with Portuguese aid successfully invades Spain.
1706 Death of Pedro II. =João V= succeeds. João V under
influence of Cadaval continues the war with Philip V of Spain.
1707 The allied forces of Portuguese, Dutch, and English
defeated by the Spaniards at Almansa.
1709 Portuguese under Fronteira defeated at Caia.
1711 A French fleet under Duguay-Trouin bombards and pillages
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1715 Peace with Spain.
1717 Portuguese fleet defeats Turks off Cape Matapan.
1728 Mombasa recovered by Portuguese.
1739 Bassein and Thana on the west coast of India lost to
Portugal.
1740 Mombasa again lost.
1750 João dies and is succeeded by =José= who leaves the chief
government to Pombal. The latter checks the Inquisition,
improves the navy and finance. Colonia del Sacramento ceded to
Spain in exchange for territory in Paraguay.
1753 Revolt against the transference of territory in South
America attributed to Jesuit instigation. Revolt suppressed.
1755 The great earthquake at Lisbon destroys forty thousand
inhabitants. Chartered company established to trade with Brazil.
1757 Pombal expels the Jesuits from court.
1758 Pombal persuades the pope to decree the confiscation of
merchandise belonging to Jesuits. Mysterious Tavora plot, and
attempt on José’s life.
1759 The Jesuits charged with the plot and expelled from
Portuguese territories. New Goa replaces Old Goa as capital of
the Portuguese Indies.
1760 The pope permits José’s daughter to marry her uncle Pedro.
1762 The Spaniards invade Portugal and capture Braganza
and Almeida with aid of English under Burgoyne and Count
Schaumburg-Lippe. The Spaniards are beaten at Valencia de
Alcantara and Villa Velha and
1763 peace made. Schaumburg-Lippe remains to reorganise the
Portuguese army.
1769 Pombal saves José from assassination.
1773 Pombal issues a decree providing for the future abolition
of slavery in Portugal. Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit order.
1777 José dies leaving the throne to his daughter =Maria I=
with her husband =Pedro III=.
1781 José’s widow obtains the power and drives Pombal from
court.
1786 Maria’s husband and eldest son die and
1788 her mind gives way.
1792 Her son Dom João acts as regent and puts down sympathisers
with the French Revolution.
1793 Portugal joins Spain in the disastrous war with France.
1795 By the treaty of Bâle, Spain makes a separate peace with
France.
1796 War with Spain averted by the arrival of English aid.
1799 Dom João declared regent.
1800 Lucien Bonaparte at Madrid offers Portugal impossible
terms of peace with Spain and France.
_Nineteenth Century_
1801 Olivenza, Campo Mayor, etc., taken by the French and
Spaniards. Franco-Spanish victories of Arronches and Flor
da Rosa. Peace with Spain and France with large cessions by
Portugal. Napoleon sends Lannes as minister, and Portugal
consents to all demands. Portugal’s neutrality recognised by
France.
1804 Napoleon requires Portugal to join the Continental System
and exclude British vessels from her ports. The Portuguese
government hesitates.
1807 France and Spain sign the treaty of Fontainebleau,
agreeing to conquer and divide Portugal. Junot and Caraffa
invade Portugal; Taranco and Solano occupy the south. The
people welcome them. On English advice, Dom João names a
council of regency, and sails for Brazil just as the French
enter Lisbon.
1808 Junot declares that the house of Braganza has ceased
to reign, and divides Portugal into military provinces.
Junot leaves Lisbon, and the regency calls on the people to
rise; revolts against the French in many places and appeal
to England. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington)
arrives with English troops. Wellesley defeats La Borde at
Roliça and Junot at Vimeiro. Convention of Cintra by which
Junot agrees to evacuate Portugal.
1809 Soult takes and plunders Oporto, but is expelled by
Wellesley, who invades Spain but retreats after winning the
battle of Talavera. Beresford organises the Portuguese army.
The English ambassador added to the regency.
1810 Masséna commissioned to reconquer Portugal; he takes
Almeida. Wellington defeats Masséna at Busaco and retires to
the lines of Torres Vedras, which he defends for more than a
year against all attacks
1811 till Masséna is compelled to retreat, when he is followed
by Wellington and defeated at Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington
withdraws to Portugal.
1812 Wellington again invades Spain.
1814 End of Peninsular War. England grants Portuguese sufferers
£100,000. The Portuguese court remains in Brazil, while
Portugal is left in the hands of Beresford and the English.
Great discontent excited by the treatment of Portugal as a
province of England.
1815 Portuguese monarchy given the title of the United Kingdom
of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Patriotic agitations
and secret societies formed to restore the Portuguese to their
position as a nation.
1816 Maria I dies, and the regent becomes king as =João VI=.
1817 Monte Video occupied by the Portuguese. General de
Andrade’s plot for revolt against the English betrayed and the
leaders executed. Revolts in Brazil put down.
1818 Severe edicts against clubs and secret societies in
Portugal. The agitation against foreign rule increases.
1820 Beresford goes to Brazil. Rising in Oporto. The English
are expelled and a new regency and assembly formed, which
abolishes the Inquisition and draws up a constitution,
afterwards known as the constitution of 1822, constituting the
cortes as one elective chamber.
1821 João VI returns from Brazil. The queen Carlota Joaquina
and her second son Dom Miguel become the centre of absolutist
reaction and are expelled from Lisbon. Disputes between
Portuguese and Brazilian deputies in the cortes.
1822 Brazil secures independence under João’s son Pedro, who is
chosen emperor as Pedro I.
1823 A rebellion in Tras-os-Montes. João revises the
constitution. A Brazilian fleet defeats the Portuguese.
1824 The king’s son Miguel revolts, but the revolt is
suppressed by the energy of the foreign ambassadors, and a new
constitution establishes the cortes in their ancient form,
divided into three estates.
1825 The royal family goes to Brazil, where João is accepted as
emperor, then abdicates in favour of Pedro, acknowledging the
independence of Brazil.
1826 João VI dies. =Pedro IV= grants a constitutional charter.
He abdicates the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter
=Maria II= (Maria da Gloria) aged seven, who is under the
regency of her aunt Isabella Maria. Miguel swears fidelity to
the constitution. Marquis of Chaves raises an insurrection for
Miguel. Miguel is betrothed to Maria. English troops called in
to keep order.
1827 Miguel made regent and English troops withdraw.
1828 Miguel exiles his enemies. =Miguel= proclaims himself king
and abolishes parliament. Miguel’s forces capture Madeira.
1829 Miguel defeated by constitutionalists at Terceira.
1830 A council of regency under Villa Flor (Terceira),
Palmella, etc., appointed for Maria in the Azores.
1831 Dom Pedro resigns the crown of Brazil to his son,
and meeting Maria in London prepares to overthrow Miguel.
Insurrection against Miguel put down.
1832 Pedro takes Oporto and is besieged there by Miguel who is
defeated. Miguel’s fleet beaten by Sartorius.
1833 Saldanha victorious at Oporto. Pedro’s fleet under Napier
defeats Miguel at Cape St. Vincent. Lisbon occupied for Pedro.
=Maria II= proclaimed queen and the charter of 1826 restored.
1834 Quadruple alliance of Portugal, Spain, England, and
France to expel Miguel and the Spanish pretender Don Carlos.
Saldanha defeats Miguelites at Torres and Novas. Napier reduces
Beira. Villa Flor overruns Tras-os-Montes and is victorious at
Asseiceira. Miguel surrenders at Evora and goes into exile. The
cortes abolishes the orders of friars. Massacres in Lisbon.
The queen declared of age. Dom Pedro dies. The ministry under
Palmella deals severely with Miguelites, causing frequent
insurrections. The ministry by repudiation destroys national
credit.
1835 Maria da Gloria marries Prince Augustus of Leuchtenberg.
Prince consort dies.
1836 Maria marries Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. September
revolution at Lisbon under Caldeira
1838 compels the grant of the new constitution of 1838, based
on that of 1822.
1842 Costa Cabral succeeds in abolishing the constitution of
1838, and substituting the charter of 1826.
1846 Sá da Bandeira leads an insurrection of the Septembrists
(or partisans of the constitution of 1838), called the war of
Maria da Fonte or “patuleia.” Costa Cabral flees to Spain.
Royal troops victorious at Evora. English ships arrive.
Bandeira defeated by Saldanha at Torres Vedras.
1847 Insurgents take Oporto. England, France, and Spain agree
to intervene. Bandeira surrenders. Oporto yields to royal
troops. Convention of Granada arranges amnesty.
1850 American fleet collects claims.
1851 Saldanha raises an insurrection. Oporto declares for
Saldanha. He is made prime minister.
1852 The Cortes revises the constitution, and queen and prince
royal swear allegiance to it. Public debt funded.
1853 Maria II dies, leaving her husband as regent for her son
=Pedro V=.
1854 Royal slaves freed.
1855 The king comes of age.
1856 Saldanha ministry resigns. First railway opened.
1857 Fever ravages Lisbon. The French slave-ship
_Charles-et-Georges_ seized.
1858 The French government threatens war; the ship is released
and Portugal compelled to pay compensation.
1861 Pedro dies of cholera and is succeeded by his brother
=Luiz I=.
1862 Duke of Loulé prime minister. Luiz marries the daughter of
the king of Italy.
1864 Portugal protects Confederate privateers and has
difficulties with the United States.
1865 The colonies receive constitutional privileges.
1866 The Spanish general Prim ordered out of Portugal.
1869 Saldanha, objecting to the Duke of Loulé, compels his
dismissal (1870) and forms a ministry. He is soon after sent as
ambassador to England.
1876 Financial panic.
1878-1883 The house of peers loses hereditary privileges.
1880 Celebration in honour of Camoens and Vasco da Gama.
1883 Fontes Pereira de Mello prime minister.
1887 Macao, hitherto leased to Portugal, formally ceded by
China. Delagoa Bay Railway confiscated by Portuguese government.
1889 Riots at Oporto. King Luiz dies and is succeeded by
=Carlos I=. Difficulties with England over rival claims in East
Africa.
1890 England threatens war and Portugal yields under protest.
Riots result. England and United States remonstrate against
seizure of Delagoa Railway. The question submitted to Swiss
arbitration. Collisions between English and Portuguese troops
in East Africa.
1891 Military revolt in Oporto. British steamer seized and
stopped. Agreement arrived at with Great Britain. Financial
panic.
1892 Large reductions in expenditures. Great storms.
1893 Renewed activity among the Miguelistas--supporters of Dom
Miguel.
1894 Railway dispute with France. Celebration of 500th
anniversary of birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. War with
nations near Lourenço Marques.
1895 Electoral reforms. House of peers remodelled and made to
consist of twelve bishops, the princes of the blood royal, and
ninety members nominated by the king. Portuguese under Colonel
Galhardo victorious in the war near Lourenço Marques.
1897 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama’s first voyage.
1899 Portugal remains neutral during the Boer War, but permits
the British to search for contraband of war imported via
Lourenço Marques.
1900 Delagoa Bay Railway award. The Portuguese government
retains the railway, but has to pay compensation.
_Twentieth Century_
1901 The king, to commemorate the opening of the new century,
grants a general amnesty to all convicted of political and
press offences. The king visits London in order to attend
Queen Victoria’s funeral ceremony in London, but on account of
disturbances at home has to hurry back. Riots at Oporto.
1902 Dom Carlos visits the king of England and on his return
the king of Spain, and re-enters Lisbon amid acclamation.
Financial conditions cause much trouble throughout Portugal.
1903 The cabinet resigns, February 27th. A new cabinet is
formed on the following day. King Edward of England visits
Lisbon. Portuguese troops at Oporto mutiny and proclaim the
Republic.
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPANISH HISTORY
BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
=Abarca=, Pedro de, Los Reyes de Aragon, 1684.--=Addison=, J., Charles
the Third of Spain, London, 1900.--=Alberoni=, G., Cardinal, Testament
politique du Cardinal Alberoni recueilli de divers mémoires, lettres et
entretiens de Son Éminence traduit d’ l’Italien par le comte de R. B. M.,
Lausanne, 1753.--=Alfaro=, Compendio de la historia de España, Madrid,
1860-1862, 3 vols.--=Alfonso X=, Las quatro partes enteras de la crónica
de España, edited by Florián de Ocampo, Zamora, 1541; Los quatro libros
primeros de la crónica general de España; Documentos de la época de Don
Alfonso el Sabio, Real Academia de la historia, Madrid, 1851.
To _Alfonso X_, known as the Learned, Spanish language and
literature owe an enormous debt. He was the first to take the
Castilian tongue, as the official language, and he made use of
it in his own writings. Numerous are the literary works which
bear his name and were, some written by him, some compiled
under his direction. The chief that concern us here are of two
classes, historical and legislative. Of the former class the
principal is the _Estoria de Espanna_ or _Crónica general_.
There is a dispute as to how much of this was written by
Alfonso himself. Some authorities credit him with the whole.
It extends from the creation to Alfonso’s own accession and is
based partly on older histories, partly on tradition and poetic
legends of which it is a perfect storehouse. Of the _Siete
Partidas_, which belong to the second class and were called
by Alfonso _El Setenario_, Ticknor says that they “do not
always read like a collection of statutes.... They often seem
rather to be a series of treatises on legislation, morals, and
religion divided with great formality into Parts, Titles, and
Laws.”
=Al Makkari=, Analectos de la historia literaria y política de los
árabes de España, Leipsic, 1855-1858, 4 vols.; History of the Mohammedan
Dynasties in Spain, translated, with notes by Pascual de Gayangos,
London, 1840-1843, 2 vols.
_Abul-Abbas Ahmad ibn Mohammed Al Makkari_, the Arab historian,
was born about 1585 at Tlemcen in Algeria. About 1620 he
settled at Cairo, having been exiled from his own country,--why
is not known. His history was undertaken in response to a
request from his friends at Damascus who had been deeply
interested by the oral descriptions of the doings of the
Spanish Arabs with which he had entertained them when on a
visit to Damascus in 1628. He died in 1631.
=Altamira y Crevea=, R., Historia de España y de la civilización
española, Barcelona, 1900-1902. The two volumes thus far completed extend
to 1479.--=Amicis=, E. de, Spain, New York, 1881.--=Anghiera=, Pietro
Martire d’, Opus epistolarum, Alcalá, 1530, Strasburg, 1891.--=Annales
Complutenses=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.
_Annales Complutenses._ The word Complutenses is derived from
Complutum, the Roman name for Alcalá de Henares. The anonymous
writer of this brief historical summary wrote in the twelfth
century.
