CHAPTER XVII

"YET SHALL HE LIVE"

_Much ado about nothing._

--SHAKESPEARE

John Brown's fame is an unearned increment. It was secured by

misrepresentations put forth by himself and members of his family, and

by the Disunionists--"Union-splitters"--of his time, who inspired his

final actions. Through these agencies he acquired a creditable rating in

history; not because of the things which he did; nor because of the

things which he sought to do; but because of the things which were said

about him; and because of the things which were done to him. His fame is

the result of an exploitation, in eloquent phrases, of virtues,

purposes, and motives, which were attributed to him. It has thus been

overcapitalized. The stock was watered. In respect to the truth of

history, his fame is all "water." It was not based upon fact, but upon

fancy; upon untenable conclusions concerning his character, and wildly

extravagant and irrelevant assumptions concerning his emotions. These

are the sole assets to be found in the appraisement of his public

estate.

Of him Mr. Redpath said, _in part_:

He was too large a man to stand on any platform. He planted

his feet on the Rock of Ages--the Eternal truth--and was

therefore never shaken in his policy or principles.

He scouted the idea of rest while he held a commission

direct from God Almighty to act against Slavery....

Where the Republicans said, Halt! John Brown shouted,

Forward! to the rescue! He was an abolitionist of the

Bunker Hill school.

It did not concern Mr. Redpath that the "Bunker Hill" school of

abolitionists were themselves slave-holders.

Mr. Thoreau, who was also a Union-splitter, said:

No man in America has ever stood up so persistently for the

dignity of human nature, knowing himself for man and the

equal of any and all governments. He could not have been

tried by his peers, for his peers did not exist....

He did not go to Harvard. He was not fed on the pap that is

there furnished, but he went to the University of the West

where he studied the science of Liberty, and having taken

his degree, he finally commenced the practice of humanity

in Kansas.

Of Thoreau, Mr. Alcott wrote in his diary, Saturday. November 5, 1859:

... Thoreau talks freely and enthusiastically about Brown,

denouncing the Union, the President, the States, and

Virginia particularly; wishes to publish his late speech,

and has seen Boston publishers, but failed to find any to

print it for him.[495]

Mr. Sanborn said:

Such was the man--of the best New England blood, of the

stock of the Plymouth Pilgrims, and bred up like them "in

the nurture and admonition of the Lord"--who was selected

by God, and knew himself to be so chosen, to overthrow the

bulwark of oppression in America. He seems to have declared

a definite plan of attacking slavery in one of its

strongholds, by force, as early as 1839; and it was to

obtain money for this enterprise that he engaged in

land-speculations and wool-merchandise for the next ten or

twelve years.... Other men might have been spared but Brown

was indispensable.[496]

Said Wendell Phillips:

God makes him the text, and all he asks of our

comparatively cowardly lips is to preach the sermon, and

say to the American people that, whether this old man

succeeded in a worldly sense or not, he stood as a

representative of law, of government, of right, of justice,

of religion, and they were pirates that gathered about him,

and sought to wreak vengeance by taking his life. The banks

of the Potomac are doubly dear now to History and to Man!

The dust of Washington rests there; and History will see

forever on that river side the brave old man on his pallet,

whose dust, when God calls him hence, the Father of his

Country would be proud to make room for beside his own.

Mr. Higginson said:

Such men as he needed are not to be _found_ ordinarily;

they must be _reared_. John Brown did not merely look for

men, therefore, he reared them in his sons.

John A. Andrew, who did not believe that Brown was present or in any way

connected with the robberies and murders on the Pottawatomie, said:

Whatever may be thought of John Brown's acts, _John Brown

himself was right_.

The Rev. Theodore Parker, who believed in slave insurrections and their

horrors, wrote:

Let the American State hang his body and the American

Church damn his soul. Still, the blessing of such as are

ready to perish will fall on him, and the universal justice

of the Infinitely Perfect God will make him welcome home.

The road to heaven is as short from the gallows as from the

throne.

Mr. Emerson said:

That new saint, than whom none purer or more brave was ever

led by love of men into conflict and death--the new saint

awaiting his martyrdom, and who, if he shall suffer, will

make the gallows glorious like the cross.

Into a carnival of rhetoric so picturesque, Mr. John James Ingalls could

not fail to enter the lists and compete for the prize. Poising his

shining lance he delivered this thrust:

But the three men of this era who will loom forever against

the remotest horizon of time, as the pyramids above the

voiceless desert, or the mountain peaks above the

subordinate plains, are Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant

and Old John Brown of Osawatomie.

Victor Hugo said:

The punishment of John Brown may consolidate slavery in

Virginia, but it will certainly shatter the American

Democracy. You preserve your shame but you kill your glory.

Similar exhibits, in the hyperbolical optimism that constitutes this

promotion by wind, might be added hereto indefinitely; for the output of

such fantastical flights was limited only by the boundaries of taste and

imagination. Probably the best things have been said. But that does not

wholly discourage the later generations. Emulation in the phrase making

competition still places a premium upon inconsistency. Mr. Villard said

fifty years after:

In Virginia, John Brown atoned for Pottawatomie by the

nobility of his philosophy and his sublime devotion to

principle, even on the gallows.

Perhaps nowhere else than in the peculiar philosophy of those who

attribute virtue to Brown as a motive for vice, may we find nobility in

dissimulation; atonement without reconciliation; and the sublimity of

devotion to principle in the denial of the truth. Awaiting death in the

Charlestown jail, Brown denied that he had been a party to the murders

and the robberies on the Pottawatomie; and went from the gallows into

the presence of the Almighty to answer for both his participation in

that horror and for his repeated denials of having been personally

concerned in it.[497]

December 10, 1911, Mr. Clyde McGee, of Chicago, said, among many other

worked-over things:

It grew upon him as he prayed, for John Brown was a man

who talked with God as confidently as a friend speaketh

with friend.[498]

When Brown and his sons planned, during March and April and May, 1856,

to steal Doyle's, and Wilkinson's, and other settlers' horses and leave

the country; they planned, as a precautionary measure, to first make

widows and orphans of the wives and children of these men, and then to

steal the horses; not from the dead men, but from the weeping women and

helpless children. Who think you talked with Brown and his swaggering

sons as "friend speaketh with friend" during the time their plans were

being made for these assassinations and robberies, and while they

executed them: The Almighty, or the Devil? Brown was not sure who it was

that prompted him to incite the slaves to strike for their liberty, by

assassinating their masters. He answered Mr. Vallandigham at Harper's

Ferry:

No man sent me here; it was my own prompting and that of my

Maker, or that of the Devil; whichever you please to

ascribe it to. I acknowledge no master in human form.[499]

Kansas has done much in honor of John Brown. An association, organized

for the purpose, erected a stately monument at Osawatomie, which was

dedicated to his memory August 30, 1877, by Kansas' most picturesque

orator and statesman, the late John James Ingalls. Later, the patriotic

women connected with the society of the Grand Army of the Republic, in

Kansas, purchased the site of the Battle of Osawatomie, for a "State

Park": which was dedicated, as such, by ex-President Theodore Roosevelt,

August 30, 1910. Also, the State Legislature of 1895, authorized a

society to place a statue of Brown in the national hall of fame,

Statuary Hall, in the rotunda of the national capitol; thus, to the

world, certifying his life and public services to have been the most

conspicuous and illustrious of all its citizens. The text of the

resolution concerning this statue is as follows:

_Whereas_, The Lincoln Sailors' and Soldiers' National

Monument Association now has in process of construction a

statue or monument of John Brown; and

_Whereas_, Said association has made application to the

authorities at Washington to have such monument put in

statuary hall in the capitol building, and has been advised

by the general government that before this permission could

be granted a request from the legislature of the State of

Kansas would be necessary: therefore, be it

_Resolved by the House of Representatives, the Senate

Concurring therein_, That we hereby request the proper

authorities in charge of the United States Statuary hall,

at Washington, D. C., to permit such monument to be placed

therein; be it further

_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded

to each of our senators and representatives in Washington,

D. C.

For a reason unexplained by his later biographers, the authority to

confer this honor upon Brown--the highest honor within the power of the

State to bestow--was never exercised; a delinquency which excites a

suspicion that the resolution stated conditions, as existing, which did

not exist.

At the head of the schedule of assumptions concerning the innocence of

Brown's intentions, the purity of his motives, and the exaltation of his

devotion to humanity, is his "martyrdom." This item has been illuminated

with a halo of holiness. As "Christ died to make men holy," so Brown is

said to have died to "make men free." No one has claimed that Hugh

Forbes was an humanitarian, or other than an adventurer. Yet in relation

to Brown's insurrection, the minds of the two men--John Brown and Hugh

Forbes--met in full accord; there was agreement between them. Together

they planned the invasion of the South, for the promotion of their

personal fortunes. Their aims, their ambitions, and their hopes were

identical. If Brown's exchequer had been ample, Forbes too would have

appeared at Harper's Ferry and there would have been a pair of martyrs

there: "Two of a kind."

The logic of the fiction of his martyrdom is founded upon the assumption

that Brown held an option upon his life which he elected to forfeit; and

that he offered it as a sacrifice: that he chose to die, as the Redeemer

of Men died; and in thus dying made "the gallows glorious like the

cross." Brown did not contemplate dying at Harper's Ferry any more than

did Hugh Forbes, or Stevens, or Cook, or Kagi: and he would not have

died at Charlestown if he could have controlled the event. These men

knew that some of them would, probably, die, but each passed the subject

over lightly, believing that in some inscrutable way, if fatalities

occurred, it would be some of the others who would fall. Men of their

type "die but once." Brown accepted the chances of war as did his

followers, and as Forbes sought the opportunity of doing. Men who have

similarly risked their lives, times almost without number, are not

impressed by such martyrdoms. To his faithful Sanborn, Brown wrote: "I

am now rather anxious to live for a few years."[500] He desired to live

to organize, and to command the army of the Provisional Government: and

to be the head of a new nation: a new "United States." He hoped for

longevity, that he might wear the honors and enjoy the fame and the

emoluments of his prospective achievement.

