CONCLUSION
Washington's term as President ended at noon on March 4, 1797. He was
present at the inauguration of President John Adams which immediately
followed. On the 3d, besides attending to the final necessary routine,
he wrote several letters of farewell to his immediate friends,
including Henry Knox, Jonathan Trumbull, Timothy Pickering, and James
McHenry. To all he expressed his grief at personal parting, but also
immense relief and happiness in concluding his public career. He said,
for instance, in his letter to Trumbull:
Although I shall resign the chair of government without a single
regret, or any desire to intermeddle in politics again, yet there
are many of my compatriots, among whom be assured I place you,
from whom I shall part sorrowing; because, unless I meet with them
at Mount Vernon, it is not likely that I shall ever see them more,
as I do not expect that I shall ever be twenty miles from it,
after I am tranquilly settled there. To tell you how glad I should
be to see you at that place is unnecessary. To this I will add
that it would not only give me pleasure, but pleasure also to Mrs.
Washington, and others of the family with whom you are acquainted,
and who all unite, in every good wish for you and yours.[1]
[Footnote 1: Ford, XIII, 377.]
In a few days he returned to Mount Vernon and there indulged himself
in a leisurely survey of the plantation. He rode from one farm to
another and reacquainted himself with the localities where the various
crops were either already springing or would soon be. Indoors there
was an immense volume of correspondence to be attended to with the
aid of Tobias Lear, the faithful secretary who had lived with the
President during the New York and Philadelphia periods. When the
letters were sorted, many answers had to be written, some of which
Washington dictated and others he wrote with his own hand. He admits
to Secretary McHenry that, when he goes to his writing table to
acknowledge the letters he has received, when the lights are brought,
he feels tired and disinclined to do this work, conceiving that the
next night will do as well. "The next night comes," he adds, "and with
it the same causes for postponement, and so on." He has not had time
to look into a book. He is dazed by the incessant number of new faces
which appear at Mount Vernon. They come, he says, out of "respect"
for him, but their real reason is curiosity. He practises Virginian
hospitality very lavishly, but he cannot endure the late hours. So he
invites his nephew, Lawrence Lewis, to spend as much time as he can
at Mount Vernon while he himself and Mrs. Washington go to bed early,
"soon after candle light." Lewis accepted the invitation all the more
willingly because he found at the mansion Nelly Custis, a pretty and
sprightly young lady with whom he promptly fell in love and married
later. Nelly and her brother George had been adopted by Washington
and brought up in the family. She was his particular pet. Like other
mature men he found the boys of the younger generation somewhat
embarrassing. I suppose they felt, as well they might, a great and
awful gulf yawning between them. "I can govern men," he would say,
"but I cannot govern boys."[1] With Nelly Custis, however, he found it
easy to be chums. No one can forget the mock-serious letter in which
he wrote to her in regard to becoming engaged and gave her advice
about falling in love. The letter is unexpected and yet it bears every
mark of sincerity and reveals a genuine vein in his nature. We must
always think of Nelly as one of the refreshments of his older life and
as one of its great delights. He considered himself an old man now.
His hair no longer needed powder; years and cares had made it white.
He spoke of himself without affectation as a very old man, and
apparently he often thought, as he was engaged in some work, "this is
the last time I shall do this." He seems to have taken it for granted
that he was not to live long; but this neither slackened his industry
nor made him gloomy. And he had in truth spent a life of almost
unremitting laboriousness. Those early years as surveyor and Indian
fighter and pathfinder were years of great hardships. The eight years
of the Revolution were a continuous physical strain, an unending
responsibility, and sometimes a bodily deprivation. And finally his
last service as President had brought him disgusts, pinpricks which
probably wore more on his spirits than did the direct blows of his
opponents. Very likely he felt old in his heart of hearts, much older
than his superb physical form betokened. We cannot but rejoice that
Nelly Custis flashed some of the joyfulness and divine insouciance of
youth into the tired heart of the tired great man.
[Footnote 1: Irving, V, 277.]
Perhaps the best offhand description of Washington in these later days
is that given by an English actor, Bernard, who happened to be driving
near Mount Vernon when a carriage containing a man and a woman was
upset. Bernard dismounted to give help, and presently another rider
came up and joined in the work. "He was a tall, erect, well-made man,
evidently advanced in years, but who appeared to have retained all the
vigor and elasticity resulting from a life of temperance and exercise.
His dress was a blue coat buttoned to the chin, and buckskin
breeches."[1] They righted the chaise, harnessed the horse, and
revived the young woman who, true to her time and place, had fainted.
Then she and her companion drove off towards Alexandria. Washington
invited Bernard to come home with him and rest during the heat of the
day. The actor consented. From what the actor subsequently wrote about
that chance meeting I take the following paragraphs, some of which
strike to the quick:
[Footnote 1: Lodge, II, 277.]
In conversation his face had not much variety of expression. A
look of thoughtfulness was given by the compression of the mouth
and the indentations of the brow (suggesting an habitual conflict
with, and mastery over, passion), which did not seem so much
to disdain a sympathy with trivialities as to be incapable of
denoting them. Nor had his voice, so far as I could discover in
our quiet talk, much change or richness of intonation, but he
always spoke with earnestness, and his eyes (glorious conductors
of the light within) burned with a steady fire which no one could
mistake for mere affability; they were one grand expression of the
well-known line: "I am a man, and interested in all that concerns
humanity." In one hour and a half's conversation he touched on
every topic that I brought before him with an even current of good
sense, if he embellished it with little wit or verbal elegance. He
spoke like a man who had felt as much as he had reflected, more
than he had spoken; like one who had looked upon society rather in
the mass than in detail, and who regarded the happiness of America
but as the first link in a series of universal victories; for his
full faith in the power of those results of civil liberty which
he saw all around him led him to foresee that it would erelong,
prevail in other countries and that the social millennium of
Europe would usher in the political. When I mentioned to him the
difference I perceived between the inhabitants of New England
and of the Southern States, he remarked: "I esteem those people
greatly, they are the stamina of the Union and its greatest
benefactors. They are continually spreading themselves too, to
settle and enlighten less favored quarters. Dr. Franklin is a New
Englander." When I remarked that his observations were flattering
to my country, he replied, with great good humor, "Yes, yes,
Mr. Bernard, but I consider your country the cradle of free
principles, not their armchair. Liberty in England is a sort of
idol; people are bred up in the belief and love of it, but see
little of its doings. They walk about freely, but then it is
between high walls; and the error of its government was in
supposing that after a portion of their subjects had crossed the
sea to live upon a common, they would permit their friends at home
to build up those walls about them."[1]
[Footnote 1: Lodge, II, 338, 339.]
We find among the allusions of several strangers who travelled in
Virginia in Washington's later days, who saw him or perhaps even
stayed at Mount Vernon, some which are not complimentary. More than
one story implies that he was a hard taskmaster, not only with the
negroes, but with the whites. Some of the writers go out of their way
to pick up unpleasant things. For instance, during his absence from
home a mason plastered some of the rooms, and when Washington returned
he found the work had been badly done, and remonstrated. The mason
died. His widow married another mason, who advertised that he would
pay all claims against his forerunner. Thereupon Washington put in a
claim for fifteen shillings, which was paid. Washington's detractors
used this as a strong proof of his harshness. But they do not inform
us whether the man was unable to pay, or whether the claim was
dishonest. Since the man paid voluntarily and did not question the
lightness of the amount, may we not at least infer that he had no
quarrel? And if he had not, who else had?
Insinuations concerning Washington's lack of sympathy for his slaves
was a form which in later days most of the references to his care of
them took. But here also there are evident facts to be taken into
account. The Abolitionists very naturally were prejudiced against
every slave-owner; they were also prejudiced in favor of every slave.
Washington, on the contrary, harbored no prepossessions for or against
the black man. He found the slaves idle, incompetent, lazy, although
he would not have denied that the very fact of slavery caused and
increased these evils. He treated the negroes justly, but without any
sentimentality. He found them in the order in which he lived. They
were the workmen of his plantation; he provided them with food,
clothing, and a lodging; in return they were expected to give him
their labor. It does not appear that the slaves on Washington's
plantation endured any special hardship. A physician attended them at
their master's expense when they were sick. That he obliged them to
do their specified work, that he punished them in case of dishonesty,
just as he would have done to white workmen, were facts which he never
would have thought a rational person would have regarded as heinous.
In his will he freed his slaves, not for the Abolitionist's reason,
but because he regarded slavery as the most pernicious form of labor,
debasing alike the slave and his master, uneconomic and most wasteful.
But in so general a matter as Washington's treatment of his slaves, we
must be careful not to take a solitary case and argue from it as if it
were habitual. By common report his slaves were so well treated that
they regretted it if there was talk of transferring them to other
planters. We have many instances cited which show his unusual
kindness. When he found, for instance, that a mulatto woman, who had
lived many years with one of the negroes, had been transferred to
another part of his domain and that the negro pined for her, he
arranged to have her brought back so that they might pass their old
age together. The old negro was his servant, Billy Lee, who suffered
an accident to his knee, which made him a cripple for the rest of
his life. This he spent at Mount Vernon well cared for. Washington
continued to the end the old custom of supplying a hogshead of rum for
the negroes to drink at harvest time, always premising that they must
partake of it sparingly.