=Annales Toledanos=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.
_Annales Toledanos._ The author of the early portion of these
annals of Toledo lived in the thirteenth century.
=Antonio=, N., Bibliotheca Hispana nova, 1500-1684, Madrid, 1783-1788, 2
vols.; Biblioteca Hispana vetus, Madrid, 1788, 2 vols.
_Nicolás Antonio_ was born at Seville in 1617, and educated
there and at the university of Salamanca. He afterwards
returned to Seville where he drew on the treasures of the
library of the monastery of San Benito in the composition of
his _Bibliotheca Hispana_ which forms a literary history, the
first part of which extends to 1500, the second (which appeared
in 1672) to 1670. In 1654 Philip IV sent Antonio to Rome as his
general agent. He afterwards filled the office of agent to the
Spanish Inquisition. He died in 1684.
=Armstrong=, E., Elisabeth Farnese, “the termagant of Spain,” London,
1892.--=Aschbach=, J., Geschichte der Westgoten, Frankfort, 1827;
Geschichte der Ommaïjaden in Spanien, Vienna, 1860, 2 vols.; Geschichte
Spaniens und Portugals zur Zeit der Almoraviden und Almohaden, Frankfort,
1833-1837, 2 vols.--=Aulnoy=, M. C. J. de B. d’, Relation du voyage
d’Espagne, Paris, 1690; reprint as La cour et la ville de Madrid à la
fin du 17ᵉ siècle, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.--=Avila=, G. G. de, Historia
de Salamanca, Salamanca, 1606; Historia de la vida y hechos del rey
Don Henrique III de Castilla, Madrid, 1638; Teatro eclesiastico de la
primitiva iglesia de las Indias Occidentales, Madrid, 1649-1656, 2 vols.;
Historia de la vida y hechos del monarca Don Felipe III, in Mendoza’s
Monarquía de España, Madrid, 1770.--=Avila y Zuñiga=, Luis de, Comentario
de la guerra de Alemaña hecha por Carlos V en 1546 y 1547, Madrid,
1548, 1852.--=Ayala=, P. López de, Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla,
Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, Madrid, 1781, 2
vols.; in Biblioteca de autores Españoles, Madrid, 1875.
_Pedro López de Ayala_, celebrated as knight, poet, and
historian, was born in 1332, and died in 1407. He entered the
service of Pedro the Cruel of Castile and sided with the king
in the latter’s earlier struggles with his revolted brothers
and nobles, distinguishing himself chiefly by his exploits on
the sea. When King Pedro was driven out by his brother Henry
of Trastamara, Ayala joined Henry. He was taken prisoner by
the English at Navarrete, but afterwards ransomed. Under Henry
II and Juan II he filled important offices. At the Battle of
Aljubarrota he was captured by the Portuguese and released only
on payment of an enormous ransom. Translations from Isidore of
Seville, Boccaccio, Titus Livius, etc., are among his writings
as well as a treatise on the duties of kings and nobles, called
_El Rimado de Palacio_, but the chief of his works is the
_Crónicas_. This is written with elegance and simplicity of
style and much skill in delineation of character. He is accused
of unduly blackening the character of King Pedro.
* * * * *
=Bacallar y Sanna=, Marques de San Felipe, Vicente, Comentarios de la
guerra de España hasta el Año 1725, Genoa, 2 vols.
_Vicente Bacallar y Sanna_ was a Spaniard born in Sardinia
about 1660. Under Charles II he held various diplomatic posts.
In the war of the Spanish Succession he sided with Philip V
and was created Marquis of San Felipe by that monarch. Besides
his history of the war of succession he left a history of the
Jewish monarchy.
=Bakhuyzen van den Brink=, R. C., Analyse d’un manuscrit contemporain sur
la retraite de Charles Quint, The Hague, 1842.--=Baronius=, C., Annales
ecclesiastici, Antwerp, 1601-1605, 12 vols.
_Cæsar Baronius_, the great ecclesiastical historian, was born
in the kingdom of Naples in 1538, and died at Rome, 1607. His
_Annales Ecclesiastici_ were written as an answer on behalf
of the Church of Rome to the Protestant history called the
_Magdeburg Centuries_. Baronius became a cardinal in 1596 and
subsequently librarian of the Vatican.
=Baumgarten=, Hermann, Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der französischen
Revolution, Berlin, 1851; Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der
französischen Revolution, Leipsic, 1865-1871, 3 vols.; Geschichte Karls
V, Stuttgart, 1885-1892.
_Hermann Baumgarten_ was born at Lesse in Brunswick in 1825,
and between the years 1842 and 1848 studied philology and
history at no less than five universities, namely Jena, Halle,
Leipsic, Bonn, and Göttingen. He then became a teacher in
the gymnasium at Brunswick, and from 1850-1852 was editor of
the _Reichszeitung_ in that city. But in 1852 he resumed his
historical studies at Heidelberg and subsequently at Munich.
Here he was associated with the starting of the _Süddeutschen
Zeitung_. In 1861 he became professor of history and literature
at the Karlsruhe Polytechnicum and in 1872 in the university of
Strasburg. His works include various political writings, but
those on Spanish history here cited are his chief title to fame.
=Baumgartner=, A., “Der Cid in der Geschichte,” in Stimmen aus Maria
Laach, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1898.
_Alexander Baumgartner_ was the son of the celebrated statesman
and savant, Andreas Baumgartner. In 1860 he entered the Order
of Jesuits and subsequently taught in their colleges at
Feldkirch and Stonyhurst. After the abolition of the order he
retired to Holland and devoted himself to literature, becoming
part editor of the periodical, Stimmen aus Maria Laach.
=Baudier=, M., Vie de Ximènes, Paris, 1635.--=Baudrillart=, A.,
Philippe V et la cour de France, Paris, 1890, 2 vols.--=Beccatini=,
Storia del regno di Carlo III, Venice, 1796.--=Benavides=, Memorias
del rey Ferdinand IV de Castilla, Madrid, 1860, 2 vols.--=Bergenroth=,
G., and =de Gayangos= (P.), Calendar of State Papers, relating to
negotiations between England and Spain, 1485-1543, London, 1862-1895, 6
vols.--=Bermejo=, I. A., Historia anecdotica y secreta de la Corte de
Carlos IV, Madrid [1894-1895], 2 vols.--=Bermudez de Castro=, S., Antonio
Perez, Madrid, 1842.--=Bernáldez=, A., Historia de los reyes católicos
Fernando y Doña Isabel in Bibliofilos Andaluces, Seville, 1870, 2 vols.
_Andrés Bernáldez_, known as “the Curate of Los Palacios,”
lived in the last half of the fifteenth and the beginning
of the sixteenth century, and was _Cura_ of the town of Los
Palacios from 1488-1513, and afterwards chaplain to Archbishop
Diego de Deza. He was present at many of the scenes he
describes and acquainted with many of the great men of his
day, including Columbus. He shows considerable knowledge of
foreign affairs, and gives many details not reported by his
contemporaries.
=Bersani=, Storia del Cardenale Alberoni, Piacenza, 1872.--=Berwick=,
duke of, Mémoires, Paris, 1778.--=Biblioteca= de autores españoles,
Madrid, 1846, etc.--=Blaquière=, E., Historical Review of the Spanish
Revolution, London, 1822.--=Bleda=, J., Crónica de los moros de España,
Valencia, 1618, 2 vols.
_Jaime Bleda_ (1550-1622) was the _cura_ of a town which
contained many Moriscos to whom he was vehemently opposed. It
was he who, in conjunction with the archbishop of Valencia,
persuaded Philip III to issue the decree of 1609, ordering the
Moriscos to leave Spanish territory.
=Bofarull=, A. de, Historia crítica de Cataluña, Barcelona, 1876-1879,
9 vols.--=Bollaert=, W., Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain from
1826 to 1840, London, 1870, 2 vols.--=Borrego=, A., Anales del reinado de
Isabel II; Historia de las cortes de España durante el siglo XIX, Madrid,
1885.
_Andrés Borrego_, born in 1801, was minister of finance in
Spain in 1840. He was one of those who supported the idea of
a union between Spain and Portugal. Besides the books here
mentioned, he wrote works on political economy.
=Briz Martínez=, J., Historia de los reyes de Sobrarbe, Aragon y
Navarra.--=Burgos=, F. J. de, Anales del reinado de Doña Isabel II,
1850-1852, 6 vols.
_Francisco Javier de Burgos_, born 1778, died 1849, was a
Spanish politician distinguished as a writer in the two
opposite fields of poetry and economics. Being expelled from
his seat in the upper house on a charge afterwards disproved,
he devoted himself to the composition of a history of the reign
under which he had held office.
=Burke=, U. R., History of Spain till the death of Ferdinand the
Catholic, London, 1895, 2 vols.--=Buron=, R., Compendio de la historia
crítica de la inquisición de España, Paris, 1823, 2 vols.--=Busk=, M. M.,
The History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1833.
* * * * *
=Cabrera de Córdoba=, L., Relaciones de las cosas suredidas en la corte
de España desde 1599 hasta 1614, 1857; Felipe Segundo, Madrid, 1619,
1876-1878, 4 vols.--=Calderon de la Barca=, F. E. J., The Attaché in
Madrid, or, Sketches of the Court of Isabella II (trans. from the
German), New York, 1856.--=Calvo Marcos=, M., Regimen parlementario de
España en el Siglo 19, Madrid, 1883.--=Camden=, T., History of the War
in Spain and Portugal, 1814.--=Campana=, C., Vida de Don Filippo (II)
1605.--=Campos=, J. de, Le Siege de Bilbao par l’armée carliste en 1874,
Paris, 1876.--=Cánovas del Castillo=, A., Historia de la decadencia de
España desde el advenimiento al trono de Don Felipe III hasta la muerte
de Carlos II; Discurso. La dominación de los españoles en Italia, 1860;
Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV, 1880-1890, 2 vols.; Historia General
de España, Escrita por individuos de la Real Academia de la historia
bajo la dirección de, Madrid, 1890. Completion retarded by the death of
Cánovas.
The statesman, _Antonio Cánovas del Castillo_, was born in
Malaga in 1828 and was the son of a professor in the naval
college of San Telmo. He was not eighteen when he attempted
to start a periodical called _la Jóven Malaga_, but it failed
and he had to accept a small post on the Madrid Aranjuez
railway. But he soon turned again to journalism and published
his first and chief historical work. Cánovas is credited with
a considerable share in a periodical called _El Murciélago_,
of which only a few numbers appeared, but in which the most
violent attacks were directed against various prominent persons
not excluding royalty. Cánovas was credited with a considerable
share in this as well as with the authorship of the manifesto
of Manzanares (1854). He now entered the cortes and filled
various offices of state in succession. He held aloof from the
revolution of 1868 and during the reign of King Amadeo, though
he made a brilliant speech in defence of the exiled sovereigns;
but after Amadeo’s retirement he was chiefly instrumental in
bringing about the return of Alfonso XII, during most of whose
reign he was premier. He again held office from 1890-1893, and
in 1895, when he devoted his attention to the severe repression
of the Cuban insurrection. In the midst of the struggle he was
murdered by an anarchist (August, 1897).
=Capefigue=, B. H. R., Isabelle de Castille, 1869.--=Carbajal=,
L. G. de, Historia de España M. S.; Anales del rey Don Fernando
el Católico.--=Carvajal=, La España de los Bórbones, 1844, 4
vols.--=Casado=, F. S., Historia de España.--=Casas=, B. de las, Historia
general de las Indias, Madrid, 1875-1876; Brevissima relación de la
destrucción de las Indias, Seville, 1552, in Colección de documentos
inéditos, vol. 7, Madrid, 1879.
_Bartolomé de las Casas_ or _Casaus_ was of French descent.
His father, Francisco Casaus, was in Hispaniola with Columbus
in 1493, and returned to Seville with a fortune in 1500. In
the same year Bartolomé, who had been born in 1474, went to
Salamanca, where he studied jurisprudence. He then went to
Hispaniola with the governor, Nicolás Ovando, and in 1510
took holy orders. In 1515 he returned to Spain to protest
against the ill treatment of the natives of the West Indies by
the Spaniards. Through the influence of Cardinal Ximenes he
obtained the nomination of special commissioners to inquire
into the abuses of authority. He was himself appointed to
act as their adviser. The colonists proved too powerful and
the mission failed in its object. Las Casas, expelled from
Hispaniola, returned to Spain. After some difficulty he
obtained the acceptance of his suggestions for improving the
government of the West Indies, the chief of which was the
unfortunate one of the substitution of negro for native labour.
He returned to America and this time succeeded in obtaining
better treatment for the Indians, who were finally declared
free by a royal edict of 1543. He died at Madrid in 1569.
=Casiri=, M., Bibliotheca arabigo-hispana escurialensis, Madrid,
1750-1770, 2 vols.
_Michael Casiri_ was born in Tripoli, Syria, in 1710. By birth
he was a Syro-Maronite and his life was chiefly devoted to
oriental studies though in 1734 he took holy orders. In 1749
he was appointed librarian of the Escorial. His _Bibliotheca_
consists of extracts from and articles on the Arabian documents
in the library of the Escorial.
=Castelar=, E., Historia del año 1883, Madrid, 1884; Discursos
Parlamentarios, Madrid, 1885, 4 vols.
_Emilio Castelar y Ripoll_, celebrated as orator, writer, and
statesman, was born at Cadiz in 1832. He took his degree of
doctor of philosophy in his twenty-second year. He was editor
of various newspapers in succession and an eloquent exponent
of republican ideas which he continued to be after succeeding
to the chair of Spanish History in the Universidad Central
(1858), till the government forced him to resign. He shared in
the revolution of 1866 and was consequently condemned to death.
He escaped to Paris, where he remained till the revolution of
1868 made possible his return to Madrid, when he became one of
the leaders of the republican party and headed the opposition
during the reign of King Amadeo, on whose resignation Castelar
attained the chief power under the republic. He governed ably,
but his republicanism became suspected, and early in 1874 he
was overthrown by a vote of want of confidence. He retired for
a time to Paris, but soon returned to Spain and resumed his
political career as deputy to the cortes. His numerous works
include novels and speeches on various political questions.