The years of Brown's life were a constant, persistent, strenuous

struggle to get money. As to the means which should be employed in the

getting of it, he was indifferent. In his philosophy, results were

paramount; the means to the end were of no consequence. A stranger to

honor, he violated every confidence that should be held sacred among

men: and in his avarice trampled upon every law, moral and statute,

human and Divine. Consistent with the speculative instinct so

distinctly characteristic of his life, his greatest or principal object

was to get money, and to get it quickly.

Mr. Villard asserts that Brown's greatest or principal object was to

assault slavery, and so entitles an important chapter in the recent

biography. Assuming his premises to be correct, he commences the chapter

with this inquiry:

When was it that John Brown, practical shepherd, tanner,

farmer, surveyor, cattle expert, real-estate speculator and

wool merchant, first conceived what he calls in his

autobiography "his greatest or principal object" in

life--the forcible overthrow of slavery in his native land?

The question is not an idle one, etc.[501]

The question, nevertheless, is an idle one. During the interview which

Brown gave out at Harper's Ferry, October 18th, Mr. Vallandigham asked

him this pointed question: "How long have you been engaged in this

business?"[502] To which Brown replied:

From the breaking out of the difficulties in Kansas. Four

of my sons had gone there to settle and they wanted me to

go.[503]

Also, Brown stated over his signature, in March, 1859, that it was

"since 1855" that it had been his judgment that the way to successfully

oppose slavery "would be to meddle directly with the peculiar

institution."[504] That he had the subject under consideration prior to

1845 is expressly discredited by Brown, in his autobiography, in the

statement that he was "averse to military affairs"; that he refused to

"train _or drill_; but paid fines & got along like a Quaker until his

age finally cleared him of military duty."[505]

The record of Brown's life, prior to 1857, is barren of any

contemporaneous expression by him or by any member of his family which

even remotely suggests the possibility that he might have contemplated

attempting a forcible _assault_ against slavery. If his mind had been

preoccupied with a desire of such overshadowing importance the fact

would have shone in the letters which he wrote to his children January

23, and August 6, 1852, relating to the conduct of their lives.[506]

There is much, however, in this history which discredits the assumption

that he gave the subject any consideration whatever. A man whose life

was a "burning" devotion to an ambition so heroic as to become the

"David of the Goliath of Slavery,"[507] ought to have shown some

personal interest in the matter; he should not have left it wholly to

his panegyrists. It appears however that the peaceful "tanner and

shepherd" was so unconscious of having any object in life worth living

for that he "felt," during this time, "a strong and steady desire to

die";[508] a condition of mind wholly inconsistent with heroism or with

one "burning" to bear arms, or with a "man of war emerging from the

chrysalis of peace."[509] The assumptions upon which Mr. Villard relies

for the relevancy of his question are gratuitous. The chapter is a

scholarly example, put forth by a scholar, of the art of making "much

ado about nothing."

It would be proper to say that the conquest of the Southern States was

the greatest or principal undertaking in Brown's career, and that it was

in 1857 that he first planned to attempt it. His capture of Pate's

horses and mules at Black Jack in June; and the days which he spent in

stealing cattle, at and around Osawatomie, during the last days of

August, 1856; and his plundering in Missouri and Kansas in 1858, may be

called meddling with slavery; though grafting upon the anti-slavery

sentiment of the time, would more accurately describe the relation, if

any, of his operations to slavery.

There was this difference between Nat Turner and John Brown: the negro

was a religious fanatic; he was sincere and consistent. Falsehood,

deception, greed, selfishness, are not attributes of fanaticism, but

they are characteristic of Brown's life. The sincerity of his

"death-bed" professions of godliness, and of sympathy for the men in

bondage, is discredited by the actions of a lifetime as conspicuous for

its turpitude as it was barren of virtues. Neither charitable deed, nor

manifestation of a benevolent, or of a patriotic spirit, appears, even

incidentally, along the lines of his life, to break the monotone of

selfishness that distinguishes it. In public affairs he took no part

worthy of consideration.

Mr. Gill gave up a view of his natural or unassumed personality that is

consistently discreditable, and Brown's correspondence is a confirmation

of that estimate. It teaches the lesson that he administered his

deportment to suit the circumstances of the occasion existing at the

time; and that it covered the entire range of the various phases of

human intercourse; from that of a coarse, brutal vulgarity, to the

saintliness of his latest metamorphosis; from the use of language so

distinctly vulgar and obscene, as to be, in the opinion of the writer,

unprintable,[510] to the crafty assumptions of godliness contained in

his letter to the innocent Quakeress.[511]

Brown was crafty in the sublimest degree of the art. His craftiness was

a distinction. It will be difficult to find in our literature a more

interesting example of the refinements of the art than the piece which

he set for Mrs. Stearns: his "Old Brown's Farewell: to the Plymouth

Rocks; Bunker Hill Monuments; Charter Oaks; and Uncle Toms Cabbins." In

the setting, and in the dramatic execution of the play, he exhibited

the perfection of the actor. The paper was not drawn for Mr. Parker to

read to his congregation. Brown was not "casting his pearls before

swine." It was for Mrs. Stearns personally that the paper was written;

it was her heart that he intended to touch, and her generous emotions

that he intended to prey upon. How successfully he played the part she

has related.[512]

Of Brown, it may be truthfully said that within the limits of his

resources, he did nothing in a small way, nor did he move with a faint

heart. With him, there was neither halting nor trifling in action. He

was consistently an adventurer. His theology scorned all creeds. Without

capital he was a plunger among speculators. The deception which he

practiced upon the New England Woolen Company netted him a fortune

little below the average of that period. In the commission business he

was an acrobat, rather than a merchant: his operations were a series of

feats in commercial gymnastics. Chafing because of the restrictions of

an extreme poverty that kept him "like a toad under a harrow," he

determined to burst the bands of his environment, and there was a

massacre in the valley of the Pottawatomie out of which he rode with a

herd of horses. And he would have ridden away from Black Jack with

Pate's horses and mules, if Pate had not deceived him, and led him to

believe that he held his sons--John and Jason--prisoners, as hostages. A

guerrilla leader for six days, he drove two hundred and fifty head of

cattle into his camp at Osawatomie, and in 1858, as a Kansas raider, he

dwarfed the operations of James Montgomery. In the East, as a crafty

imposter and grafter, he secured $30,000 in cash and plunder, and

attempted a _coup_ upon the Legislatures of Massachusetts and New York

for $200,000 more. And then, within one year from the date of the

outburst of his determination to be freed from poverty, he indulged

hopes of a successful conquest: hopes of riches and of fame. An habitual

cruelty in his domestic life, which is more than hinted at by his

friend and confidant, George R. Gill, nerved his hand to execute the

ferocious butchery of his neighbors on the Pottawatomie, and steeled his

heart to incite the slaves at Harper's Ferry to emulate the example of

Southampton. His attempt at revolution was not the result of a previous

conviction and consecration to duty and to the cause of humanity, but of

a growth--the indulgence and development of an abnormal passion for

speculation: the culmination downward of his speculative and criminal

instincts. Closing a commercial sas indulging the reasonable hope that

in the new country he would find opportunity to improve his condition.

In the horses owned by the Shermans, and by other well-to-do neighbors,

he saw, and grasped, the opportunity--a desperate one--to make a "coup

to restore his fortunes." Out of that plunge in robbery and murder came

the leader of a gang of horse thieves--the chrysalis of the guerrilla

captain of Osawatomie.

Driven out of the Territory by the establishment of order, the crafty

marauder raided the East as the militant defender of Kansas. In the

practice of his impositions there, he met and established confidential

relations with men who plotted against the life of the nation; men who

planned how to provoke a revolution; how best to "split the Union";[513]

men who wished "success to every slave insurrection." From this

atmosphere, pregnant with the sentiment of disloyalty to the Union,

Brown derived the inspiration which encouraged him to plan to do what

his mentors had not the courage to undertake. Out of his negotiations

with them came money; munitions of war; Hugh Forbes, the revolutionist;

mutual planning for a revolution, and a dream of empire.

John Brown will live in history; but his name will not be found among

the names of those who have wrought for humanity and for righteousness;

or among the names of the martyrs and the saints who "washed their

robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb."

"YET SHALL HE LIVE": but it will be as a soldier of fortune, an

adventurer. He will take his place in history as such: and will rank

among adventurers as Napoleon ranks among marshals: as Captain Kidd

among pirates: and as Jonathan Wild among thieves.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE LATE D. W. WILDER CONCERNING JOHN BROWN

Topeka, Kansas, Dec. 18th, 1902.

General D. W. Wilder, Hiawatha, Kansas.

MY DEAR GENERAL:

I would like to have you kindly tell me something valuable

about John Brown. I listened to your tribute to his memory,

read before the Historical Society on the 2nd inst. It

recalled the admiration which I entertained for the "Old

Hero" throughout the many years of my life; from young

manhood up to about four years ago; when I attempted to

write a sketch of his life. It was in reading up to obtain

data for this sketch that the idol, which my credulity, I

suppose, or imagination had set up, went utterly to pieces

in my hands. I read faithfully what his biographers,

Sanborn, and Redpath, and the other fellows, have written

about him, but none of them give up any valuable facts.

