The following are varieties of Fletcher's UNIVERSAL FURNACE:--

1. SMALL LABORATORY FURNACE for crucibles, with nickel-plated burner

tubes. This takes crucibles up to 2-1/2 by 2-1/4 inches outside, and with

a three-feet chimney, as supplied with the furnace, will, it is stated,

melt copper, gold, silver, &c., in about ten minutes, or cast-iron in

thirty-five minutes from the time the gas is lighted. Small muffle

fittings, with muffles 2-1/4 by 3 by 2-1/2 inches inside, can be supplied

with this furnace.

2. SMALL CRUCIBLE FURNACE, with fixed chimney. This furnace is more

especially designed for gold, silver, copper, &c., and, as sent out with a

four-feet chimney and a single lid, is amply powerful, and practically of

a very convenient form.

3. SMALL MUFFLE FURNACE, with three feet chimney. This requires about

eighteen inches longer chimney than the small crucible furnace to obtain

the same temperature in the same time, owing to a slight loss of heat by

radiation from the stoppers.

4. _a._ LARGE MUFFLE FURNACE. This is identical in design and construction

with the smaller one. The clear working space inside the muzzle is 3-7/8

by 5 inches, by about 3 inches deep. This is recommended as a useful

furnace for watch dial enamellers, assayers, photo-enamel burning, and for

all purposes where exact temperatures are required not exceeding the

fusing point of cast iron.

The burner of this furnace is twice the size of the small laboratory

furnace, and requires a gas supply from a pipe and tap of half-an-inch

bore. The burner is the same shape as the muffle, and is unfit for

crucible work.

_b._ EXTRA LARGE MUFFLE FURNACE 4-1/2 by 3-3/4 by 7 inches clear inside

working space. This will take a No. 3 plumbago pot, and with half an inch

gas pipe, giving a supply of about 35 feet per hour, will, it is affirmed,

melt 3 or 4 lbs. of brass in about 25 minutes, and the same quantity of

cast iron in 60 or 70 minutes from the time the gas is first lighted,

without the slightest trouble or attention.

5. LADLE FURNACE. This takes ladles up to 6-1/2 inches diameter, and will

melt 6 or 8 lbs. of zinc in about 15 minutes, or the same quantity of

lead, tin, &c., in about half the time. It is said to be a convenient and

powerful arrangement for dentists, heating soldering-irons, making

granulated zinc, sand baths, &c.

6. SMALL LABORATORY FURNACE, complete for crucibles, muffles, ladles, and

sand baths.

7. FLETCHER'S INJECTOR GAS FURNACE (with Blast). This furnace is intended

for general purposes, and for the treatment of refractory substances at

high temperatures. The patentee states "that it will burn perfectly in the

same space any available gas supply from 10 to 50 feet per hour, or more,

if required, giving temperatures in exact proportion; and any operation

may be repeated at any time by taking a note of the position of the air

slide which governs the combustion of the gas."

Mr Fletcher gives the power of the small furnace as follows:--With an 1/2

inch gas supply-pipe, day pressure, starting with the furnace cold, it

will melt silver in 3 minutes, cast iron in 8 minutes, cast steel in 25

minutes.

With a supply of 50 feet per hour, the same results are stated to be

obtained in a little over half the time, and so on in proportion with a

greater or less gas supply. It is also said to work satisfactorily for

gold, &c., melting it with a supply of gas too small for any other

furnace, and the maximum temperatures obtained are limited, only by the

available gas supply and the fusibility of the casing. The highest

temperature as obtained by measuring by Wedgwoods' Pyrometer, is said to

be 9000 Fahrenheit. This furnace is stated to be particularly suited for

gold and silver melting, and refining, iron assays, and general crucible

work, and safe in the hands of the most careless workman. It is adapted

for crucibles not exceeding 4 inches by 2-1/4, 5 inches by 3-1/2, 7-1/2

inches by 5. For further information respecting furnaces intended for use

in the laboratory and assay office, the reader is referred to 'Watt's

Dictionary of Chemistry,' also to 'Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures,

and Mines,' for description of the furnaces employed in the different

metallurgical operations; and to the 'Chemical News' (June 30th, 1876, and

February 2nd, 1877), for a description of a new decomposing furnace. See

ASSAYING, CHIMNEYS, COPPER, CRUCIBLE, FUEL, &c.

