided into pretty light divisions for two persons; but the second
class is all the more uncomfortable: its cabin is used for a common
dining-room by day, and by night hammocks are slung up in it for sleeping
accommodation. The arrangements for the luggage are worse still. The
canal-boats, having only a very small hold, trunks, boxes, portmanteaus,
&c. are heaped up on the deck, not fastened at all, and very
insufficiently protected against rain. The consequence of this
carelessness on a journey of five or six days was, that the rain and the
high waves of the lakes frequently put the after-deck several inches
under water, and then the luggage was wetted through. It was worse still
in a squall on the Wenner lake; for while the ship was rather roughly
tossed about, many a trunk lost its equilibrium and fell from its high
position, frequently endangering the safety of the passengers' heads.
The fares are, however, very cheap, which seemed doubly strange, as the
many locks must cause considerable expense.
And now for the journey itself. We started at five o'clock in the
morning, and soon arrived in the river Gotha, whose shores for the first
few miles are flat and bare. The valley itself is bounded by bare, rocky
hills. After about nine miles we came to the town of Kongelf, which is
said to have 1000 inhabitants. It is so situated among rocks, that it is
almost hidden from view. On a rock opposite the town are the ruins of
the fortress Bogus. Now the scenery begins to be a little more
diversified, and forests are mingled with the bleak rocks; little valleys
appear on both the shores; and the river itself, here divided by an
islet, frequently expands to a considerable breadth. The peasants'
cottages were larger and better than those in Norway; they are generally
painted brick-red, and are often built in groups.
The first lock is at Lilla Edet: there are five here; and while the ship
passes through them, the passengers have leisure to admire the contiguous
low, but broad and voluminous fall of the Gotha.
This first batch of locks in the canal extends over some distance past
the fall, and they are partly blasted out of the rock, or built of stone.
The river past Akestron flows as through a beautiful park; the valley is
hemmed in by fertile hills, and leaves space only for the stream and some
picturesque paths winding along its shores, and through the pine-groves
descending to its banks.
In the afternoon we arrived at the celebrated locks near Trollhatta.
They are of gigantic construction, which the largest states would be
honoured in completing, and which occasion surprise when found in a
country ranking high neither in extent nor in influence. There are
eleven locks here, which rise 112 feet in a space of 3500 feet. They are
broad, deep, blasted out of the rock, and walled round with fine
freestone. They resemble the single steps of a giant's staircase; and by
this name they might fitly rank as one of the wonders of the world. Lock
succeeds lock, mighty gates close them, and the large vessel rises
miraculously to the giddy heights in a wildly romantic country.
[Picture: Falls of Trollhatta]
Scarcely arrived at the locks, the traveller is surrounded by a crowd of
boys, who offer their services as guides to the waterfalls near
Trollhatta. There is abundance of time for this excursion; for the
passage of the ship through the many locks occupies three to four hours,
and the excursion can be made in half the time. Before starting, it is,
however, advisable to climb the rock to which the locks ascend. A
pavilion is erected on its summit, and the view from it down over all the
locks is exceedingly fine.
Pretty paths hewn out of the wood lead to Trollhatta, which is charmingly
situated in a lovely valley, surrounded by woods and hills, on the shore
of a river, whose white foaming waves contrast strongly with the dark
foliage of the overshadowing groves. The canal, which describes a large
semicircle round the chief stream, glitters in the distance; but the
highest locks are quite concealed behind rocks; we could neither observe
the opening of the gates nor the rising of the water in them, and were
therefore surprised when suddenly the masts and then the ship itself rose
from the depth. An invisible hand seemed to raise it up between the
rocks.
The falls of the river are less distinguished for their height than for
their diversity and their volumes of water. The principal arm of the
river is divided at the point of decline into two equal falls by a little
island of rock. A long narrow suspension-bridge leads to this island,
and hangs over the fall; but it is such a weak, frail construction, that
one person only can cross it at a time. The owner of this dangerous path
keeps it private, and imposes a toll of about 3.5d. on all passengers.