They all seem to be long on eulogy. They do overtime on

that. The whole performance is a continuous eulogium; but

historical facts, upon which to predicate a story, or upon

which his "immortal fame" is supposed to rest, are

painfully lacking.... These are some of the things which I

went up against when I tried in good faith to write about

him, and they broke me all up, so I had to quit. John

Brown, the "Hero" and "Martyr," is a creation--Charlestown

furnished a simple text and the genius of his generation

did the rest. The brilliant minds of this age have

exploited him in literary effects, in prose, in poetry and

oratory. They have placarded him "upon the walls of time";

but I am compelled to believe that his fame thus acquired,

will not survive. The "why" may "repel the philosophic

searcher," but it cannot "defy" the historical searchers.

History has no enigmas.

I will be very glad indeed to have your opinions on this

business.

Very truly yours,

HILL P. WILSON.

In this letter the writer asked Mr. Wilder for his opinion upon Brown's

motives in their relation to several incidents that occurred in his

life. His reply is as follows:[514]

Hiawatha, Kansas, Dec. 20, 1902.

MY DEAR WILSON:

... You have stood on various platforms and made many

political speeches. Did any of them endorse the sentiments

you now hold? The elder Booth, a man of genius, once

staggered up to the footlights and said to the crowded

house: "You are all drunk," and staggered off.

You think the people of your county, your state, your

country and of the civilized world, including its noblest

spirits, do not know a hero, an emancipator--first of his

state, then of his nation. Only one Kansan has made a

speech that thrilled the world and is immortal. You never

read it. Only one Kansan lives in poetry, in song, in human

hearts, and is the constant theme of the historian, the

dramatist, the man of letters. You think he was a fool. The

whole world has pronounced its verdict on John Brown.

Yours truly,

D. W. WILDER.

To this letter the writer replied:

Topeka, Kans., January 3, 1903.

MY DEAR GENERAL:

Your letter of the 20th ult., is received. I told you that

I had gone the limit of my vocabulary in expressing my

admiration of John Brown. I read the "speech that thrilled

the world." I have read the poetry and have sung the songs.

I make the point that the speeches, the poetry, and the

songs are all there is behind John Brown. When I asked you

about some historical facts, you gave me more oratory. It

seems to have become a habit. If you ever analyze this

man's character, you will reverse your estimate of him.

The world sees Brown fighting, heroically, in the

engine-house at Harper's Ferry, but it does not inquire how

he came to be there. It was his death, and not his life,

that gave him renown. Usually it is a man's life--his

actions, that determine his place among men. If it be true

that one unimpeachable fact will set aside the most

plausible opposing theory, then Brown's fame will not

survive. The facts of his life impeach the popular verdict.

Very truly yours,

HILL P. WILSON.

General D. W. Wilder, Hiawatha, Kansas.

APPENDIX II

RECOLLECTIONS OF THE JOHN BROWN RAID BY THE HON. ALEXANDER R. BOTELER, A

VIRGINIAN WHO WITNESSED THE FIGHT

_Taken from The Century_

On entering the room where John Brown was, I found him alone, lying on

the floor on his left side, and with his back turned toward me. The

right side of his face was smeared with blood from a sword cut on his

head, causing his grim and grizzled countenance to look like that of

some aboriginal savage with his war-paint on. Approaching him I began

the conversation with the inquiry:

"Captain Brown, are you hurt anywhere except on the head?"

"Yes, in my side, here," said he, indicating the place with his hand.

I then told him that a surgeon would be in presently to attend to his

wounds, and expressed the hope that they were not very serious.

Thereupon he asked me who I was, and on giving him my name he muttered

as if speaking to himself.

"Yes, yes--I know you now--member of congress--this district."

I then asked the question:

"Captain, what brought you here?"

"To free your slaves," was the reply.

"How did you expect to accomplish it with the small force you brought

with you?"

"I expected help."

"Where, whence, and from whom, Captain, did you expect it?"

"Here and from elsewhere," he answered.

"Did you expect to get assistance from whites here as well as from the

blacks?" was my next question.

"I did," he replied.

"Then," said I, "you have been disappointed in not getting it from

either?"

"Yes," he muttered, "I have--been--disappointed."

Then I asked him who planned his movement on Harper's Ferry, to which he

replied: "I planned it all myself," and upon my remarking that it was a

sad affair for him and the country, and that I trusted no one would

follow his example by undertaking a similar raid, he made no response. I

next inquired if he had any family besides the sons who accompanied him

on his incursion, to which he replied by telling me he had a wife and

children in the State of New York at North Elba, and on my then asking

if he would like to write to them and let them know how he was, he

quickly responded:

"Yes, I would like to send them a letter."

"Very well," I said, "you doubtless will be permitted to do so. But,

Captain," I added, "probably you understand that, being in the hands of

the civil authorities of the State, your letters will have to be seen by

them before they can be sent."

"Certainly," he said.

"Then, with that understanding," continued I. "There will, I am sure, be

no objection to your writing home; and although I have no authority in

the premises, I promise to do what I can to have your wishes in that

respect complied with."

"Thank you--thank you, sir," he said repeating his acknowledgment for

the proffered favor and, for the first time, turning his head toward me.

In my desire to hear him distinctly, I had placed myself by his side,

with one knee resting on the floor; so that, when he turned, it brought

his face quite close to mine, and I remember well the earnest gaze of

the gray eye that looked straight into mine. I then remarked:

"Captain, we, too, have wives and children. This attempt of yours to

interfere with our slaves has created great excitement and naturally

causes anxiety on account of our families. Now, let me ask you: Is this

failure of yours likely to be followed by similar attempts to create

disaffection among our servants and bring upon our homes the horrors of

a servile war?"

"Time will show," was his significant reply.

Just then a Catholic priest appeared at the door of the room. He had

been administering the last consolations of religion to Quinn, the

marine, who was dying in the adjoining office; and the moment Brown saw

him he became violently angry, and plainly showed, by the expression of

his countenance, how capable he was of feeling "hatred, malice, and all

uncharitableness."

"Go out of here--I don't want you about me--go out!" was the salutation

he gave the priest, who, bowing gravely, immediately retired. Whereupon

I arose from the floor, and bidding Brown good-morning, likewise left

him.

In the entry leading to the room where Brown was, I met Major Russell,

of the marine corps, who was going to see him, and I detailed to him the

conversation I had just had. Meeting the major subsequently he told me

that when he entered the apartment Brown was standing up--with his

clothes unfastened--examining the wound in his side, and that, as soon

as he saw him, forthwith resumed his former position on the floor; which

incident tended to confirm the impression I had already formed, that

there was a good deal of vitality left in the old man, notwithstanding

his wounds--a fact more fully developed that evening after I had left

Harper's Ferry for home, when he had his spirited and historic talk with

Wise, Hunter and Vallandigham.

APPENDIX III

THE CONSTITUTION ADOPTED AT CHATHAM, CANADA

Copy of the Constitution, adopted at Chatham, Canada, May 8, 1858.

_Mason Report_, p. 48.

PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION AND ORDINANCE FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED

STATES

PREAMBLE

Whereas, slavery throughout its entire existence in the United States,

is none other than a most barbarous, unprovoked, and unjustifiable war

of one portion of its citizens upon another portion, the only conditions

of which are perpetual imprisonment and hopeless servitude or absolute

extermination; in utter disregard of those eternal and self-evident

truths set forth in our Declaration of Independence: Therefore,

We, citizens of the United States, and the Oppressed People, who, by a

decision of the Supreme Court are declared to have no rights which the

White Man is bound to respect; together with all other people degraded

by the laws thereof, Do, for the time being ordain and establish for

ourselves, the following PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION and ORDINANCES, the

better to protect our Persons, Property, Lives and Liberties; and to

govern our actions:

ARTICLE I

QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP

All persons of mature age, whether Proscribed, oppressed, and enslaved

Citizens, or of the Proscribed or oppressed races of the United States,

who shall agree to sustain and enforce the Provisional Constitution and

Ordinance of this organization, together with all minor children of such

persons, shall be held to be fully entitled to protection under the

same.

ARTICLE II

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

The provisional government of this organization shall consist of three

branches, viz.: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

ARTICLE III

LEGISLATIVE

The legislative branch shall be a Congress or House of Representatives,

composed of not less than five, or more than ten members, who shall be

elected by all the citizens of mature age and of sound mind, connected

with this organization; and who shall remain in office for three years,

unless sooner removed for misconduct, inability, or death. A majority of

such members shall constitute a quorum.

ARTICLE IV

EXECUTIVE

The executive branch of this organization shall consist of a President

and Vice-President, who shall be chosen by the citizens or members of

this organization, and each of whom shall hold his office for three

years, unless sooner removed by death, or for inability or misconduct.

ARTICLE V

JUDICIAL

The judicial branch of this organization shall consist of one

Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, and of four Associate Judges of said

Court; each constituting a Circuit Court. They shall each be chosen in

the same manner as the President, and shall continue in office until

their places have been filled in the same manner by election of the

citizens. Said court shall have jurisdiction in all civil or criminal

causes, arising under this constitution, except breaches of the Rules of

War.

ARTICLE VI

VALIDITY OF ENACTMENTS

All enactments of the legislative branch shall, to become valid during

the first three years, have the approbation of the President and the

Commander-in-Chief of the Army.