=FUR'NISHING.= It is essential for the sake of neatness, and for a

pleasing effect to the eye, that there should be a harmony of colours, and

also a similarity of style, in the main articles of furniture. The tints

of the carpet, of the paper or paint of the walls, and of the

window-curtains, should be all in harmony in each room; that is, either

possess a general resemblance of colour, or various colours in pleasing

contrast and harmony with each other. If the preponderating colour of the

curtains is scarlet, and the colour of the walls or carpet blue, a most

inharmonious and unpleasing effect is produced; but brown and green, or

green and gold, will be in harmony, and may, therefore, be placed

together. Carpets being the most expensive articles, it is safest to buy

them first, and then to let their colour guide us in the tone and style of

the curtains, paper-hangings, chair-covers, hearth-rugs, and the various

minor articles. It is also economical to buy carpets of the same pattern

for several rooms, because in the event of removal to a house with

different sized apartments, a piece of one carpet may be taken to alter

the size of another.

=FUR'NITURE.= See FRENCH POLISHING, OIL, POLISH, VARNISH, &c.

=FURS.= Of these the most valuable are Ermine and Sable. Fur skins, when

unprepared, or merely dried, go under the name of 'Peltry.' (Brande.)

Furs may be preserved from moths and other insects by placing a little

colocynth pulp (bitter apple), or spice (cloves, pimento, &c.), wrapped in

muslin, among them; or they may be washed in a very weak solution of

corrosive sublimate in warm water (10 to 15 gr. to the pint), and

afterwards carefully dried. As well as every other species of clothing,

they should be kept in a clean, dry place, from which they should be taken

out occasionally, well beaten, and exposed to the air, and re-turned.

=FU'SEL-OIL.= _Syn._ FOUSEL OIL, POTATO-OIL, OIL OF POTATO SPIRIT, GRAIN

OIL, GRAIN-SPIRIT OIL, MARC-BRANDY OIL, CRUDE HYDRATED OXIDE OF AMYL.

_Source._ An offensive, strong-smelling oil, produced along with alcohol

during the fermentation of grain, potatoes, &c., on the large scale, and

which gives the peculiar and disagreeable flavour and odour to raw

whiskey. It is found chiefly in the last portion of the spirit which

passes over, called the 'faints,' to which it imparts its characteristic

odour and flavour. By rectifying the faints at a very gentle heat, most of

the alcohol and water first pass over together with only a little fusel

oil, whilst the latter forms the residuum in the still. Various names (as

_above_) are given to the crude oil thus obtained, according to its

source. In each case it essentially consists of hydrated oxide of amyl,

but trifling and variable quantities of other organic compounds are mixed

with it, which slightly modify its character, more particularly its odour

and flavour. The oil of potato spirit is the purest form of crude fusel

oil.

_Obs._ The exertions of the distiller are directed, as much as possible,

to lessen the formation of fusel oil during the fermentation of his

'worts,' and to eliminate, during the distillation and rectification of

his liquors, the greatest possible proportion of that with which they may

be contaminated.

_Prop., &c._ Fusel oil is a nearly colourless volatile liquid, with a

rather high boiling point, a durable, penetrating, offensive smell, and an

acrid, burning taste; when swallowed, it occasions nausea, giddiness,

headache, &c.; in slightly larger quantities, vomiting, delirium,

oppressive respiration, and lessened sensibility to pain; its vapour also

produces these effects. In quantity, it is a narcotic poison. The greater

intoxicating power of whiskey, more especially that from raw grain, than

other spirit, is due to the larger quantity of fusel oil which it

contains. This appears to be well known to the lower class of whiskey

drinkers in these countries, and to the consumers of corn brandy in some

of the northern parts of Europe. The last are said to frequently demand to

be served with "a glass of good fusel." In England fusel oil is chiefly

used for lamps and varnishes.

_Purific._ The AMYLIC ALCOHOL (ALCOHOL AMYLICUM) of the Dublin College is

thus prepared. Introduce the ordinary fusel oil of the distilleries into a

small still or retort, connected with a condenser, and apply heat; as soon

as the oil begins to flow over, unmixed with water, the receiver should be

changed, and the distillation resumed, and carried nearly to dryness; the

product in the second receiver, and the oily matter which separates from

the water in the first receiver, are to be reserved for use. It is

employed in the preparation of VALERIANATE OF SODA. See AMYL.

=FU'SIBLE ALLOY'.= _Syn._ FUSIBLE METAL. _Prep._ 1. Bismuth, 2 parts;

lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts. Melts in boiling water.

2. (D'Arcet's.) Bismuth, 8 parts; lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts. Melts below

212° Fahr.

3. (Walker.) Bismuth 8, tin 4, lead 5 parts; antimony, 1 part. The metals

should be repeatedly melted and poured into drops, until they are well

mixed.