Washington's religious beliefs and practices have also occasioned much
controversy. If we accept his own statements at their plain value, we
must regard him as a Church of England man. I do not discover that he
was in any sense an ardent believer. He preferred to say "Providence"
rather than "God," probably because it was less definite. He attended
divine service on Sundays, whenever a church was near, but for
a considerable period at one part of his life he did not attend
communion. He thoroughly believed in the good which came from
church-going in the army and he always arranged to have a service on
Sundays during his campaigns. When at Mount Vernon, on days when
he did not go out to the service, he spent several hours alone in
meditation in his study. The religious precepts which he had been
taught in childhood remained strong in him through life. He believed
moral truths, and belief with him meant putting in practice what he
professed. While he had imbibed much of the deistic spirit of the
middle of the eighteenth century it would be inaccurate to infer that
he was not fundamentally a Christian.
After Washington withdrew to Mount Vernon, early in the spring of
1797, his time was chiefly devoted to agriculture and the renewing of
his life as a planter. He declined all public undertakings except that
which President Adams begged him to assume--the supreme command of
the army in case of the expected war with France. That new duty
undoubtedly was good for him, for it proved to him that at least all
his official relations with the Government had not ceased, and it also
served to cheer the people of the country to know that in case of
military trouble their old commander would lead them once more.
Washington gave so much attention to this work, which could be in the
earlier stages arranged at Mount Vernon, that he felt justified in
accepting part of the salary which the President allotted to him. But
the war did not come. As Washington prophesied, the French thought
better of their truculence. The new genius who was ruling France
had in mind something more grandiose than a war with the American
Republic.
On December 10, 1799, Washington sent a long letter to James Anderson
in regard to agricultural plans for his farm during the year 1800. He
calculates closely the probable profits, and specifies the rotation of
crops on five hundred and twenty-five acres. The next day, December
12th, he wrote a short note to Alexander Hamilton, in regard to the
organization of a National Military Academy, a matter in which the
President had long been deeply interested. The day was stormy.
"Morning snowing and about three inches drop. Wind at Northeast, and
mercury at 30. Continued snowing till one o'clock, and about four it
became perfectly clear. Wind in the same place, but not hard. Mercury
28 at night." Washington, who scorned to take any account of weather,
rode for five hours during the morning to several of the farms on his
plantations, examining the conditions at each and conferring with the
overseers.
On reaching home he complained a little of chilliness. His secretary,
Tobias Lear, observed that he feared he had got wet, but Washington
protested that his greatcoat had kept him dry; in spite of which the
observant Lear saw snow hanging to his hair and remarked that his neck
was wet. Washington went in to dinner, which was waiting, without
changing his dress, as he usually did. "In the evening he appeared as
well as usual. The next day, Friday, there was a heavy fall of snow,
but having a severe cold, he went out for only a little while to mark
some trees, between the house and the river which were to be cut down.
During the day his hoarseness increased, but he made light of it, and
paid no heed to the suggestion that he should take something for it,
only replying, as was his custom, that he would 'let it go as it
came.'"
Mrs. Washington went upstairs to a room on the floor above to chat
with Mrs. Lewis (Nelly Custis) who had recently been confined.
Washington remained in the parlor with Lear, and when the evening
mail was brought in from the post-office, they read the newspapers;
Washington even reading aloud, as well as his sore throat would allow,
anything "which he thought diverting or interesting." Then Lear read
the debates of the Virginia Assembly on the election of a Senator
and Governor. "On hearing Mr. Madison's observations respecting Mr.
Monroe, he appeared much affected, and spoke with some degree of
asperity on the subject, which I endeavored to moderate," says Lear,
"as I always did on such occasions. On his returning to bed, he
appeared to be in perfect health, excepting the cold before mentioned,
which he considered as trifling, and had been remarkably cheerful all
the evening."
At between two and three o'clock of Saturday morning, December 14th,
Washington awoke Mrs. Washington and told her that he was very unwell
and had had an ague. She observed that he could hardly speak and
breathed with difficulty. She wished to get up to call a servant,
but he, fearing she might take cold, dissuaded her. When daylight
appeared, the woman Caroline came and lighted the fire. Mrs.
Washington sent her to summon Mr. Lear, and Washington asked that Mr.
Rawlins, one of the overseers, should be summoned before the Doctor
could arrive. Lear got up at once, dressed hastily, and went to the
General's bedside. Lear wrote a letter to Dr. Craik, Washington's
longtime friend and physician, and sent it off post-haste by a
servant. Mrs. Washington was up. They prepared a mixture of molasses,
vinegar, and butter, but the patient could not swallow a drop;
whenever he attempted it he appeared to be distressed, convulsed, and
almost suffocated.
"Mr. Rawlins came in soon after sunrise and prepared to bleed him.
When the arm was ready, the General, observing that Rawlins appeared
to be agitated, said, as well as he could speak, 'Don't be afraid,'
and after the incision was made, he observed, 'The orifice is not
large enough,' However, the blood ran pretty freely. Mrs. Washington,
not knowing whether bleeding was proper or not in the General's
situation, begged that much might not be taken from him, lest it
should be injurious, and desired me to stop it; but when I was about
to untie the string, the General put up his hand to prevent it, and as
soon as he could speak, he said, 'More.' Mrs. Washington being still
very uneasy, lest too much blood should be taken, it was stopped after
about half a pint was taken from him.
"Finding that no relief was obtained from bleeding, and that nothing
would go down the throat, I proposed bathing the throat externally
with salvolatile which was done; during the operation, which was with
the hand, in the gentlest manner, he observed, ''Tis very sore.' A
piece of flannel dipped in salvolatile was then put round his neck.
His feet were also bathed in warm water. This, however, gave no
relief. In the meantime, before Dr. Craik arrived, Mrs. Washington
requested me to send for Dr. Brown, of Port Tobacco, whom Dr. Craik
had recommended to be called, if any case should ever occur that was
seriously alarming. I despatched a Messenger (Cyrus) to Dr. Brown
immediately (between eight and nine o'clock). Dr. Craik came in soon
after, and after examining the General, he put a blister of Cantharide
on the throat and took some more blood from him, and had some Vinegar
and hot water put into a Teapot for the General to draw in the steam
from the nozel, which he did as well as he was able. He also ordered
sage tea and Vinegar to be mixed for a Gargle. This the General used
as often as desired; but when he held back his head to let it run
down, it put him into great distress and almost produced suffocation.
When the mixture came out of his mouth some phlegm followed it, and he
would attempt to cough, which the Doctor encouraged him to do as much
as he could; but without effect--he could only make the attempt.
"About eleven o'clock, Dr. Dick was sent for. Dr. Craik requested that
Dr. Dick might be sent for, as he feared Dr. Brown would not come in
time. A message was accordingly despatched for him. Dr. Craik bled the
General again about this time. No effect, however, was produced by it,
and he continued in the same state, unable to swallow anything. Dr.
Dick came in about three o'clock, and Dr. Brown arrived soon after.
Upon Dr. Dick's seeing the General, and consulting a few minutes with
Dr. Craik, he was bled gain, the blood ran very slowly and did not
produce any symptoms of fainting. Dr. Brown came Into the chamber room
soon after, and upon feeling the General's pulse &c., the Physicians
went out together. Dr. Craik soon after returned. The General could
now swallow a little--about four o'clock Calomel and tartar emetic
were administered; but without any effect. About half past four
o'clock, he desired me to ask Mrs. Washington to come to his
bedside--when he requested her to go down into his room and take from
his desk two wills which she would find there, and bring them to him,
which she did. Upon looking at them he gave her one, which he observed
was useless, as it was superseded by the other, and desired her to
burn it, which she did, and then took the other and put it away into
her closet. After this was done, I returned again to his bedside and
took his hand. He said to me, 'I find I am going, my breath cannot
continue long; I believed from the first attack it would be
fatal--do you arrange and record all my late military letters and
papers--arrange my accounts and settle my books, as you know more
about them than any one else, and let Mr. Rawlins finish recording my
other letters.' He then asked if I recollected anything which it was
essential for him to do, as he had but a very short time to continue
with us. I told him that I could recollect nothing, but that I hoped
he was not so near his end. He observed, smiling, that he certainly
was, and that, as it was the debt which we all must pay, he looked to
the event with perfect resignation.
"In the course of the afternoon he appeared to be in great pain and
distress, from the difficulty of breathing, and frequently changed
his posture in the bed. On these occasions I lay upon the bed and
endeavored to raise him, and turn him with as much ease as possible.
