[56] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW for July, 1879, p. 678.
[57] Loc. cit., p. 704.
[58] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW for July, 1879, p. 703.
[59] _Ibid._ for September, 1879, p. 27.
[60] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, pp. 33 and 43.
[61] One of the _Melanospermeæ_; _Ibid._ p. 36.
[62] Creatures belonging to the class _Lammellibranchiata_; see
CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, pp. 30 and 43.
[63] The truffle may be generally regarded rather as the fruit of a
plant than as an entire plant, and yet in some of the group the rest of
the plant (which is called the _Mycelium_) is quite rudimentary, or even
absent.
[64] There are climbers in Brazil, the roots of which, descending around
the trunk of the tree supporting them, clasp the latter with such a
deadly embrace that it dies and decays. In the meantime, the descending
roots (having become fixed in the ground) swell and meet so as to form a
new and irregularly-shaped trunk of solid wood, which has thus (by an
inverted process) grown downwards instead of upwards. There are other
such creepers in the East which have a wide-spreading downward growth
(see Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," vol. i. p. 131).
[65] Creatures belonging to the group _Rhizopoda_; see CONTEMPORARY
REVIEW for September, 1879, pp. 35 and 43.
[66] One of the lowest of the _Rhizopoda_; _Ibid._ p. 36.
[67] A class of _Hypozoa_; see CONTEMPORARY REVIEW for September, 1879,
pp. 35 and 43.
[68] _Ibid._ pp. 31 and 43.
[69] _Ibid._ p. 35, and _Archiv für Mikroskop. Anatomie_, vol. xv. Heft
3, plate xx.
[70] See CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 31.
[71] One of the _Copepoda_; see loc. cit., p. 31.
[72] See loc. cit., p. 31.
[73] Of the class _Cestoidea_; see loc. cit., pp. 34 and 43.
[74] Loc. cit., p. 36.
[75] Loc. cit., p. 37.
[76] Loc. cit., p. 36.
[77] All these three plants belong to the _Dicotyledonous_ order
_Sesameæ_, which would come between the _Lobiatæ_ and the _Orobanchaceæ_
of the list given on p. 42 in the CONTEMPORARY REVIEW for September,
1879. This order contains the _Sesamum orientale_, the seeds of which
yield sesamum or gingilie oil, principally used in the manufacture of
soap. 58,940 tons of these seeds were imported into France in 1855.
[78] This and the tics belong to the class _Arachnida_; see CONTEMPORARY
REVIEW, September, 1879, pp. 32 and 43.
[79] For the _Typhlopsidæ_, see CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p.
26.
[80] Loc. cit., p. 24.
[81] Belonging to the class _Ophiomorpha_; see loc. cit., pp. 27 and 43.
[82] See CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 25.
[83] _Valisneria spiralis_: these are distinct male and female flowers.
The male flowers are on short stalks, which break and allow their
flowers to rise to the surface and there float, scattering their pollen.
The female flowers grow on long coiled stalks, which uncoil and allow
them to rise to the surface to be fertilized, after which the stalks
recoil and withdraw them again below. This is a monocotyledonous plant
of the order _Hydrocharideæ_.
[84] See CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 37.
[85] Loc. cit., p. 37.
[86] Loc. cit., p. 36.
[87] There is an ambiguity in the use of the word "cell." By some
writers it is only used to denote a particle of protoplasm with a
nucleus (whether or not it is enclosed in a "cell-wall"), while such a
particle without a nucleus is called by them a _Cytod_. By others it is
used to denote any particle of protoplasm enclosed in a cell-wall, and
by others, again, as denoting any distinct particle of protoplasm with
or without a nucleus, and with or without a cell-wall. It is in this
widest sense that it is here proposed to use the term "cell,"
distinguishing, where needful, those with a nucleus or envelope as "a
nucleated" or "a walled" cell.
As yet the two natures and functions of the nucleus and nucleolus are by
no means cleared up. The nucleus often appears to contain a complexity
of fibrils, transitory aggregations of which have been supposed to cause
the appearance of nucleoli. The apparently simplest protoplasm is
probably of really very complex, most minute structure.
[88] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 37.
[89] Here reference may be made to the name _Bathybius_, which was given
by Professor Huxley to a material found at the sea bottom, of great
extent and indefinite shape, and which was supposed by him to be the
remains of a mass of once living protoplasm, but which there is much
reason now to suppose was really but inorganic material. Reference is
here made to this, because some persons seem to imagine that if
_Bathybius_ were a lowly animal some important speculative consequences
would follow. But this is an utter mistake. It is generally admitted
already that there are living structureless protoplasmic organisms of no
definite shape, and of which detached particles can live and grow. It
would make no real difference whatever to the known facts of life if a
creature of the kind should be found as large as the Pacific Ocean, with
its portions exceptionally detachable and its shape irregular in the
extreme.
[90] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 37.
[91] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 36.
[92] Loc. cit., pp. 37 and 43.
[93] Loc. cit., p. 34.
[94] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, September, 1879, pp. 35 and 43.
[95] For explanation of this application of this term see loc. cit., p.
38.
[96] Loc. cit., p. 35.
[97] A kind of leaf the nature of which as well as of spathes, florets,
and flowers, will be explained in the next Essay.
[98] CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, loc. cit., pp. 37 and 43.
[99] Teleostean fishes are generally bony, but the bones are represented
by cartilages in _Leptocephalus_. As to teleosteans, see CONTEMPORARY
REVIEW, September, 1879, p. 27.
[100] _Ibid._, loc. cit., p. 30.
[101] _Ibid._, loc. cit., pp. 31 and 43.
[102] _Ibid._, loc. cit., pp. 33 and 43.
[103] _Ibid._, loc. cit., p. 34. As examples of transparent sea
anemones, Nautactis and its allies, belonging to the _Actinozoa_, may be
mentioned.
[104] See Moseley's "Challenger," p. 592.