4. (Onion's.) Lead, 3 parts; tin, 2 parts; bismuth, 5 parts. Melts at 197°

Fahr.

5. To the last, after removing it from the fire, add of quicksilver

(warm), 1 part. Liquid at 172°, solid at 140° Fahr.

_Obs._ The first four of the above are used to make TOY-SPOONS, to

surprise children by their melting in hot liquors. A little mercury may be

added to lower their melting points. Nos. 2 and 3 are specially adapted

for making ELECTROTYPE MOULDS. The beautiful casts of the French medals

known to all electrotypers as Clichée moulds are in the alloy No. 3. The

above alloys are also used to form PENCILS for writing on asses' skin, or

paper prepared by rubbing burnt hartshorn into it, &c.; also as a METAL

BATH in the laboratory. The last is used for ANATOMICAL INJECTIONS.

=FU'SION.= _Syn._ FUSIO, L. The liquefaction of solid bodies by the action

of heat. The term AQUEOUS FUSION has been applied to the melting of salts

in their combined water when heated; and the term IGNEOUS FUSION, to the

liquefaction of bodies by heat alone.

The vessels in which substances are fused are formed of various materials

and shapes, according to the properties of the solid operated on, and

principally with reference to the degree of heat required for its fusion.

In every case the containing vessel should be capable of sustaining the

proper degree of heat, without either melting or cracking, and should also

be unacted on by the substances melted in them. See CRUCIBLE, FURNACE, &c.

=FÜRSTENBALSAM, Bamberger für Frauen=--BAMBERG PRINCE'S BALSAM FOR WOMEN.

An embrocation for strengthening women after confinement. A hexagonal eau

de Cologne bottle containing about 100 grammes of a clear reddish-brown

fluid, which is a filtered mixture of equal parts of spirit of lavender

(Sp. Lavand. Co.) and spirit of soap, mixed with a little camphor and

ammonia. (Hager.)

=FUS'TIC.= _Syn._ FUSTIC WOOD. Two distinct dye-stuffs are known by this

name, but are distinguished by the adjectives 'old' and 'young.'

=Fustic, Old.= _Syn._ BOIS JAUNE, Fr. The wood of the _Maclura tinctoria_.

Its decoction dyes woollens yellow of different shades, according to the

'mordant.' Alum, tartar, and spirits of tin brighten the tint; acetate and

sulphate of iron and common salt darken it; with sulphate of iron it gives

olives and browns; with the indigo vat and sulphate of indigo green. These

colours are very permanent. Its yellow turns on the lemon when pale, and

on the orange when darker. 1 lb. of old fustic will dye 3 to 5 lbs. of

wool.

=Fustic, Young.= _Syn._ YELLOW FUSTIC; FUSTET, Fr. The wood of the _Rhus

Cotinus_ or Venice sumach. It gives a yellow turning on the green, but its

colours are not very permanent. It is chiefly used in combination with

other dye-stuffs.

=GAL'BANUM.= _Syn._ GUM GALBANUM; GALBANUM (B. P.), L. "A gum-resin

derived from an unascertained umbelliferous plant. In irregular tears

about the size of a pea, usually agglutinated into masses; of a

greenish-yellow colour, translucent, having a strong disagreeable odour,

and an acrid bitter taste." (B. P.) Its properties are similar to the

other fetid antispasmodic gum-resins. It ranks between ASSAF[OE]TIDA and

AMMONIACUM.

=Galbanum, Strained.= _Syn._ PREPARED GALBANUM; GALBANUM COLATUM, G.

PRÆPARATUM (Ph. L.), L. From crude galbanum, as prepared ammoniacum.

Formerly the common practice was to melt it in the dry state, by heat

cautiously and quickly applied, and to strain it through a piece of coarse

canvas stretched across a wooden frame or 'horse.' The 'strained galbanum'

of the shops is seldom pure. The following forms are current in the trade

for its 'reduction,' as this species of adulteration is technically

termed:--

1. Galbanum (true), 9 lbs.; strain as above, then add, towards the end

black resin (clean), 3 lbs.; and when the whole is melted, further add of

Venice turpentine, 2 lbs.--_Product._ 12 lbs.

2. Strained galbanum and black resin, of each 6 lbs.; melt, and add, of

strained assaf[oe]tida, 2 oz.; Venice turpentine, 3 lbs.--_Prod._ 14-1/2

lbs.

=Galbanum, Facti''tious Strained.= _Syn._ GALBANUM COLATUM FACTITIUM, L.

