Sandars, Joseph: "A Letter on the Subject of the Proposed Rail Road between
Liverpool and Manchester, pointing out the necessity for its adoption and
the manifest advantages it offers to the Public, with an Exposure of the
exorbitant and unjust charges of the Water Carriers" (1824).
Smiles, Samuel: "Lives of the Engineers" (1861).
{520}Smith, Adam: "The Wealth of Nations" (1776).
Stretton, Clement E.: "Early Tramroads and Railways in Leicestershire";
"History of the Loughborough and Nanpantan Edge-rail-way"; "The Leicester
and Swannington Railway," etc.
Stukeley, William, M.D.: "Itinerarium Curiosum" (2nd ed., 1776).
"Survey of London"; edited by Walter Besant.
Sydney, William Connor: "England and the English in the Eighteenth Century"
(1891).
Tatham, William: "The Political Economy of Inland Navigation" (1799).
"The Motor Car in the First Decade of the 20th Century," compiled by W.
Eden Hooper (1908).
"The Rating of Railways," Great Western Railway Magazine Booklet (1908).
"The Tourists' Guide to Bridgnorth" (1875).
Thoresby, Ralph, F.R.S.: "Ducatus Leodiensis; or the Topography of Leedes"
(1715).
Thrupp, George A.: "The History of Coaches" (1877).
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(1825).
Tristram, W. Outram: "Coaching Days and Coaching Ways" (1888).
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Whitworth, Richard: "The Advantages of Inland Navigation; or Some
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Six Months' Tour through the North of England" (1770).
{522}INDEX
Accidents on railways: 442-3
Acworth, W. M.: 425, 426
Aeroplanes: 504-6
Agricultural Organisation Society: 355
Agriculture: 16, 74, 85, 89, 164, 179, 192, 353, 355, 497, 507
Aikin, Dr.: 49, 91, 142, 169, 185
Ale, Burton: 178
Alldridge, T. J.: 403
Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants: 446, 447, 512
Amber: 6-7, 26
Ambulance corps on railways: 444
Anderson, Dr James: 229
Andred-Weald, The: 4, 8
Aqueducts on Canals: 304
Arkwright, Sir Richard: 187, 188
Armstrong (Newcastle) University: 427
Ashley, W. J.: 18, 19
Askwith, Sir George: 452
Assizes of ale, bread and cloth: 19
Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen: 447
Association of Railway Companies' Signal Superintendents: 429
Association of Railway Locomotive Engineers: 429
Australia, Railways in: 402
Automobile Association and Motor Union: 479, 503
Automobilism: See "Motor-vehicles."
Badeslade, Thomas: 119-20
Bagmen: 16
Bailey, John: 207, 208
Baines, Thomas: 136, 138, 141, 157, 165, 178, 180, 184, 236
Balfour of Burleigh, Lord: 338
Barber, H. C.: 505-6
Bartholomew Fair: 27
Bawtry: Classed as a seaport, 111; {523}
port of consignment for Sheffield goods, 123-4, 148-9
Beal, C. G.: 448
Beasley, A.: 261 _n._, 290 _n._
Bedford, The Duke of: 254
Benevolent contributions, Railway companies': 440-1
Bequests for road repairs: 12
Birkenshaw, John: 206
Birmingham: Coach communication, 54-5;
trade conditions, 90-1;
cost of road transport to London, 160;
Birmingham Canal, 184, 236-7, 298-9, 301, 302, 307, 495;
London and Birmingham Rly., 249-52
Bishopsgate Goods Station: 392-4
Board of Trade and Railways: 259, 268, 269, 271, 275, 277, 279, 282, 338,
353, 356, 440, 443, 446, 448, 450, 492, 509
Boonen, Guylliam: 37
Bourn, Daniel: 45-7, 66
Boyle, Courtenay, Sir: 338
Bradfield, J. E.: 316, 333-4
Brereton, R. M.: 317
Bridge friars: 12, 13
Bridges: 11, 13
Bridgewater, Francis, Duke of: 139, 167-72, 173, 221, 231, 295
Bridgnorth: Transit port on the Severn, 115;
route for pottery goods, 159;
Manchester goods, 161
Brindley, James: 130, 167-8, 171, 173, 174, 295
Bristol: Early prosperity of, 112;