He appeared penetrated with gratitude for my attentions, and often
said, 'I am afraid I shall fatigue you too much'; and upon my
answering him, that I could feel nothing but a wish to give him ease,
he replied, 'Well, it is a debt we must pay to each other, and I hope,
when you want aid of this kind, you will find it.' He asked when Mr.
Lewis and Washington[1] would return. They were then in New Kent. I
told him I believed about the 20th of the month. He made no reply.
[Footnote 1: George Washington Parke Custis.]
"About five o'clock Dr. Craik came again into the room, and upon going
to the bedside the General said to him: 'Doctor, I die hard, but I am
not afraid to go. I believed, from my first attack, that I should not
survive it. My breath cannot last long.' The Doctor pressed his hand,
but could not utter a word. He retired from the bedside, and sat by
the fire absorbed in grief. The physicians, Dr. Dick and Dr. Brown,
again came in (between five and six o'clock), and when they came to
his bedside, Dr. Craik asked him if he could sit up in the bed.
He held out his hand to me and was raised up, when he said to the
Physicians: 'I feel myself going. I thank you for your attention--you
had better not take any more trouble about me; but let me go off
quietly; I cannot last long,' They found out that all which had been
done was of no effect. He lay down again, and all retired except Dr.
Craik. He continued in the same position, uneasy and restless, but
without complaining; frequently asking what hour it was. When I helped
to move him at this, he did not speak, but looked at me with strong
expressions of gratitude. The Doctor pressed his hand, but could
not utter a word. He retired from the bedside, and sat by the fire
absorbed in grief. About eight o'clock the Physicians came again into
the Room and applied blisters, and cataplasms of wheat bran, to his
legs and feet: but went out (except Dr. Craik) without a ray of hope.
I went out about this time, and wrote a line to Mr. Low and Mr.
Peter requesting them to come with their wives (Mrs. Washington's
granddaughters) as soon as possible.
"From this time he appeared to breathe with less difficulty than he
had done; but was very restless, constantly changing his position to
endeavor to get ease. I aided him all in my power, and was gratified
in believing he felt it: for he would look upon me with his eyes
speaking gratitude; but unable to utter a word without great distress.
About ten o'clock he made several attempts to speak to me before
he could effect it. At length, he said: 'I am just going. Have me
decently buried, and do not let my body be put into the Vault in less
than three days after I am dead.' I bowed assent, for I could not
speak. He then looked at me again, and said, 'Do you understand me?' I
replied, 'Yes, sir.'
"''Tis well,' said he. About ten minutes before he expired his
breathing became much easier; he lay quietly; he withdrew his hand
from mine and felt his own pulse. I spoke to Dr. Craik who sat by the
fire; he came to the bedside. The General's hand fell from his wrist.
I took it in mine and laid it upon my breast. Dr. Craik put his hand
on his eyes and he expired without a struggle or a Sigh! While we were
fixed in silent grief, Mrs. Washington, who was sitting at the foot of
the bed, asked, with a firm and collected voice, 'Is he gone?' I could
not speak, but held up my hand as a signal that he was. ''Tis well,'
said she in a plain voice. 'All is now over. I have no more trials to
pass through. I shall soon follow him.'"[1]
[Footnote 1: Ford, XIV, 246-52. I have copied Tobias Lear's remarkable
account of Washington's death almost verbatim.]
Once read, honest Tobias Lear's account of Washington's death will
hardly be forgotten. It has a majestic simplicity which we feel must
have accompanied Washington in his last hours. The homely sick-bed
details; his grim fortitude; his willingness to do everything which
the physicians recommended, not because he wanted to live, nor because
he thought they would help him, but because he wished to obey. We see
him there trying to force out the painful words from his constricted
throat and when he was unable to whisper even a "thank you" for some
service done, Lear read the unuttered gratitude in his eyes. The
faithful Lear, lying on the outside of the bed in order to be able to
help turn Washington with less pain, and poor old Dr. Craik, lifelong
friend, who became too moved to speak, so that he sat off near the
fire in silence except for a stifled sob, and Mrs. Washington, placed
near the foot of the bed, waiting patiently in complete self-control.
She seemed to have determined that the last look which her mate of
forty years had of her should not portray helpless grief. And from
time to time the negro slaves came to the door that led into the entry
and they peered into the room very reverently, and with their emotions
held in check, at their dying master. And then there was a ceasing of
the pain and the breathing became easier and quieter and Dr. Craik
placed his hand over the life-tired eyes and Washington was dead
without a struggle or even a sigh.
The pathos or tragedy of it lies in the fact that all the devices and
experiments of the doctors could avail nothing. The quinsy sore throat
which killed him could not be cured by any means then known to medical
art. The practice of bleeding, which by many persons was thought to
have killed him, was then so widely used that his doctors would have
been censured If they had omitted it. Sixty years later it was still
in use, and no one can doubt that it deprived Italy's great statesman
of his chance of living. The premonition of Washington on his first
seizure with the quinsy that the end had come proved fatally true.
The news of Washington's death did not reach the capital until
Wednesday, December 18th. The House immediately adjourned. On the
following day, when it reassembled, John Marshall delivered a brief
tribute and resolutions were passed to attend the funeral and to pay
honor "to the memory of the Man, first in war, first in peace, and
first in the hearts of his countrymen," The immortal phrase was by
Colonel Henry Lee, the father of General Robert E. Lee. President
Adams, in response to a letter from the Senate of the United States,
used the less happy phrase, "If a Trajan found a Pliny, a Marcus
Aurelius can never want biographers, eulogists, or historians."
During the days immediately following Washington's death, preparations
were made at Mount Vernon for the funeral. They sent to Alexandria for
a coffin and Dr. Dick measured the body, which he found to be exactly
six feet three and one half inches in length. The family vault was
on the slope of the hill, a little to the south of the house. Mrs.
Washington desired that a door should be made for the vault instead of
having it closed up as formerly, after the body should be deposited,
observing that "it will soon be necessary to open it again." Mourning
clothes were prepared for the family and servants. The ceremony took
place on Wednesday. There were many troops. Eleven pieces of artillery
were brought down from Alexandria and a schooner belonging to Mr. R.
Hamilton came down and lay off Mount Vernon to fire minute guns.
The pall-holders were Colonels Little, Charles Sims, Payne, Gilpin,
Ramsay, and Marsteller, and Colonel Blackburne walked before the
corpse. Colonel Deneal marched with the military. About three o'clock
the procession began to move. Colonels Little, Sims and Deneal and
Dr. Dick directed the arrangements of the procession. This moved out
through the gate at the left wing of the house and proceeded around
in front of the lawn and down to the vault on the right wing of the
house. The procession was as follows: The troops; horse and foot;
music playing a solemn dirge with muffled drums; the clergy, viz.:
the Reverends Mr. Davis, Mr. James Miner, and Mr. Moffatt, and Mr.
Addison; the General's horse, with his saddle, holsters, and pistols,
led by two grooms, Cyrus and Wilson, in black; the body borne by
officers and Masons who insisted upon carrying it to the grave; the
principal mourners, viz.: Mrs. Stuart and Mrs. Low, Misses Nancy and
Sally Stuart, Miss Fairfax, and Miss Dennison, Mr. Low and Mr. Peter,
Dr. Craik and T. Lear; Lord Fairfax and Ferdinando Fairfax; Lodge No.
23; Corporation of Alexandria. All other persons, preceded by Mr.
Anderson, Mr. Rawlins, the Overseers, etc., etc.
The Reverend Mr. Davis read the service and made a short extempore
speech. The Masons performed their ceremonies and the body was
deposited in the vault. All then returned to the house and partook
of some refreshment, and dispersed with the greatest good order and
regularity. The remains of the provisions were distributed among
the blacks. Mr. Peter, Dr. Craik, and Dr. Thornton tarried here all
night.[1]
[Footnote 1: From notes by T. Lear, Ford, XIV, 254-55.]
The Committee appointed by Congress to plan a suitable memorial
for Washington proposed a monument to be erected in the city of
Washington, to be adorned with statuary symbolizing his career as
General and as President, and containing a tomb for himself and for
Mrs. Washington. The latter replied to President Adams that "taught by
the great example which I have so long had before me, never to oppose
my private wishes to the public will, I must consent to the request
made by Congress, which you have had the goodness to transmit me,
and in doing this, I need not say, I cannot say, what a sacrifice of
individual feeling I make to a sense of public duty." The intended
monument at the capital was never erected. Martha Washington lies
beside her husband where she wished to be, in the family vault at
Mount Vernon. From her chamber window in the upper story of the Mount
Vernon house she could look across the field to the vault. She died
in 1802, a woman of rare discretion and good sense who, during forty
years, proved herself the worthiest companion of the founder of his
country.