ARTICLE VII

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF

A Commander-in-Chief of the army shall be chosen by the President,

Vice-President, a majority of the Provisional Congress, and of the

Supreme Court, and he shall receive his commission from the President,

signed by the Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,

and the Secretary of War: and he shall hold his office for three years,

unless removed by death, or on proof of incapacity of misbehavior. He

shall, unless under arrest (and till his place is actually filled as

provided by the constitution) direct all movements of the army, and

advise with any allies. He shall, however, be tried, removed, or

punished, on complaint by the President, by, at least, three general

officers, or a majority of the House of Representatives, or of the

Supreme Court; which House of Representatives (the President presiding);

the Vice President, and the members of the Supreme Court, shall

constitute a court-martial, for his trial; with power to remove or

punish, as the case may require; and to fill his place as above

provided.

ARTICLE VIII

OFFICERS

A Treasurer, Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and Secretary of the

Treasury, shall each be chosen for the first three years, in the same

way and manner as the Commander-in-Chief; subject to trial or removal on

complaint of the President, Vice-President, or Commander in Chief, to

the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; or on complaint of the majority

of the members of said court, or the Provisional Congress. The Supreme

Court shall have power to try or punish either of those officers; and

their places shall be filled as before.

ARTICLE IX

SECRETARY OF WAR

The Secretary of War shall be under the immediate directions of the

Commander in Chief; who may temporarily fill his place, in case of

arrest, or of any inability to serve.

ARTICLE X

CONGRESS OR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The House of Representatives shall make ordinances for the appointment

(by the President or otherwise) of all civil officers except those

already named; and shall have power to make all laws and ordinances for

the general good, not inconsistent with this Constitution and these

ordinances.

ARTICLE XI

APPROPRIATION OF MONEY, ETC.

The Provisional Congress shall have power to appropriate money or other

property actually in the hands of the Treasurer, to any object

calculated to promote the general good, so far as may be consistent with

the provisions of this Constitution; and may in certain cases,

appropriate, for a moderate compensation of agents, or persons not

members of this organization, for important service they are known to

have rendered.

ARTICLE XII

SPECIAL DUTIES

It shall be the duty of Congress to provide for the instant removal of

any civil officer or policeman, who becomes habitually intoxicated, or

who is addicted to other immoral conduct, or to any neglect or

unfaithfulness in the discharge of his official duties. Congress shall

also be a standing committee of safety, for the purpose of obtaining

important information; and shall be in constant communication with the

Commander-in-Chief; the members of which shall each, as also the

President and Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, and

Secretary of State, have full power to issue warrants returnable as

Congress shall ordain (naming Witnesses etc) upon their own information,

without the formality of a complaint. Complaint shall be made

immediately after arrest, and before trial; the party arrested to be

served with a copy at once.

ARTICLE XIII

TRIAL OF PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS

The President and Vice President may either of them be tried, removed,

or punished, on complaint made by the Chief Justice of the Supreme

Court, by a majority of the House of Representatives, which House,

together with the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, the whole to be

presided over by the Chief Justice in the cases of the trial of the Vice

President, shall have full power to try such officers, to remove, or

punish as the case may require, and to fill any vacancy so occurring,

the same as in the case of the Commander-in-Chief.

ARTICLE XIV

TRIAL OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

The members of the House of Representatives may, any and all of them, be

tried, and on conviction, removed or punished on complaint before the

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, made by any number of members of

said House, exceeding one third, which House, with the Vice President

and Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, shall constitute the proper

tribunal, with power to fill such vacancies.

ARTICLE XV

IMPEACHMENT OF JUDGES

Any member of the Supreme Court, tried, convicted, or punished by

removal or otherwise, on complaint to the President, who shall, in such

case, preside; the Vice-President, House of Representatives, and other

members of the Supreme Court, constituting the proper tribunal (with

power to fill vacancies); on complaint of a majority of said House of

Representatives, or of the Supreme Court; a majority of the whole having

power to decide.

ARTICLE XVI

DUTIES OF PRESIDENT AND SECRETARY OF STATE

The President, with the Secretary of State, shall immediately upon

entering on the duties of their office, give special attention to

secure, from amongst their own people, men of integrity, intelligence,

and good business habits and capacity; and above all, of first rate

moral and religious character and influence, to act as civil officers of

every description and grade, as well as teachers, chaplains, physicians,

surgeons, mechanics, agents of every description, clerks and messengers.

They shall make special effort to induce at the earliest possible

period, persons and families of that description, to locate themselves

within the limits secured by this organization; and shall, moreover,

from time to time, supply the names and residence of such persons to the

Congress, for their special notice and information, as among the most

important of their duties, and the President is hereby authorized and

empowered to afford special aid to such individuals, from such moderate

appropriations as the Congress shall be able and may deem it advisable

to make for that object.

The President and Secretary of State, and in case of disagreement, the

Vice-President shall appoint all civil officers, but shall not have

power to remove any officer. All removals shall be the result of a fair

trial, whether civil or military.

ARTICLE XVII

FURTHER DUTIES

It shall be the duty of the President and Secretary of State, to find

out (as soon as possible) the real friends, as well as the enemies of

this organization in every part of the country; to secure among them,

innkeepers, private postmasters, private mail contractors, messengers

and agents: through whom may be obtained correct and regular

information, constantly; recruits for the service, places of deposit and

sale; together with needed supplies: and it shall be matter of special

regard to secure such facilities through the Northern States.

ARTICLE XVIII

DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT

It shall be the duty of the President, as well as the House of

Representatives, at all times, to inform the Commander-in-Chief of any

matter that may require his attention, or that may affect the public

safety.

ARTICLE XIX

DUTY OF PRESIDENT--CONTINUED

It shall be the duty of the President to see that the provisional

ordinances of this organization, and those made by Congress, are

properly and faithfully executed; and he may in cases of great urgency

call on the Commander-in-Chief of the army, or other officers for aid;

it being, however, intended that a sufficient civil police shall always

be in readiness to secure implicit obedience to law.

ARTICLE XX

THE VICE-PRESIDENT

The Vice-President shall be the presiding officer of the Provisional

Congress and in case of tie shall give the casting vote.

ARTICLE XXI

VACANCIES

In case of death, removal, or inability of the President, the

Vice-President, and next to him, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,

shall be the President during the remainder of the term: and the place

of Chief-Justice thus made vacant shall be filled by Congress from some

of the members of said Court; and places of the Vice-President and

Associate Justice thus made vacant, filled by an election by the united

action of the Provisional Congress and members of the Supreme Court. All

other vacancies, not heretofore specially provided for, shall, during

the first three years, be filled by the united action of the President,

Vice-President, Supreme Court, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army.

ARTICLE XXII

PUNISHMENT OF CRIMES

The punishment of crimes not capital, except in the case of

insubordinate convicts or other prisoners, shall be (so far as may be)

by hard labor on the public works, roads, etc.

ARTICLE XXIII

ARMY APPOINTMENTS

It shall be the duty of all commissioned officers of the army to name

candidates of merit for office or elevation to the Commander-in-Chief,

who, with the Secretary of War, and, in cases of disagreement, the

President, shall be the appointing power of the army: and all

commissions of military officers shall bear the signatures of the

Commander-in-Chief and the Secretary of War. And it shall be the special

duty of the Secretary of War to keep for constant reference of the

Commander-in-Chief a full list of names of persons nominated for office,

or elevation, by officers of the army, with the name and rank of the

officer nominating, stating distinctly but briefly the grounds for such

notice or nomination. The Commander-in-Chief shall not have power to

remove or punish any officer or soldier; but he may order their arrest

and trial at any time, by court-martial.

ARTICLE XXIV

COURT-MARTIALS

Court martials for Companies, Regiments, Brigades, etc., shall be called

by the chief officer of each command, on complaint to him by any

officer, or any five privates, in such command, and shall consist of not

less than five nor more than nine officers, and privates, one-half of

whom shall not be lower in rank than the person on trial, to be chosen

by the three highest officers in the command, which officers shall not

be a part of such court. The chief officer of any command shall, of

course be tried by a court-martial of the command above his own. All

decisions affecting the lives of persons, or office of persons holding

commission, must, before taking full effect, have the signature of the

Commander-in-Chief, who may also, on the recommendation of, at least,

one-third of the members of the court martial finding any sentence,

grant a reprieve or commutation of the same.

ARTICLE XXV

SALARIES

No person connected with this organization shall be entitled to any

salary, pay, or emoluments, other than a competent support of himself

and family, unless it be from an equal dividend, made of public

property, on the establishment of peace, or of special provision by

treaty; which provision shall be made for all persons who may have been

in any active civil or military service at any time previous to any

hostile action for Liberty and Equality.

ARTICLE XXVI

TREATIES OF PEACE

Before any treaty of peace shall take effect, it shall be signed by the

President and Vice-President, the Commander-in-Chief, a majority of the

House of Representatives, a majority of the Supreme Court, and a

majority of all general officers of the army.

ARTICLE XXVII

DUTY OF THE MILITARY

It shall be the duty of the Commander-in-Chief, and all officers and

soldiers of the army, to afford special protection when needed, to

Congress, or any member thereof; to the President, Vice-President,

Treasurer, Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of

War; and to afford general protection to all civil officers, other

persons having right to the same.

ARTICLE XXVIII

PROPERTY

All captured or confiscated property, and all property the product of

the labor of those belonging to this organization and their families,

shall be held as the property of the whole, equally, without

distinction; and may be used for the common benefit, or disposed of for

the same object; and any person, officer or otherwise, who shall

improperly retain, secrete, use, or needlessly destroy such property, or

property found, captured, or confiscated, belonging to the enemy, or

shall willfully neglect to render a full and fair statement of such

property by him so taken or held, shall be deemed guilty of a

misdemeanor and, on conviction, shall be punished accordingly.