trade done by Bristol merchants, 116;
Lancashire goods exported viâ the Severn and Bristol, 161
Brome, The Rev. J.: 74-5 {524}
Bronze Age, The: 6
Brunlees, J.: 206
Buddle, John: 200-1, 404
Burnett, John: 448
Burton-on-Trent: 122
Bute, The Marquis of: 304
Butterworth, A. Kaye: 343
Buxton, Mr.: 452
Cab, introduction of the: 63;
taxi-cabs, 485-7
Caledonian Railway: 289, 367, 451
Cambridge: Located on river, 111;
importance to of river transport, 119, 120, 125
Canada, Railways in: 254, 402
Canals: Advocated, 162, 164;
a transition from rivers, 165;
the pioneer British canal, 166-7;
opposition, 170-1;
effect of canals on trade and industries, 175-8, 180, 192-4, 295;
engineering difficulties, 171, 174, 179-80;
passenger traffic, 172, 265;
public prejudice, 181-2;
"canal mania," 183, 185;
value of shares, 183, 236-8;
number of canal Acts, 183;
expenditure on canals, 183, 234;
length of canals, 183;
canal companies adopt railways, 212, 220;
excessive charges, 231;
attitude towards traders, 231-3, 243-4, 296;
opposition to independent railways, 234-9, 296;
canal extortions inspire railway restrictions, 258;
Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways, 294, 295, 304;
construction on no general scheme, 295;
reduction of rates, 296;
neglect of improvements, 296-7;
canals acquired by railways, 297-9, 306;
increased powers, 299, 300;
amalgamation of canals, 301;
physical conditions, 301-4;
locks, 302, 303;
railway competition, 304;
aqueducts, 304-5;
tunnels, 305;
colliery operations, 306;
canal and rail transport compared, 307-9;
canal resuscitation impracticable, 309-11, 495 {525}
Aberdare C.: 213
Aire and Calder Nav.: 141, 143, 147, 307
Ashby C.: 219
Barnsley C.: 184, 238
Birmingham C.: 184, 236-7, 298-9, 301, 302, 307
Charnwood Forest C.: 220
Coventry C.: 183, 237, 302
Dudley C.: 301
Ellesmere C.: 184
Erewash C.: 183, 237
Fossdyke: 121, 154
Glamorganshire C.: 184, 214-8, 238-9, 304
Grand Junction C.: 183, 184
Herefordshire and Gloucestershire C.: 193
Huddersfield C.: 180
Kennet and Avon C.: 184
Lancashire C.: 219
Leeds and Liverpool C.: 179-80, 237
Leicester C.: 183, 238
Loughborough C.: 237, 261
Manchester, Bolton and Bury C.: 184
Mersey and Irwell Nav.: 238
Peak Forest C.: 193-4
Rochdale C.: 180, 183, 193, 303
Sankey Brook C.: 165-6
Stratford-on-Avon C.: 298
Swansea C.: 304
Thames and Severn C.: 184
Trent and Mersey (Grand Trunk) C.: 172-5, 210, 237, 238, 261, 307
Trent Nav.: 183
Cardwell's Committee: 285
Carriages, Private: 37-8
Castlereagh, Viscount: 439
Central London Rly.: 492
City and South London Rly.: 492
Chamberlayne, Dr: 38
Chaplin, William: 325
Chaplin, Mr: 459
Chapmen: 17, 21, 24, 91
Charles I.: Proclamation concerning roads, 43
Charles II. and roads: 33-4, 132
Cheap Trains Act, 1883: 263 _n._
Cheese industry: 122, 163, 179 {526}
Chester: Roman road to, 8;
fair, 27;
coaches, 40, 51, 54;
decay of port, 137
Church and roads: 11-14;
fairs, 21
Claughton, G. H.: 448
Clifford, Frederick: 128, 170, 223, 272, 273, 277, 295, 303, 324
Cloth-makers and transport: 143-4, 146-7
Coaches and coaching: The "long waggon," 35-6, 38, 53, 325;
stage-coaches, 38-42, 51-3, 325;
"flying" coaches, 53-5, 327;
mail-coaches, 55-7, 325;
Thames watermen and coaches, 58-63;
hackney coaches, 60-3;
the "palmy" days of coaching, 325;
tolls paid by coaches, 316;
coach-owners join railways, 326;
speed accelerated, 327;
effect on horses, 327-8;
cost of coach-horses, 328;
accidents and discomforts, 328;
decline of coaching, 329;
taxation, 329-34
Coal industry: 36, 117, 140, 165, 167, 179, 188, 195-7
Commercial Motor Users' Association: 477, 485
Continental railway rates: 357