A peculiar sensation oppresses the traveller crossing the slender path.
He sees the stream tearing onwards, breaking itself on the projecting
rock, and fall surging into the abyss; he sees the boiling waves beneath,
and feels the bridge vibrate at every footstep, and timidly hastens to
reach the island, not taking breath to look around until he has found
footing; on the firm island. A solid rock projects a little over the
fall, and affords him a safe position, whence he sees not only the two
falls on either side, but also several others formed above and below his
point of view. The scene is so enchanting, that it is difficult to tear
oneself away.
Beyond Trollhatta the river expands almost to a lake, and is separated
into many arms by the numerous islands. The shores lose their beauty,
being flat and uninteresting.
We unfortunately did not reach the splendid Wennersee, which is from
forty-five to sixty-five miles long, and proportionally broad, until
evening, when it was already too dark to admire the scenery. Our ship
remained some hours before the insignificant village Wennersborg.
We had met six or seven steamers on our journey, which all belonged to
Swedish or Norwegian merchants; and it afforded us a peculiarly
interesting sight to see these ships ascend and descend in the high
locks.
September 5th.
As we were leaving Wennersborg late on the previous night, and were
cruising about the sea, a contrary wind, or rather a squall, arose, which
would have signified little to a good vessel, but to which our small ship
was not equal. The poor captain tried in vain to navigate the steamer
across the lake; he was at last compelled to give up the attempt, to
return and to cast anchor. We lost our boat during this storm; a high
wave dashed over the deck and swept it away: it had probably been as well
fastened as our boxes and trunks.
Though it was but nine o'clock in the morning, our captain declared that
he could not proceed during the day, but that if the weather became more
favourable, he would start again about midnight. Fortunately a
fishing-boat ventured to come alongside, and some of the passengers
landed. I was among them, and made use of this opportunity to visit some
cottages lying at the edge of a wood near the lake. They were very
small, but consisted of two chambers, which contained several beds and
other furniture; the people were also somewhat better clad than the
Norwegians. Their food too was not so unpalatable; they boiled a thick
mess of coarse black flour, which was eaten with sweet milk.
September 6th.
We raised anchor at one o'clock in the morning, and in about five hours
arrived at the island Eken, which consists entirely of rock, and is
surrounded by a multitude of smaller islets and cliffs. This is one of
the most important stations in the lake. A large wooden warehouse stands
on the shore, and in it is stored the merchandise of the vicinity
intended for export; and in return it receives the cargo from the ships.
There are always several vessels lying at anchor here.
We had now to wind through a cluster of islands, till we again reached
the open lake, which, however, was only remarkable for its size. Its
shores are bare and monotonous, and only dotted here and there with woods
or low hills; the distant view even is not at all noteworthy. One of the
finest views is the tolerably large castle of Leko, which lies on a rock,
and is surrounded by fertile groves.
Further off rises the Kinne Kulle, {51} to which the traveller's
attention is directed, because it is said to afford an extended view, not
only over the lake, but far into the country. A curious grotto is said
to exist in this hill; but unfortunately one loses these sights since the
establishment of steamers, for we fly past every object of interest, and
the longest journey will soon be described in a few words.
A large glass-factory is established at Bromoe, which fabricates
window-glass exclusively. We stopped a short time, and took a
considerable cargo of the brittle material on board.
The factory and the little dwellings attached to it are prettily situated
on the undulating ground.
Near Sjotorp we entered the river again through several locks. The
passage of the Wennersee is calculated at about ten or eleven hours.
The river at first winds through woods; and while the ship slowly passes
through the locks, it is pleasanter to walk a portion of the distance in
their shade. Farther on it flows through broad valleys, which, however,
present no very attractive features.
September 7th.
