_moon_ mioil muarr.
_water_ pal paara.
_salt_ engel ungurr.
Between the remaining vocabularies, the resemblance by no means lies
on the surface; still it is unquestionable. To these _data_ for New
California may be added the Severnow and Bodega vocabularies in Baer's
_Beiträge_ &c. These two last, to carry our comparison no further,
have, amongst others, the following terms in common with the Esquimaux
tongues:
English _white_.
_Severnow_ kalle.
_Esquimaux_ kowdlook, kowlook.
English _hand_.
_Bodega_ talu.
_Esquimaux_ tadleek, dallek--_arm_.
English _beard_.
_Bodega_ ymmy.
_Esquimaux_ oomich.
English _sky_.
_Severnow_ kalu.
_Cadeack_ kilik.
English _moon_.
_Severnow_ kalazha.
_Kenay_ golshagi.
English _water_.
_Severnow_ aka.
_Bodega_ duka.
_Ugalyachmutsc_ kai.
English _ice_.
_Severnow_ tnlash.
_Ugalyachmutsc_ thlesh.
_Bodega_ kulla.
_Fox Island_ klakh.
English _day_.
_Severnow_ madzhu.
_Cadeack_ matsiak--_sun_.
English _night_.
_Bodega_ kayl.
_Ugalyachmutsc_ khatl.
English _star_.
_Severnow_ karnau.
_Greenland_ kaumeh--_moon_.
English _head_.
_St. Barbara_ nucchu.
_Greenland_ niackoa.
English _winter_.
_Severnow_ komua.
_Tchuktchi_ ukiumi.
The concluding notices are upon languages which have already been
placed, but concerning which fresh evidence is neither superfluous nor
misplaced.
_Sacks and Foxes._--Cumulative to evidence already current as to the
tribes of the Sacks and Foxes belonging to the Algonkin stock, it may
be stated that a few words collected by the author from the Sack chief
lately in London were Algonkin.
_The Ojibbeways._--A fuller vocabulary, taken from the mouth of the
interpreters of the Ojibbeway Indians lately exhibited, identifies
their language with that represented by the vocabularies of Long,
Carver, and Mackenzie.
_The Ioway._--Of the Ioway Indians, Mr. Gallatin, in 1836, writes as
follows:--"They are said, _though the fact is not fully ascertained_,
to speak the same dialect," _i. e._ with the Ottoes. Again, he writes,
"We have not that [the vocabulary] of the Ioways, but nineteen words
supplied by Governor Cass seem to leave no doubt of its identity with
the Ottoes."--_Archæolog. Amer._ ii. 127, 128. Cass's vocabulary is
printed in p. 377.
In 1843, however, a book was published in the Ioway language, bearing
the following title page, "An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language,
with an English Translation, by Wm. Hamilton and S. M. Irvine, under
the direction of the B. F. Miss; of the Presbyterian Church: J. B
Roy, Interpreter; Ioway and Sac Mission Press, Indian Territory,
1843." In this book the orthographical principles are by no means
unexceptionable; they have the merit however of expressing simple
single sounds by simple single letters; thus _v_ = the _a_ in _fall_;
_x_ = the _u_ in _tub_; _c_ = the _ch_ in _chest_; _f = th_; _g_ =
_ng_; _j_ = _sh_. _Q_ however is preserved as a double sound = _qu_.
From this alphabet it is inferred that the Ioway language possesses
the rare sound of the English _th_. With the work in question I was
favoured by Mr. Catlin.
Now it is only necessary to pick out from this little work the words
selected by Balbi in his Atlas Ethnographique, and to compare them with
the corresponding terms as given by the same author for the Sioux,
the Winebago, the Otto, the Konza, the Omahaw, the Minetare, and the
Osage languages, to be convinced the Ioway language belongs to the same
class, coinciding more especially with the Otto.
English _head_.
_Ioway_ nanthu.
_Winebago_ nahsso.
_Otto_ naso.
_Minetare_ antu.
English _nose_.
_Ioway_ pa.
_Sioux_ paso.
_Winebago_ pah.
_Otto_ peso.
_Konza_ pah.
_Omahaw_ pah.
_Minetare_ apah.
_Sioux_ pah--_head_.
_Omahaw_ pah--_head_.
English _mouth_.
_Ioway_ e.
_Sioux_ ei.
_Winebago_ i.
_Otto_ i.
_Konza_ yih, ih.
_Minetare_ iiiptshappah.
_Omahaw_ ihah.
_Osage_ ehaugh.
English _hand_.
_Ioway_ nawæ.
_Sioux_ nape.
_Winebago_ nahpön.
_Otto_ naue.
_Omahaw_ nombe.
_Osage_ nomba.
English _feet_.
_Ioway_ the.
_Sioux_ siha.
_Winebago_ si.
_Otto_ si.
_Konza_ sih.
_Omahaw_ si.
_Minetare_ itsi.
_Osage_ see.
English _tongue_.
_Ioway_ ræthæ.
_Otto_ reze.
_Sioux_ tshedzhi.
_Konza_ yeezah.
_Minetare_ theysi.
English _teeth_.
_Ioway_ he.
_Sioux_ hi.
_Winebago_ hi.
_Otto_ hi.
_Konza_ hih.
_Omahaw_ ei.
_Minetare_ ii.
English _fire_.
_Ioway_ pæchæ.
_Sioux_ peta.
_Winebago_ pytshi.
_Otto_ pede.
_Omahaw_ pede.
_Osage_ pajah.
English _water_.
_Ioway_ ne.
_Sioux_ mini.
_Winebago_ ninah, nih.
_Otto_ ni.
_Omahaw_ ni.
_Minetare_ mini.
_Osage_ neah.
English _one._
_Ioway_ eyungkæ.
_Otto_ yonke.
_Sioux_ wonchaw,
---- ouonnchaou.
English _two._
_Ioway_ nowæ.
_Sioux_ nopa.
---- nonpa.
_Winebago_ nopi.
_Otto_ noue.
_Konza_ nompah.
_Minetare_ noopah.
_Osage_ nombaugh.
English _three._
_Ioway_ tanye.
_Winebago_ tahni.
_Otto_ tana.
English _four._
_Ioway_ towæ.
_Sioux_ topah.
_Winebago_ tshopi.
_Otto_ toua.
_Konza_ tohpah.
_Omahaw_ toba.
_Minetare_ topah.
_Osage_ tobah.
English _five._
_Ioway_ thata.
_Sioux_ zapta.
_Winebago_ satsch.
_Otto_ sata.
_Konza_ sahtah.
_Omahaw_ satta.
_Osage_ sattah.
English _six._
_Ioway_ shaqæ.
_Sioux_ shakpe.
_Winebago_ kohui.
_Otto_ shaque.
_Konza_ shappeh.
_Omahaw_ shappe.
_Osage_ shappah.
English _seven._
_Ioway_ shahma.
_Otto_ shahemo.
_Minetare_ tshappo.
English _eight._
_Ioway_ krærapane.
_Otto_ krærabene.
_Omahaw_ perabini.
English _nine._
_Ioway_ ksangkæ.
_Otto_ shanke.
_Konza_ shankkoh.
_Omahaw_ shonka.
_Osage_ shankah.
English _ten._
_Ioway_ kræpana.
_Winebago_ kherapon.
_Otto_ krebenoh.
_Konza_ kerebrah.
_Omahaw_ krebera.
_Osage_ krabrah.
With the book in question Cass's vocabulary coincides.