Copper industry: 9
Corporations, Rise of Municipal: 19
Cort, Henry: 190
Cotton industry: 138, 187-8
County towns, Influence of transport conditions on: 94-7
Court of Pie Powder: 22-3
Cressett, John: 39-42, 51
Crewe Mechanics' Institution: 417
Cromwell, Oliver: 131, 132
Cumming, T. G.: 213
Cunningham, W.: 23
Curr, John: 204
Cutlery, Sheffield: 124, 142, 148-9, 191
Cycles and Cycling, 472-3, 480
Dalhousie, Lord: 269, 276
Darby, Abraham: 190
Day, Frank B.: 394 _n._
Defoe, Daniel: On Sturbridge Fair, 24-6;
roads at Lewes, 68; {527}
turnpikes, 78, 87-90;
country towns, 95-6, 121, 126;
Bristol traders, 116;
port of Lynn, 119;
trade on the Trent, 122;
River Idle, 123-4;
River Wey, 126;
Devonshire serges, 127;
Yorkshire trade conditions, 144, 145-7;
cheese industry, 163
Dehany, W. K.: 28, 49, 81
Denmark, Prince George of: 67
Denton, The Rev. W.: 5, 14, 58
De Salis, Rodolph: 152
Domesday Survey: 4
Dover, Early communication with: 35 _n._, 53
Dublin Society, The: 72
Dugdale, Sir William: 51
Duncombe, Sir Sandars: 60
Easingwold Rly.: 290-1
Eastern Counties Rly.: 253
Eaton, J. Shirley: 415, 416
Edgeworth, R. L.: 72, 229
Edinburgh, Coaches to: 36, 37, 51-2, 56;
cost of posting to, 57
Edington, Robert: 197
Education of railwaymen, The: 413-27
Elizabeth, Queen: 37, 57, 196
Enclosure Acts: 192
Engineer and Railway Staff Corps: 401
Evelyn, John: 63
Factory System: 385
Fairs: 20-7, 91, 95
Farrer, Sir Thomas: 276
Fay, Sam: 506 _n_
Fen-lands: 5
Festivals, Religious: 21
Findlay, Sir George: 345, 376
Finger-posts: 65 _n._
Fish industry: 89-90
Flannels, Trade in: 114-5
Fowler, H. H. (Lord Wolverhampton): 323
Fowler, J. Kearsley: 315, 316
France, Roads in: 67, 320
Francis, John: 210, 222, 251, 252, 255, 256, 272
Franks, W. Temple: 339
Freeman, James E.: 371 {528}
Fulton, R.: 181, 211
Galloway, Robert L.: 196, 198
Garcke, Emile: 458
General Railway Workers' Union: 447
Gibb, Sir George: 343
Gladstone, W. E.: 268, 269, 270, 273, 275-6, 278, 279, 282, 322
Glasgow and South-Western Railway: 436
Glynn, G. C.: 264, 279
Goschen, Mr: 323
Gordon, Alexander: 474
Gower, Earl: 173
Graham, Sir James: 265
Granet, Sir Guy: 448
Gray, Robert: 332
Gray, Thomas: 207, 221, 229-230, 328
Great Central Rly.: 289, 367, 423, 451
Great Eastern Rly.: 253, 277, 287, 288, 289, 367, 392-4, 401, 418-20, 437
Great Eastern Rly. Mechanics' Institution: 418-20
Greater London, Beginnings of: 97
Great Northern Rly.: 277, 289, 339, 367, 391-2
Great Northern of Ireland Rly.: 289
Great North Road: 32, 65, 75, 123
Great Southern and Western Rly.: 289
Great Western Rly.: 252, 254, 273-4, 277, 288, 289, 297-8, 326, 366,
421-2, 427-8, 451
Great Western Rly. Literary Society: 427-8
Griffin, H. Hewitt: 486
Guilds, Craft: 19
Guilds, Merchant: 18-19
Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy: 474-5
Hackney carriages: 59-63
Hackworth, J. W.: 227
Hackworth, T.: 227
Hadley, Prof.: 226 _n._, 347
Hall, Sir John: 282
Hamilton, Lord Claud: 437, 439
Hardware trades: 191 {529}
Harper, C. G.: 56, 57
Harrel, Sir David: 448
Harrison, William: 114
Hawkshaw, Sir John: 396
Henderson, M.P., Arthur: 448
Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Rly.: 131
Herepath, John: 262-3, 275, 278
Hermits and road repairs: 13
Highwaymen: 95
Historical Manuscripts Commission Reports: 12, 13 _n._
Holinshed: 31
Homer, Henry: 73
Hops: 25
Horne, Benjamin: 325, 327
Horseback, travelling on: 16, 36
Horses: Number used for long waggons, 35, 37;
restrictions in regard to, 43-5;
horses used for coaches, 325;
mortality on roads, 327-8
Horwich Mechanics' Institute: 420-1
Hours of labour, Railwaymen's: 441-2
Howells, Clarence S.: 306
Hull, Trade of: 122, 123, 147