_Prep._ 1. From black resin, 4 lbs.; melt, and add of Venice turpentine, 2

lbs.; assaf[oe]tida, 2-1/2 oz.; oils of juniper and fennel, of each 1-1/2

dr.; water, 1/2 pint.

2. As the last, adding soft soap, 5 oz. Sometimes the small and 'waste' of

the chests are added to the above to improve them.

=GALÈNE-EINSPRITZUNG--Galen's Injection= (J. F. Schwarzlose Söhne,

Berlin). According to Hager:--Gum Arabic, 25 grammes; water, 65·5 grammes;

sugar of lead, 4·5 grammes; tinct. opii with saffron, 5 grammes. According

to Schädler:--Sulphocarbolate of zinc, 3 grammes; gum Arabic, 20 grammes;

tinct. opii, 2 grammes; water, 100 grammes.

=GALL.= _Syn._ BILE; BILIS, CHOLE, FEL, L. A bitter fluid secreted by the

liver; in part flowing into the intestines, and in part regurgitating into

the gall-bladder. Its uses in the animal economy appears to be--to

separate the chyle from the chyme, to promote digestion of oleaginous

substances, and to assist in exciting the peristaltic action of the

intestines. The fæces appear to owe their colour chiefly to the presence

of bile, since, without, they appear of a dirty pipe-clay colour.

The gall of various animals was formerly used in medicine. From whatever

source it was obtained, it was believed to be calefacient, desiccant,

detergent, discutient, and parturifacient; but besides these properties,

each variety was conceived to possess virtues peculiarly its own. Thus,

bear-gall (fel ursi) was reputed anti-epileptic; eel-gall (fel

anguillarum), parturifacient; hare-gall (fel leporis), "good in cataract;"

and ox-gall (fel bovis), "sovereign against stiff joints, rheumatics,

angry ulcers, and stomach colics." The gall of the bat, goat, hen, hog,

partridge, silurus, &c., were also employed as remedies. At the present

time ox-gall is the only one used in medicine and the arts.

Ox-gall has been recently reintroduced into medicine by Dr Allnatt and

others, and in certain cases of dyspepsia and biliary derangement appears

to be a valuable remedy.

Crude ox-gall is extensively employed by the scourers of woollen cloth,

clothes renovators, &c. It rapidly extracts grease and oil from textile

fabrics without injuring the colour. See CONSTIPATION, DYSPEPSIA, OX-GALL,

&c.

=Gall, Glass.= See SANIVER.

=GAL'LATE.= _Syn._ GALLAS. L. A salt of gallic acid. The alkaline gallates

are soluble. They rapidly suffer decomposition in the presence of excess

of the base, and the liquor gradually acquires a blackish colour. The

gallates of most of the other metallic oxides are insoluble.

=GALLEN-MIXTUR FÜR PFERDE=--GALL MIXTURE FOR HORSES (F. Barth, veterinary

surgeon, Freibach-by-Altenhofen, Carinthia). A clear decanted solution of

8 parts wood tar in 92 parts common kienöl (ol. pini). (Hager.)

=Gallen-Mixtur=--GALL MIXTURE (Ph. Barth, Marburg in Steiermark). The same

preparation as the above, coloured with 3/4 per cent. of dragon's blood.

(Wittstein.)

=Gallen-Tinctur=--GALL TINCTURE (Dr G. Krieger, Garz). 5 parts wood tar,

10 parts water, 30 parts spirit, 1 part corrosive sublimate, and 1/20 part

rosanilin, mixed with a gentle heat, allowed to deposit, and filtered.

(Hager.)

=GAL'LIC ACID.= H_{3}C_{7}H_{3}O_{5}.Aq. _Syn._ ACIDUM GALLICUM (B. P.),

L. "A crystalline acid prepared from galls." (B. P. L.) It may be also

obtained from other vegetable substances. It appears to be a product of

the oxidation of tannic acid, and probably does not exist ready formed in

recent vegetables.

_Prep._ 1. (Dumas.) Nut-galls, reduced to powder, are moistened with

water, and exposed to the action of the air, in a warm situation (say 70°

to 80° Fahr.), for two or three months, adding more water, from time to

time, to make up for that lost by evaporation. At the end of the above

period the mouldy, dark-coloured mass is strongly pressed in a cloth, and

the solid portion boiled in a considerable quantity of water. The solution

(filtered whilst hot) deposits, on cooling, crystals of gallic acid,

which, after being thoroughly drained and pressed dry between bibulous

paper, are purified by boiling them along with about 1/6th of their weight

of prepared animal charcoal in 8 parts of water, and filtering, &c., as

before.