I have wished to write this biography of George Washington so that
it would explain itself. There is no need of eulogy. All eulogy is
superfluous. We see the young Virginia boy, born in aristocratic
conditions, with but a meagre education, but trained by the sports and
rural occupations of his home in perfect manliness, in courage, in
self-reliance, in resourcefulness. Some one instilled into him moral
precepts which fastened upon his young conscience and would not let
him go. At twenty he was physically a young giant capable of enduring
any hardship and of meeting any foe. He ran his surveyor's chain far
into the wilderness to the west of Mount Vernon. When hardly a man
in age, the State of Virginia knew of his qualities and made him
an officer in its militia. At only twenty-three he was invited to
accompany General Braddock's staff, but neither he nor angels from
heaven could prevent Braddock from plunging with typical British
bull-headedness into the fatal Indian ambush. He gave up border
warfare, but did not cease to condemn the inadequacy of the Virginia
military equipment and its training. He devoted himself to the
pursuits of a large planter, and on being elected a Burgess, he
attended regularly the sessions at Williamsburg. Wild conditions which
in his boyhood had reached almost to Fauquier County, had drifted
rapidly westward. Within less than ten years of Braddock's defeat,
Fort Duquesne had become permanently English and the name of
Pittsburgh reminded men of the great British statesman who had urged
on the fateful British encroachment on the Ohio River. For Washington
in person, the lasting effect of the early training and fighting in
western Pennsylvania was that it gave him direct knowledge of the
Indian and his ways, and that it turned his imagination to thinking
out the problem of developing the Middle West, and of keeping the
connections between the East and the West strong and open.
In the House of Burgesses Washington was a taciturn member, yet he
seemed to have got a great deal of political knowledge and wisdom so
that his colleagues thought of him as the solid man of the House
and they referred many matters to him as if for final decision. He
followed political affairs in the newspapers. Above all, at Mount
Vernon he heard all sides from the guests who passed his domain and
enjoyed his hospitality. From the moment that the irritation between
Great Britain and the Colonies became bitter he seems to have made up
his mind that the contention of the Colonists was just. After that
he never wavered, but he was not a sudden or a shallow clamorer for
Independence. He believed that the sober second sense of the British
would lead them to perceive that they had made a mistake. When at
length the Colonies had to provide themselves with an army and to
undertake a war, he was the only candidate seriously considered for
General, although John Hancock, who had made his peacock way so
successfully in many walks of life, thought that he alone was
worthy of the position. Who shall describe Washington's life as
Commander-in-Chief of the Colonial forces during the Revolutionary
War? What other commander ever had a task like his? For a few weeks
the troops led by Napoleon--the barefooted and ragged heroes of Lodi
and Arcola and Marengo--were equally destitute, but victory brought
them food and clothes and prosperity. Whereas Washington's men had no
comfort before victory and none after it.
Some of the military critics to-day deny Washington's right to be
ranked among the great military commanders of the world, but the truth
is that he commanded during nearly eight years and won one of the
supreme crucial wars of history against far superior forces. The
General who did that was no understrapper. The man whose courage
diffused itself among the ten thousand starving soldiers at Valley
Forge, and enabled them to endure against the starvation and distress
of a winter, may very well fail to be classified among the Prince
Ruperts and the Marshal Neys of battle, but he ranks first in a
higher class. His Fabian policy, which troubled so many of his
contemporaries, saved the American Revolution. His title as General
is secure. Nor should we forget that it was his scrupulous patriotism
which prevented the cropping out of militarism in this country.
Finally, a country which owed its existence to him chose him to be for
eight years its first President. He saw the planting of the roots of
the chief organs of its government. In every act he looked far forward
into the future. He shunned making or following evil precedents. He
endured the most virulent personal abuse that has ever been poured out
on American public men, preferring that to using the power which his
position gave him, and denaturing the President into a tyrant. Nor
should we fail to honor him for his insistence on dignity and a proper
respect for his office. His enemies sneered at him for that, but
we see plainly how much it meant to this new Nation to have such
qualities exemplified. Had Thomas Jefferson been our first President
in his _sans-culotte_ days, our Government might not have outlasted
the _sans-culottist_ enthusiasts in France. A man is known by his
friends. The chosen friends of Washington were among the best of his
time in America. Hamilton, Henry Knox, Nathanael Greene, John Jay,
John Marshall--these were some.
Although Washington was less learned than many of the men of his time
in political theory and history, he excelled them all in a concrete
application of principles. He had the widest acquaintance among men of
different sorts. He heard all opinions, but never sacrificed his own.
As I have said earlier, he was the most _actual_ statesman of his
time; the people in Virginia came very early to regard him as a man
apart; this was true of the later days when the Government sat in New
York and Philadelphia. If they sought a reason, they usually agreed
that Washington excelled by his character, and if you analyze most
closely you will never get deeper than that. Reserved he was, and not
a loose or glib talker, but he always showed his interest and gave
close attention. After Yorktown, when the United States proclaimed to
the world that they were an independent Republic, Europe recognized
that this was indeed a Republic unlike all those which had preceded it
during antiquity and the Middle Age. Foreigners doubted that it could
exist. They doubted that Democracy could ever govern a nation. They
knew despots, like the Prussian King, Frederic, who walked about the
streets of Berlin and used his walking-stick on the cringing persons
whom he passed on the sidewalk and did not like the looks of. They
remembered the crazy Czar, Peter, and they knew about the insane
tendencies of the British sovereign, George. The world argued from
these and other examples that monarchy was safe; it could not doubt
that the supply of monarchs would never give out; but it had no hope
of a Republic governed by a President. It was George Washington more
than any other agency who made the world change its mind and conclude
that the best President was the best kind of monarch.
It is reported that after he died many persons who had been his
neighbors and acquaintances confessed that they had always felt a
peculiar sense of being with a higher sort of person in his presence:
a being not superhuman, but far above common men. That feeling will
revive in the heart of any one to-day who reads wisely in the fourteen
volumes of "Washington's Correspondence," in which, as in a mine,
are buried the passions and emotions from which sprang the American
Revolution and the American Constitution. That George Washington lived
and achieved is the justification and hope of the United States.
THE END
INDEX
Throughout the index, the initial _W_. is used for the name of George
Washington.
Adams, John, his _Diary_ quoted, 57 _n_.;
on committee to confer with Howe, 79;
on Peace Commission, 130;
chosen first Vice-President, 176;
appoints _W_. Commander-in-Chief, in 1799, 217, 240;
letter of _W_. to, 217; 49, 59, 155, 156, 162, 180, 212, 215,
217, 231, 251, 254.
Adams, Samuel, 49, 57, 59, 60, 162, 175, 176.
Addison, Rev. Mr., 253.
Agriculturist, _W_. as an, 37 _ff_.
Albert, Prince, 153.
Alleghany Mts., 7.
American Revolution, 64-126 _passim_;
great extent of field of operations, 67;
really ended with surrender at Yorktown, 126;
nature and results of, 126-128;
proclamation of end of hostilities, 135;
saved by _W.'s_ Fabian policy, 257.
Ames, Fisher, speech on Jay Treaty, and its effect, 211-213.
Anderson, James, 240, 253.
André, John, Clinton's messenger to Arnold, court-martialed and
hanged, 110, 111.
Annapolis Convention, 158.
Anti-Assumptionists. _See_ State debts.
Anti-Federalists, 186.
Army, Colonial, at Boston, 69 _ff_.;
brought into order by _W_., 72;
lacks powder, 72;
compels evacuation of Boston, 72,73;
how distributed, 76, 77;
_W_. on proper organization of, 80, 81;
his influence over, 82,88;
condition of, at end of 1776, 84;
desertions from, 84, 97;
at Valley Forge, 100 _ff_.;
_W_. on condition of, after the war, 131, 132;
difficulties about back pay, 133, 134, 141;
some officers of, intrigue to make _W_. king, 134;
_W.'s_ reply, 135;
continued turmoil in, 135;
_W.'s_ farewell to officers of, 136, 137;
attitude of Congress toward, 139, 140.
Arnold, Benedict, repulsed at Quebec, 72;
surrenders West Point, 110;
in Virginia, 122, 123; 77.
Articles of Confederation, 152, 153, 156.
And _see_ States of the Confederation.
Assumptionists. _See_ State debts.
_Aurora. See_ Bache, B.F.
Bache, Benjamin F., attacks _W.'s_ administration, in the
_Aurora_, 201, 219, 221, 222.
Ball, Mary, marries Augustine Washington, 1.
And _see_ Washington, Mary (Ball).
Barbados, _W.'s_ visit to, 9-11.
Barbary States, corsairs of, 155.
Bard, Dr. Samuel, 185, 186.
Beaumarchais, Caron de, 94.
Beefsteak and Tripe Club, 10.
Belvoir, Fairfax estate, 7.
Bennington, Battle of, 92.
Bernard, John, quoted on _W_. in retirement, 234-236.
_Blackwood's Magazine_, 3.
Blair, John, 161.
Bland, Theodorick, letter of _W_. to, 131, 132.
Bonhomme Richard, the. _See_ Jones, John Paul.
Boston, port of, transferred to Salem, 58;
blockaded by _W_., 69;
evacuated by Howe, 72, 73;
_W.'s_ visit to, as President, 189, 190.