=Castillo=, D. Enriquez de, Crónica del rey Don Henrique el Quarto,
Madrid, 1787.--=Castro=, A. Gómez de, De rebus gestis Francisci
Jimenii.--=Castro y Rossi=, A. de, El conde duque de Olivares y el rey
Felipe IV, Cadiz and Madrid, 1846; Historia de los judíos en España,
Cadiz and Madrid, 1847; Historia de los protestantes Españoles, Cadiz
and Madrid, 1851; Exámen filosófico sobre la decadencia de España. Cadiz
and Madrid, 1852.--=Cavanilles y Centi=, A. C., Historia de España
(to the reign of Philip II), Madrid, 1860-1864, 5 vols.--=Cespedes y
Meneses=, G. de, Historia de Don Felipe III, Lisbon, 1631.--=Cevallos=,
P., Exposición de los hechos y maquinaciones que han preparado la
usurpación de la corona de España, Madrid, 1808; History of the
practices and machinations which led to the usurpation of the crown of
Spain, London, 1808.--=Chaby=, C. de, Excerptos historicos e collecçào
de documentos relativos á guerra denomenada da peninsula, Lisbon,
1863.--=Châteaubriand=, F. R. A. de, Guerre d’Espagne de 1823, Paris,
1838; Le Congrès de Vérone, Paris, 1838, 2 vols--=Cherbuliez=, V. C.,
L’Espagne politique, Paris, 1874.--=Chronica Albeldensis= in Flórez’s
España Sagrada.
_Chronicon Albeldensis._ This is the work of two authors;
the first, an anonymous monk of Albelda, wrote in the ninth
century. His portion extends from the foundation of Rome to the
reign of Alfonso III. The second author was the monk Vigila, of
the same monastery, who coming a century later continued the
narrative down to the year 976. He is the earliest authority
for the history of Navarre.
=Chronicon Conimbricense= in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Chronicon
Moissacense.=--=Churton=, E., Góngora, an historical and critical
essay on the times of Philip III and Philip IV, London, 1862, 2
vols.--=Circourt=, A. M. J. E., Histoire des Mores Madejares et des
Moresques, ou des Arabes d’Espagne sous la domination des chrétiens,
Paris, 1845-1848, 3 vols.--=Clarke=, Letters concerning the state
of Spain, London, 1763.--=Clarke=, H. B., The Cid Campeador and the
Waning of the Crescent in the West, New York, 1897, in Heroes of the
Nations.--=Clemencin=, D., Elogio de la reina católica Doña Isabella, in
Mem. Academia, 1821.--=Clinton=, H. R., The War in the Peninsula, London,
1878.--=Colección= de documentos inéditos para la historia de España por
M. Fernandez Navarrete, et al., Madrid, 1842-1895, 112 vols.; vol. 30
contains an index of the volumes preceding.--=Colección= de documentos
inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las
antiguas posesiones españolas de America y Oceanía, Madrid, 1864-1890,
first series, 42 vols. Also Colección de documentos inéditos relativos
al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones
españoles de Ultramar. Second series published by the Royal Academy of
History, Madrid, 1885-1900, 13 vols.--=Colección= de libros españoles
raros y curiosos, Madrid, 1871-1892.--=Colección= legislativa de España,
Madrid, 1816 (in progress), 330 vols.--=Colmeiro=, M., Reyes cristianos
desde Alfonso VI hasta Alfonso XI, Madrid, 1893.--=Colmenares=, D. de,
Historia de Segovia y compendio de la historia de Castilla, Segovia,
1637-1847.--=Condé=, J. A., Historia de la dominación de los Arabes
en España, Madrid, 1820-1821, 3 vols.; English translation by Mrs. J.
Foster, London, 1860, 3 vols.; History of the Dominion of the Arabs in
Spain, London, 1854, 3 vols.
_José Antonio Condé_ (1765-1820), was at one time regarded as
the great authority on the history of the Spanish Arabs. He was
educated at the University of Salamanca, a member of various
learned societies, and for long _conservador_ of the Escorial
library. In 1814 he was exiled for political reasons and he
died in great poverty. Modern students of the history of the
Spanish Arabs have convicted Condé of many errors and faults
of judgment, but it is acknowledged that he was a laborious
scholar.
=Coppée=, H., History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, Boston,
1881, 2 vols.--=Cos-Gayon=, F., Historia de la administración pública
de España, Madrid, 1851.--=Coxe=, W., Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of
the House of Bourbon, London, 1815, 5 vols.--=Crónica= de Don Alvaro
de Luna, Milan, 1546, Madrid, 1784.--=Crónica= del rey Don Rodrigo,
Alcalá, 1587.--=Curry=, J. L. M., Constitutional Government in Spain,
New York, 1889.--=Cushing=, Caleb, Reminiscences of Spain, 1833, 2
vols.--=Custine=, M. de, L’Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1838, 4
vols.
* * * * *
=Dahn=, F., Die Könige der Germanen, Würzburg and Leipsic,
1861-1895.--=Danvila y Collado=, M., Historia del Reinado de Carlos III,
Madrid, 1893-1896, 6 vols.--=Daumet=, G., Étude sur l’alliance de la
France et de la Castille au XIVᵉ et au XVᵉ siècles, Paris, 1898.--=De
Labra=, R. M., Historia de las relaciones internacionales de España,
Madrid, 1897; La Crisis colonial en España, Madrid, 1902.--=De la
Escosura y Hevia=, A., Inicio crítico del feudalismo en España, Madrid,
1856.--=Del Cantillo=, A., Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de paz
y de comercio que han hecho cen las potencias extranjeras los monarcos
españoles de la Casa de Bourbon, 1700-1842, Madrid, 1843.--=Desclot=,
B., Crónica del rey En Pere in Chroniques étrangères relatives aux
expéditions françaises pendant le XIIIᵉ siècle, Orléans, 1876.
_Bernardo Desclot_, one of the greatest of Catalan historians,
lived in the reigns of James I and Pedro III of Aragon. Little
is known of his life. He wrote the story of the events of his
own day in the Catalan language, and prefixed the narrative by
a short account of the counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragon
preceding James I.
=Desdevises du Degert=, G., L’Espagne de l’ancien régime, Paris, 1897
(in progress, 2 vols. already published).--=Desormeaux=, J. L. R.,
Abrégé chronologique de l’histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, 1758,
5 vols.--=Diercks=, G., Geschichte Spaniens, Berlin, 1895-1896, 2
vols.--=Dillon=, J. T., History of the Reign of Pedro the Cruel, 1788,
2 vols.--=Dochez=, and Paquis, A., Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal,
Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.--=Dormer=, D. J., Progresos de la historia en
Aragon, Saragossa, 1680.--=Dozy=, R. P., Recherches sur l’histoire et
la littérature de l’Espagne, Leyden, 1845, 1860, 1881, 2 vols.; Le Cid
d’après de nouveaux documents, 1860; Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne
jusqu’à la conquête de l’Andalousie par les Almoravides, Leyden, 1861, 4
vols.
_Reinhart Dozy_, an eminent Dutch orientalist of French
extraction was born in Leyden in 1820 and died there in 1883.
He was an extraordinary linguist and wrote almost equally well
in every European language beside being deeply versed in most
of the Semitic languages but especially the Arabic. In 1850 he
became professor in the University of Leyden. He was the first
to shake the high reputation of the historian Condé by pointing
out his numerous errors. Dozy’s historical investigations were
made in the archives of various countries, especially of course
in Spain. He edited a number of the works of Arab writers with
commentaries and glossaries and published a dictionary of the
names of Arab garments.
=Ducasse=, Mémoires et correspondance politique du roi Joseph, Paris,
1853-1855, 10 vols.--=Du Hamel=, V., Historia constitucional de la
monarquía española, translated from the French by B. A. y Espinosa,
Madrid, 1848, 2 vols.--=Duncan=, F., The English in Spain; or, the Story
of the War of Succession between 1834-1840, London, 1877.--=Dunham=,
S. A., History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1832, 5 vols.--=Dunlop=,
J., Memoirs of Spain during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II,
Edinburgh, 1834, 2 vols.--=Duran=, A., Romancero General, Madrid,
1857-1861.--=Duro=, C. F., La armada invincible, Madrid, 1884-1885, 2
vols.
* * * * *
=Eckstein=, F., Espagne, considérations sur son passé, son présent, son
avenir, 1836.--Elliot, F. M., Old Court Life in Spain, London, 1893,
2 vols.; La España del siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885-1887, 3 vols. A series
of historical lectures delivered in the Atheneum of Madrid.--=Everhard
Nidart=, P. J., Varias obras correspondientes á la regencia de la reina
Doña Maria Ana de Neoburg; sucesos de Don Juan de Austria (in Semanario
Erudito), 1788.
* * * * *
=Fabricius=, A. K., La première invasion des Normands dans l’Espagne
Musulmane en 814, Lisbon, 1892.--=Fernald=, J. C., The Spaniard in
History, New York, 1898.--=Fernan-Nuñez=, Condé de, Vida de Carlos
III, published by A. Morel-Fatio and A. Paz y Melia, Madrid, 1898, 2
vols.--=Ferrer del Rio=, A., Exámen histórico crítico del reinado de Don
Pedro de Castilla, 1850; Historia del reinado de Carlos III de España,
Madrid, 1856, 4 vols.--=Ferreras=, J. de, Synopsis histórica cronológica
de España, Madrid, 1775-1781, 17 vols.--=Field=, H. M., Old Spain and
New Spain, London, 1888.--=Flórez=, Enrique, Memorias de las reynas
católicas, historia genealógica de la casa real de Castilla y de Leon,
Madrid, 1761, 1790, 2 vols.; España Sagrada teatro geográfico-histórico
de la iglesia de España, Madrid, 1747, 51 vols.; Llave historial, Madrid,
1743, 1790; España carpetana, Medallas de las colonias, municipios y
pueblos antiguos de España, Madrid, 1757.
_El Padre Enrique Flórez_, historian, archæologist, theologian,
and numismatist, was born at Valladolid in 1701, and entered
the order of St. Augustine in his fifteenth year. His _España
Sagrada_ is the work most usefully consulted in studying the
history and antiquities of Spain, containing, as it does,
so many documents, notices and illustrations bearing on the
subject, and greatly valued for the high critical faculty and
scrupulous care exhibited by its author. Flórez left also
works on theology and a treatise on botany and the natural
sciences. He was corresponding member of the French Academy of
inscriptions and _belles-lettres_, and enjoyed the friendship
of many prominent men of his age. He died in 1773.
=Forneron=, Histoire de Philippe II, Paris, 1881-1882, 4
vols.--=Forster=, J., Chronicle of James I, translated from the Catalan,
London, 1883, 2 vols.--=Foulché-Delbosc=, R., Bibliographie des voyages
en Espagne et en Portugal, Paris, 1896.--=Foy=, M. S., Histoire de la
guerre de la péninsule sous Napoléon, Paris, 1827, 4 vols.--=Froissart=,
John, Chroniques de France, d’Angleterre, d’Écosse, d’Espagne, de
Bretagne, Paris, 1869-1888, 8 vols. (trans. T. Johnes, London, 1857, 2
vols.).--=Froude=, J. A., The Spanish Story of the Armada, 1892.
* * * * *
=Gachard=, L. P., Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des
Pays-Bas, Brussels, 1848-1879, 5 vols.; Retraite et mort de Charles
Quint, 1854-1855; Don Carlos et Philippe II, Brussels, 1863, 1867, 2
vols.; Relations des Ambassadeurs Vénitiens sur Charles V et Philippe II.
_Louis Prosper Gachard_, the Belgian historian, born at Paris
in 1800, died at Brussels, 1885, was keeper of the Belgian
archives, to which appointment he succeeded in 1826. Besides
putting in order the existing archives he greatly added to
the documents contained in them and caused researches to be
made throughout Europe for papers which might throw light on
Belgian history. His works are valued both for their impartial
historical spirit and their literary style as well as for the
fresh light they throw on the periods with which they deal.
=Gallenga=, A., Iberian Reminiscences, 1883, 2 vols.--=Garcia=, J. C.,
Castilla y Leon durante los reinados de Pedro I, Enrique II, Juan I,
Enrique III, Madrid, 1891.--=Gardiner=, S. R., Narrative of the Spanish
Marriage Treaty, Spanish and English, London, 1859; Prince Charles
and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623, London, 1869, 2 vols.--=Garibay
y Zamálloa=, E., Los quarenta libros del compendio historial de las
chrónicas y universal historia de España, Antwerp, 1571, Barcelona, 1628,
4 vols.
_Esteban de Garibay y Zamálloa_ (1525-1599) was appointed
by Philip II as chronicler of his reign. He was a laborious
collector of historical information, who, though extremely
credulous, served to some extent as a model to Mariana and
other historians.
=Gayangos=, P. de, History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain, London,
1840, 2 vols.; Historia de los reyes de Granada, Paris, 1842; Cartas del
Cardinal Cisneros, Madrid, 1867; Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortes al
emperador Carlos V, Paris, 1870.--=Gebhardt=, Historia general de España,
Barcelona, 1897, 7 vols.--=Geddes=, M., Wars of the Commons of Castile
in the reign of Charles V, 1730.--=George=, A., Memoirs of the Queens of
Spain, London, 1850.--=Gibbon=, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
London, 1853.--Giovio, P., Historia sui temporis 1494-1547, Florence,
1548, 2 vols.--=Godoy=, M., Mémoires, Paris, 1839-1841, 6 vols.; partial
translation, London, 1836, 2 vols.--=Gómez de Arteche= y Moro, J., Guerra
de la independencia 1808-1814, Madrid, 1868-1883, 5 vols.; Historia del
Reinado de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1893.
General _José Gómez de Arteche y Moro_ was born at Madrid in
1821 and entered the artillery in 1840. He took an active part
in the events of July, 1856, siding with O’Donnell. He was
under-secretary in the ministry of war in 1865 and 1868, and in
1878 became aide-de-camp to Alfonso XII. In 1885 he was elected
senator for Guipuzcoa.
=Gonsalez=, T., Apuntamientos para la historia del rey Don Felipe
Segundo por lo tocante á sus relaciones con la rein a Isabel de
Inglaterra.--=Grabinski=, J. de, Amédée de Savoie, duc d’Aoste, roi
d’Espagne.--=Graetz=, H., Geschichte der Juden, Berlin and Leipsic,
1853-1870, 11 vols.; 1888-1889, 3 vols.--=Granvella=, Cardinal A. P.,
Papiers d’état du Cardinal Granvella in Collection des documents inédits
sur l’histoire de France, Paris, 1841-1861, 9 vols.; Correspondance du
Cardinal Granvella, 1565-1586, Brussels, 1878-1892, 9 vols.--=Guardia=,
J. M., La cour de Rome et l’église d’Espagne.--=Guerra=, Caida y ruina
del imperio visigótico, Madrid, 1883.--=Guizot=, F. P. G., Un projet de
mariage royal, 1863.--=Guzman=, F. Perez de, Crónica del serenissimo
principe, Don Juan II, Logroño, 1517, Valencia, 1779.