Humpherus, Henry: 37, 63
Hunter, The Rev. J.: 123, 124, 148, 149
Hutchinson, William: 198, 199
Hutton, William: 54, 90, 176
Hyde, W. H.: 401
Inglis, Sir James C.: 421
Insurance Bill, National: 375
Ireland: Control of roads, 319;
cheap conveyances, 333
Iron industry: 4, 7, 9, 26, 117, 134, 161-2, 178, 188-91
Jacob, Giles: 21-3
James I.: 196
James, William: 234
Jeans, J. S.: 226, 227, 306, 308
Jersey, Lord: 353
Jessop, William: 49, 122, 206
Jusserand, J. J.: 11, 12, 13
Kellawe, Richard de: 11
Kendal as a packhorse station: 36
Kinderley, Nathaniel: 119, 154 {530}
Knoop, Douglas: 427
Lancashire and Yorkshire Rly.: 289, 367, 420-1, 423, 426-7
Land-beacons: 65
Lead industry: 6, 9, 26
Leeds cloth market: 145-7
Lees, Sir Edward: 333
Lefevre, Shaw: 456 _n._
Leicester and Swannington Rly.: 242-4
Leigh, Charles: 36
Levy, Lewis: 318
Light railways: 457, 463, 507
Linen industry: 115, 134, 138
Litters, Use of: 16
Liverpool: Early waggons and coaches, 36, 54, 56;
isolation, 135-7;
improvement of Mersey, 137;
river communication with Manchester, 139;
effect on Liverpool trade of navigation facilities on the Weaver and
the Douglas, 139-41;
Sankey Brook Canal, 165-6;
Bridgewater Canals, 167-72;
Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 179;
Liverpool and Manchester Rly., 230-41, 494
Loads, Restrictions on: 43-5
Locks on canals: 302-4
London and Birmingham Rly.: 249-52, 254, 256, 326, 417
London and North-Western Rly.: 252, 276, 285, 289, 298-9, 339, 366, 367,
370, 376-84, 391, 417-8, 422-3, 432, 438, 440, 451, 507
London and South-Western Rly.: 254, 256, 289, 326, 353, 367, 440
London, Brighton and South Coast Rly.: 254, 256, 275, 289, 367
London Electric Railway Coy.: 492, 493, 507
London General Omnibus Coy.: 485
London Railways Athletic Association: 431
London School of Economics: 425-6, 506 _n_
London, Tilbury and Southend Rly.: 496 _n._
London traffic problem: 490-3, 497, 499, 507 {531}
London Traffic, Royal Commission on: 462, 493
London United Tramways: 492
Long service on railways: 445
Lord Mayor's coach, The: 58
Lowther, M.P., J. W.: 459 _n._
Lynn, Early importance of: 24, 26, 119-20
Macaulay, Lord: 94, 95
Mackay, Dr Charles: 93
Mackworth, Sir Humphry: 202
Macpherson, David: 29, 30, 32, 42, 72
Manby, Charles: 401
Manchester: Coaches, 53-4;
early trading conditions, 91;
goods despatched viâ Bewdley and Bridgnorth, 161, 172;
Mersey and Irwell Navigation, 138-9, 168-9, 171;
Worsley-Manchester Canal, 168, 171;
cost of transport, 169;
privations due to defective transport, 170;
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 230-40
Manorial courts: 19
Manor, Lord of, and transport: 18
Markets: 20
Marriott, H.: 350, 427
Mathew, Francis: 131-3, 158
McAdam, J. L.: 50, 99, 101-7, 192, 318, 325, 480
McAdam, Sir James: 314, 318
Metcalf, John: 99-100
Midland Rly.: 244, 277, 289, 366, 367, 376, 420, 427, 432, 451
Midland Railway Institute: 420
Monasteries: 11, 12, 14, 15
Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord: 503
Moon, Sir Richard: 339
Morrison, James: 260-1, 265, 271, 509
Moryson, Fynes: 38, 57
Motor-vehicles: Competition of motor-omnibuses with electric tramways,
466-7, 497-8,
with horse-omnibuses, 485-7,
with railways, 496, 498-503;
comparison of motor-omnibus and railless electric traction, 467-8;
early days of steam-coaches, 473-4; {532}
traction engines, 475;
hostile legislation, 475-6;
the Magna Charta of automobilism, 476;
Motor-Car Act of 1903, 477;
Heavy Motor-Car Order of 1904, 477-8;
pleasure cars in use, 478;
Royal Automobile Club, 478-9;
Automobile Association and Motor Union, 479;
road improvements, 480-2;