2. (Graham.) A strong infusion or decoction of galls is precipitated with

sulphuric acid in the cold; the resulting thick mass is mixed with dilute

sulphuric acid (cold), and the liquid expressed; the 'marc' is next

treated with sulphuric acid diluted with twice its weight of water, and

after boiling the mixture for some minutes the whole is allowed to cool;

the resulting crystals are purified as before.

3. (Liebig.) A strong aqueous solution of tannic acid (tannin) is added to

sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls; the powder is collected,

washed, and dissolved by the aid of heat in dilute sulphuric acid; the

solution, after being boiled for a few minutes, deposits, on cooling,

crystals of gallic acid in considerable quantity.

4. (Scheele.) A filtered decoction of galls is exposed for some months in

an open vessel; after a time it grows mouldy, and becomes covered with a

thick, glutinous pellicle; in two or three months the sides of the vessel

and the under portion of the pellicle are found to be covered with small

yellow crystals of gallic acid, which are purified as directed above. (See

No. 1.)

5. (Ph. D., B. P.) The Dublin contains two formulæ for gallic acid, the

one being based on that of Dumas or Scheele, the other on that of Graham

or Liebig.--_a._ From galls (in coarse powder), 1 lb.; water, q. s. to

make a stiff paste; a porcelain dish is ordered, and the exposure in the

moistened condition is to be continued for 6 weeks; the solution of the

first crop of crystals is to be made in 10 fl. oz. of boiling water, and

when the filtrate has cooled to 80° Fahr., it is to be poured off from the

crystals which have formed, which are then to be washed with ice-cold

water, 3 fl. oz., and dried--first in blotting paper, and finally by a

steam or water heat. By boiling the undissolved portion of the galls with

45 fl. oz. of fresh water, more crystals may be obtained.

_b._ Powdered gall-nuts, 1 lb., are steeped for 24 hours in water, 1 pint,

and after being placed in a porcelain displacement apparatus, are treated

with water, 1-1/2 pint, added in successive portions; oil of vitriol, 5

fl. oz., diluted with an equal volume of water, and allowed to cool, is

now added to the percolated infusion, and after thorough admixture the

liquid is filtered from the viscid precipitate which forms; oil of

vitriol, 5 fl. oz. (diluted as before), is then added to the filtrate, the

precipitates, enveloped in calico, are submitted to powerful pressure, and

subsequently dissolved in oil of vitriol, 16 fl. oz., previously diluted

with water, 56 fl. oz.; the solution is boiled for 20 minutes, and set

aside for a week; at the end of this time the deposit which forms is

dissolved in three times its weight of boiling water, and the solution

treated as before.

_Prop._ Gallic acid forms small, feathery, and nearly colourless crystals,

which have a beautiful silky lustre; that of commerce is usually of a

pale-yellow colour; it is soluble in 100 parts of cold water, and in 3

parts of boiling water; it is also soluble in alcohol, and slightly so in

ether; the aqueous solution is decomposed by exposure to the air;

dissolved in hot oil of vitriol, it forms a deep, rich, red solution,

which, when thrown into water, drops the gallic acid, deprived of some of

its water. This substance is soluble in the alkalies, and dyes cloth like

madder. When strongly heated, gallic acid is converted into metagallic

acid, or into pyrogallic acid, according to the manner in which the heat

is applied.

_Tests._ Gallic acid is distinguished from tannic acid by not affecting

solutions of gelatin, the protosalts of iron, or the salts of the

alkaloids, and by giving a deep bluish-black precipitate with the

sesquisalts of iron, which disappears when the liquid is heated. It is

distinguished from pyrogallic acid by its inferior insolubility in water,

and by its not affecting the solutions of the protosalts of iron. To

detect gallic acid mixed with tannic acid, the latter should be removed,

either by digesting the substance in ether, or by immersing for some time

in its solution a piece of skin depilated by lime, previously to applying

the tests.

_Pur._ Free from colour; decomposed by heat; soluble in water and in

rectified spirit. It turns preparations of the sesquioxide of iron,

dissolved in water, of a bluish black colour, but throws down nothing from

a solution of isinglass.

_Uses, &c._ The principal use of pure gallic acid is in the art of

_photography_. It has recently been employed in _medicine_, as an internal

astringent, in doses of 3 to 10 gr., thrice a day, or oftener; in

hæmorrhage and fluxes, as well as for checking the night sweats in

phthisis. Dr Todd says, that in all cases of internal hæmorrhage, or

hæmorrhagic tendency, it is the best astringent or styptic we possess. As

an external astringent, it is greatly inferior to tannic acid. It has been

given in doses of 15 to 30 gr. in tape-worm, "but without any benefit."