* * * * *
=Häbler=, Die wirtschaftliche Blüte Spaniens im 16. Jahrhundert, Berlin,
1888.--=Hale=, E. E. and S., The Story of Spain in Story of the Nations,
New York, 1891.--=Harcourt=, Henri duc d’, Avènement des Bourbons au
trône d’Espagne, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.--=Hare=, A., Wanderings in Spain,
London, 1873.--=Havemann=, W., Darstellungen aus der innern Geschichte
Spaniens während des 15., 16., und 17. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, 1850;
Das Leben des Don Juan d’Austria, Gotha, 1865.--=Hefele=, K. J., Der
Kardinal Ximenes und die kirchlichen Zustände Spaniens am Ende des 15.
Jahrhunderts, Tübingen, 1851.--=Henningsen=, C. F., The most striking
events of a twelvemonth’s Campaign with Zumalacarregui, Philadelphia,
1836, 2 vols.--=Herrera y Tordesillas=, A. de, Historia general del mundo
del tiempo del Señor Rey Don Felipe II, Madrid, 1601-1612, 3 vols.;
Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra
firme del mar océano, Madrid, 1601-1615, 1728, 4 vols.; Tratado relación
y discurso histórico de los movimientos de Aragon.
_Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas_ lived from 1559 to 1625. He
studied in Spain and Italy, where he attracted the attention of
Vespasiano di Gonzaga, who being appointed viceroy of Navarre
and Valencia, made Herrera his private secretary and afterwards
recommended him to Philip II, with the result that Herrera was
appointed chief chronicler for America and a chronicler for
Castile. He fulfilled these offices during the reigns of the
three Philips and acquired a European reputation for capacity
and exactitude. The second of the works above mentioned is the
chief of many. Part of it is merely a condensation of that of
Las Casas, but for the events of his own time he is a most
valuable authority, and he had the advantage of access to
documents of all kinds.
=Hidalgo=, D., Diccionario general de bibliografía española, Madrid,
1864-1879, 6 vols.--=Hill=, C., Story of the Princess des Ursins (Orsini)
in Spain, New York, 1899.--=Hinojosa=, Eduardo de, Historia de los
Visigodos.--=Höfler=, Kaiser Karls (V) erstes Auftreten in Spanien,
Vienna, 1874.--=Houghton=, A., Les Origines de la Restoration des
Bourbons en Espagne.--=Howard=, O. O., Isabella of Castile, New York,
1894.--=Hubbard=, N. G., Histoire contemporaine de l’Espagne, Paris,
1869-1883, 6 vols.--=Huber=, V. A., Die Geschichte des Cid, Bremen,
1829; Chrónica del Cid, Marburg, 1844.--=Huegel=, C. W., Spanien und die
Revolution, 1821.--=Huerta=, F. M., Sobre qual de los reyes godos fué y
debe contarse primero de las de su nación en España in Academia de la
historia, Memorias, 1796.--=Hughes=, T. M., Revelations of Spain in 1845,
London, 1845, 2 vols.--=Hume=, M. A. S., Philip II of Spain, London,
1845, 2 vols.; Spain, its Greatness and Decay, Cambridge, 1897; Modern
Spain, 1788-1898, London and New York, 1899, in Story of the Nations;
The Spanish People, their Origin, Growth, and Influence, New York,
1901.--=Hurtado de Mendoza=, D., see Mendoza, D. Hurtado de.
* * * * *
=Ibn Bassam=, Zakira, Tesoro ó cualidades de los habitantes de la
península.--=Idatius=, Chronicum (379 A.D.-469 A.D.) in the Chronica
Medii Aevi of Rösler, Tübingen, 1798.
The chronicle of _Idatius_ belongs to the fifth century. Its
author was a bishop of Chaves in Portugal, and a native of
Lamego, where he was born towards the close of the fourth
century. The work is brief, but supplies information not to be
found elsewhere.
=Irving=, W., Conquest of Granada, New York, 1850, 1880; Companions of
Columbus, New York, 1880.--=Isidorus Hispalensis=, Historia Gotorum,
Vandalorum et Suevorum, Madrid, 1599, in S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi
opera omnia, Rome, 1797-1803, 7 vols.
_Isidorus Hispalensis_ or _Saint Isidore_ of Seville was the
son of a wealthy citizen of Cartagena, where he was born about
570 A.D. His brother, St. Leander, Archbishop of Seville,
bestowed great pains on his education, but becoming jealous
of his remarkable learning shut him up in a monastery. On
Leander’s death Isidore became bishop of Seville. He was
regarded as the glory of his age for learning, and left
numerous works which, besides the _Historia_ and numerous
ecclesiastical writings, include a kind of general encyclopædia
of the science of the period, known as the _Origines_.
=Isidorus Pacensis=, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.
_Isidor Pacensis_ was bishop of Pax Julia, whence his surname
of Pacensis. Pax Julia is identified with the Portuguese town
of Beja. The prelate wrote in the eighth century. The names of
three of his works have come down to us, but one of them only
is extant and is a _chronicon_ extending to the year 754 A.D.
* * * * *
=Janer=, F., Condición social de los Moriscoes de España causas de su
expulsion y consecuencias que en el órden económico esta produjo, in
Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1857.--=Jiménez de Rada=, R., see
Ximenes Toletanus, Rodericus.--=Joannes= Biclarensis, Chronicon, in
Flórez’s España Sagrada.
_Joannes Biclarensis_ lived in the last half of the sixth
century. His birthplace was Santarem, but he derived his
surname from the Latin form of Valclara (in Catalonia), of
which he was abbot. He afterwards became bishop of Gerona. His
_Chronicon_ continues that of Idatius down to the year 590.
=Jones=, Sir J. T., Journals of sieges carried on under the Duke of
Wellington in Spain, London, 1846, 3 vols.--=Jordanes=, De Origine
Gothorum, Augsburg, 1515, Venice, 1729.--=Julian=, St., Historia Regis
Wambæ in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Junta=, P. de, and J. B. Varesio
(editors), Chrónica del famoso cavallero Cid Ruy Diez Campeador, 1593.
* * * * *
=Kaemmel=, O., Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Darmstadt, 1890, 10
vols.--=Kayserling=, M., Geschichte der Juden in Spanien und Portugal,
Berlin, 1861-1867, 2 vols.
* * * * *
=La Fuente=, V. de, Juana la loca vindicada de la nota de
herejia.--=Lafuente y Alcantara=, M., Historia de Granada.--=Lafuente y
Zamálloa=, M., Historia general de España, Madrid, 1795, 1854.
_Modesto Lafuente y Zamálloa_ (1806-1866) took his degree of
bachelor of theology at the university of Valladolid in 1832,
and afterwards successively filled chairs of philosophy,
rhetoric, and theology. In 1837 he removed to Madrid, where he
published a periodical entitled _Fray Gerundio_, through which
he attacked existing abuses, advocated reforms, and set himself
against the Carlist wars. This publication soon attained a wide
circulation, and was continued till 1849, after which Lafuente
turned his attention to his _Historia_. He subsequently became
a deputy to the cortes for Astorga, and in 1860 member of the
council of state. He was also a member of various academies.
=Landau=, M., Geschichte Kaiser Karls VI als König von Spanien,
Stuttgart, 1889.--=Lane-Poole=, S., and =A. Gilman=, The Story of the
Moors in Spain (Story of the Nations), New York, 1891.--=Las Casas=, see
Casas.--=Lathbury=, T., The Spanish Armada, London, 1840.--=Latimer=,
E. W., Spain in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1897.--=Latour=, A. T.
de, L’Espagne religieuse et littéraire, Paris, 1862.--=Laughton=, J.
K., State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, London,
1894, 2 vols.--=Lauser=, W., Geschichte Spaniens vom Sturze Isabellas
bis zur Thronbesteigung Alfonsos, Leipsic, 1877, 2 vols.--=Lavigne=,
G. de L’Espagne et le Portugal, 1855.--=Lawrence=, E., Dominic, and
the Inquisition, in Historical Studies, New York, 1873.--=Lea=, H.
C., Chapters from the religious history of Spain connected with the
Inquisition, Philadelphia, 1890.--=Legrelle=, A., La diplomatie
française et la succession d’Espagne, 1659-1725, Paris, 1888-1892, 4
vols.--=Lembke=, F. W., and =Schäfer=, H., Geschichte von Spanien,
Gotha, 1831-1890, 5 vols.--=Lemos=, D. A., Historia general de Portugal,
1715-1789.--=Leopold=, Spaniens Bürgerkrieg, Hanover, 1876.--=Lezo del
Pozo=, J., Apologia del rey Don Pedro de Castilla conforme á la Crónica
de Ayala.--=Limborch=, P. van, Historia Inquisitions, Amsterdam, 1692;
History of the Inquisition (abridged), London, 1816.
_Philip van Limborch_, a prominent Dutch theologian, was born
in 1633 and died in 1712. He was professor of theology at the
seminary of the remonstrants in Amsterdam. His _Historia_
consists of a record of sentences given by the Inquisition
of Toulouse, and is preceded by an account of the origin and
methods of the Inquisition.
=Llorente=, J. A., Opinion de l’Espagne sur l’inquisition, 1812; Mémoires
pour servir à l’histoire de la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1817, 3
vols.; Histoire critique de l’inquisition d’Espagne, Paris, 1817-1818, 4
vols.; History of the Inquisition of Spain (abridged), London, 1827.
_Juan Antonio Llorente_, born 1756, was a Spanish priest who
became general secretary to the inquisition in 1789. A scheme
for the reform of that tribunal which he drew up was about to
be executed when the fall of the liberal minister Jovellanos
prevented its realisation. In the war with France Llorente
sided with the Bonapartists and became a member of the council
of state of King Joseph. On the abolition of the inquisition
(1809) Llorente was commissioned to investigate its archives
and write its history. Thus he had access to materials now
no longer in existence. On the restoration of the Bourbons
Llorente was banished, and it was while in exile at Paris that
his celebrated _Histoire critique de l’Inquisition_ appeared
in French and was soon translated into German, English, Dutch,
Italian and Spanish. Its success was great, but it drew down
a persecution of the author who on the publication of a book
called _Portraits politiques des papes_ (1822) was ordered to
quit France. He died from the effects of the hurried journey to
Madrid.
=Londonderry, Marquis of=, see Stewart.--=Lorenzana, Cardinal=, Collectio
Sanctorum Patrum ecclesiæ Toledanæ, Madrid, 1782-1793.--=Louville=, C.
A. d’A., Mémoires secrets sur l’établissement de la maison de Bourbon
en Espagne, 1818.--=Lowell=, J. R., Impressions of Spain.--=Lucas
Tudensis=, Chronicon Mundi, in Schott’s Hispaniæ Illustratæ, Frankfort,
1608.
_Lucas de Tuy_, or _Lucas Tudensis_, was a Spanish prelate who
died in 1288. His _Chronicon_, which was finished in 1236, was
written by command of the great queen Berengaria. It consists
of four books: the first contains the _Six Ages of the World_
of St. Isidore, with additions; the second, Isidore’s treatise
on the origin of the Goths, Spaniards, and Suevi; the third,
the spurious chronicle of San Ildefonso and St. Julian’s
history. The fourth extends from the time of Pelayo to the
conquest of Cordova. When the work was translated into Spanish,
in the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth
century, a continuation extending to 1252 was added.
=Luna=, M. de, La verdadera historia del rey Don Rodrigo, Valencia, 1606.
_Miguel de Luna_ was a Morisco who embraced Catholicism and
became interpreter to Philip II. His history purports to be a
translation from an Arab chronicler of the eighth century, but
was really based on old romances and has no authoritative value.
* * * * *
=MacCrie=, T., History of the Progress and Suppression of the
Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century, 1829.--=Mahon, Lord=,
see Stanhope, P. H.--=Maistre=, J. de, Lettres à un gentilhomme Russe
sur l’inquisition espagnole, 1837.--=Maldonado=, J. M., Historia de
la revolución de España, Madrid, 1833, 2 vols.--=Malo de Molina=, M.,
Rodrigo el Campeador, Estudio histórico, Madrid, 1857.--=Malvezzi=, V.,
Sucesos principals de la monarquía de España en el tiempo de Felipe IV,
Madrid, 1640.--=Mariana=, Juan de, Historia general de España, Valencia,
1783-1796, 9 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1854,
published in various later editions; English translation by J. S.
Stephens, London, 1699.
_Juan de Mariana_, one of the most famous of Spanish
historians, was born near Talavera in 1536, and in 1554 became
a member of the Society of Jesus. Two years later he went to
Rome, where he filled a chair in the Jesuit college. After
visiting Sicily and lecturing on theology at Paris during five
years, he returned to Spain in 1574 and devoted himself to his
_Historia de España_, which was first written in Latin and then
translated by himself into the Castilian tongue. The variety
of his talents and acquirements is exhibited in his writings
on philosophy, politics, finance, and religion, and in the
last mentioned the freedom of his opinions exposed him to some
suspicion from his order, and he was even brought before the
inquisition. His history has enjoyed immense popularity and is
still much admired, though it is acknowledged that he often
confuses fact and fable.
=Marineo=, Lucio, Obra de las cosas memorables de España, Alcalá,
1533.--=Marliani=, M. de, Histoire politique de l’Espagne moderne, Paris,
1840, 2 vols.--=Marmol Carvajal=, L. del, Historia del rebelión y castigo
de los Moriscos del reyno de Granada, Madrid, 1600, and in Biblioteca de
autores Españoles.
_Luis del Marmol Carvajal_ was a native of Granada who
flourished in the sixteenth century. In 1535 he accompanied
Charles V to Tunis. He was captured by the Moors, and both
during and after his captivity made long journeys and voyages
in and about Barbary and Egypt. His _Historia del rebelión_
is the narrative of an eye-witness, and the language is pure
though the style suffers from the too great length of the
sentences.
=Martínez de la Rosa=, F., Hernan Perez del Pulgar, Madrid,
1834.--=Martínez Marina=, F., Teoria de las Cortes de Leon y Castilla,
Madrid, 1821, 3 vols.; Ensayo histórico-crítico sobre la antigua
legislación y principales cuerpos legales de los reynos de Leon y
Castilla, Madrid, 1834, 2 vols.--=Masdeu=, J. F., Historia crítica de
España, Madrid, 1783-1805, 20 vols.