Boston Tea Party, 58.
Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, 53.
Boucher, Rev. Jonathan, 41.
Braddock, Edward, his career, 19, 20;
in America, 20;
attacks Fort Duquesne, and is defeated and killed, 21, 22; 255.
Bradford, William, 229.
Brant, Joseph, 92.
British troops, position of, at end of 1776, 83, 84, 85;
confined to New York City and Long Island, 86;
_W_. on maltreatment of prisoners by, 98;
field of operations of, transferred to South, 107, 121-123;
surrender of, at Yorktown, 123 _ff_.
Brown, Dr., 244, 245, 247, 248.
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 65, 68.
Burgoyne, John, takes Ticonderoga, 91;
defeated at Bennington, 92;
surrenders to Gates at Saratoga, 93.
Burke, Edmund, 55, 62, 120.
Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, 29, 49.
Butler, Pierce, 162.
Byrd, William, letter of _W_. to, 20, 21.
Calvert, Nelly, 42.
Cambridge, _W_. takes command of army at, 65;
_W.'s_ headquarters at, 69.
Canada, and Wolfe's victory at Quebec, 28.
Canova, Antonio, statue of _W_. by, 148.
Capital, national, question of location of, 182-185.
Carlyle, Thomas, 17.
Carroll, Daniel, 161.
Cavour, Camillo, Count di, 30, 251.
Chamberlayne, Major, 33.
Charming, Edward, _History of the U.S._, 111 _n_.
Chantrey, Sir F.L., statue of _W_., 148.
Cherry-tree story, absurdity of, 2.
Cincinnati, Society of the, public feeling against, 159;
_W_. resigns presidency of, 159.
Clark, Major, 10.
Clinton, George, Governor of New York, 136, 199.
Clinton, Sir Henry, succeeds Howe as Commander-in-Chief, 105;
takes troops to New York, 106;
was he responsible for bribing Arnold? 109, 110;
_W.'s_ criticism of, 118, 119; 93, 121, 123.
Clive, Robert, Lord, 28.
Clymer, George, 161.
Colonies, effect of Seven Years' War on, 29;
opposition to taxation in, 49 _ff_.;
at outbreak of war, 67;
diversity in origin and customs, 67, 68;
increasing urgency of demand for independence in, 75;
relations of, with England, in 1763, 47;
how affected by the Imperial Spirit, 47, 48;
in 1770, 53, 54;
at beginning of Revolution, 66;
lack of ardor for Independence, 84.
Committees of Correspondence, 57, 58.
Compromises of the Constitution. _See_ Representation, Slave
trade, Slavery.
Concord, Battle of, 64.
Congress of the U.S.:
_First: W.'s_ first address to, 179;
votes to assume state debts and change location of capital, 182-185.
_Fourth_: Jay Treaty ratified by Senate, 210;
bill to carry out treaty provisions passed by House, 210-213.
_Sixth_: revives rank of Commander-in-Chief for _W_., 217;
and _W_.'s death, 251, 253, 254.
Connecticut, population of, in 1775, 68.
Constitution of the U.S., in the making, 164-168;
promulgated, 168, 169;
_W.'s_ views of, 170, 171, 172;
ratified by States, 173-175;
opposition to, in N.Y. and Virginia, 174.
Constitutional Convention, call for, 158;
first meeting of, 160;
members of, 160-162;
_W_. President of, 161, 163;
proceedings of, secret, 163;
divers questions discussed, 164-168, 169, 170.
Continental Congress:
_First_: members of, 59;
work of, 59-61;
adopts Declaration of Rights, 60;
importance of, as a symbol, 61.
_Second_: elects _W_. Commander-in-Chief, 64;
sectional intrigues in, 74;
_W_. quoted on, 75;
appoints committee to confer with Howe, 79;
and _W.'s_ "doleful reports," 81;
removes to Baltimore, 85;
method of conducting the war, 90;
_W.'s_ farewell reception by, and address to, 137-139;
post-war attitude of, toward the army, discussed, 141, 142;
powers of, limited by Articles of Confederation, 152, 153;
its weakness, 153;
lack of unanimity in, 155;
rejects Spanish treaty, 155;
orders first election under Constitution, 175.
Conway, Thomas, and the Cabal, 112, 113;
letters of, to _W_., 113; 96.
Conway Cabal, The, 112-114, 116, 117.
Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, surrenders at Yorktown, 123.
Cowpens, Battle of the, 122.
Craik, Dr. James, attends _W_. in his last illness, 243 _ff_.; 253.
Critical Period of American History, 151 _ff_.
Custis, Daniel P., 33, 34.
Custis, Eleanor, _W.'s_ affection for, 233, 234.
And _see_ Lewis, Eleanor (Custis).
Custis, George W P., 233, 247.
Custis, John Parke, _W.'s_ step-son, 40-42; 104.
Custis, Mrs. Martha (Dandridge), widow of D.P. Custis, is courted by
_W_., 33, 34,
and marries him, 35.
And _see_ Washington, Martha (Custis).
Custis, Martha, W.'s step-daughter, 40, 41.
Dandridge, Francis, letter of _W_. to, 51, 52.
Davis, Rev. Mr., 252, 253.
Deane, Silas, sent to enlist aid of France, 94;
his unauthorized promises to Ducoudray, 95,
and Lafayette, 99.
Declaration of Independence, 78, 191.
"Declaration of Rights," 60.
Delaware River, _W.'s_ crossing of, 85, 86.
Democracy in the U.S., contrasted with earlier types, 178.
Democratic Party, 186.
Dent, Elizabeth, 31.
Dick, Dr., 245, 247, 248, 252.
Dickinson, John, 161.
Dinwiddie, Robert, sends _W_. on mission to French, 14;
sends expedition under Fry to take Duquesne, 15; 16, 17, 18, 20, 21.
Dorchester, Guy Carleton, Lord, 208.
Dorchester Heights, occupied by Americans, 73.
Ducoudray, M., 95.
Election, first, under Constitution, 175, 176.
Ellsworth, Oliver. 161.
England, expeditions planned by, 19 _ff_.;
effect of Chatham's administration on power and prestige of, 27, 28;
relations with Colonies in 1763, 47;
the Imperial Spirit in, 47 _ff_.;
measures imposing taxation on Colonies, 49 _ff_.;
division of opinion in, in 1770, 53, 54, 55;
Hessians in service of, 76;
effect of sea-power of, 84;
plans for campaign of 1777, 90, 91;
sends Commission to treat for peace, 109, 120;
reconstruction of government in, after Yorktown, 130;
and _W.'s_ proclamation of neutrality (1789), 204;
hatred of, in U.S., and the Jay Treaty, 208 _ff_.;
threat of war with, 208, 209;
and the U.S. in 1796 and 1914, 227, 228.
And _see_ Paris, Treaty of (1783).
England and France, rivalry between in North America, 12, 13;
actually at war, 19;
effect of Wolfe's victory at Quebec, 28;
war between (1789), 193;
difficulty in maintaining neutrality of U.S., 193 _ff_.
"Entangling alliances," authorship of the phrase, 227.
Estaing, Charles H, Count d', brings French fleet to America, 108.
Excise tax, on distilled spirits, 189;
and the Whiskey Insurrection, 218.
Fairfax, Bryan, letter of _W_. to, 62, 63; 253.
Fairfax, Sally, 31.
Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, employs _W_. to survey his estate, 5; 7.
Farewell Address, the, 224 _ff_.;
declarations of, how far applicable in 1914, 227, 228.
Fauchet, Joseph, 229.
Fauntleroy, Betsy, 30.
Fauquier, Francis, 35.
_Federalist, The_, 162.
Federalist Party, break-up of, 228; 186, 187.
Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 161.
Fort Duquesne, built by French, 13;
unsuccessfully attacked by Braddock, 21 _ff_.;
renamed Fort Pitt, 34, 255.
Fort Necessity, surrender of, 16, 17.
Fox, Charles James, 55.
France, steps toward alliance with, 94 _ff_.;
effect of victory at Saratoga in, 99;
treaty with, 99 and _n_.;
results of alliance on American commerce and privateering, 108;
sends fleet to America, 108;
effect in England of alliance with, 119;
and _W.'s_ proclamation of neutrality, 204;
effect of feeling of gratitude to, in U.S., 205;
later relations with, 215, 216;
and the U.S. in 1796 and 1914, 227, 228.
And _see_ England and France.
Franklin, Benjamin, on committee to confer with Howe, 79;
on Peace Commission, 130;
quoted, 173; 21, 155, 160, 161, 201, 236.
Frederick the Great, 259.
Freedom of speech, _W_. and, 222, 223.
Freemasons, at _W.'s_ funeral, 253.
French, westward and southward progress of, 13;
build Fort Duquesne, 13.
French Committee of Public Safety, Monroe's letter to, 216.
French and Indian War. _See_ Seven Years' War.