ARTICLE XXIX

SAFETY OR INTELLIGENCE FUND

All money, plate, watches or jewelry, captured by honorable warfare,

found, taken or confiscated, belonging to the enemy, shall be held

sacred, to constitute a liberal safety or intelligence fund; and any

person who shall improperly retain, dispose of, hide, use, or destroy

such money or other article above mentioned, contrary to the provisions

and spirit of this article, shall be deemed guilty of theft, and, on

conviction thereof, shall be punished accordingly. The Treasurer shall

furnish the Commander-in-Chief at all times with a full statement of the

condition of such fund and its nature.

ARTICLE XXX

THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND THE TREASURY

The Commander-in-Chief shall have power to draw from the Treasury the

money and other property of the fund provided for it in ARTICLE

twenty-ninth, but his orders shall be signed also by the Secretary of

War, who shall keep strict account of the same; subject to examination

by any member of Congress, or general officer.

ARTICLE XXXI

SURPLUS OF THE SAFETY OR INTELLIGENCE FUND

It shall be the duty of the Commander-in-Chief to advise the President

of any surplus of the Safety or Intelligence Fund; who shall have power

to draw such surplus (his order being also signed by the Secretary of

State) to enable him to carry out the provisions of Article Seventeenth.

ARTICLE XXXII

PRISONERS

No person, after having surrendered himself or herself a prisoner, and

who shall properly demean himself or herself as such, to any officer or

private connected with this organization, shall afterward be put to

death, or be subject to any corporal punishment, without first having

had the benefit of a fair and impartial trial: nor shall any prisoner be

treated with any kind of cruelty, disrespect, insult, or needless

severity: but it shall be the duty of all persons, male and female,

connected herewith, at all times and under all circumstances, to treat

all such prisoners with every degree of respect and kindness the nature

of the circumstances will admit of; and to insist on a like course of

conduct from all others, as in the fear of Almighty God, to whose care

and keeping we commit our cause.

ARTICLE XXXIII

VOLUNTARIES

All persons who may come forward and shall voluntarily deliver up their

slaves, and have their names registered on the Books of the

organization, shall, so long as they continue at peace, be entitled to

the fullest protection of person and property, though not connected with

this organization, and shall be treated as friends, and not merely as

persons neutral.

ARTICLE XXXIV

NEUTRALS

The persons and property of all non-slaveholders who shall remain

absolute neutral, shall be respected so far as the circumstances can

allow of it; but they shall not be entitled to any active protection.

ARTICLE XXXV

NO NEEDLESS WASTE

The needless waste or destruction of any useful property or article, by

fire, throwing open of fences, fields, buildings, or needless killing of

animals, or injury of either, shall not be tolerated at any time or

place, but shall be promptly and properly punished.

ARTICLE XXXVI

PROPERTY CONFISCATED

The entire and real property of all persons known to be acting either

directly or indirectly with or for the enemy, or found in arms with

them, or found wilfully holding slaves, shall be confiscated and taken,

whenever and wherever it may be found, in either free or slave States.

ARTICLE XXXVII

DESERTION

Persons convicted, on impartial trial, of desertion to the enemy after

becoming members, acting as spies, or of treacherous surrender of

property, arms, ammunition, provisions, or supplies of any kind, roads,

bridges, persons or fortifications shall be put to death and their

entire property confiscated.

ARTICLE XXXVIII

VIOLATION OF PAROLE OF HONOR

Persons proven to be guilty of taking up arms after having been set at

liberty on parole of honor, or, after the same, to have taken an active

part with or for the enemy, direct or indirect, shall be put to death

and their entire property confiscated.

ARTICLE XXXIX

ALL MUST LABOR

All persons connected in any way with this organization, and who may be

entitled to full protection under it, shall be held as under obligation

to labor in some way for the general good, and any persons refusing, or

neglecting so to do, shall on conviction receive a suitable and

appropriate punishment.

ARTICLE XL

IRREGULARITIES

Profane Swearing, filthy conversation, indecent behavior, or indecent

exposure of person, or intoxication, or quarreling, shall not be allowed

or tolerated, neither unlawful intercourse of the sexes.

ARTICLE XLI

CRIMES

Persons convicted of the forcible violation of any female prisoner shall

be put to death.

ARTICLE XLII

THE MARRIAGE RELATION--SCHOOLS--THE SABBATH

The marriage relation shall be at all times respected, and the families

kept together as far as possible, and broken families encouraged to

re-unite, and intelligence offices established for that purpose, schools

and churches established, as soon as may be, for the purpose of

religious and other instructions; and the first day of the week regarded

as a day of rest and appropriated to moral and religious instruction

and improvement; relief to the suffering, instruction of the young and

ignorant, and the encouragement of personal cleanliness; nor shall any

person be required on that day to perform ordinary manual labor, unless

in extremely urgent cases.

ARTICLE XLIII

CARRY ARMS OPENLY

All persons known to be of good character, and of sound mind and

suitable age, who are connected with this organization, whether male or

female, shall be encouraged to carry arms openly.

ARTICLE XLIV

NO PERSON TO CARRY CONCEALED WEAPONS

No person within the limits of the conquered territory, except regularly

appointed policemen, express officers of the army, mail carriers, or

other fully accredited messengers of the Congress, President,

Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court, or commissioned officers

of the army--and those only under peculiar circumstances--shall be

allowed, at any time, to carry concealed weapons; and any person not

specially authorized so to do, who shall be found so doing, shall be

deemed a suspicious person, and may be at once arrested by any officer,

soldier, or citizen, without the formality of a complaint or warrant,

and may at once be subject to thorough search, and shall have his or her

case thoroughly investigated; and be dealt with as circumstances, or

proof, may require.

ARTICLE XLV

PERSONS TO BE SEIZED

Persons within the limits of the territory holden by this organization,

not connected with this organization, having arms at all, concealed or

otherwise, shall be seized at once, or taken in charge of by some

vigilant officer; and their case thoroughly investigated: and it shall

be the duty of all citizens and soldiers, as well as officers, to arrest

such parties as are named in this and the preceding Section or Article,

without formality of complaint or warrant: and they shall be placed in

charge of proper officer for examination or for safe keeping.

ARTICLE XLVI

THESE ARTICLES NOT FOR THE OVERTHROW OF GOVERNMENT

The foregoing articles shall not be construed so as in any way to

encourage the overthrow of any State Government of the United States:

and look to no dissolution of the Union, but simply to Amendment and

Repeal. And our Flag shall be the same as our Fathers fought under in

the Revolution.

ARTICLE XLVII

NO PLURALITY OF OFFICES

No two offices specially provided for, by this Instrument, shall be

filled by the same person at the same time.

ARTICLE XLVIII

OATH

Every Officer, civil or military, connected with this organization,

shall, before entering upon the duties of his office, make solemn oath

or affirmation, to abide by and support this Provisional Constitution

and these Ordinances. Also, every Citizen and Soldier, before being

fully recognized as such, shall do the same.

APPENDIX IV

JOHN BROWN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY

_Written to Henry L. Stearns, son of George L. Stearns, and bearing date

Red Rock, Iowa, July 7, 1857._[515]

John was born May 9th, 1800, at Torrington, Litchfield County,

Connecticut; of poor but respectable parents: a descendant on the side

of his father of one of the company of the _Mayflower_ who landed at

Plymouth 1620. His mother was descended from a man who came at an early

period to New England from Amsterdam, in Holland. Both his Father's &

Mother's Fathers served in the war of the revolution: His Father's

Father died in a barn at New York while in the service, in 1776.

I cannot tell you of anything in the first Four years of John's life

worth mentioning save that at that _early age_ he was tempted by Three

large Brass Pins belonging to a girl who lived in the family & _stole

them_. In this he was detected by his Mother; & after having a full day

to think of the wrong: received from her a thorough whipping. When he

was Five years old his Father moved to Ohio; then a wilderness filled

with wild beasts, & Indians. During the long journey which was performed

in part or mostly with an _ox team_; he was called on by turns to assist

a boy Five years older (who had been adopted by his Father & Mother) &

learned to think he could accomplish _smart things_ in driving the cows,

and riding the horses. Some times he met with Rattle Snakes which were

very large; & which some of the company generally managed to kill. After

getting to Ohio in 1805 he was for some time rather afraid of the

Indians, & of their Rifles; but this soon wore off; & he used to hang

about them quite as much as was consistent with good manners; & learned

a trifle of their talk. His Father learned to dress Deer Skins, & at 6

years old John was installed a young Buck Skin--He was perhaps rather

observing as he ever after remembered the entire process of Deer Skin

_dressing_; so that he could at any time dress his own leather such as

Squirl, Raccoon, Cat, Wolf, or Dog Skin; & also learned to make Whip

Lashes: which brought him some change at times; & was of considerable

service in many ways. At Six years old John began to be quite a rambler

in the wild new country finding birds & Squirels, and sometimes a wild

Turkey's nest. But about this period he was placed in the school of

_adversity_: which my young friend was a most necessary part of his

early training. You may _laugh_ when you come to read about it; but

these were _sore trials_ to John: whose earthly treasures were very _few

& small_. These were the beginnings of a severe but _much needed course_

of discipline which he afterwards was to pass through; & which it is to

be hoped has learned him before this time that the Heavenly Father sees

it best to take all the little things out of his hand which he has ever

placed in them. When John was in his Sixth year a poor _Indian boy_ gave

him a Yellow Marble the first he had ever seen. This he thought a great

deal of; & kept it a good while; but at last he lost it beyond recovery.