_Juan Francisco Masdeu_, a celebrated Spanish historian, was
born in 1744 and died in 1817. Educated under the care of the
Jesuits, he entered their order in 1759, and on their expulsion
from Spain retired to Ferrara. His _Historia_ was commenced
in 1781. It extends only down to the end of the eleventh
century. It is a work of much learning and destroys many fables
previously current, though in many instances the author carries
his scepticism too far.
=Mas-La Trie=, J. M., Trésor de chronologie, d’histoire et de géographie,
1837.--=Mazade=, C. de, l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1855; Les revolutions
de l’Espagne contemporaine, 1868.--=Medina=, J. T., Historia del tribunal
del Santo Oficio de la inquisición de Cartagena de las Indias, Santiago,
1899.--=Melo=, F. M., Historia de los movimientos separación y guerra de
Cataluña en tiempo de Felipe IV, Lisbon, 1645, Paris, 1840.--=Mendoza=,
D. Hurtado de, Guerra de Granada hecha por el rey Felipe II, Madrid,
1610, 1852.
_Diego Hurtado de Mendoza_ belonged to an illustrious Spanish
family and was born in Granada about 1503. His earliest teacher
was the celebrated Peter Martyr of Angleria (Pietro Martire
d’Anghiera). He served in the Italian wars and was employed
by Charles V in various important diplomatic missions. Having
displeased Philip II he was compelled to retire to Granada.
He was already pre-eminent for his learning and had taken
advantage of his position as ambassador to the Grand Turk to
make a valuable collection of manuscripts which he presented
to Philip II for the Escorial library. When no longer permitted
to engage in affairs of state he devoted himself to literary
works which include poems and translations from Aristotle. For
collecting information for his _Guerra de Granada_ he had the
advantage of residence on the spot and a knowledge of the inner
workings of the government. The book also ranks high for its
literary style.
=Menéndez y Pelayo=, M., Historia de los Heterodoxos españoles, Madrid,
1880.
_Marcellino Menéndez y Pelayo_, a contemporary literary
critic, historian, and philosopher, born in 1856, and noted
for his prodigious memory. His work exhibits a decided
tendency to ultramontanism, and he has written in defence of
the Inquisition. His talents were early developed and he had
already a scholar’s reputation before he was out of his teens.
At 21 he was appointed to the chair of critical history of
Spanish Literature of the Faculty of philosophy and letters at
Madrid. In 1880 he became a member of the Spanish Academy of
Language, in 1882 of that of History, and afterwards of those
of moral sciences, of politics, and of the fine arts. Since
then he has become director of the national library in Madrid,
and of the entire system of public archives, museums, and
libraries in Spain.
=Mérimée=, P., Histoire de Don Pedre I, Paris, 1865; Translation
1849.--=Mignet=, F. A. M., Négociations relatives à la succession
d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1842, 4 vols.; Antonio Perez et
Philippe II, Paris, 1845; Translation, London, 1846; Charles Quint, son
abdication, son séjour et sa mort au monastère de Yuste, Paris, 1854;
Rivalité de François I et de Charles Quint, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.
_François Auguste Marie Mignet_, the French historian, was
born in 1796 at Aix where he subsequently studied for the law.
In the earlier part of his career he made a reputation as a
liberal journalist and was associated with the _National_,
but after 1830 he devoted himself wholly to history. Here his
studies were by no means confined to Spanish subjects, his
chief work being a history of the French Revolution.
=Mingote y Taragona=, P., Geografia de España y sus Colonias, Leon,
1887.--=Minutoli=, J. M. von, Spanien und seine fortschreitende
Entwickelung, Berlin, 1852.--=Miraflores=, Marques de, Apuntes
históricos-críticos para escribir la historia de la revolución de España
desde el año 1820-1823 [Madrid], 1834; Memorias para escribir la historia
de los siete primeros años del reinado de Isabel II, Madrid, 1843-1844,
2 vols.; Continuación de las memorias del reinado de Isabel II.--=Miro=,
M. J., Las Constituciones de España, Madrid, 1821, 2 vols.--=Modoz=, P.,
Diccennario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones
de Ultramar, Madrid, 1848-1850, 11 vols.--=Moncada=, F. de, Condé de
Osuna, Expedición de los Catalanes y Aragoneses contra Griegos y Turcos,
Barcelona, 1623, 1842; Madrid, 1883.
_Francisco de Moncada_, Condé de Usuna, a member of an old
Catalan family, was born in 1586 and died in 1635. He filled
various important public offices as councillor of war, governor
of Flanders, and ambassador to the emperor Ferdinand II. In
the low countries he twice defeated the Prince of Orange. His
_Expedición de catalanes y aragoneses_ is an account of the
expedition under Roger de Flor (died 1305) on behalf of the
Byzantines. He derived his materials from Zurita and Muntaner,
the latter a contemporary of Flor. Many of the adventures
described appear quite incredible. The language is pure and the
style flowing.
=Mondejar=, G. I., Marques de, Memorias históricas del rei Alonso el
Sabio, Madrid, 1777.--=Monresa Sanchez=, J. Mᵃ., Historia legal de
España desde la dominación goda hasta nuestros dias, Madrid, 1841, 2
vols.--=Montejo=, B., Sobre la independencia de Castilla, in Memorias
de la Real Academia de la Historia.--=Montesa y Manrique=, Historia de
la legislación de España, Madrid, 1861, 1864, 7 vols.--Morales, A. de,
Crónica General de España, Alcalá, 1574-1577, Madrid, 1791; Opusculos
Castellanos, Madrid, 1793, 3 vols.
_Ambrosio de Morales_ (1513-1591) was appointed in 1574
chronicler of the kingdoms of Castile and continued the
_Crónica general de España_ of Florián de Ocampo. His work
lacks arrangement.
=Morel-Fatio=, A., l’Espagne au XVI et XVII siècle, Paris, 1878; Études
sur l’Espagne, Paris, 1890-1895, 2 vols.; Catalogue des manuscrits
espagnoles du Bibliothèque National, Paris, 1881.--=Morel=, J., Lettres
sur l’inquisition.--=Motley=, J. L., The Rise of the Dutch Republic,
London, 1856, 1889, 3 vols.--=Moüy=, C. de, Don Carlos et Philippe
II, Paris, 1888; Jeanne la Folle (Revue des deux Mondes).--=Müller=,
W., Politische Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 1876-1890, Stuttgart,
1890.--=Muñoz Maldonado=, J., Historia de la guerra de la independencia
de España contra Napoléon Bonaparte desde 1808 á 1814, Madrid, 1833, 3
vols.
_José Muñoz Maldonado_ (1807-1875) was fiscal minister in the
Royal Council of the Orders during ten years. Under Isabella
II he was several times elected deputy for Guadalajara, Jaen
and Ciudad Real, and afterwards became senator, but was more
distinguished as a jurisconsult and as a writer, though rather
industrious than brilliant.
=Muñoz y Romero=, Diccionario bibliográfico histórico, Madrid,
1865.--=Muntaner=, R., Chrónica del rey Don Jaume primer, Rey D’Arago e
de molts de sos descendents, Valencia, 1558, Stuttgart, 1844.
_Ramón Muntaner_ is the rival of Bernardo Desclot as chief of
Catalan historians. He lived in the reign of James I of Aragon
and took part in the expedition of the company or army which
Roger de Flor led against both Turks and Greeks and in other
military enterprises. His chronicle therefore describes events
in which he himself shared. He was still alive in 1330.
=Muriel=, A., Historia de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1894-1895, 6 vols.;
Constitutes, vols. 29-34 of the Memorial-historico-españal, published by
the Real Academia de la Historia.
* * * * *
=Napier=, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula, 1807-1814,
London, 1828-1840, 6 vols., 1890.--=Navarrete=, M. Fernandez de,
Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Madrid,
1842, etc.--=Nervo=, G., Baron de, Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1870, 4
vols.; Isabelle la catholique reine d’Espagne, Paris, 1874; Translation
by T. Temple West, London, 1897.--=Norman=, W. W., Philip II king of
Spain, with an account of the condition of Spain, the Netherlands and the
American colonies in Historical Studies, New York, 1898.--=Novissima=
Recapilación de los leges de España, Paris, 1846, 5 vols.--=Nueva=
Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España y de sus
Indias, edited by F. de Zabalburu and others, Madrid, 1892 ff., 6
vols.--=Nuñez de Castro=, A., Corónica Góthica, Castillana y Austriaca,
Madrid, 1789-1790, 7 vols.
* * * * *
=Ober=, F. A., History for young readers; Spain, New York,
1899.--=Ocampo=, F. de, Los cincos libros primeros de la crónica general
de España, Zamora, 1541.
_Florián de Ocampo_, whose life covers the period between 1513
and 1590, was commissioned by Charles V to write the general
chronicle of Spain, but as he commenced with the time of the
flood he only managed to bring it down to the time of the
Scipios. In spite of much credulity and an unpleasing style the
book has been much esteemed by antiquarians. Together with the
works of Morales and Sandoval it was published at Madrid in
1791, under the title of _Corónica General de España_.
=Olivart=, Marques de, Colección de los tratados ... internacionales
celebrados per nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros, desde
el reinado de Doña Isabel II, Madrid, 1890 ff., 10 vols.--=Oman=, C.
W. C., History of the Peninsular War, London, 1901, 2 vols. (work not
completed).--=Ortiz y Sanz=, J., Compendio cronológico de la historia de
España, Madrid, 1795-1803, 7 vols.--=Oviedo y Valdés=, G. Fernandez de,
Quinquagenas, in Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1880.
* * * * *
=Palacios=, Cura de los, see =Bernáldez=.--=Paquis=, A., and Dochez,
Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.--=Parmele=,
M. P., A Short History of Spain, New York, 1898.--=Pellicer de Ossav y
Tovar=, J., Annales de la monarquía de España después de su pérdida,
Madrid, 1681.--=Perez del Pulgar=, Hernán, Breve parte de las hazañas
del Gran Capitán, printed as Brevo sumario de los hechos del Gran
Capitán, Seville, 1527, Madrid, 1834.--=Perez Pujol=, E., Historia
de los instituciones de la España goda.--=Perez y Lopez=, A. X.,
Teatro de la legislación universal de España é Indias, Madrid, 1791,
28 vols.--=Philippson=, M., Heinrich IV und Philipp III, Berlin,
1870-1876, 3 vols.; Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II. Kardinal Granvella
am spanischem Hofe 1579-1586, Berlin, 1894.--=Pichot=, A., Chronique
de Charles Quint, 1853.--=Pidal=, P. J., marques de, Historia de las
alteraciones de Aragon en el reinado de Felipe II, 1862-1863, 3 vols.
_Pedro José Pidal_ (1800-1865), distinguished both in
literature and in politics, studied law and philosophy at
Oviedo. The activity with which he supported the liberal
party, 1820-1824, caused him to be condemned to imprisonment
in the reaction of 1824, but he escaped his sentence, and in
1828 was pardoned. In 1838 he was elected to the cortes where
he was distinguished for his oratory. Successively president
of the congress, minister of the interior and of justice,
he was active in reforming the administration and in 1851
was instrumental in bringing about an understanding between
the Spanish and Papal courts. He left numerous works on
jurisprudence, language, and literature.
=Pirala=, A., Anales de la guerra civil, 1853; Historia de la guerra
civil y de los partidos liberal y carlista (with an account of
Espartero’s regency), Madrid, 1890, 3 vols.; Historia contemporánea,
Madrid, 1875-1880; 1893-1895, 6 vols.; El rey en Madrid y en provincias,
1871.
_Antonio Pirala_, a contemporary historian, born 1824. He
filled various minor offices in the administration and was
secretary to King Amadeo. His writings include contributions
to various large publications as well as some insignificant
ones on religious subjects; but the most important are those
historical works mentioned above.
=Plummer=, M. W., Contemporary Spain as shown by her novelists, New York,
1899.--=Polybius=, General History, London, 1693, 2 vols.--=Pradt=,
D. D., Mémoires historiques sur la révolution d’Espagne, Paris,
1816.--=Prescott=, W. H., History of Ferdinand and Isabella, Boston and
London, 1838, 1889; History of the Reign of Philip II, Boston and London,
1855-1858, 3 vols.
_William Hickling Prescott_ was born in Salem, Massachusetts,
in 1796. He was educated at Harvard College and in 1814 began
to study for the law, but an accident having affected his sight
he was temporarily obliged to give up all work, and was never
again able to use his eyes for long at a time. He devoted
himself to the study of history and literature, having books
read aloud to him. George Ticknor was the first to direct
his attention to Spanish history which attracted him as an
unexplored as well as rich field. For the composition of his
_Ferdinand and Isabella_ he had collected a great number of
original documents and its publication brought him immediate
fame, not only in America and England, but in the greater part
of Europe. Continuing his labours he produced the _Conquest of
Mexico_, the _Conquest of Peru_, and two volumes of a history
of Philip II and revised Robertson’s Charles V. He died in
1859, before the publication of the third volume of Philip II.
=Procopius=, De Bello Gothico, Augsburg, 1676; Translation by H.
Holcroft, London, 1863.--=Pulgar=, Fernando del, Crónica de los reyes
católicos Don Ferdinando y Doña Isabel, Saragossa, 1567, Valencia,
1780; Los Claros varones de España y las treinta y dos cartas, Madrid,
1775.--=Puyol y Alonso=, J., La vida política en España, Madrid, 1892.
* * * * *
=Quintana=, M. J., vidas de españoles célebres, Madrid, 1807-1834, 3 vols.
* * * * *
=Ramiro II=, Ilustración del reynado de Ramiro II de Aragon, in
Academia de la historia, Memorias.--=Raynal=, G. T. F., Histoire des
éstablissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes,
Paris, 1771, 4 vols.--=Real Academia de la Historia=, Memorias, Madrid,
1796-1888; Memorial histórico español: Colección de documentos, opúsculos
y antigüedades, Madrid, 1851-1898; Catálogo de las obras publicadas por
la Real Academia, Madrid, 1907.--=Reynald=, H., Histoire d’Espagne depuis
la mort de Charles III, Paris, 1882.--=Rico y Amat=, Historia política e
parlamentaria de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.--=Ríos=, J. Amador
de los, Los Judíos en España, Madrid, 1792; Las razas históricas de la
península Iberica; Historia Critica de la literature española, Madrid,
1861-1865, 7 vols.
_José Amador de los Ríos_ (1818-1878) was educated at Cordova
and afterwards at San Isidro de Madrid, during which time
he supported his whole family by painting. He afterwards
distinguished himself at the university of Seville. His
_Estudios sobre los judíos de España_, published 1848, won
him admission into the Academia de la Historia, and also the
appointment to the chair of critical history of literature at
the Universidad Central. Besides his historical works he wrote
on architecture and on Spanish literature and published some
volumes of poems.