(Pereira.)

_Purification._ Gallic acid, as obtained by either of the above forms, is

never quite pure; but it may be rendered absolutely pure by combining it

with oxide of lead, and decomposing the compound (gallate of lead) by

sulphuretted hydrogen. The sulphuret of lead acts like animal charcoal in

removing the colour. (Liebig.) Commercial gallic acid "may be rendered

nearly white by dissolving it in 20 times its weight of boiling distilled

water, and causing the solution to traverse a stratum of prepared animal

charcoal, spread upon a calico filter. When the liquid passes through

colourless, it should be evaporated to 1-6th its volume, and then suffered

to cool, in order to the separation of the crystallised acid." (Ph. D.)

=GALLIC FERMENTATION.= This name has been given to the peculiar process by

which tannic acid is converted into gallic acid, under the joint influence

of moisture and atmospheric oxygen. According to the researches of M.

Antoine Larocque, the peculiar ferment of nut-galls which operates this

change also converts sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid, in the same way

as yeast does; whilst beer yeast, muscular flesh, and caseous matter

change tannin into gallic acid. The similarity of the gallic and vinous

fermentation may hence be reasonably inferred.

=GALLIUM.= A new metal discovered in August, 1875, by means of the

spectroscope, by M. Lecoq Boisbaudran, in a specimen of blende from the

mines of Pierrefitte, in the Pyrenees. The new element was named gallium

in honour of France, the discoverer's native country.

Gallium gives a spectrum composed of two bands in the violet, one of the

bands being brilliant, and of wave length 417, and the other, a feeble one

of wave length, 403·3.

The Pierrefitte blende contains one part of gallium in four hundred

thousand. It is, however, found much more abundantly in a black blende

from Bensberg, on the Rhine, one hundred thousand parts of this latter

yielding one part of gallium.

Gallium resembles lead in appearance, but is less blue in colour. Exposed

to moist air it tarnishes slightly. It is a little harder than lead, is

flexible, malleable, and may be easily cut with a knife. If melted and

poured upon glass, it adheres to it, and forms a mirror which is whiter

than that caused by mercury. A red heat fails to volatilise it to any

appreciable extent, and it is only slightly oxidised at that temperature;

therefore it is not tarnished when exposed to the air. Hot nitric acid

dissolves it, but the cold acid has scarcely any action on it. It melts at

30·15 C. When once fused, it preserves the liquid condition even for

several months at 0° C.,[324] until it is touched by some solid body, or

by a piece of solid gallium, when it congeals to a crystalline solid,

having a specific gravity of 5·93; when fused it has a specific gravity of

6·08. It crystallises in square octohedra. In properties gallium is more

or less intermediate between the metals aluminium and indium.

[Footnote 324: In consequence of this curious property gallium was first

described as a liquid metal.]

Chemical reactions of gallium:--The following are the chief reactions of

the salts of gallium when in solution. With ammonia they give a white

gelatinous precipitate, soluble, but not readily in excess of the

precipitant; potash gives a similar precipitate, soluble in excess;

acetate of ammonia, on boiling in a solution free from excess of acid,

precipitates a basic compound; barium carbonate readily precipitates

gallium salts in the cold. A sulphate and a chloride of gallium have

already been obtained. These salts are both very soluble; the sulphate is

a non-deliquescent substance, the chloride, on the contrary, is

excessively so, and decomposed by a large excess of water. Gallium also

forms an alum consisting of the double sulphate with ammonium. Gallium

alum is a beautifully crystalline body, more soluble in cold than in hot

water.

At a meeting of the 'Academie des Sciences' in March, 1878, M. de

Baubradon stated that he had determined the atomic weight of gallium. The

mean of two experiments showed it to be 69·9.

The 'Comptes Rendus' for February, 1878 (No. 7), contains a communication

from MM. Lecoq de Boisbaudran and E. Jungfleisch, on the extraction of

gallium from the ores in which it is found associated with indium.

The following is the process given by the authors:--The blende of

Bendsberg is pulverised and then roasted in a Perret furnace, by which

treatment the greater part of the indium is volatilised. The residue is

treated with sulphuric acid in quantity sufficient to dissolve almost all

the zinc, and there is thus obtained a residue which is treated with

excess of sulphuric acid.

The persalts of iron present are then reduced by means of metallic zinc,

and the filtrate fractionally precipitated with carbonate of sodium; the

precipitates are redissolved in sulphuric acid, and the reduction with

zinc and the fractional precipitation repeated, the latter operation being

in both cases watched by the spectroscope.