_It took years to heal the wound_; & I _think_ he cried at times about

it. About Five months after this he caught a young Squirrel tearing off

his tail in doing it; & getting severely bitten at the same time

himself. He however held _to the little bob tail_ Squirrel; & finally

got him perfectly tamed, so that he almost idolized his pet. _This too

he lost_; by wandering away; or by getting killed: & for a year or Two

John was _in mourning_; and looking at all the Squirrels he could see to

try and discover Bobtail if _possible_, I must not neglect to tell you

of a very _bad & foolish_ habbit to which John was somewhat addicted. I

mean _telling lies_: generally to screen himself from blame; or from

punishment. He could not well endure to be reproached; & I now think had

he been oftener encouraged to be entirely frank; _by making frankness a

kind of atonement_ for some of his faults; he would not have been so

often guilty of this fault; nor have been obliged to struggle _so long_

in after life with _so mean_ a habit.

John was _never quarrelsome_; but was _excessively_ fond of the _hardest

& roughest_ kind of plays; & could _never get enough_ [of] them. Indeed

when for a short time he was sometimes sent to School the opportunity it

afforded to wrestle & Snow ball & run & jump & knock off old seedy wool

hats; offered to him almost the only compensation for the confinement &

restraints of school. I need not tell you that with such a feeling & but

little chance of going to school _at all_: he did not become much of a

schollar. He would always choose to stay at home & work hard rather than

be sent to school; & during the warm season might generally be seen

_barefooted & bareheaded_: with Buck skin Breeches suspended often with

one leather strap over his shoulder but sometimes with Two. To be sent

off through the wilderness alone to very considerable distances was

particularly his delight; & in this he was often indulged so that by the

time he was Twelve years old he was sent off more than a Hundred Miles

with companies of cattle; & he would have thought his character much

injured had he been obliged to be helped in any such job. This was a

boyish kind of feeling but characteristic however.

At Eight years old John was left a Motherless boy which loss was

complete & permanent, for notwithstanding his Father again married to a

sensible, inteligent, & on many accounts a very estimable woman: _yet he

never adopted her in feeling_: but continued to pine after his own

Mother for years. This opperated very unfavorably uppon him: as he was

both naturally fond of females; & withall extremely diffident; &

deprived him of a suitable link between the different sexes; the want of

which might under some circumstances have proved his ruin.

When the war broke out _with England_, his Father soon commenced

furnishing the troops with beef cattle, the collecting & driving of

which _afforded_ him some opportunity for the chase (on foot) of wild

steers & other cattle through the woods. During this war he had some

chance to form his own boyish judgement of _men & measures_: & to become

somewhat familiarly acquainted with some who have figured before the

country since that time. The effect of what he saw during the war was to

so far disgust him with military affairs that he would neither train,

_or drill_: but paid fines; and got along like a Quaker untill his age

had finally cleared him of Military duty.

During the war with England a circumstance occurred that in the end made

him a most _determined Abolitionist_: & led him to declare, _or Swear_:

_Eternal war with Slavery_. He was staying for a short time with a very

gentlemanly landlord once a United States Marshal who held a slave boy

near his own age very active, intelligent and good feeling; & to whom

John was under considerable obligation for numerous little acts of

kindness. _The master_ made a great pet of John: brought him to table

with his first company; & friends; called their attention to every

little smart thing he _said or did_: & to the fact of his being more

than a hundred miles from home with a company of cattle alone; while the

_negro boy_ (who was fully if not more than his equal) was badly

clothed, poorly fed: & _lodged in cold weather_; & beaten before his

eyes with Iron Shovels or any other thing that came first to hand. This

brought John to reflect on the wretched; hopeless condition, of

_Fatherless & Motherless_ slave _children_: for such children have

neither Father nor Mothers to protect, & provide for them. He would

sometimes raise the question _is God their Father_?

At the age of Ten years an old friend induced him to read a little

history; & offered him the free use of a good library; by which he

acquired some taste for reading: which formed the principle part of his

early education: & diverted him in a great measure from bad company, &

conversation of old & inteligent persons. He never attempted to dance in

his life; nor did he ever learn to know _one_ of a pack of _cards_ from

_another_. He learned nothing of Grammar; nor did he get at school so

much knowledge of common Arithmetic as the Four ground rules. This will

give you some idea of the first Fifteen years of his life; during which

time he became very strong and large of his age and ambitious to perform

the full labour of a man; at almost any kind of hard work. By reading

the lives of great, wise & good men their sayings, and writings; he grew

to a dislike of vain & frivolous _conversation_ & _persons_; & was often

greatly obliged by the kind manner in which older & more intelligent

persons treated him at their houses: & in conversation; which was a

great relief on account of his extreme bashfulness.

He very early in life became ambitious to excell in doing anything he

undertook to perform. This kind of feeling I would recomend to all

persons both _male & female_: as it will certainly tend to secure

admission to the company of the more intelligent & better portion of

every community. By all means endeavor to excell in some laudable

pursuit.

I had like to forgotten to tell you of one of John's misfortunes which

set rather hard on him while a young boy. He had by some means _perhaps_

by gift of his father become the owner of a little Ewe Lamb which did

finely till it was about Two Thirds grown; and then sickened & died.

This brought another protracted _mourning season_: not that he felt the

pecuniary loss so much: for that was never his disposition: but so

strong and earnest were his attachments.

John had been taught from earliest childhood to fear God and keep his

commandments; & though quite skeptical he had always by turns felt much

serious doubt as to his future well being & about this time became to

some extent a convert to Christianity & ever after a firm believer in

the divine authenticity of the Bible. With this book he became very

familiar, & possessed a most unusual memory of its entire contents.

Now some of the things I have been _telling of_; were just such as I

would recomend to you: & I wd like to know that you had selected these

out; & adopted them as part of your own plan of life; & I wish you to

have _some definite plan_. Many seem to have none; & others never stick

to any that they do form. This was not the case with John. He followed

up with _tenacity_ whatever he set about so long as it answered his

general purpose: & hence he rarely failed in some good decree to effect

the things he undertook. This was so much the case that he _habitually

expected to succeed_ in his undertakings. With this feeling _should be

coupled_; the consciousness that our plans are right in themselves.

During the period I have named John had acquired a kind of ownership to

certain animals of some little value but as he had come to understand

that the _title of minor's_ might be a little imperfect: he had recource

to various means in order to secure a more _independent_; & perfect

right of property. One of those means was to exchange with his Father

for something of far less value. Another was trading with other persons

for something his Father had never owned. Older persons have some times

found difficulty with _titles_.

From fifteen to Twenty years old, he spent most of his time working at

the Tanner & Currier's trade keeping Bachelors hall; & he was acting as

Cook; & for most of the time as foreman of the establishment under his

father. During this period he found much trouble with some of the bad

habits I have mentioned & with some that I have not told you of: his

conscience urging him forward with great power in this matter: but his

close attention to _business_; & success in his management; together

with the way he got along with a company of men; & boys; made him quite

a favorite with the serious & more intelligent portion of older persons.

This was so much the case; & secured for him so many little notices from

those he esteemed; that his vanity was very much fed by it; & he came

forward to manhood quite full of self-conceit; & self-confidence;

notwithstanding his _extreme_ bashfulness. A younger brother used

sometimes to remind him of this: and to repeat to him _this expression_

which you may somewhere find, 'A King against whome there is no rising

up.' The habit so early formed of being obeyed rendered him in after

life too much disposed to speak in an imperious & dictating way. From

Fifteen years & upward he felt a good deal of anxiety to learn; but

could only read and study a little; both for want of time; & on account

of inflammation of the eyes. He however managed by the help of books to

make himself tolerably well acquainted with common arithmetic; &

Surveying; which he practiced more or less after he was Twenty years

old.

At a little past Twenty years led by his own inclination & _prompted

also_ by his Father, he married a _remarkably plain_; but neat

industrious & economical girl; of excellent character; earnest piety; &

good practical common sense; about one year younger than himself. This

woman, by her mild, frank, & _more than all else_: by her very

consistent conduct; acquired & ever while she lived maintained a most

powerful; & good influence over him. Her plain but kind admonitions

generally had the right effect; without arousing his hauty obstinate

temper. John began early in life to discover a great liking to fine

Cattle, Horses, Sheep, & Swine; & as soon as circumstances would enable

him he began to be a practical _Shepherd_: _it being_ a calling for

which _in early_ life he had a kind of _enthusiastic longing_: with the

idea that as a business it bid fair to afford him the means of carrying

out his greatest or principle object. I have now given you a kind of

general idea of the early life of this boy; & if I believed it would be

worth the trouble; or afford much interest to any good feeling person: I

might be tempted to tell you something of his course in after life; or

manhood. I do not say that I _will do it_.

You will discover that in using up my _half sheets to save paper_; I

have written Two pages, so that one does not follow the other as it

should. I have no time to write it over; & but for unavoidable

hindrances in traveling I can hardly say when I should have written what

I have. With an honest desire for your best good, I subscribe myself,

Your Friend,

J. BROWN

P. S. I had like to have forgotten to acknowledge your contribution in

aid of the cause in which I serve. God Allmighty _bless you_; my son.