=Risco=, R. P. M., La Castilla y el mas famoso Castellano, Madrid, 1792,
3 vols.; Gesta Roderici Campidocti.--=Robertson=, W., History of the
reign of Charles V, London, 1769, 1856.
_William Robertson_, a Scotch minister and the son of a
Scotch minister was born at Borthwick, Midlothian, in 1721.
He attained considerable eminence in the Scotch church as
leader of the “moderate” party. His first historical work, _The
History of Scotland_, was published in 1758, when he at once
became famous. In 1759 he was appointed chaplain of Stirling
Castle, in 1762 principal of Edinburgh University, and in 1764
king’s historiographer. His _History of Charles V_ appeared in
1769. It is his greatest work, the fruit of a careful study of
that monarch’s reign, and was a standard book; but its value is
now greatly diminished owing to the fact that Robertson had not
access to many sources of information which are open to modern
research.
=Rocca=, A. J. N. de, Mémoires sur la guerre des Français en Espagne,
Paris, 1814, 1815.--=Rodriguez Villa=, A., La reina Doña Juana
la loca, Madrid, 1892.--=Romey=, C., Histoire d’Espagne, Paris,
1839-1850, 9 vols.--=Rose=, H. J., Among the Spanish People, London,
1877, 2 vols.--=Rosell=, C., Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, in
continuation of Mariana, in Biblioteca de autores, españoles, Madrid,
1875-1878.--=Rosseeuw Saint-Hilaire=, N., Histoire d’Espagne jusqu’à la
mort de Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1844-1879, 14 vols.--=Rousset de Missy=,
J., Histoire publique et secrète de la cour de Madrid depuis l’avènement
du roi Philippe, 1719.--=Rule=, W. H., History of the Inquisition.
* * * * *
=Saavedra y Fajardo=, D. F. de, Corona gótica Castellana y Austriaca, in
Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1853.--=Sainz de Baranda=, P.,
Clave de la España Sagrada, 1853.--=Sala=, G., Epitome de los principios
y progresos de las guerras de Cataluña, 1640-1641.--=Salazar y Mendoza=,
P. de, Monarquía de España; Origen de las dignidades reglares de Castilla
y Leon, 1618.--=Salmon=, P., La revolución de España de 1808.--=Sampire
Astoricensis=, continuation of _Chronicon_ of Sebastianus Salmanticensis
in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Sanchez=, T. A., and others, Cantares del
Cid Campeador conocidos con el nombre de poema del Cid, 1864.--=Sanchez
de Toca=, J., Del poder naval en España, Madrid, 1898.--=Sandoval=, P.
de, Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V, Valladolid,
1604-1606; translated by John Stevens, London, 1703. Historia de los
reyes de Castilla y de Leon, Pamplona, 1615, Madrid, 1792.--=San
Felipe=, Marques de, see Bacallar y Sanna.--=San Miguel=, E., duque
de, Relation de l’expédition de Riego.--=Schäfer=, see Lembke and
Schäfer.--=Schirrmacher=, F. W., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha,
1881-1902, 7 vols.--=Schlagintweit=, E. S., Der spanisch-marokkanische
Krieg in den Jahren 1859-1860, Leipsic 1863.--=Schott=, A., Hispania
illustrata, Frankfort, 1603-1608.--=Schurtz=, H., Die pyrenäische
Halbinsel in _Helmolt’s Weltgeschichte_, Leipsic and Vienna,
1900.--=Sebastianus Salmanticensis=, Chronicon Regum Legionensium, in
Flórez’s España Sagrada.
_Sebastian_ was bishop of Salamanca (whence the epithet,
Salmanticensis) in the ninth century. He wrote his chronicle by
command of Alfonso III, whose reign is the last described in
it. It begins with the history of the Gothic king Recesuinto
(reigned 649-672 A.D.) and is the chief authority for the rise
of the kingdom of Asturias.
=Sédillot=, L. A., Histoire générale des Arabes, Paris, 1854.--=Sève=,
E., La situation économique de l’Espagne, Paris, 1887.--=Shaw=, Sir
Charles, Personal memoirs and correspondence ... comprising a narrative
of the war for constitutional liberty in Portugal and Spain, London,
1837, 2 vols.--=Siguenza=, J. de, Historia de la orden de San Gerónimo,
Madrid, 1600.--=Silos=, Monk of (Monachus Silensis) in Flórez’s España
Sagrada.
_The Monk of Silos_ was admitted to that convent in the latter
half of the eleventh century. His real name is unknown. The
Chronicle which he wrote in Latin began with a short account
of the ancestors of Alfonso VI, followed by a history of that
sovereign’s reign, but the part relating to Alfonso VI is lost.
The fragment which remains is highly valued as the work of a
careful writer who had access to many ancient and authentic
documents. St. Isidore of Seville, Sebastian of Salamanca, and
Sampiro are his guides for the earlier portion.
=Sismondi=, J. C. L., De la littérature du midi de l’Europe,
Paris, 1813-1829, 4 vols.; Translation by Roscoe, London, 1848, 2
vols.--=Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles=, Madrid.--=Somerville=, A., A
Narrative of the British Auxiliary Legion with Incidents of the War in
Spain, Glasgow, 1837.--=Southey=, R., Chronicle of the Cid, 1808, Lowell,
1846; History of the Peninsular War, 1823-1832, 6 vols.--=Stanhope=,
P. H., The Court of Spain under Charles II, London, 1844; War of the
Succession in Spain, 1850.--=Stewart=, C. W., marquis of Londonderry,
Story of the Peninsular War, London, 1813, 1869.--=Stirling-Maxwell=, W.,
The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V, London, 1852; Don John of
Austria, London, 1883.--=Strada=, F., De Bello Belgico ab excessu Carli
V, Rome, 1632, Ratisbon, 1754.--=Strobel=, E. H., The Spanish Revolution,
1868-1875, Boston, 1898.--=Suchet=, L. G., duc d’Albuféra, Mémoires sur
les campagnes en Espagne depuis 1808 jusqu’en 1814, Paris, 1834, 2 vols.;
Translation, London, 1829.--=Symonds=, J. A., Renaissance in Italy,
Catholic Reaction, London, 1886, 2 vols.; Renaissance in Italy, Italian
Literature, London, 1882, 2 vols.
* * * * *
=Tapia=, E. de, Historia de la civilización española, Madrid, 1840, 4
vols.--=Ternaux-Compans=, H., Les Comuneros, Paris, 1834.--=Tessé=, J.
B. R. de F., comte de, Mémoires, Paris, 1806, 2 vols.--=Ticknor=, G.,
History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1849; London, 1855, 3 vols.;
1872; Spanish translation by Gayangos and Vedia, Madrid, 1851-1856;
German translation by Gelius, Leipsic, 1852-1867.--=Toreño=, J. M. Q.,
conde de, Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España,
Madrid, 1835, 5 vols.; Madrid, 1872.--=Torquemada=, T. de, and others,
Copilacion de las instrucciones del oficio de la sancta inquisición,
1576.--=Turba=, Über den Zug Kaiser Karls V gegen Algier, Vienna, 1890.
* * * * *
=Ulloa=, M. de, Disertación sobre el orígen y patria de los godos; sobre
el principio de la monarquía goda en España, in Academia de la historia,
Memorias, 1797.
* * * * *
=Valladares de Sotomayor=, A., Vida interior del rey Don Felipe II,
1788.--=Valles=, Baron de los, The Career of Don Carlos, London,
1835.--=Valras=, comte de, Don Carlos VII et l’Espagne Carliste
1872-1876, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.--=Varillas=, A., Politique de
Ferdinand.--=Vault=, F. E. de, Mémoires militaires relatifs à la
succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1862, 11 vols.--=Vera
Figueroa y Zuñiga=, A. de, Condé de la Roca, El rei Don Pedro defendido,
Madrid, 1648.--=Viardot=, L., Histoire des Arabes et des Mores d’Espagne,
Paris, 1851, 2 vols.--=Viollet=, A., Histoire des Bourbons en Espagne,
1843.--=Voiture=, V., Voyage d’Espagne.--=Vollmöller=, K., Poema del Cid,
Halle, 1879.--=Vuillier=, Les Îles Oubliées (Balearic Isles), Paris, 1893
(trans. London, 1896).
* * * * *
=Wallis=, S. T., Spain: her institutions, politics and public men,
Boston, 1853.--=Walton=, W., The Revolutions of Spain, 1808-1836,
London, 1837, 2 vols.--=Watson=, R., History of the reign of Philip II,
London, 1777, 1839; History of the Reign of Philip III, London, 1783,
1786, 2 vols.--=Watts=, H. E., The Christian Recovery of Spain, New
York, 1894; Spain, from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada,
London and New York, 1897.--=Weber=, G., Allgemeine Weltgeschichte,
Leipsic, 1857-1880, 1882-1890, 15 vols.--=Weiss=, C., L’Espagne depuis
le règne de Philippe II jusqu’ à l’avènement des Bourbons, 1844, 2
vols.--=Whitehouse=, H. R., The Sacrifice of a Throne, Life of Amadeus,
Duke of Aosta, sometime King of Spain, New York, 1897.--=Wellesley=,
Richard C., Marquis of, Despatches and correspondence ... during his
... mission to Spain ... in 1809, edited by Montgomery Martin, London,
1838.--=Wilkens=, Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus im 16.
Jahrhundert, Gütersloh, 1887.--=Williams=, L., Lendenand, The Land of the
Dons, New York, 1898.--=Wilson=, The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of
the Spanish-American War, London, 1899.--=Wolf=, F., Additions to Julius’
German Translation of Ticknor’s History of Spanish Literature, Leipsic,
1852-1867.--=Wright=, W., On the Authorities for the History of the
Dominion of the Arabs in Spain.--=Wulsa=, Chronica Regum Gothorum.
* * * * *
=Ximenes Toletanus=, Rodericus, Chronica Rerum in Hispania Gestarum,
published as Crónica de España del Arzobispo Don Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. CV,
Madrid, 1893.
_Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada_ was a warlike Spanish prelate born in
Navarre about 1170. In 1210 he became archbishop of Toledo, in
which capacity he took an active part in the crusades against
the Moors and especially distinguished himself at the great
battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. As a statesman he was also
eminent in the days of Ferdinand III, especially exercising the
chief influence in Castilian affairs. Notwithstanding he found
time to earn a great reputation for learning. The work known as
the _Chronica rerum in Hispania Gestarum_ was called by himself
_Historia Gothica_. Rodrigo died in 1247.
* * * * *
=Yriarte=, C., Les Tableaux de la guerre, 1870.
* * * * *
=Zamora y Caballero=, D. E., Historia general de España y de sus
posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1873-1874, 6 vols.--=Zurita y Castro=,
Gerónimo de, Anales de la Corona de Aragon, Saragossa, 1562-1604,
1610-1621.
_Gerónimo Zurita y Castro_ belonged to a noble Castilian
family, and was born in 1512. He was employed by the Inquisitor
General on important missions and through his influence was
appointed first chronicler of the kingdom of Aragon (1548).
He visited Sicily, Naples, and Rome in search of material
for his work. On his return he was commissioned by Philip II
to put in order the documents in the archives at Simancas.
He devoted thirty years to the composition of his _Anales_.
The work covers the period from the Mussulman invasion to
1510, and gives an accurate picture of the development of the
constitution of Aragon. Zurita is accused of being stiff and
formal in style and too diffuse, but on the other hand his work
is noted for impartiality of judgment and for scholarship.
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PORTUGUESE HISTORY BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED,
CITED, OR CONSULTED
=Academia Real Das Sciencias=, Collecção dos Principæs auctores da
Historia Portugueza, Lisbon, 1806, etc., 8 vols.; Historia Portugueza,
Collecção de Noticias para a Historia e geografia das Naçoes
ultramarinas, Lisbon, 1812-1856, 7 vols.--=Acenheiro=, C. R., Chronicon
dos Reis de Portugal, Lisbon, 1824.--=Adamson=, John, Biblioteca
lusitana, or Catalogue of books and tracts relating to the history,
literature, and poetry of Portugal, Newcastle, 1836; Lusitana Illustrata,
Newcastle, 1842-1846, 2 vols.--=Albuquerque=, A. de, Commentarios,
Lisbon, 1557; 3rd edition, 1774, 4 vols.--=Albuquerque Ribafria=, Andre
de, Relação da victoria que aleancor do Castelhano Andre de Albuquerque
entre avonches e assumar.--=Alison=, Sir A., History of Europe,
Edinburgh and London, 1833-1842, 10 vols.--=Almeida-Garrett=, J. B. da
S. L., Portugal na Balança da visconde d’Europa.--=Alvares=, Da Cunha,
Campania de Portugal pela provincia do Alemtego, 1663.--=Alvares=, Fr.
João, Chronica dos feitos, vida e morte do Ifante Sanito Dom Fernando,
Lisbon, 1527.--=Alves Noguiera=, E., Evoluçoes da civilisação em
Portugal.--=Andrada=, F., Chronica de João III, Lisbon, 1613.--=Andrade=,
Francisco, Chronica do Rey Dom João III, Lisbon, 1613.--=Andrade=, J.
de, Vida de Dom João de Castro, Lisbon, 1671.--=Anonymous=, History of
Kingdom of Portugal ... by a person of quality, London, 1661; Memoirs
of the Court of Portugal and of the administration of Count d’Oezras,
London, 1765; Le Portugal avant et après 1846, Paris, 1847; Le Portugal
et la France au Congo, Paris, 1884; Explanation of the true and lawful
right and title of the most excellent Prince Anthonie, first of that name
King of Portugal, Leyden, 1585; Relation historique de la Découverte
de l’Isle de Madère, Paris, 1671; Account of the Court of Portugal
under the reign of Dom Pedro II, London, 1700; Anecdotes du Ministère
de S. J. Carvalho sur le règne de Joseph I, Warsaw, 1784; Mémoires de
Sébastien José de Carvalho, Marquis de Pombal, Brussels and Lisbon,
1784; Les Français en Portugal, Lisbon, 1808; Memoria para a Historia
das Inquiraçoes dos primeiros de Portugal, 1816.--=Aranha=, Brito,
Bibliographie des ouvrages portugais pour servir à l’étude des villes,
des villages, des monuments ... du Portugal, Açores, Madère, Lisbon,
1900.--=Aubert de Bertaelt d’Aubery=, R., Histoire de la conjuration
de Portugal en 1640, Amsterdam, 1689.--=Authors= (various), Papers
respecting the relations between Great Britain and Portugal presented to
both Houses of Parliament by command of his Majesty, June, 1829. Papers
as to the succession, London, 1828-1830, 2 vols.--=Azevedo=, Z. de,
Epitome da Historia Portugueza.--=Azurara=, Gómez Eanes de, Chronica d’El
Rei Dom João I, Lisbon, 1644; Chronica de Senhor Rey Dom Pedro Menezes,
in Correa de Serras’ Collecção, Lisbon, 1790-1824.