commercial motors, 482-5;
motor-cabs, 485-7;
motor industry, 487-90;
imports and exports, 489-90;
motors and railway strikes, 503
Municipal Tramways Association: 469
Nails, Cart-wheel: 44, 49-50
Nash, T.: 114
Newcastle-on-Tyne: Coaches, 53;
salt trade, 140
Nicholson, J. Shield: 2
"Nimrod": 107
North British Rly.: 289, 367
North-Eastern Rly.: 287, 289, 290, 367, 371, 424-5
North Staffordshire Rly.: 210-11, 307
Nottingham, Early importance of: 121, 122, 137
Oakley, Sir Henry: 339, 340, 341
Ogilby, John: 33-4
Omnibuses: Introduction of, 63;
motor-omnibuses: competition with tramways, 466-7, 497-8,
with railways, 496, 499, 501-3;
succeed horse-omnibuses, 485-7
Outram, Benjamin: 204
Overton, George: 225, 240
Owner's risk rates on railways: 351-2
Oxford: Coaches to, 53;
University and river transport, 125
Packhorse, Transport by: 15, 16, 32, 36, 90, 91, 127, 138, 139, 140, 146,
161
Paley, W. P.: 224 _n._
Palmer, John: 55
Parnell, Sir Henry: 326 {533}
Passengers: In packhorse panniers, 16;
by long waggon, 38, 42;
stage-coach, 38-42;
canals, 172, 265;
rail, 498-9
Patten, Thomas: 138
Paving, Early Britons and: 6
Pearson, Charles: 5, 8, 108, 111
Pedlars: 17, 21, 93
Peel, Sir Frederick: 353
Peel, Sir Robert: 259, 262, 263, 271, 281
Pension funds, Railway: 438
Permanent Way Institution: 428
Perry, G.: 117
Philippe, William: 13
Phillipps, W. D.: 210-11
Phillips, J.: 183, 184, 193, 214
Pilgrims: 16
Plymley, Joseph: 44, 114, 117, 152, 153, 164, 220, 312
Polyhistor, T. S.: 202
Porter, G. R.: 74, 106, 255-6, 266-7
Porter, Robert P.: 458, 464 _n._
Posting: 57
Post Office and Railways: 264-5
Potter, F.: 351-2, 428
Pottery industry: 159-61, 175, 176, 307
Powell, E. T.: 402
Preferential railway rates: 352
Priestley, Joseph: 120
Private Owners of Railway Rolling Stock, Association of: 361 _n._
Prussian State Railways: 255, 291, 292, 357, 359, 365
Public Service Commission of New York City: 493
Railless electric traction: 467-70, 507
Railway agreements and amalgamations: 278, 283-91, 433, 508-11
Railway and Canal Commission: 278 _n._, 355, 508
Railway Benevolent Institution: 439
Railway Classification: 337-40, 345-6
Railway Clearing House: 284, 337, 338, 359
Railway Club, The: 430 {534}
Railway directors, Functions of: 378
Railway electrification: 492, 494-5, 507
Railway Guards' Universal Friendly Society: 438
Railway mania, 1845-6: 271-5
Railway nationalisation: 279-81, 511-2
Railway rates: Early proposals for revision, 260-1, 279-80;
canals and railway rates, 310;
basis on which early rates fixed, 335-7;
early classification, 337-40;
revision of rates by Board of Trade commissioners, 338-40;
Confirmation Acts of 1891-2, 340-1;
Act of 1894, 342;
restrictions on companies, 342-3;
equal mileage rates, 344;
"cost of service," 344-5;
"what the traffic will bear," 345, 347;
present classification, 345-6;
sea competition, 347-8;
"anomalies," 348;
sliding scale principle, 349;
American railway rates, 349-50, 357;
exceptional rates, 350-1;
owner's risk rates, 351-2;
preferential rates, 353-4;
agricultural interests, 353-4, 355;
machinery for dealing with traders' grievances, 355-6;
comparisons with Continental rates, 357-8;
Government promise of legislation in respect to increases, 448, 511;
survival of fittest, 494-5;
competition of omnibuses and electric tramways, 496;
effect on suburban traffic, 496-7;
competition of private motors, 498;
passenger journeys, 498-9;
suburban goods transport, 499-500;
road _v._ rail, 501-3;
railway system complete, 506;
needs of to-day, 507;
railway agreements, 508-9;
Departmental Committee, 509-10;
railway nationalisation, 511-12
Railway Savings Banks: 432