J. B.

INDEX

Abbott, Maj. J. B., 143, 175, 219, 274, 279

Adair, Rev. S. L., 77, 108, 146, 152, 221, 234, 264, 273

Adams, Mrs. Anne Brown, quoted, 82, 290, 291, 292, 293

Adams, Henry, History of U. S., 353

Alcott, Amos B., 284, 396

Alburtis, Capt. E. G., 302, 306

Alderman, Amos, 160

Allstadt, John H., 298, 300

Anderson, Capt. Geo. T., U. S. Army, 260

Anderson, Jeremiah Goldsmith, Capt. Prov. Army, 295;

killed at Harper's Ferry, 312;

quoted, 333, 387; 262, 269, 284, 285, 348

Anderson, Osborne P., colored, M. C., 250;

private Prov. Army, 295;

escaped from H. F., 305; 298

Andrew, Hon. John A., of Boston, quoted, 397; 369

Army of Liberation, 343

Arny, Wm. F., quoted, 43, 82, 83, 188

Artillery Corps U. S. Army, 392

Astor House, N. Y., 187

Atchison, David R., U. S. Senator, Major General, 51, 52, 55, 65, 66, 69, 163,

174, 176

Atlantic Monthly, 16, 17, 359, 360

August, Col. T. P., commands B.'s escort, 394

Austin Freeman, 160

Avery, Dr., 158

Avis, Capt. John, B.'s jailor, 302, 304, 382, 394

"B. E.," Mrs., letter to B., 389; 404

Bacon, Cook & Co., 214

Baltimore American, quoted, 320

Baltimore Greys, 321

Ball, A. M., Master Machinist at H. F., prisoner, 306

Bank of Wooster, 39

Barber, Thomas W., murdered, 69, 88

Barbour, Alfred W., 301

Barnes, Wm., letters from B., 211, 190

Barrow, Mr., killed Turner's Massacre, 362

Baylor, Col. Robt. W., 307, 308, 309

Beckham, Fontaine, killed at H. F., 305; 312

Bell, James M., colored, 248

Belshazzar, 326

Benjamin, Jacob, at Pottawatomie, 110; 20, 135, 159, 170, 172, 182

Bernard, J. M., store robbed by B., 137

Bickerton, Capt. Thomas W., 155, 158, 173

Biggs, Dr., 317

Bishop, Adam, 262

Blair, Charles, makes 1,000 spears for B., 223, 224

Blair, Montgomery, 370

Blake, Maj. George A. H., U. S. Army. 237

Black Jack, battle of, 110, 135, 141, 144, 149, 157, 223, 403, 405

Black Warrior, 60

Blakesley, Levi, 44, 46

Blunt, John, 114

Blood, James, 156

Boerly, Thomas, killed at H. F., 302; 312

Bolivar Heights, 301, 303, 304, 328, 339

Bondi, August, with Brown in Kansas, 136, 159, 160, 168, 170, 171, 172, 182

Booth, Edwin, 412

Border Ruffians, 81, 197, 199

Boetler, Hon. Alexander R., B. not severely wounded at H. F., 414; 387

Botts, Capt., 302, 304

Botts, Lawson, 366, 369, 371, 372

Brockett, W. B., Lieut., 143, 277

Brooks, Paul R., 91, 211

Brown, Anne, daughter of B. (see Adams), 286

Brown, Dianthe (Lusk). B.'s first wife, 28

Brown, Frederick, son of B., killed at Osawatomie, 170; 72, 136, 161, 165,

169, 171, 182

Brown, Frederick. B.'s Bro., 47

Brown, G. W., editor, 147, 211, 276

Brown, Jason, son of B., 45, 72, 116, 125, 144, 146, 159, 179, 182, 207, 405

Brown, John (the name appears so frequently that a complete index would result

in an epitome of the book: therefore,

only pages containing the more important incidents are herein referred to),

character not prejudged, 9;

his principal biographers, 15;

picturesque figure an historical myth, 26;

birth, not a Mayflower descendant, 27;

successful as a tanner, 28;

contractor, speculates in town-sites and farm lands, failure, fraudulent

practices, 29;

in jail at Akron, O., 30;

sportsman, breeds race horses, obtains money under false pretense, 31;

letter concerning, 32;

proceedings in bankruptcy, letters concerning, 33, 34;

negotiates for 1,000 acres of land in Va., 35, 36;

shepherd in O., 36;

Perkins & Brown Wool Merchants, Springfield, Mass., business methods lax,

complaints, 37;

ships wool to London, Eng., heavy losses, in liquidation, sued for large

sums, wine making for commercial purposes, 38;

obtains land at North Elba, N. Y., extensive litigation, bad record, 39;

penniless, thoughts of Kansas, 40;

religious belief problematical, 41,

skeptical? 42;

indifferent concerning the Sabbath, a non-resistant, 43;

summary of anti-slavery activities given, 44, 52;

intended to become a southern planter, 52,

letter concerning, did he intend to own slaves? 53;

a dilemma for his biographers, 54;

to Kansas, collects money at Syracuse, N. Y., Akron and Cleveland, O., 75,

76;

at Osawatomie, in distress, 76;

at Free State election Oct. 9, 78;

not bellicose, 79;

as he impressed Mr. Redpath, 80;

as he impressed Mr. Villard, 80, 81;

as he impressed his son Salmon, 81;

"his object in going to Kansas," 82;

intended to settle, his claim "jumped," 83;

Captain of the Liberty Guards, 86;

Shannon Treaty satisfactory, 89;

mythical speech, 90;

not heard by Redpath, 92;

first and last appearance at a public meeting, 93;

chairman district convention, 94;

disbands Liberty Guards and plans to leave neighborhood, extreme poverty,

94;

an ominous letter, desires recrudescence of pro-slavery aggressions, 97, 98;

robbery and murder, 99, 114:

exchanges stolen horses, 109;

self, unmarried sons and Henry Thompson plan robbery and murder, 99;

to go to Louisiana, 111;

his motives, 121;

secrecy a characteristic, 124;

grinding of sabers a myth, 125;

motives not altruistic, 129;

personality, 130;

not a "misplaced crusader," 131;

motives selfish, 135;

midnight flight, 136;

robbery, 137;

his secret camp, 139;

encouraged by Redpath, sought for by Capt. Pate, joins forces with Capt.

Shore, 140;

captures Pate at Black Jack, bands dispersed by Col. Sumner, 141;

John E. Cook a guest, 144;

original company disbanded, 146;

whereabouts unknown during fifty days, 147;

stealing horses, 149, 150;

profited by his operations, 151;

forced to leave Kansas, 152, 153;

returns from Nebraska, 154;

not to fight, 155, 156;

at Lawrence, 158;

to engage in robbery on a large scale, 159;

captain of industry, 160;

Osawatomie a cattle raid, 161;

refused to join Lane for the defense of Lawrence, 162;

his "report" of Osawatomie, 165, 167, 168;

band not a military company, 169;

in hiding, 170;

end of get-rich-quick adventure, 171;

abandoned son's body, 172;

the Loki of Osawatomie, 173;

well received at Lawrence, 174;

declined command of a company, 171;

left Lawrence to its fate, 176;

secures congratulatory letters from Gov. Robinson by dissimulation, 177,

178;

leaves Kansas to work the East for large sums of money, files claim for

losses, 181, 184;

stores arms at Tabor, 184;

en route east collects money, 185;

meets Mr. Sanborn and unfolds scheme to raise $30,000, cash, 185;

in "green pastures," 186;

discredits Free State leaders, 187;

asks National Com. for $5,000 cash, speech, 188;

disappointment, 190;

asks Mass. Legislature for $100,000, speech, 191, 195;

would have New York appropriate $100,000 for him, 196, 197;

eulogized, 198, 199;

advertises for contributions, 200, 201;

contributions, value $30,000; works friends for $1,000, 202, 203;

offers Kansas leadership to Gov. Reeder, 204;

shamming, 205, 206;

contempt for the gullible, 207;

works Mrs. Stearns, 207, 210;

suggestive name for his make-believe troopers, 211;

autobiography written for a special purpose, 212;

destination conditional, 214;

report to Stearns, 215;

failure of pretensions, 216;

vocabulary intact, 217;

hopes for "disturbance" nourished by Lane, 219;

brigadier-general, 220;

in Kansas but not to assist Lane, 221;

draft for $7,000, cancelled, to return East, 222;

orders 1,000 spears, 223;

meets Hugh Forbes, 224;

plans conquest of Southern States, 225, 226;

a disunionist, 227;

plans to seduce soldiery of Union, Duty of the Soldier, 228;

important use for spears, 230;

a law unto himself, 231;

wants money with no questions asked, 233;

stranded at Tabor, war college at Ashtabula, O., 234;

matriculates tyros in Kansas, 236;

opens war college at Springdale, Iowa, 238;

drops Forbes from pay-roll, 239;

war council at Gerrit Smith's home, 244;

a war committee, 245;

not the "Lord's champion," 247;

constitutional convention, 248;

adopts constitution for provisional government, commander-in-chief of

Provisional Army, 249;

collapse of exchequer, 253;

menace to rear of communications, 254;

gets control of ordinance stores, 255;

campaign postponed, 258;

in Kansas, alias Shubel Morgan, orders a "Doz. Whistles," 259;

roll of make-believe company, his real men arrive, 262;

worked Territory in pairs, 263;

suffered from exposure, encouraged horse stealing, 265;

drafted Sugar Mound Treaty, 267;

plans complete for Missouri raid except as to date of execution, 268;

the raid, 269, 272;

sends slaves taken to Osawatomie, 273;

no published accounting or distribution of stolen property, recruited

finances near Lawrence, 274;

conduct complained of by Moneka clergyman, 276;

details Stevens and Tidd to "replevin" pair of horses, 278;

successful trip with slaves from Kansas to Canada, 278, 282;

"Battle of the Spurs," 279;

arrest not desired by Dept. of Justice, 282;

never killed anybody, 284;

revolution financed, 285;