French Revolution, reaction of, in U.S., 193 _ff_.
Freneau, Philip, and his _National Gazette_, encouraged by
Jefferson, 200, 201, 219, 220.
Fry, Colonel, 15.
Gage, Thomas, military and civil governor of Boston, 61;
_W_. quoted on his conduct, 63;
recalled, 72.
Gallatin, Albert, opposes Jay Treaty, 210, 211.
Gates, Horatio, Adjutant-General, 71;
defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga, 92, 93;
ambitious to supplant _W_., 114; 112.
Genêt, Edmond Charles, mission of, to U.S., 194 _ff_.;
would appeal to people over government, 198,205;
snubbed by Jefferson, 198;
his recall requested, 199.
George II, 18.
George III, dismisses Pitt, 29;
and the British Empire, 48;
makes North Prime Minister, 54;
effect of events of 1778 on, 119;
and of the failure of the Commission on Reconciliation, 120; 60,
130, 153, 259.
Georgetown, proposed as seat of national capital, 184.
Georgia, only colony unrepresented in First Continental Congress, 59;
British victories in, 122; 165.
Gerry, Elbridge, on X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215; 161, 168, 169.
Giles, William B., and newspaper attacks on _W_., 219, 221.
Gist, Christopher, 14.
Gladstone, W.E., quoted, 173.
Gorham, Nathaniel, 161.
Great Britain. _See_ England.
Great Meadows. _See_ Fort Necessity.
Greene, Nathanael, commands in South, 122; 110, 162, 163, 258.
"Half-King, the." _See_ Thanacarishon.
Hamilton, Alexander, influence of, ensures ratification of
Constitution in N.Y., 174;
Secretary of Treasury, 181, 228, 229;
opposition to, 181, 182;
favors "Assumption," 182,183;
obtains Jefferson's support for compromise, 183, 184;
his political status, 187;
his protective tariff, 188;
his measures tended to centralization, 189,192;
quoted, on the French Revolution, 197, 198;
_W_. seeks to keep peace between Jefferson and, 199, 200;
attacked by Freneau, 200;
attacks Jefferson in newspapers, 201;
urges _W_. to accept second term, 201;
and the Whiskey Insurrection, 218;
and the Farewell Address, 224; 160, 167, 168, 180, 195, 208, 210,
217, 241, 258.
Hancock, John, President of Congress, 64;
letter of _W_. to, 80, 81;
Governor of Massachusetts, and _W.'s_ visit to Boston, 189,
190; 64, 256.
Harlem, Heights of, army stationed on, 80.
Harrison, Benjamin, letter of _W_. to, 143.
Hay, Anthony, 53.
Henry, Patrick, quoted, 50;
opposed to Constitution, 174; 59, 60, 162.
Herkimer, Nicholas, 92.
Hessians, in British army, 76;
defeated at Trenton, 86.
Hortalaz et Cie, 94.
Houdon, Jean A., statue of _W_. 148.
House of Representatives, representation of States in, 167.
Howe, Richard, Lord, takes fleet to N.Y., 76; 72, 83.
Howe, Sir William, evacuates Boston, 72, 73;
fruitless peace overtures of, 79;
in Phila. (1777-78), 104, 105;
succeeded by Clinton, 105; 74, 78, 87, 91.
Humphreys, Colonel, as Chamberlain at President's receptions, 180, 181.
Imperial Spirit, effect of, on relations between England and
Colonies, 47, 48;
revived by events of 1778, 119.
Independence Hall, Phila., 160.
Indians, surprise attack by, 21, 22;
difficulties of _W_.'s administration with, 190, 191.
Ingersoll, Jared, 161.
Irving, Washington, _Life of Washington_, quoted, 181, 185,
186, 195. 217, 233.
Jackson, Robert, 24.
Jacobin Club, 193.
Jay, John, on Peace Commission, 130;
concludes treaty with Spain, 155;
appointed Chief Justice, 186;
mission of, to England in 1794-95, 207;
his character, 207;
prejudice against, in U.S., 208;
Secretary of State, 228;
letters of _W_. to, 142, 157; 59, 162, 180, 258.
And _see_ Jay Treaty.
Jay Treaty, the, negotiated, 207, 208, 209;
opposition of Anti-Federalists to, 209;
ratified by Senate, 210;
violent struggle over, in House, 210-213;
how the controversy was settled, 213;
effect of, 214;
and the Federalist Party, 228.
Jefferson, Thomas, _A Summary View_, 60;
Secretary of State, 181, 186, 192, 228, 229;
interview with Hamilton on Assumption, etc., 183-185;
most aggressive of Democrats, 187, 191;
rivalry with Hamilton, 192;
and the French Revolution, 193;
and Citizen Genêt, 194, 195, 198;
_W_. seeks to keep peace between Hamilton and, 199, 200;
and Freneau's attacks on _W_., 200, 219, 220, 221;
intrigues against Hamilton, 200, 201;
urges _W_. to accept second term, 201, 202;
resigns as Secretary of State, 206;
155, 160, 161, 162, 180, 181, 207, 227, 258.
Johnson, W.S., 168.
Joncaire, M., 14.
Jones, John Paul, 120, 121.
Jumonville, M. de, 15, 18.
Kalb, Baron Johann de, 95, 100.
King, Rufus, 161, 167, 168.
Knox, Henry, Secretary of War, 181, 229;
letters of _W_. to, 170, 171, 203;
95, 123, 124, 136, 217, 231, 258.
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 95.
Lafayette, Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, joins _W_.'s staff, 99;
and Charles Lee, at Monmouth, 115;
letters of _W_. to, 143, 144, 145, 170, 171, 172; 110, 123.
Lansing, John, 161.
Laurens, Henry, letters of _W_. to, 101-103, 117, 118.
Lear, Tobias, secretary to _W_., 148;
quoted, 242;
his account of _W_.'s last hours, 243-249;
notes on _W_.'s funeral, 252, 253; 232, 241, 250.
Lee, Billy (slave), 238, 239.
Lee, Charles, appointed Major-General, 70, 71;
at Monmouth, 106, 115;
censured by _W_., 106, 115, 116;
early career of, 114, 115;
court-martialed, and leaves the army, 116;
anecdote of, 116 _n_.; 65, 128.
Lee, Charles, Attorney-General, 229.
Lee, Henry, author of phrase, "First in war," etc., 251;
letter of _W_. to, 221, 222.
Lee, Richard H., letters of _W_. to, 96, 147; 163.
Lewis, Mrs. Eleanor (Custis), 242.
Lewis, Lawrence, and Miss Custis, 232, 233; 247.
Lexington, Battle of, 63.
Lillo, George, _George Barnwell_, 10, 11.
Lincoln, Abraham, 149.
Lincoln, Benjamin, surrenders Charleston, S.C., 122;
receives surrender of British at Yorktown, 125; 123.
Livingston, Robert R., 177.
Lodge, H.C., _George Washington_, quoted, 15, 17, 220, 235, 236.
Long Island, Battle of, 77, 78.
Louis XVI, execution of, 193; 94, 99.
Low-Land Beauty, the, 30.
Loyalists, in the Colonies, 61, 62;
during and after the war, 127, 128.
McClellan, George B., 82.
McClurg, James, 162.
McHenry, James, Secretary of War, 229;
letter of, to _W_., 217; 161, 231, 232.
McKean, Thomas, 59.
MacKenzie, Robert, letter of _W_. to, 63.
Machiavelli, Niccolo, _The Prince_, and _W_.'s Farewell
Address, 226.
Madison, James, opposes Jay Treaty, 210;
and the Farewell Address, 224;
letter of _W_. to, 158;
156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 194, 242.
Marie Antoinette, execution of, 193.
Marshall, John, _Life of Washington_, quoted, 28, 136, 137-139;
on X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215; 47, 251, 258.
Mason, George, plan of association, 52, 53;
letter to _W_. 56;
letter of _W_. to, 56; 161, 168, 169.
Massachusetts, leads in opposing acts of British Crown, 49;
charter of, suspended, 58, 59;
population of, in 1775, 67, 68;
and Virginia, jealousy between, 64;
freed from British troops, 74.
Mather, W., _The Young Man's Companion_, 4.
Meil, Mrs., 30, 31.
Mifflin, Thomas, of the Conway Cabal, 116; 138, 139, 161.
Military dictatorship under _W_., fear of, 141, 142, 154.
Militia, _W_. quoted on, 81.
Miner, Rev. James, 252.
Mississippi River, Lower, closed to Americans by treaty with Spain,
155.
Moffatt, Rev. Mr., 252.
Monarchy, fears of reversion to, 142.
Monmouth, Battle of, 106.
Monongahela River, 13.
Monroe, James, Minister to France, recalled by _W_., 216;
his letter to Committee of Public Safety, 116; 242.
Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, 28.
Montgomery, Richard, at Quebec, 71, 72; 77.
Morgan, Daniel, 122.
Morris, Gouverneur, 161, 167, 168, 207.