Railway shareholders: 263-4, 377 {535}
Railway Signalling, Schools of: 421-3
Railway strikes: 447, 450, 503, 512
Railway system: Length of line, 359;
single track, 359;
length of track, 360;
rolling stock, 360;
traffic statistics, 361;
railway capital, 361;
gross receipts and expenditure, 361;
dividends, 362-3;
share-holders and their holdings, 363-4;
taxation, 364-75
Railway Temperance Unions: 432
Railway warehouses: 390-4
Railways: Rise of the coal trade, 195-7;
wooden rails adopted at collieries, 198-200;
introduction of cast-iron wheels, 201;
double rails, 203;
iron "plates," 203;
cast-iron rails, 203;
flanged rails, 205;
edge rails, 206;
wrought-iron rails, 206;
significance of expression "iron" railway, 207;
inclined planes and gravity, 208;
stationary engines, 208;
length and character of colliery lines, 209;
railways adopted by canal companies, 210-13;
position in South Wales, 213-4;
canal interests overcome the first proposed competing railway, 214-9;
railways supplement canals, 219-21;
their superiority recognised, 220-1;
railways before 1825, 222;
Surrey Iron Rail-way, 223-5;
Stockton and Darlington, 225-8;
advocates of general railways, 229-30;
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 230-40;
opposition of canal companies, 234-8;
Leicester and Swannington Railway, 242-4;
hostility to railways, 245-9;
London and Birmingham Railway, 249-52;
landowners and railways, 250-1, 252-5;
cost of Parliamentary proceedings, 255-7;
canal precedents inspire State policy, 258;
competition between carriers, 359-60;
Morrison's proposal, 260-1; {536}
Duke of Wellington's motion, 262-3;
early taxation, 263-4;
attitude of Post Office, 264-5;
competition between companies, 265;
lack of national policy, 266-8;
proposals by Mr Gladstone's Committee, 269;
special department of Board of Trade created, 269;
set aside, 270;
"railway mania" of 1845-6, 271-5;
Private Bill Committees and the special department, 276;
Board of Railway Commissioners, 277;
Committee of 1844, 279-81;
State purchase, 280;
competing lines, 281-3;
railway amalgamations, 283-91;
Railway Clearing House established, 284;
Mr Cardwell's Committee, 285;
cost of construction, 291-3;
railway companies and canals, 297-9, 306-7;
rail and canal transport compared, 307, 309;
railways and coaches, 326, 329, 332;
results of railway operation on industries, 386,
on towns, 387,
on general trade, 387-96,
on political and social conditions, 397,
on national life, 398-402,
on colonial expansion, 402-4
Railways a National Industry: Number of railway servants, 405-6;
employees in locomotive works, etc., 407-10;
independent concerns, 411;
characteristics of the railway service, 412-3;
training, 413-4;
education for efficiency in U.S.A., 415-6;
railwaymen's education movement: mechanics' institutes, 416-21,
railway companies' classes, 421-5,
London School of Economics, 425-6,
arrangements with Universities, 426-7,
literary societies, 427-8;
railway organisations, 428-9;
Railway Club, 430;
recreation and physical culture, 431; {537}
railwaymen's societies, 431-2;
Temperance Unions, 432;
regularity of employment, 433;
wages, 434-5;
subsidiary advantages, 435-7;
superannuation and pension funds, 438;
railway charities, 439-41;
hours of labour, 441-2;
accidents, 442-3;
ambulance, 444;
railway work a "service," 444;
family records, 445;
the agitation in 1907, 446;
strike in 1911, 447;
Royal Commission of Inquiry, 448-51;
increases in wages, 451;
railway unions to ballot on question of general strike, 452
"Rebecca" riots in Wales: 320-1
"Recognition," Question of, on railways: 446-52, 512
"Red Flag Act": 475
Rendell, T. H.: 298, 422