_Gómez Eanes de Azurara_ was born in the first half of the
fifteenth century. He was appointed Keeper of the Torre do
Tombo in 1454, and wrote numerous works relating to the voyages
and foreign conquests of Portugal. The date of his death is
unknown.
* * * * *
=Badcock=, Colonel, Civil War in Portugal and siege of Oporto, London,
1836.--=Barbosa Bacellar=, A., Relação da vittoria de Dom Affonso VI,
Lisbon, 1659.--=Barbosa de Pinho Leal=, Portugal antigo e moderno,
Lisbon, 1873-1877, 7 vols.--=Barbosa Machado=, see Machado.--=Barros
Cunha=, J. G., Historia da Liberdade em Portugal, Lisbon,
1869.--=Barros=, P. Andre, Vida do Apostelico Padre Antonio Vieyra da
Compania de Jesus, Lisbon, 1746.--=Barros=, João de, Decada Primeira da
Asia, Lisbon, 1553-1563, vols. I, II, III; vol. IV, Madrid, 1615; 2nd
edition, Lisbon, 1628.
_João de Barros_, called the Portuguese Livy, was born in
1496. He was educated in the palace of the king, Dom Manoel,
and at the age of twenty was honoured by the king’s command to
write the history of India. Under João III, he held important
offices, and completed the history begun during the reign of
Manoel. He died at Pombal in 1570.
=Bayam=, J. P., Chronica do Principe Dom Sebastião, decimo sexto Rey
de Portugal, Lisbon, 1730; Chronica d’El Rey Dom Pedro I, Lisbon,
1735.--=Bayão=, J. P., Portugal Cuidadoso com a vida e perda do
Rei Dom Sebastião, Lisbon, 1737.--=Beckford=, W., Italy, Spain and
Portugal, London, 1839, 2 vols.--=Bégin=, Emile A., Voyage Pittoresque
en Espagne et en Portugal, Paris, 1852.--=Bernades=, B. M., Portugal
e os Estrangeiros, Lisbon, 1879.--=Bernardo da Cruz=, Fray, Chronica
d’El Rei Dom Sebastião, Lisbon, 1837.--=Birago=, G. B., Historia della
Disunione del Regno di Portogallo dalla Corona di Castiglia, Amsterdam,
1647.--=Blount=, E., The Historie of the uniting of the Kingdom of
Portugal to the Crowne of Castell, etc., London, 1600.--=Bollaert=,
W., The Wars of Succession of Spain and Portugal from 1820-1840,
London, 1870.--=Borges=, C., Manuel Portugal regenerado.--=Borges de
Castro=, =José Ferreira=, and =J. Judice Biker=, Collecção dos Tradados,
Convençoes, etc., entre Portugal os outras potencias desde 1640, Lisbon,
1856-1858.--=Botelho de Moraes e Vasconcellos=, El Alphonso, o la
fundaçion del reino de Portugal; poema epica, Paris, 1712.--=Bouchot=,
Auguste, Histoire de Portugal, in Duruy’s “Histoire Universelle,”
Paris, 1846; 1854.--=Bouterwek=, F., History of Spanish and Portuguese
Literature, London, 1823, 2 vols.--=Branco=, M. B., Portugal e os
estrangeiros, Lisbon, 1879-1895, 3 vols.--=Brandão=, F. A., Monarchia
Lusitana, Parte III, IV, V, VI, Lisbon, 1690-1751.--=Brito=, Fr. Bernardo
de, Monarchia Lusitana, Parte I, II, Lisbon, 1690.
_Bernardo de Brito_ was born in 1569; died 1617. His life was
devoted to literary work.
=Brockwell=, C., The National and Political History of Portugal, London,
1726.--=Brown=, J. M. Historical Review of the Revolutions of Portugal
since the close of the Peninsular War, 1827.--=Bulhoes=, L. de, Les
Colonies Portugueses, 1878.--=Busk=, M. M., The History of Spain and
Portugal, London, 1833.
* * * * *
=Cætano do Amarel=, Antonio, Memorias para a Historia da Legislação e
costumes de Portugal.--=Calado=, O. P. Mestre Frei Manoel, O Valeroso
Lucideno, Lisbon, 1648.--=Cantu=, Cæsare, Gli ultimi trenta anni, Turin,
1879, 3 vols.--=Cærnarvon, Earl of=, Portugal and Gallicia, London,
1836, 2 vols.--=Carneira=, Condé de, Correspondencia official de--com o
duque de Palmella, Lisbon, 1874.--=Carnota, Count of=, Memoirs of the
duke of Saldanha, London, 1880, 2 vols.--=Carte=, Thomas, History of the
Revolutions of Portugal, London, 1740.--=Carvalho=, J. L. Freire de,
Ensaio Historico-Politico sobre a Constituiças e Governo do reino de
Portugal; Memorias para a Historia do tempo que duron a Usurpação de D.
Miguel, Lisbon, 1841-1843.--=Castaneda=, Hernan Lopes de, Historia do
Descobrimento e Conquista da India pelos Portuguezes, Coimbra, 1551-1561;
English translation, The First Book of the History of the Discovery and
Conquest of the East Indies, London, 1582.
_Hernan Lopes de Castaneda_ was born at Santarem, and
emigrating to India at an early age began his history, which
occupied him twenty years. He was the first historian of India
and his work has been translated into many languages. He died
at Coimbra in 1559.
=Castilho=, A. F. de, Quadros Historicos de Portugal.--=Castro=, João
de, Vida do Rey Dom Sebastião, Paris, 1602.--=Centazzi=, G., O Estudante
de Coimbra ou relampago da Historia Portuguesa 1826-1838.--=Chaby=, C.
de, Excerptos historicos relativos a Guerra denominada da Peninsula, e
a anteriores de 1801, de Roussilon e Cataluña, Lisbon, 1863.--=Chagas=,
P. (see Cordeiro, L.).--=Chamberlayne=, E., Rise and Fall of Count
Olivares, London, 1658.--=Chermont=, B. de, Summario Chronologico da
Historia de Portugal, etc.--=Chronicon Complutense=, in Flórez’s España
Sagrada.--=Chronicon Lusitanum=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Claudio da
Conceição=, Fr., Cabinete Historico.--=Coelho da Rocha=, M. A., Ensaio
sobre a Historia do Goveno e da Legislação de Portugal.--=Colbatch=, J.,
Court of Portugal under Reign of Pedro II, London, 1700.--=Conestaggio=,
G. de F., Dell’ Unione del Regno di Portogallo alla Corona di Castiglia,
Venice, 1592.--=Conto=, A. M. do, Relação Historica da revolução do
Algarve contra os Francezes, etc.--=Cordeiro=, L., Historia de Portugal
(in 37 parts by various authors), Lisbon, 1877-1883.--=Cordeiro=, R.,
Faitos de Historia Portugueza.--=Cornide de Saavedra=, J., Estado
de Portugal en el anno de 1800.--=Correa de la Cerda=, Francisco,
Catastrophe de Portugal, Lisbon, 1669.--=Correa da Serra=, José, Historia
Portugueza, Lisbon, 1790-1816, 11 vols.; Collecção de Livros Ineditos de
Historia Portugueza, Lisbon, 1790-1824, 5 vols.
_José Francisco Correa da Serra_ was born at Serpa, June 6th,
1750; died September 11th, 1823. He was distinguished as a
naturalist, politician, and historian, and in his collections
has preserved many of the ancient chronicles and biographies.
=Costa=, H. J. da, Historia de Portugal, London, 1809.--=Costa=, Quintela
Ignacio da, Annæs du Marinha Portugueza.--=Coutinho=, M. de L., Reflexoes
sobre a acclamacas de Alfonso Henriques Cortes de Lamego, etc.--=Couto=,
Diogo de, Decadas da Asia, Lisbon, 1736, 3 vols.; Vida de Paulo de Lima
Pereira, Lisbon, 1765; Dialogos Soldado Practico, Lisbon, 1790.
_Diogo de Couto_ was born at Lisbon in 1542. At the age
of 14 he went to India, where for ten years he especially
distinguished himself. He afterwards returned to literary
labours and was chosen to continue the _History of João de
Barros_, with the title of _Chronista Môr da India_. He died at
Goa, in 1616.
=Crawfurd=, O., Portugal (old and new), London, 1880.
* * * * *
=D’Antas=, M., Les Faux Don Sébastien, Paris, 1866.--=Danvers=, Frederick
C., The Portuguese in India, London, 1894, 2 vols.--=Dauncey=, J., A
Compendious Chronicle of the Kingdom of Portugal from Alfonso the first
king, to Alfonso VI, London, 1661.--=Denis=, Jean-Ferdinand, Résumé de
l’histoire littéraire du Portugal, Paris, 1826; Portugal, in L’Univers
Pittoresque, Paris, 1846.
_Jean-Ferdinand Denis_ was born at Paris, August 13th, 1798.
Much of his early life was spent in travel and the study of the
literature of Spain and Portugal. In 1838 he became connected
with the administration of the libraries of Paris and passed
the remainder of his life in literary work. He was a voluminous
writer upon historical and literary subjects.
=Dumouriez=, Charles François, État présent du royaume de Portugal,
Lausanne, 1766; Hamburg, 1797; Mémoires, Hamburg, 1794, 2 vols.;
Campagnes de Maréchal de Schomberg en Portugal depuis l’année 1662
jusqu’en 1668, London, 1807.
_Charles François Dumouriez_ was born at Cambrai, France,
January 25th, 1739. He rose to high rank in the French army,
but in 1793 was driven into exile, and until his death in 1823,
resided in England. His Mémoires are a valuable contribution to
the military history of his period.
=Dunham=, S. Astley, History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1832-1833.
* * * * *
=Ennes=, Antonio, see Cordeiro, L.
* * * * *
=Falcay=, J. A., L’état actuel de la monarchie portugaise.--=Fanshaw=,
R., Letters during his embassies in Spain and Portugal, London,
1702.--=Faria y Sousa=, M. de, Asia Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1666-1675, 3
vols.; Europa Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1678-1680, 3 vols.; Africa Portuguesa,
Lisbon, 1681; Historia del reyno de Portugal, Brussels, 1730; History
of Portugal from the first ages of the world to 1640; translated and
continued to 1698 by John Stevens, London, 1698.
_Manoel de Faria y Sousa_ was born in 1590, and at an early
age evinced remarkable literary ability. He became secretary
to the Bishop of Oporto and afterwards went to Spain upon the
invitation of the Secretary of State of Philip IV. Returning
to Lisbon in 1628, he accompanied the Portuguese ambassador to
Rome and was received by the pope in a very flattering manner.
The last fifteen years of his life were spent at Madrid in
the composition of his history. He is also celebrated as a
commentator of Camoens and left numerous works. Died in 1643.
=Faria=, M. Severim de, Noticias de Portugal, Lisbon, 1624.
_Manoel Severim de Faria_, a celebrated Portuguese antiquary
was born at Lisbon. He studied at Evora, where he early
distinguished himself and became the possessor of a library
much celebrated at the time for the rare works it contained.
=Figueiroci=, A. do Conto de Castello Bramo, Memorias e Observaçoes
militares e politicas de Portugal.--=Flórez=, Enrique, España Sagrada,
teatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de España, Madrid,
1747-1773.--=Fonseca Benevides=, J. F., Las Rainhas de Portugal, Lisbon,
1878-1879, 2 vols.--=Francisco de S. Luis=, Memorias Historicas e
Chronologicas do Condé D. Henrique; Indice Chronologico das Navegaroes
Viagens e dos Portuguezas, etc.; Memoria em que re tracta da origem do
nome de Portugal, etc.--=Francisco de Santa Maria=, Anno Historico;
Diario Portuguez, Lisbon, 1744, 2 vols.--=Francisco do Santissimo
Sacramento=, Epitome Unico da Dignidade de grande e maior Ministro da
Puridade, etc., Lisbon, 1666.--=Frémont d’Ablancourt=, Mémoires de;
contenant l’histoire de Portugal depuis les Traites des Pyrenèes de 1659
jusqu’à 1668, La Hague, 1701.
* * * * *
=Galvão=, Duarte, Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido Principe
D. Affonso Henriquez, Lisbon, 1726.--=Gebauer=, G. C., Portugisische
Geschichte, Leipsic, 1759.--=Geddes=, M., View of the Inquisition
of Portugal; History of the Pope’s behaviour to the Portuguese,
1641-1666.--=Giedroye=, R., Résumé de l’histoire du Portugal au XIX
siècle, Paris, 1876.--=Godin=, O. L., Princes et princesses de la famille
royale de Portugal ayant par leurs alliances régné sur la Flandre,
Lisbon, 1892; (Congrès international des orientalistes, 10th session,
monographs, vol. I).--=Goes=, Damião de, Chronica do serenissimo Senhor
Rei D. Manoel, Lisbon, 1567; Coimbra, 1790; Chronica do Serenissimo
Principe D. João, Coimbra, 1790.
_Damião de Goes_ was born in 1501. At an early age he entered
the diplomatic service, and visited most of the European courts
and cities. His genius gained him the friendship of many royal
personages, amongst whom was Henry the Eighth of England. He
was afterwards appointed Chronista Môr de Reino, and his later
years were spent in literary work. He died in 1560.
=Gulielmi de Monserrat=, C. J. U., Interpretis acutissimi Tractatus de
Successione Regum et Principum Galliæ, Tübingen.
* * * * *
=Harris=, A complete history of the rise and progress of the Portuguese
Empire in the East Indies, London, 1744.--=Helfferich=, C. A., Les
communes françaises en Espagne et en Portugal pendant le moyen
age.--=Herculano=, A., Historia de Portugal, Lisbon, 1848-1853, 4 vols.;
1875; 1887; Da origem e estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal,
1854-1857, 3 vols.; Roteiro de Vasco de Gama.
_Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo_, was born at Lisbon,
March 28th, 1810. He became distinguished as a poet and a
novelist, and after the publication of _Schæfer’s History_
commenced his _History of Portugal_. His scientific treatment
of the subject aroused great opposition among the supporters
of the old legendary histories, and he consequently closed his
work with the year 1279. Herculano’s example has however been
followed by later writers, and he may be said to have founded
the new historical school of Portugal.