The precipitate containing the gallium concentrated in a small bulk, is

redissolved in acid, and the excess of the latter reagent removed by

evaporation, after which it is boiled with much water. The filtrate

separated from the sediment containing titanic acid, which form is treated

with sulphuretted hydrogen, then mixed with acetate of ammonium and again

treated with sulphuretted hydrogen, which throws down the galliferous

sulphide of zinc free from alumina. Again the precipitate is dissolved in

sulphuric acid, and the solution fractionally precipitated with carbonate

of sodium, which operation, guided as it is by spectral examination,

entirely removes the zinc. By once more dissolving in the exactly

necessary amount of sulphuric acid, and treating with sulphuretted

hydrogen, cadmium, lead, indium and zinc are removed, and the filtrate is

then largely diluted with water and boiled. The bulky sub-salt of gallium

which separates at this temperature is treated with potash, which leaves

iron, indium, &c., undissolved, and the alkaline liquor when treated with

sulphuretted hydrogen, and subsequently with sulphuric acid to slight

acidity, yields a deposit consisting mainly of sulphide of indium.

The slightly acid liquid is then boiled with much water, and the deposit

of sub-salt of gallium thus obtained is dissolved in potash, and the

solution subjected to electrolysis, by which means a metallic deposit of

gallium is obtained.

It is interesting to note how accurately many of the chemical physical

properties to gallium had, previously to its discovery, been predicted by

the Russian chemist, Mendelejeff, by reasoning on the so-called "periodic

law," which he thus defines:--"The properties of the simple bodies, as

also the properties and constitution of their combinations, are periodic

functions of the atomic weights of the elements."

In 1864 an English chemist named Mr Newlands, observing certain relations

existing between the atomic weights of many of the elements, was the first

to arrange them in such a manner or serial form as to suggest that when

certain gaps were observed in the atomic weights of a series, new elements

might be assumed to exist. Guided by this theory, Mendelejeff affirmed

that the "periodic law" not only indicates vacancies in the classificatory

scheme of the known elements, but enables us to predict the properties of

elements as yet undiscovered, and of their compounds. Thus, of one of the

vacancies observable in the table of the elements arranged according to

his classification, Mendeljeff asserted, that should the element (which he

named _Eka aluminium_) with the corresponding atomic number be discovered,

it would possess the following characteristics:--It would most probably,

like indium and thallium, be discovered by the aid of spectrum analysis.

Gallium, as we have seen, was found by this means. The formula of its

oxide would be El_{2}O_{3}; the oxide of gallium is best represented by

Ga_{2}O_{3}.

The salts would have the general formula ElX_{3}; the salts of gallium

have most probably the general formula GaX_{3}. It will form an alum

isomorphous with common alum, this we have seen gallium does. Its salts

would be precipitable by barium carbonate; the gallium salts are thrown

down by this reagent. It would not oxidise in the air; gallium does not

tarnish upon exposure to the air. It would decompose water at a red heat;

gallium readily does this at high temperatures. Its specific gravity (and

this is very remarkable) would be about 5·9; gallium has a specific

gravity of 5·93. Its atomic weight would be about 68; that of gallium is

69·9.

The hypothetical _Eka aluminium_ of Mendelejeff appears therefore to

correspond with the gallium of Boisbaudran.

=GALLS.= _Syn._ GALL-NUTS, NUT-GALLS; GALLA (B. P.); GALLÆ (Ph. E.).

"Excrescences on _Quercus infectoria_ caused by the puncture and deposited

ova of _Diplolepis Gallæ tinctoriæ_." The best galls are blueish-black,

heavy, and not yet perforated; intensely astringent. They are imported

from Aleppo, and are known in commerce as black or blue galls (GALLÆ

NIGRÆ, G. C[OE]RULÆ). The next quality is termed, from their colour, green

galls (GALLÆ VIRIDES). Both are gathered before the insect has escaped,

and are styptic and powerfully astringent. White galls (GALLÆ ALBÆ) are

lighter, less astringent, and inferior.

_Uses, &c._ Galls are extensively employed in the art of dyeing, and

constitute one of the principal ingredients in all the shades of black,

and are also employed to fix or improve several other colours. A decoction

of galls, to which a little green copperas and gum Arabic has been added,

forms common writing ink. In _medicine_ they are used as an astringent, in

hæmorrhages and fluxes, in doses of 10 to 20 gr.; and topically, under the

form of infusion or decoction, as a gargle in relaxation of the uvula; as

an injection in gleet and leucorrh[oe]a; as a lotion or fomentation in

flabby ulcers, prolapsus ani, &c.; and as an ointment in piles, watery

ulcers, &c. The infusion or decoction is also used as an antidote to

poisoning by the alkaloids, and was formerly given as a tonic in

intermittents. See GALLIC ACID, INK, &c.