Renner, P. A.: 404
Retired Railway Officers' Society: 431
Rivers, Location of towns, etc., on: 15, 108-9, 110;
influence of, on social and economic conditions, 108-10;
ports on rivers, 110-11;
causes of decline of rivers, 111, 150-8;
river improvements, 111-2, 128-41;
navigable rivers as public highways, 112-4;
toll collection on rivers, 128;
influence on trade and industries, 114-27, 129, 132, 153, 154, 159-64;
floods, 150-1, 161;
high tides, 151-2;
water shortage, 152-3;
silting-up, 154;
present condition, 155-6;
pilfering on, 162-3;
side-cuts precede canals, 165
Aire: 121, 123, 141, 143, 147, 179, 303, 307
Avon (Bristol): 131
Avon (Warwickshire): 112, 115-6, 155
Avon (Wiltshire): 110, 131
Brandon: 120
Calder: 141, 143, 147, 303, 307
Cam: 15, 24 {538}
Croal: 184
Cuckmere: 111
Dee: 135, 137
Derwent: 121, 122
Don: 121, 123, 143, 147-9
Douglas: 140-1, 166
Exe: 127
Humber: 24, 121, 141, 147, 151
Idle: 111, 123
Irwell: 138, 168, 184
Lea: 125-6, 128-9
Lug: 116, 130, 131, 165
Medway: 126, 130
Mersey: 5, 135-9, 151, 165, 168
Mildenhall: 120
Nen: 151, 154, 156
Ouse (Norfolk): 5, 24, 111, 118-20, 151, 156
Ouse (Sussex): 111
Ouse (York): 121, 122, 141, 147, 151, 153, 156
Parrett: 127
Ribble: 5, 15, 140, 166
Severn: 112-8, 135, 151, 153-4, 155, 159-62, 298
Sheaf: 143
Stour (Worcestershire): 135
Teme: 130
Thames: 4, 7, 15, 58-61, 122, 125, 130, 151, 155
Trent: 111, 121-2, 124, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155-6, 159
Tyne: 24, 151, 166
Weaver: 139-40, 159, 166
Welland: 111
Wey: 126
Wharfe: 121
Witham: 111, 120-1, 151
Wye: 112, 116, 117, 130-1, 151, 165
Road Boards in Scotland: 319
Road Board, The: 481-2
Roads: British, 4-8;
Roman, 8-10, 11, 28;
action of Church, 11-14, 28;
road conditions, 14, 28-30, 31, 32-3, 49, 54, 64-73, 75, 87, 98-99;
legislation, 28-33, 43-5;
Statute labour, 30-1, 312-3;
road-making and repairing, 98-107, 314;
parish roads, 77;
highway rates and road repairs, 319;
county councils and roads, 323, 480; {539}
Road Board and Road Improvement Grant, 481-2.
See, also, "Turnpikes"
Robinson, Sir Clifton: 454, 459-61
Roebuck, Dr: 190
Romans: 6-10, 28, 111
Royal Automobile Club: 477, 478-9, 482, 503
Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways: 294, 295, 301, 304, 310
Royal Commission on Local Taxation: 373
Royal Commission of Inquiry (Conciliation Scheme of 1907): 448-51
Royal Commission on London Traffic: 465, 492-3
Russell, M.P., C.: 273
Salt industry: 26, 139-40, 161, 166, 178
Samuel, Sir Samuel: 489
Sandars, Joseph: 231, 233
Sandon, Lord: 265
Sandys, Sir William: 130-1, 158, 165
Sclater-Booth, G. (Lord Basing): 321, 322
Scotland, Roads in: 75, 104-5, 319, 333
Scott, William: 199-200
Sea-ports, Thirteenth century: 157-8
Sedan chair, The: 60-1
Sheffield: Coaches, 55;
route for despatch of goods, 123-4, 148-9;
reason for settlement of cutlery industry on the Sheaf, 142-3
Shelford, Frederick: 403
Sherman, E.: 326, 329
Sherwood Forest: 121
Shillibeer, Mr: 63, 330, 491
Shirley, Sir Richard: 68
Shrewsbury: Important centre for Severn trade, 114;
social life, 115;
a metropolis for North Wales, 115;
river traffic, 118
Smeaton, John: 152
Smiles, Samuel: 93, 170, 175
Smith, Adam: 36, 90, 109, 187
Smith, Sydney: 67 {540}
Social conditions: See under "Transport, Influence of"
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders: 477
Soil, Nature of, in England: 5
South Africa, Railways in: 402
"Southampton case," The: 353
South-Eastern and Chatham Rly.: 289, 367
Spencer, C. J.: 469
Stamford, The Earl of: 173
Staple: 29
Starley, J. K.: 472
State policy: Roads, 9-10, 11, 33-4, 43-50, 481-2;
railways, 258-93, 336-43, 364-75, 509-11;