Hd. Qrs. near Harper's Ferry, 286;

panic on bourse, 287;

army mobilized, 289;

muster roll, 294;

forward movement, 296;

occupies H. F., 297;

declaration of intentions, 298;

armed with sword of Frederick and Washington, 299;

stops train B. & O. Ry., 300;

proclamation, this is the last train that shall pass, 301;

the struggle, 302, 312;

negroes fail to do their part, 303;

refuses to surrender, 309;

his position carried by assault, 310;

wounded while bravely fighting, 311, 387;

casualties, 312;

interviews, 312, 320;

military stores on hand, lodged in jail, 321;

found Sanborn deficient, 326;

his intelligence discredited by biographers, assumptions of not justified,

328;

not trifling nor baiting death for trifling purpose, 329;

intended to arm slaves and defend position, 330;

expected "negroes to rise and swell force to irresistible proportions," 332;

plans approved unanimously, 333, 350;

distributed 500 spears among negroes, 333,

did not intend to retreat to fastness, believed he would write bloodiest

chapter in history, 334;

intended to equip an army at H. F. and invade South, disposition of his

forces at H. F. consistent with theory of insurrection of slaves, 336;

defied no canons, was not executing a raid, campaign serious, heroic and

desperate, 337;

dispositions at H. F. not violations of military principles, 338;

to effect conquest of Southern States and establish provisional government,

believed slaves would assassinate masters and families and declare freedom,

341;

hedged against treason, 342;

believed insurrection in progress, blow to be most crushing he could

deliver, 343;

would shake slave system to foundation, assassination means to end, 344;

would improve upon Turner's methods, 345;

seizure of H. F., stratagem, 347;

colored military organizations to support, 348;

project foreshadowed by Anderson, 350;

General Orders No. 1, 351;

collapse of scheme coincident with failure of assassinations, 355;

if he and captains had led as Turner led, weak link in chain of forecast,

356;

overconfident of success; ship of state wrecked upon charted rock, vain to

underestimate man or conspiracy, not a pioneer in the insurrection business,

357;

placed upon trial, unseemly haste, 365;

jurisdiction of Federal courts not seriously considered--after "higher and

wickeder game," 365;

defiant speech, 366;

trial a formality, 367;

rejects plea of insanity, 369;

directions to counsel, 371;

denounces his counsel, 372;

verdict guilty--received in respectful silence, 374;

speech to the Court--first paragraph discreditable, 375;

sentence pronounced, 377;

retracts statements made in speech to Court--letter to Andrew Hunter

concerning, 379;

speech of Oct. 25th characteristic of courage--that of Nov. 2nd, of

craftiness, as brave as crafty, 380;

discourages attempts at rescue--had had surfeit of tragedies, 383;

prevarication and craftiness characteristic of prison correspondence, 387-390;

statement, 391;

military pageant--Soldier of the Cross, 394;

fame due to things done to him, and to things said about him--examples, 395,

399;

honored by Kansas, 399, 400;

martyrdom a fiction, 400, 401;

assault upon slavery means to end, first contemplated in 1857, grafting upon

anti-slavery sentiment, 1855, 1859, 402, 403;

rapacity distinguishing characteristic--deportment, coarse, brutal, vulgar,

or saintly as suited purposes, 404;

deceived by Pate, 405;

commercial and political plunger, 405, 406;

will live in history as an adventurer, 407;

ref. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24;

letters to Mad. E. B., 389;

Col. Higginson, 381;

Dr. Humphrey, 388;

Andrew Hunter, 379;

Rev. Theo. Parker, 229; 234;

Mr. Sanborn, 218, 238, 246, 268;

Mr. Stearns, 215;

Mrs. Stearns, 390;

to wife et al, 77, 79, 84, 85, 86, 89, 95, 97, 107, 141, 165, 268, 269,

382, 385, 388

Brown, John Jr., letters, 73;

Capt. Pottawatomie Rifles, 98, 101;

statement to Sanborn, 108;

knew about B.'s plans, 109;

dismissed from Pottawatomie Rifles, 125;

quits Kansas, 179; 20, 30, 44, 45, 72, 94, 136, 144, 146, 182, 207, 243,

248, 323, 384, 405

Brown, Mary Ann (Day), B.'s second wife, 28; 381, 390, 392, 393

Brown, Oliver, stole horses in Nebraska, 150;

Capt. Prov. Army, 295;

killed at H. F., 312;

copy of his commission, 352; 76, 102, 136, 149, 183, 295, 337

Brown, Mrs. Oliver, 286

Brown, Owen, B.'s father, 28

Brown, Owen, escaped from Pottawatomie on "fast Kentucky horse," 109;

a "vile murderer," 127;

treasurer, Prov. Gov., 250; Capt. Prov. Army, 295;

escaped from H. F., 312; 30, 72, 136, 146, 149, 182, 237, 262, 296, 302,

305, 336

Brown, Peter, Windsor, Conn., B.'s ancestor, 27

Brown, Reece, P., murdered, 69

Brown, Salmon, letter not war-like, 81;

father intended to kill seven men, 111;

letter, 119;

wounded, 143; 21, 72, 102, 136, 149, 151, 182, 190, 265, 349

Brown, Sarah, daughter of B., quoted, 169

Brown, S. B., 159

Brown, Terrance, prisoner at H. F., 303

Brown, Watson, son of B.; Capt. Prov. Army, 295;

killed at H. F., 312; 85, 263, 289, 296, 303, 304, 336

Browns, The, not fighting for freedom, 153

Browne, Peter, of the "Mayflower," not B.'s ancestor, 27; 192

Brua, Joseph A., prisoner at H. F., 304, 306

Buchanan, Hon. James, President, 60, 279, 307

"Buckskin," 158, 159

Buford, Maj. Jefferson, quoted, 155; 106

Burgess, John W., Middle Period, quoted, 66; 56

Byrne, Terence, 306, prisoner at H. F.

Cabot, Dr. Samuel, 186

Cadet Corps, Va. Mil. Institute, 392

Calhoun, Hon. John C., 43, 56, 57

Callender, W. H. D., Cashier, 201

Campbell, James W., Sheriff, 393, 394

Carpenter, A. O., at Black Jack, 136; 137, 146

Carruth, James H., quoted, 127

Cass, Hon. Lewis, 58

Castile, A., 114

Century Magazine, 312

Chambers, Geo. W., 304

Chadwick, Rear Admiral F. E., 255, 334

Chamberlain, Amos P., 29, 30

Charleston Mercury, 70

Chicago Tribune, 46

Chilton, Samuel, counsel for B., 369; 372, 373, 374, 375

Clark, James Freeman, 128

Clay, Henry, 59

Cline, "Capt," J. B., 160, 161, 166, 167, 168, 169

Cochrane, B. L., at Pottawatomie, 183; 20, 110

Colby, Deputy Marshal, 279

Colcock, Hon. Wm. F., 59

Coleman, Franklin, killed Dow, 87

Collamer, Hon. Jacob, Mason Com., 365

Collis, Mr., wounded at Osawatomie, 167

Committee, Mass. State Kans., 185, 187, 188, 195, 200, 203, 221, 256

Committee, National, Kans., 181, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 196, 203, 221, 265

Committee, Vigilance, 116, 221

Committee, B.'s War, 245, 252, 254, 256, 325

Conant, John, 202

Congressional Globe, 59

Convention at Chatham, Canada, Call, 248

Conway, Martin F., 187, 204, 211

Cook, John E., with B. at Pottawatomie, 20, 110;

talked too much, 287;

Capt. Prov. Army, 295;

hanged at Charlestown, 305; 139, 144, 214, 235, 236, 253, 258, 286, 288,

292, 296, 298, 302, 321, 328, 331, 332, 333, 342, 393, 401

Cooke, John W., 40, 44

Cooke, Lieut. Col. Philip St. George. U. S. Army, 59

Copeland, J. A. Jr., colored; private Prov. Army, 295;

hanged at Charlestown, 305; 298, 337

Coppoc, Barclay, private, Prov. Army, 295;

escaped from H. F., 292; 295, 296

Coppoc, Edwin, first lieutenant, Prov. Army, 295;

hanged at Charlestown, 305; 298, 306, 311

Corcoran, W. W., 58

Cracklin, Capt. Joseph, 152, 154, 175

Crawford, Geo. A., 276

Crawford, Brig. Genl. S. W., 339

Crittenden, Hon. John C., 60

Cruise, David, killed in Mo. raid, 270; 272

Cuba, Pearl of the Antilles, 60

Currie, L. F., quoted, 331

Dangerfield, J. E., at H. F., 306

Daniels, Jim, slave liberated by B. in Mo. raid, 271

Davis, Mr., 138

Davis, Hon. Jefferson, of Miss. Mason Com., 60, 365

Davis, William Watson. Ph.D., 10

Day, Charles, 28

Day, Mary Anne, B.'s second wife, 28

Day, Orson, 93, 97

Davenport, Braxton, 366

Dayton, Capt. Oscar V., 92, 101

De Bow's Review, 70

Deitzler, Geo. W., 147, 211

Denver, James Wilson, acting-governor of Kansas Ter., 260

Denver, Treaty, 260, 267

Des Moines Register, 281

Dixon, Hon. Archibald, of Kentucky, 61

Doolittle, Hon. James R., of Wis., Mason Com., 236, 365

Dorsey, Mr., wounded at H. F., 312

Douglas, Hon. Stephen A., 58

Douglas, Frederick, 239, 240, 243, 248, 336, 349

Dow, Charles, murdered, 87

Doyle, Drury, murdered by B., 103

Doyle, John, murdered by B., 99, 100, 102, 103

Doyle, Mrs. Mahala, statement, 103

Doyle, William, murdered by B., 103

Edwards, Sam, slave at Southampton, 360

Eighteenth Conn. Infty., 27

Ellsworth, Alfred M., colored. M. C., 250