Morris, Robert, letter to _W_., 88; 161.
Morris, Roger, 32, 80.
Morristown, winter quarters at, 89.
Mossum, Rev. Peter, 35.
Mount Vernon, inherited by Lawrence Washington, 5;
hospitality of, 7, 45;
_W_. manager of, 12;
inherited by _W_., 33;
a model plantation of Its kind, 39, 43, 44;
_W_. returns to, after the war, 139;
his life at, 146;
his last days at, 232 _ff_.;
his funeral at, 251-253.
Napoleon I, 218, 240.
_National Gazette_, 220, 222.
Neal, John, quoted, 3.
Neutrality, Proclamation of, gives offense to both England and
France, 204;
the only rational course, 205.
New England, manufacturing in, 68;
freed from British troops, 74.
New Jersey, 155.
New York City, _W_.'s headquarters at, 76;
Howe's fleet arrives at, 76;
loyalist sentiment in, 78, 79, 121;
British troops return to, 105,106;
_W_.'s farewell to officers at, 136, 137;
_W_. inaugurated as President at, 176, 177;
ceases to be national capital, 182 _ff_.
New York State, fails to choose electors in 1788, 175.
North, Frederick, Lord, Prime Minister, 54;
his subservience to the King, 54, 55;
retires after Yorktown, 130; 60, 61.
North Carolina, British victories in, 122.
Northwest, the, _W_.'s vision of development of, 144, 145.
Office-seekers, _W_. and, 180.
O'Hara, General, 125.
Ohio River, 13.
Oriskany, Battle of, 92.
Osgood, Samuel, 229.
Otis, James, 49.
Pall-holders at _W_.'s funeral, 252.
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 28, 29.
Paris, Treaty of (1783), 130, 131;
_W_. quoted on, 131.
Parliament, passes and repeals Stamp Act, 49;
lays duties on paper, tea, etc., 49;
other irritating measures passed by, 53, 58;
enacts penal laws, 58, 59.
"Parsons Cause, The," 50.
Parties, in _W_.'s first term, 186, 187.
Peale, Charles, portrait of _W_., 148, 150.
Peale, Rembrandt, portrait of _W_., 148.
Pearson, Captain, 120.
Pendleton, Edmund, 59.
Pennsylvania, population of, in 1775, 68; 58, 155.
Peter the Great, 259.
Philadelphia, non-importation agreement of merchants of, 52;
Continental Congresses meet at, 59, 64;
_W_. at, 75 _ff_.;
British troops at, in 1777-78, 104, 105;
_W_. takes possession of, 106;
to be national capital for ten years, 183, 185;
Genêt at, 196.
Philipse, Frederick, 31.
Philipse, Mary, 31, 32.
Pickering, Timothy, Cabinet offices held by, 228, 229; 231.
Pinckney, Charles, 162.
Pinckney, Charles C., on X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215, 216; 162,
165, 166, 217.
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, effect of his accession to power,
27, 28;
dismissed by George III, 29;
his last appearance in the Lords, 119, and death, 120.
Pitt, William, the younger, 55, 62.
Pittsburgh, on site of Fort Duquesne, 34, 255.
Plassey, Buttle of, 48.
Portraits of _W_., 148, 149, 150.
President, discussion as to term and method of election of, 167, 168;
_W_.'s view of office of, 178;
_W_.'s example as preventive of third term for, 223, 224.
Press, the, virulence and indecency of, 219 _ff_.
Princeton, Battle of, 86, 87.
Privateering, effect of French Alliance on, 108, 120, 121.
Protective tariff, Hamilton's, 188.
Pulaski, Count Casimir, 95, 97.
Quebec, Battle of, 28, 48;
abortive attack on, 71, 72;
persistence in project of capturing, 77.
Quincy, Josiah, 49.
Rall, Colonel, 86.
Randolph, Edmund, Attorney-General, 181, 186, 229;
Secretary of State, 206,228;
his "Vindication," 229, 230;
letter of _W_. to, 208, 209; 161, 169, 193.
Randolph, Peyton, 59.
Rawlins, Mr., 243, 253.
Reconciliation, Commission on, 109, 120.
Representation of States in Congress, question of, settled by
compromise, 167.
Republicans, 186.
Revolutionary War. _See_ American Revolution.
Robinson, Beverly, 31.
Robinson, Mr., Speaker of the House of Burgesses (Va.), quoted, 36.
Rochambeau, Jean B.D. de Vimeure, Count de, 122, 125.
Rockingham, Charles Wentworth, Marquis of, 130.
Rodney, George, Lord, 153.
Rutledge, Edward, on committee to confer with Howe, 79; 59.
Rutledge, John, 59, 162, 168.
St. Clair, General, 191.
St. Leger, Barry, 91.
Saratoga, Battle of, Burgoyne defeated in, 93;
effect of, in France, 99.
Schuyler, Philip, 65.
Senate of U.S., representation of States in, 167.
Seven Years' War, 27 _ff_.;
effect of, 29.
Shays, Daniel, 158.
Shays's Rebellion, causes of, 157,158.
Shelburne, William Petty, Earl of, 130.
Sherman, Roger, 59, 161, 168.
Shirley, William, 32.
Slave labor, _W_.'s view of, 38; 68.
Slave trade, question of, settled by compromise, 165, 166.
Slavery, why _W_. disapproved of, 38, 39, 238;
question of, settled by compromise, 164, 165.
Slaves, _W_.'s relations with, 38, 237-239;
number of, in Colonies, in 1775, 68.
South Carolina, population of, in 1775, 68;
British victories in, 122; 165.
Sparks, Jared, his _Life of Washington_, defects of, 3;
quoted, 113,116 and _n_., 146.
Spearing, Ann, 31.
Stamp Act, 49, 51, 52, 66.
Stark, John, defeats Burgoyne at Bennington, 92.
State debts, assumption of, by national government, how secured,
182-185;
favored by _W_., 188.
State rights, problem of, 167;
a fundamental subject of difference, 187.
States of the Confederation, _W_.'s farewell letter to
governors of, 135;
after the Revolution, 152, 156;
their relations to one another, 152, 153;
lack of coherence among, 154, 155;
foreign relations of, ignominious, 155;
delegates of, in Constitutional Convention, 160-162;
ratification by, 175, 174.
And _see_ Paris, Treaty of (1783).
Statues of _W_., 148.
Steuben, Baron Frederick W. von, 95, 110, 111.
Stone, F.D., _Struggle for the Delaware_, quoted, 100, 101.
Strong, Caleb, 161, 168.
Stuart, Gilbert, portraits of _W_., 149.
Sulgrave, English home of Washington family, 1.
Sullivan, John, defeated on Long Island, 77.
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles M. de, and the X.Y.Z. mission, 216.
Tariff, _W_.'s view of a, 189.
Tarleton, Sir Banastre, 122.
"Taxation without representation," 55, 57.
Thanacarishon, Seneca chief, quoted, on _W_. 14, 15.
Thomas, John, 71.
Ticonderoga, taken by Burgoyne, 91.
Tobacco-raising in Virginia, 39, 40.
Toner, J.M., _The Daily Journal of George Washington_, 11
_n_.
Trenton, Battle of, and its effect, 86, 87.
Trumbull, Jonathan, letter of _W_. to, 231.
Tryon, William, 79.
United States, debt of Confederation turned over to, 182;
excitement in, over Citizen Genêt, 195 _ff_.;
anomalous position of, between France and England, 205, 206;
the first country in which free speech existed, 222;
effect of _W_.'s example on world's opinion of, 259.
United States Bank, 189.
Valley Forge, American army in winter quarters at, 100 _ff_., 118.
Van Braam, Jacob, 14.
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de, favors cause of the Colonies, 94;
secures coöperation of Spain, 99; 142.
Vernon, Edward, Admiral, 5, 9.
Victoria, Queen, 153.
Virginia, effect in, of Braddock's defeat, 24, 25;
in the 1750's, 44, 45;
fox-hunting and horse-racing, 45,46;
opposition in, to acts of the Crown, 50, 51;
state of opinion in, 55, 56; population of, in 1775, 67, 68;
jealousy between Mass, and, 64; 164, 166.
Virginia House of Burgesses, _W_. a member of, 36, 37;
adopts Mason's plan of association, 53.
Walpole, Horace, 18.
Washington, Augustine, _W.'s_ father, marries Mary Ball, 1.