Early in the morning we crossed the pretty Vikensee, which distinguishes
itself, like all Swedish lakes, by the multitude of its islands, cliffs,
and rocks. These islands are frequently covered with trees, which make
the view more interesting.
The lake is 306 feet above the level of the North Sea, and is the highest
point of the journey; from thence the locks begin to descend. The number
of ascending and descending locks amounts to seventy-two.
A short canal leads into the Boltensee, which is comparatively free from
islands. The passage across this little lake is very charming; the
shores are diversified by hills, woods, meadows, and fields. After it
comes the Weltersee, which can be easily defended by the beautiful
fortress of Karlsborg. This lake has two peculiarities: one being the
extraordinary purity and transparency of its waters; the other, the
number of storms which prevail in it. I was told that it frequently
raged and stormed on the lake while the surrounding country remained calm
and free. The storm sometimes overtakes the ship so suddenly and
violently, that escape is impossible; and the sagas and fables told of
the deceitful tricks of these waves are innumerable.
We fortunately escaped, and crossed its surface cheerfully and merrily.
On its shores are situated the beautiful ladies' pensionary, Wadstena,
and the celebrated mountain Omberg, at whose foot a battle was fought.
The next canal is short, and leads through a lovely wood into the little
lake of Norbysee. It is customary to walk this distance, and inspect the
simple monument of Count Platen, who made the plans for the locks and
canals,--a lasting, colossal undertaking. The monument is surrounded by
an iron railing, and consists of a slab bearing an inscription, simply
stating in Swedish his name, the date of his death, &c. Nearly opposite
the monument, on the other side of the canal, is the town of Motala,
distinguished principally for its large iron factories, in which the
spacious work-rooms are especially remarkable.
Fifteen locks lead from the Norbysee into the Roxersee, which is a
descent of 116 feet. The canal winds gracefully through woods and
meadows, crossed by pretty roads, and studded with elegant little houses
and larger edifices. Distant church-steeples point out the village of
Norby, which sometimes peeps forth behind little forests, and then
vanishes again from the view of the traveller. When the sun shines on
the waters of this canal, it has a beautiful, transparent, pea-green
colour, like the purest chrysolite.
The view from the hill which rises immediately before the lake of Roxen
is exceedingly fine. It looks down upon an immense valley, covered with
the most beautiful woods and rocks, and upon the broad lake, whose arm
flows far in land. The evening sun shed its last rays over a little town
on the lake-shore, and its newly-painted tiles shone brightly in its
light beams.
While the ship descended through the many locks, we visited the
neighbouring church of the village of Vretakloster, which contains the
skeletons of several kings in beautifully-made metal coffins.
We then crossed the lake, which is from four to five miles broad, and
remained all night before the entrance of the canal leading into a bay of
the Baltic.
September 8th.
This canal is one of the longest; its environs are very pretty, and the
valley through which it runs is one of the largest we had passed. The
town of Soderkoping is situated at the foot of high, picturesque groups
of rocks, which extend to a considerable distance.
Every valley and every spot of soil in Sweden are carefully cultivated.
The people in general are well dressed, and inhabit small but very pretty
houses, whose windows are frequently decorated with clean white
draperies. I visited several of these houses, as we had abundance of
time for such excursions while the ship was going through the locks. I
think one might walk the whole distance from Gottenburg to Stockholm in
the same time that the ship takes for the journey. We lose some hours
daily with the locks, and are obliged to lie still at night on their
account. The distance is calculated at from 180 to 250 miles, and the
journey takes five days.