=Herrera=, Antonio de, Crónica de las Indias occidentales, 1601.
* * * * *
=Jant=, Chevalier de, Relations de la France avec le Portugal au temps
de Mazarin, Paris, 1877.--=Jesus=, Raphael de, Monarchia Lusitana, Parte
VII, 1683.
* * * * *
=Kopke=, Diogo, Quadre Gerd da Historia Portugueza segundo as epochis de
suas revoluçoes nacionaes.
* * * * *
=Lacerda=, M. de Castro Correade, Relação da tomada de Abrantes, 17
Agosto, 1808.--=La Clède=, N. de, Histoire générale de Portugal, Paris,
1735, 8 vols.; 1828-1830, 10 vols.; Portuguese translation, “Historia
Geral de Portugal,” Lisbon, 1781-1797, 16 vols.--=Lardner=, D., Lives
of the most eminent literary and scientific men of Italy, Spain, and
Portugal, London, 1830.--=Lasteyrie=, J. de, Le Portugal depuis la
Révolution de 1820, Paris, 1841.--=Latifau=, J. F., Histoires des
découvertes et conquêtes des Portugais dans le nouveau monde, Paris,
1734.--=Latino Coelho=, J. M., Historia de Portugal desde os fins
de XVIII seculo até 1814, Lisbon, 1874; Historia política e militar
de Portugal, Lisbon, 1874-1892, 3 vols.--=Lauro=, Carlo, Strangest
adventure that ever happened. History of Dom Sebastian (translated),
London, 1601.--=Lavanha=, João Baptista, Viagem de Filippe II, ao Reino
de Portugal, etc., Madrid, 1622.--=Le Grand=, M., Le Portugal. Notice
historique au point de vue du développement de ses relations avec la
France.--=Lemos=, Diego de, Historia Geral de Portugal, 1786-1820, 20
vols.--=Liano=, A. A. de, Répertoire de l’histoire et de la littérature
des nations Espagnole et Portugaise.--=Liao=, Duarte Nuñes do, Chronicas
d’El Rei D. João, D. Duarte, etc., Lisbon, 1645; 2nd edition, 1780, 2
vols.; Primeira Parte das chrónicas dos Reis de Portugal, Lisbon, 1600,
1677, 1774.--=Ljunstedt=, A. K., Contribution to an Historical Sketch
of Portuguese Settlements in China, Macao, 1832.--=Lobato=, G., see
Cordeiro, L.--=Lobkowitz=, Johannes Caramuel, Philippus Prudens Caroli V
Imp. Filius Lusitanæ, Galgarbiæ, Indæ, Braziliæ legitimus Rex, Antwerp,
1639.--=Lopes=, Fernão, Crónica dos reys de Portugal, Lisbon, 1644, 2
vols.--=Lopes=, J. J. P., Memoria sobre a origem forma e authoridade das
Cortes de Portugal.--=Luz Soriano=, S. José da, Historia da guerra civil
e do estabelecimento do Governo parlementar em Portugal, 1866-1882.
* * * * *
=Macedo=, I. J. de, Consideraçoes sobre as causas da elevação decadencia
da monarchia Portugueza desde Alfonso I, Maria II.--=Machado=, Ignacio
Barbosa, Fastos Politicos e militares da antiga e nova Lusitania,
etc., Lisbon, 1745, 2 vols.--=Machado=, Diogo Barbosa, Bibliotheca
Lusitana, histórica, crítica e chronologica, Lisbon, 1741-1759, 4 vols.;
Memorias para a Historia de Portugal do anno 1554 até o anno 1561,
Lisbon, 1736-1751, 4 vols.--=Mahon=, Lord, History of England, London,
1851.--=Major=, R. H., Life of Prince Henry of Portugal, London, 1868;
Portuguese translation by J. A. Fereira Brandão, 1876.--=Mariz=, Pedro
de, Dialogos de Varia Historia, em que se referem as Vidas dos Senhores
Reyes de Portugal, Coimbra, 1594; Lisbon, 1674.--=McMurdo=, The history
of Portugal from the Reign of Diniz to the Reign of Alfonso V, London,
1889, 2 vols.--=Mello de Castro=, J. de, Historia da Vida de Dinis de
Mello de Castro, Lisbon, 1752.--=Mello=, F. M. de, Epanaphoras de varia
Historia Portugueza em cinco Relacoes, Lisbon, 1660.--=Mendonça=, Lopes
de, Apontamentos para a historia da Conquista de Portugal por Filippe II;
In Annæs das Sciencias Moraes e Politicas, vol. II.--=Menezes=, C. J. de,
Os Jesuitos e Marquez de Pombal; A Inquisição em Portugal.--=Menezes=,
Fernando de, Vida e acçoes d’El Rei D. João I, Lisbon, 1677.--=Menezes=,
Luis de, Historia de Portugal restaurado, Lisbon, 1679-1698, 2 vols.
_Luis de Menezes_ was born at Lisbon, July 22nd, 1632. He rose
to high rank in the military service, and wrote the history of
the wars between Spain and Portugal from 1640 to 1668. He died
by his own hand, May 26th, 1690.
=Monteiro=, D. L. de Sousa, Vida de D. Pedro IV.--=Montgomery=, J., See
Lardner.--=Morato=, F. M. Trigorode Aragão, Memoria sobre os Escrivaes
da Piritade dos Reis de Portugal, etc.--=Murphy=, James C., Travels in
Portugal, in the years 1789-1790, London, 1795.
* * * * *
=Napier=, W., History of the War in the Peninsula, London, 1828-1840,
6 vols.; 1851; 1890.--=Nascimento=, Francisco Manoel de, Da vida e
feitos d’El Rey D. Manoel.--=Neufville=, L. de la, Histoire générale de
Portugal, Paris, 1700.--=Neves=, J., Accursio das N., Historia geral
da invasão dos Francezes em Portugal e da restauração d’este, Lisbon,
1810-1811.
* * * * *
=Oliveira-Martins=, J. P., Portugal contemporaneo, Lisbon, 1881, 2
vols.; Historia de Portugal, Lisbon, 1879, 2 vols.; 5th edition,
1890.--=Osorio=, J., De rebus Emmanuelis Lusitaniæ regis, Olyssipone,
1571; History of the Portuguese during the reign of Emmanuel, London,
1752, 2 vols.
* * * * *
=Palmella=, Duke of, Despachos e correspondeñcia do, Lisbon,
1851-1854.--=Parada=, A., Carvalho de, Justificação dos Portuguezes
sobre a acção de libertarem se reyno da obediencia de Castella, Lisbon,
1643.--=Pepys=, S., The Portugal History, London, 1677.--=Pereira de
Figueiredo=, Ant., Compendio das Epocas e Successos mais illustres
da Historia Geral, Lisbon, 1800; Elogios dos Reis de Portugal em
lotim e em Portuguez, etc.; Dissertaçoes sobre la Historia antiga
de Portugal.--=Pina=, Ruy de, Chronicas dos seis reis primeiros,
Lisbon, 1727-1729; Chronica de Senhor Rey D. Alfonso V, Lisbon,
1790.--=Pinheiro=, D. Diogo, Manifesto, en que se mostra a innocencia
do Duque de Braganza D. Fernardo II, ea faluta de prova e a nullidade
da sentenca porque foi condenado, in Antonio Cætano de Sousa’s Provas
da Historia Genealogica da casa Real Portugueza, etc., Lisbon,
1739.--=Porcel=, F. M., Retrato de Manuel de Faria y Sousa, Lisbon,
1733.--=Posano=, Matthæus de, De Bello Septensi (in Correa da Serras’
Collecção de Livros Ineditos de Historia Portugueza).
* * * * *
=Quillinan=, Mrs. D. W., Journal of a few months’ residence in Portugal,
2nd edition, London, 1895.
* * * * *
=Rafael de Jesus=, Fr., Monarchia Lusitana, Parte VII, vida del Rey
D. Affonso IV, Lisbon, 1683.--=Ratton=, Jacome, Recordacoes sobre
occorrencias do ren tempo em Portugal.--=Rebello da Silva=, L. A.,
Historia de Portugal pendente XVI e XVII seculos, Lisbon, 1860-1871, 5
vols.; Corpo Diplomatico Portugueza, 1856-1878; D. João II e la Nobreza,
in Annæs das sciencias Moreas e Politicas, vol. II.--=Resende=, Andre de,
De Antiquitatibus Lusitaniæ, Evora, 1593; Coimbra, 1700; Vida do Infante
D. Duarte, Lisbon, 1789.
_Andre de Resende_, born at Evora in 1498. He adopted the
religious profession and studied in Salamanca, Paris, and
Brussels. The death of his mother in 1534 so overwhelmed him
that he determined to leave his native country, but João
IV unwilling that Portugal should be deprived of Resende’s
remarkable abilities, appointed him tutor to the Infantes D.
Affonso, D. Henrique, and D. Duarte. Resende obtained the
pope’s permission to change his monastic habit for that of a
priest and passed the remainder of his life in literary and
antiquarian pursuits. He died in 1567.
=Resende=, Garcia de, Livro das obras de Garcia de Resende (Life of
João II), Evora, 1554.--=Ribeiro Dos Santos=, Antonio, Memoria sobre a
novidade da Navegaçãos Portugueza no Seculo XV.--=Ribeiro-João=, Pedro,
Memorias para a Historia das Inquiriçoes de Portugal; Dissertaçoes
Chronologicas e Criticas sobre a Historia e Jurisprudencia ecclesiastica
e Civil de Portugal, 1810-1813, 3 vols.; Usurpação Retenção Restauração
de Portugal.--=Ribeiro=, P., see Cordeiro, L.--=Rocha=, Fr. M. Da.,
Portugal Renascido (10th century).
* * * * *
=Sá=, J. A. de, Memoria sobre a origem jurisdicção dos Corregedores
das comarcas; Defeya dos direitos Nacionaes e Reaes da Monarchia
Portugueza.--=Saldanha de Oliveira e Daun=, José S., Quadro Historico
Politico e Da dos acontecimentos da Historia de Portugal.--=Salisbury=,
W. A., Portugal and its People.--=Santarem, Viscount of=, Memorias para
a Historia e Theoria das Cortes, Lisbon, 1828; Quadro elementar das
relasçôes politicas e diplomaticas de Portugal, Lisbon, 1842-1861, 19
vols.--=Santos=, Fr. Manuel Dos, Historia Sebastica vida do D. Sebastião
e successos memoraveis do Reino e Conquistas no seu tempo, Lisbon, 1735;
Monarchia Lusitana, Parte VIII, 1367-1385, Lisbon, 1727.--=Schæfer=,
H., Geschichte von Portugal, Hamburg, 1836-1854, 5 vols.; In Heeren and
Ukert’s Europaische Staats-geschichte, 1840-1846.--=Schlosser=, Friedrich
C., Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, Heidelberg, 1823, 2 vols.; History
of the Eighteenth Century and of the Nineteenth till the overthrow
of the French Empire, translated by D. Davison, London, 1843-1852, 8
vols.; Weltgeschichte, Frankfort, 1842-1854, 19 vols.; 4th edition,
Berlin, 1884-1888.--=Severim=, de Faria M., Noticias di Portugal,
Lisbon, 1740.--=Shelly=, Mrs., see Lardner, D.--=Silva=, Fr. Bernardino
da, Defensão da Monarchia Lusitana, Coimbra and Lisbon, 1620-1623, 2
vols.--=Silva=, J. Soares da, Memoria para a Historia de Portugal,
1383-1433, Lisbon, 1730-1732, 3 vols.--=Silva Lisboa=, José da, Memorias
dos beneficios politicos do governo d’El Rei D. João VI.--=Silvercruys=,
E., Le Portugal, Lille, 1872.--=Sousa=, Fr. João de, Documentos Arabicos
para a Historia Portugueza, Lisbon, 1790.--=Sousa=, Luis de, Annæs
d’El Rei D. João III, Lisbon, 1844; Historia de S. Domingos particular
do reino e conquistas de Portugal, Lisbon, 1623-1678, 3 vols.--=Sousa
de Macedo=, A., Lusitana Liberata ab injusto Castellanorum Dominio,
London, 1645.--=Sousa=, Cætano de A., Historia Genealogica de Casa Real
Portugueza, Lisbon, 1735-1739, 6 vols.--=Sousa=, Monteiro J. M. de,
Historia de Portugal desde o reinado da S. D. Maria I até a convenção
de Evora monte, etc., 1838, 10 vols.--=Southwell=, Robert, Letters, in
Carte’s History of Revolutions in Portugal, 1740.--=Stephens=, H. Morse,
The Story of Portugal, London, 1891; article on Portugal in the Ninth
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
* * * * *
=Thiebault=, Paul, Baron, Relation de l’expédition du Portugal faite en
1807 et 1808, Paris, 1817.
* * * * *
=Vander-Bandt=, L., Joannes Barzantinus Lusitaniæ illegitimus Rex,
Louvain, 1642.--=Van-Laetham=, Campagne de 6 mois dans le royaume des
Algerves en Portugal, Brussels, 1834.--=Vasconcellos=, D. Augustin Manoel
y, Anacephaleoses, Antwerp, 1621; Vida de Dom Duarte de Meneses, Lisbon,
1627; Vida y acçones d’El Rey Don John II, Madrid, 1639.--=Veijas=,
Antonio Paes, Relação dos successos das armas de João IV nas terras de
Castella, 1664 até a victoria do Montijo, Lisbon, 1644.--=Vertot=, R.
A. de, Révolutions de Portugal, Paris, 1678, translated into English
and continued to 1809 by L. de Boisgelin [London], 1809; Histoire de la
conjuration de Portugal, Paris, 1689.
_René Aubert de Vertot d’Aubœuf_ was born at Château Benetat,
in Normandy, November 25th, 1655. He attained high rank in the
church, but in 1703 became secretary to the Duchess of Orléans,
and in 1715 historiographer of the Order of Malta. Forty years
of his life were consecrated to historical composition, and
he produced numerous works written in an elegant style, but
neither profound nor distinguished for their adherence to
truth. He died in Paris, June 15th, 1735.
=Vidal=, E., see Cordeiro, L.--=Villareal=, M. F. de, Anticaramuel, Paris.
* * * * *
=Wraxall=, Nathaniel W., Historical Memoirs of my Own Times, London, 1815.
[Illustration: MAP OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
BORMAY & CO.]