Washington, George, ancestry, 1;
birth, 1, 2;
childhood and education, 2;
errors of Weems's biography, 2, 3;
absurdity of the cherry-tree story, 2;
Sparks's ill-advised editing of letters of, 3, 4;
and Mather's _Young Man's Companion_, 4;
surveys Fairfax estate, 5;
results of his experience as surveyor, 5;
his journals, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 37, 38, 39, 169;
his disposition, 7, 8;
attention, to dress, 8, 9;
declines appointment as midshipman, 9;
commissioned major of militia, 9;
visit to Barbados, 9, 10;
as manager of Mt. Vernon, 12;
sent by Dinwiddie on mission of warning to French, 14;
and the "Half-King," 14, 15;
second in command of Fry's expedition, 15_ff_.;
was he a "silent man"? 17, 18;
a volunteer on Braddock's expedition, 20, 21;
his account of the defeat, 22, 23;
his conduct in the battle, 23;
moral results of his campaigning, 25, 26;
his early love-affairs, 30, 31;
and Mary Philipse, 31, 32;
his physique, 32, 69;
a sound thinker, 33, 70;
inherits Mt. Vernon, 33;
courts and marries Mrs. Custis, 33, 34, 35;
in House of Burgesses, 36, 37;
as an agriculturist, 37 _ff_.;
his views on slave labor, 38, and slavery, 38, 39, 238;
relations with his slaves, 38, 237-239;
and his step-children, 40-42;
by nature a man of business, 42, 43;
improves his education, 43, 44;
as a country gentleman, 44_ff_.;
the hospitality of Mt. Vernon, 45.
His view of the Stamp Act and other measures of the British
Government, 51, 52;
a loyal American, 52;
signs Mason's plan of association, 53;
no doubt as to his position, 55, 56, 57;
offers to raise 1000 men at his own expense, 57;
in first Continental Congress, 59, 60;
his mind made up, 62, 63;
chosen Commander-in-chief of Continental forces, 64, 65;
takes command at Cambridge, 65, 69;
plans to blockade Boston, 69;
jealousy among his officers, 70, 71;
and military amateurs, 71;
opposes expedition against Canada, 71;
whips his army into shape, 72;
appeals for supply of powder, 72;
forces evacuation of Boston, 73;
moves troops to New York, 74;
before Congress in Phila., 74, 75;
his opinion of Congress, 75;
retreats from Long Island after Sullivan's defeat, 77, 78;
inadequacy of his resources, 78;
moves army to Heights of Harlem, 80;
on the evils of American military system, 80, 81;
his troops not discouraged by his frankness, 82;
on the difficulty of his position, 82, 83;
his movements after battle of White Plains, 83 _ff_.;
crosses the Delaware and wins battles of Trenton and Princeton, 86;
a Necessary Man, 87;
his fearlessness of danger, 87, 88;
his movements impeded by dependence on Congress, 90, 118, 119;
his miscellaneous labors, 95 _ff_.;
his circular on looting by his troops, 97, 98;
on the maltreatment of American prisoners, 98;
takes Lafayette on his staff, 99;
chooses Valley Forge for winter quarters, 100;
describes its horrors, 101-103;
enters Phila. on the heels of the British, 106;
censures Charles Lee at Monmouth, 106;
the uneventful summer and autumn of 1778, 109;
refuses to commute André's sentence, 111;
jealous ambitions of his associates: the Conway Cabal, 111 _ff_.;
and Gates, 114;
and C. Lee, 114-116, 116_n_.;
on the intrigues of his enemies, 117, 118;
difficulties of his position, 118;
forced inactivity of, 121;
marches South to Virginia, 123;
lays siege to Yorktown, and forces Cornwallis to surrender, 122-125;
the country unanimous in giving him credit for the final victory 128,
129.
His view of the problems to be solved after the peace, 131;
urges payment of troops in full, 131-133, 134;
and the plan to make him king, 134, 135;
his letter to governors of States, 135;
his farewell to his officers, 136, 137;
his reception by, and address to, Congress, 137-139;
returns to Mt. Vernon, 139;
his life there, described, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147;
fears of military dictatorship under, 141, 142;
his vision of the development of the Northwest 144, 145;
declines all gifts and pay for his services, 146;
his correspondence, 147, 148;
fears further trouble with England, 153;
his pessimism over the outlook for the future, 156, 157;
reluctantly consents to sit in Constitutional Convention, 158, 159;
and the Society of the Cincinnati, 159;
President of the Convention, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170;
his view of the Constitution, 170 _ff_.;
unanimously elected first President of the U.S., 175;
the journey to New York and inauguration, 176, 177.
His receptions as President, 178, 179, 180, 181;
his inaugural address, 179;
dealings with office-seekers, 180;
his first Cabinet, 181, 186;
serious illness of, 185, 186;
appoints Justices of Supreme Court, 186;
a Federalist, 187, 199, 215;
favors Assumption, 187, 188;
his tariff views, 189;
his visit to Boston, 189, 190;
sends expeditions against Indians, 191;
approves Hamilton's centralizing measures, 192;
determined to maintain neutrality as between France and England, 193;
deals firmly with Genêt, 198;
open criticism of, 199, 200, 201, 219 _ff_.;
his sympathies generally with Hamilton against Jefferson, 199;
effect on, of newspaper abuse, 201, 223;
disinclined to serve second term, 201;
reëlected, 202, 203, 204;
issues Proclamation of Neutrality, 204;
its effect, 204, 205;
appoints Randolph to succeed Jefferson, 206;
and the Jay Treaty, 207 _ff_.;
sends C.C. Pinckney to replace Monroe in Paris, 215;
why he recalled Monroe, 215, 216;
consents to act as Commander-in-Chief in 1799, 217, 240;
puts down Whiskey Insurrection, 218, 219;
favors maintenance of free speech, 222;
declines to consider a third term, 223;
effect in later years of the precedent set by him, 223, 224;
his "Farewell Address," 224-227;
what would he have done in 1914? 228;
changes in his Cabinet, 228, 229;
and the charges against Randolph, 229, 230.
Again in retirement at Mt. Vernon, 231 _ff_.;
and Nelly Custis, 233;
his career reviewed, 234, 254-260;
Bernard quoted on, 234-236;
his detractors, 236, 237;
his religious beliefs, 239, 240;
declines all public undertakings, 240;
his last illness, 241 _ff_.;
the last hours described by T. Lear, 243-249;
his death, 249;
action of Congress and President Adams, 251;
his funeral at Mt. Vernon, 252, 253;
project for memorial of, abandoned, 254;
his rank as a soldier, 256, 257;
as President, 258;
the most _actual_ statesman of his time, 258;
his example made the world change its mind about republics, 259.
_Portraits and statues of_, 148-150.
_Letters_ (quoted in whole or in part) to John Adams, 217;
Theodorick Bland, 131;
Rev. Mr. Boucher, 41;
William Byrd, 20;
Thomas Conway, 112;
Francis Dandridge, 51;
Robert Dinwiddie, 17, 22;
Bryan Fairfax, 62;
John Hancock, 9;
Benjamin Harrison, 143;
Sir W. Howe, 98;
Robert Jackson, 24;
John Jay, 142, 157;
Thomas Jefferson, 221;
Henry Knox, 170;
Marquis de Lafayette, 143, 145, 170, 171;
Henry Laurens, 101, 117;
Henry Lee, 203, 221;
Richard H. Lee, 96, 147;
Robert Mackenzie, 63;
George Mason, 56;
Gouverneur Morris, 207;
Edmund Randolph, 208;
Jonathan Trumbull, 231;
John Augustine Washington, 23, 75, 85;
Lund Washington, 82;
Martha (Custis) Washington, 34;
Mary Ball Washington, 24.
Washington, John, _W_.'s great-grandfather settles in Virginia, 1.
Washington, John Augustine, _W_.'s brother, letters of _W_.
to, 75, 85; 1, 11, 23.
Washington, Lawrence,_W.'s_ half-brother, inherits Mount Vernon, 5;
_W_.'s guardian, 5;
marries Lord Fairfax's daughter, 5;
visits Barbados with _W_., 9-11;
his death, 11, 12; 7, 33.
Washington, Lund, letter of _W_. to, 82, 83.
Washington, Mrs. Martha (Custis), quoted, 104;
and _W_.'s last illness, 243 _ff_.;
letter of, to President Adams, 254;
buried at Mount Vernon, 254; 9, 38, 41, 43, 45, 252, 253.
Washington, Mrs. Mary (Ball), _W_.'s mother, 2, 9, 24.
Washington, Mildred, _W_.'s niece, _W_. guardian of, 12;
her death, 12.
Washington family, the, 1.
Wayne, Anthony, 191.
Webster, Daniel, quoted, 188; 211.
Webster, Peletiah, 156.
Weems, Rev. Mason L., his _Life of_ _Washington_,
discredited, 2, 3.
West Point, surrendered by Arnold, 110.
Whigs, in Parliament, favor Colonies, 54, 62.
Whiskey Insurrection, the, 218, 219.
White House (Custis estate), 34, 35, 36.
White Plains, Battle of, 83.
Wilson, James, 161.
Wister, Owen, 30 _n_.
Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., 228, 229.
Wolfe, James, 28, 105.
Wythe, George, 161.
X.Y.Z. mission to France, 215, 216.
Yates, Robert, 161.
Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders at, 123 _ff_.;
the war really ended at, 126;
effect in England, 130.
End of Project Gutenberg's George Washington, by William Roscoe Thayer