In the evening we approached the Baltic, which has the same character as
the Scheren of the North Sea. The ship threads its way through a shoal
of islands and islets, of rocks and cliffs; and it is as difficult to
imagine here as there how it is possible to avoid all the projecting
cliffs, and guide the ship so safely through them. The sea divides
itself into innumerable arms and bays, into small and large lakes, which
are formed between the islands and rocks, and are hemmed in by beautiful
hills. But nothing can exceed the beauty of the view of the castle
Storry Husby, which lies on a high mountain, in a bay. In front of the
mountain a beautiful meadow-lawn reaches to the shores of the sea, while
the back is surrounded in the distance by a splendid pine-forest. Near
this picturesque castle a steeple rises on a neighbouring island, which
is all that remains of the ancient castle of Stegeborg. Nothing can be
more romantic than the scenery here, and on the whole journey over the
fiord; for it presents itself in ever-varying pictures to the traveller's
notice.
But gradually the hills become lower, the islands more rare; the sea
supersedes every thing, and seems jealously anxious to exclude other
objects from the traveller's attention, as if it wished to monopolise it.
Now we were in the open sea, and saw only water and sky; and then again
we were so hemmed in by the rocks and cliffs, that it would be impossible
to extricate the ship without the assistance of an experienced pilot.
September 9th.
We left the sea, and entered another lake, the Malarsee, celebrated for
its numerous islands, by a short canal. The town of Sotulje lies at its
entrance, charmingly situated in a narrow valley at the foot of a rather
steep hill. This lake at first resembles a broad river, but widens at
every step, and soon shews itself in its whole expanse. The passage of
the Malarsee takes four hours, and is one of the most charming excursions
that can be made. It is said to contain about a thousand islets of
various sizes; and it may be imagined how varied in form and feature the
scenery must be, and, like the fiord of the Baltic, what a constant
succession of new scenes it must present.
The shores also are very beautiful: in some spots hills descend sharply
to the water's edge, the steep rocks forming dangerous points; on others
dark, sombre pine-forests grow; and again there are gay valleys and
meadows, with villages or single cottages. Many travellers assert that
this lake is, after all, very monotonous; but I cannot agree with their
opinion. I found it so attractive, that I could repeat the journey many
times without wearying of this lovely sameness. It certainly has not the
majestic backgrounds of the Swiss lakes; but this profusion of small
islands is a pleasing peculiarity which can be found on no other lake.
On the summit of a steep precipice of the shore the hat of the
unfortunate Eric is hoisted, fastened to a long pole. History tells that
this king fled from the enemy in a battle; that one of his soldiers
pursued him, and reproached him for his cowardice, whereupon Eric, filled
with shame and despair, gave spurs to his horse and leaped into the
fearful abyss. At his fall his hat was blown from his head, and was left
on this spot.
Not far from this point the suburbs of Stockholm make their appearance,
being spread round one of the broad arms of the lake. With increasing
curiosity we gazed towards the town as we gradually approached it. Many
of the pretty villas, which are situated in the valleys or on the sides
of the hills as forerunners of the town, come into view, and the suburbs
rise amphi-theatrically on the steep shores. The town itself closes the
prospect by occupying the whole upper shore of the lake, and is flanked
by the suburbs at either side. The Ritterholm church, with its cast-iron
perforated towers, and the truly grand royal palace, which is built
entirely in the Italian style, can be seen and admired from this
distance.
We had scarcely cast anchor in the port of Stockholm, when a number of
Herculean women came and offered us their services as porters. They were
Delekarliers, {52} who frequently come to Stockholm to earn a livelihood
as porters, water-carriers, boatwomen, &c. They easily find employment,
because they possess two excellent qualities: they are said to be
exceedingly honest and hard-working, and, at the same time, have the
strength and perseverance of men.
Their dress consists of black petticoats, which come half way over the
calf of the leg, red bodices, white chemises with long sleeves, short
narrow aprons of two colours, red stockings, and shoes with wooden soles
an inch thick. They twist a handkerchief round their head, or put on a
little close black cap, which fits close on the back part of the head.
In Stockholm there are entire houses, as well as single rooms, which, as
in a hotel, are let by the day. They are much cheaper than hotels, and
are therefore more in demand. I at once hired one of these rooms, which
was very clean and bright, and for which, with breakfast, I only paid one
riksdaler, which is about one shilling.