canals, 295-6, 299-300, 303, 311;
coaches, 329-34;
tramways, 454-6, 459, 461-2;
self-propelled road vehicles, 475-7
State purchase of railways, Enactments respecting: 280-1
Statute labour on roads: 30-1, 312-3
Steam-coaches: Introduction of, 473;
anticipations in regard to, 474;
opposition to, 474;
withdrawal from roads, 475
Stephenson, George: 225, 226 _n_
Stephenson, Robert: 251
Stockton and Darlington Rly.: 225-8, 290
Stow, John: 38
Stratford-on-Avon: Repair of bridge, 13 _n._;
river transport, 115
Stukeley, Dr William: 143 _n._, 209
Sturbridge Fair: 23-6
Suburban passenger traffic: 496-7, 502, 507
Superannuation funds, Railway: 438
Surrey Iron Rail-way: 223-5
Surveyors, Road: 30, 31, 83-4, 105
Sutherland, The Duke of: 173
Taff Vale Rly.: 261
Taunton, Lord: 254
Taxation, Railway, 263-4, 311, 364-75, 508
Taylor, John ("The Water Poet"): 58-61 {541}
Telford, Thomas: 50, 99, 100-1, 106, 174 _n._, 192, 220, 318, 325
Terminal charges on railways: 336, 340, 349-50
Textile industries: Reasons for location of in the north, 141-2;
influence of canals on their development, 180
Thames watermen: 57-63
Thoresby, Ralph: 145
Thorne, W. B.: 332
Tin industry: 6, 7, 9, 26
Traction engines: 475, 480
Train, George Francis: 453
"Tram," Derivation of word: 204
Tramways, Street: Introduction of, 453;
early lines, 454;
State policy, 454;
Tramways Act, 1870, 454-5;
local authorities' veto, 455;
electric traction, 455-6;
Light Railways Act, 1896, 457;
"price of assents," 457, 459-61;
municipal tramways, 461-5;
competition of motor-omnibuses, 466-7;
railless electric traction, 467-70;
tramway competition with railways, 496, 497-8, 502
Transport, Influence of on social conditions: Isolation of communities,
16-18, 92-4, 108, 170, 175;
effect of coaching facilities, 41;
country gentry, 94;
county towns, 95-6;
coaches and "country manners," 96-7;
beginnings of "Greater London," 97;
civilising effects of improved communication, 175-7;
political results of rail communication, 397;
social results, 397-8;
a factor in national life, 398-400;
country homes for town workers, 496-8
Transport, Influence of on trade and industries: general, 1-3, 16-19, 27,
31, 73, 102 _n._, 109, 192;
roads, 4, 6-9, 85-7, 88-92, 104, 129-30, 139, 160, 162, 169, 249-50;
rivers, 108, 109-10, 112, 114-6, 119-27, 129, 137-49, 153-4, 159-64,
169;
canals, 166, 174-80, 193-4, 230-4, 249-50, 294, 301, 307-9; {542}
turnpikes, 316, 320;
railways, 198, 217, 225, 245, 308-10, 349, 350, 354, 385-96;
motor-vehicles, 482-4
Tube railways: 490, 492-3, 496, 507
Turnpikes: Principle of tolls, 13, 29;
turnpikes introduced, 32-3;
turnpike Acts, 75-6, 104;
turnpike system, 77;
opposition to toll-bars, 78-80, 320-1;
defects of system, 80-4;
stimulus to trade, 85-90;
turnpike roads, 98-9, 104-5;
number of turnpike Acts and trusts, 312;
statute labour, 312-3;
cost of road repairs, 314;
turnpike debt, 314, 323-4;
tolls, 314-6, 318, 320, 331;
cost of management, 317, 320;
consolidation of trusts, 319;
highway rates and road repairs, 319;
"Rebecca riots" in Wales, 320-1;
House of Commons Turnpike Committee, 321;
reduction in number of trusts, 321-4;
burden on ratepayers, 321-2;
Government grants, 323;
rapid decline of trusts, 324;
attitude of trustees to steam coaches, 474-5
Tylor, Alfred: 6-7
Underground railways: 491-2
United Kingdom Railway Officers and Servants' Association: 439
United Pointsmen and Signalmen's Society: 447
United States: Land grants to railways, 254;
railway rates, 349-50, 357, 377;
education for railway efficiency, 415-6
University of Leeds: 427
University of London: 425
University of Manchester: 426, 427