=GALL'STONE.= _Syn._ CALCULUS BILIOSUS, C. CYSTICUS BOVINUS, L. Formed in

the gall-bladder of neat cattle in winter, when they are fed upon dry

food. Used as a yellow pigment, and in medicine--_Dose_, 1 gr.; in

dyspepsia and flatulency. Man is also subject to gall-stone, the presence

or passage of which is attended with the most acute pain, frequently

accompanied with nausea and sickness. In no case should a patient

suffering from a paroxysm such as above described delay to seek immediate

medical aid. The following treatment is recommended for the benefit of

those only who, like emigrants and others, may be unable to obtain

professional assistance.

The pain and spasm should be endeavoured to be alleviated by full doses of

laudanum, given in soda water. If there be much sickness, the laudanum

should be given in the form of an enema. If the paroxysm be excessive, the

cautious inhalation of ether or chloroform should be tried. When the pain

is of long duration, leeching should be had recourse to. Ice applied

freely to the pit of the stomach has sometimes been found to give relief.

See CALCULUS.

=GALV'ANIZED IRON.= See IRON and ZINCING.

=GAM'BOGE.= _Syn._ (CAMBOGE; CAMBOGIA, L. B. P.) GAMBOGIA, L. "A gum-resin

obtained from _Garcinia Morella_." (B. P.) Gamboge is an active hydragogue

and drastic purgative, which occasionally proves useful in torpor of the

abdominal and pelvic viscera; but which is highly dangerous in an

irritable or inflammatory state of the stomach or bowels, and during

pregnancy. It is very apt to induce nausea and vomiting. In large

quantities it is a violent poison. "The deaths which have occurred from

the use of enormous quantities of Morrison's pills are mainly ascribable

to the gamboge contained in those medicines." (Pereira.)--_Dose_, 1 to 5

gr., made into pills or mixture, every 4 to 6 hours; in obstinate

constipation, in dropsies, in apoplexy and like cerebral affections, and

in worms (especially tape-worm), either alone or combined with other

cathartics. See COMPOUND EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH.

=GAME.= The flesh of game is believed to possess strengthening qualities

superior to that of poultry. It also contains less fat. Game is tender and

easy of digestion, and it has a delicate and marked flavour. It forms a

valuable diet for the invalid, by reason of its easy digestibility.

Respecting the choice and preservation of game, Eliza Acton writes--"Buck

venison, which is in season only from June to Michaelmas, is considered

finer than doe venison, which comes into the market in October, and

remains in season through November and December; neither should be cooked

at any other part of the year.

"The greater the depth of fat upon the haunch the better the quality of

the meat will be, provided it be clear and white, and the lean of a dark

hue.

"If the cleft of the hoof, which is always left on the joint, be small and

smooth, the animal is young; but it is old when the marks are the reverse

of these.[325] Although the haunch is the prime and favourite joint of

venison, the neck and shoulder are also excellent, dressed in various

ways, and make much-approved _pasties_. A free current of air in a larder

where venison is kept is always a great advantage.

[Footnote 325: Venison is not in perfection when young.]

"All moisture should be wiped daily, or even more frequently, from the

venison with soft cloths, when any appears upon the surface, and every

precaution must be taken to keep off the flies when the venison is not

hung in a wire safe. Black pepper thickly powdered on it will generally

answer the purpose.

"Hares and rabbits are stiff when freshly killed, and if young the ears

tear easily, and the claws are smooth and sharp. A hare in cold weather

will remain good for ten or fourteen days; care only must be taken to

prevent the inside from becoming musty, which it will do if it has been

emptied in the field. Pheasants, partridges, and other game, may be chosen

by nearly the same tests as poultry--by opening the bill the staleness

will be detected easily if they have been kept too long by the hardness of

the bill. With few exceptions game depends almost entirely for the fine

flavour and the tenderness of its flesh, on the time which it is allowed

to hang before it is cooked, and it is never good when very fresh; but it

does not follow that it should be sent to table in a really offensive

state."

=Game, Hashed.= _Ingredients._--The remains of cold game, one onion stuck

with three cloves, a few whole peppers, a strip of lemon peel, salt to

taste, thickening of butter and flour, one glass of port wine, one

tablespoonful of lemon juice, one tablespoonful of ketchup, and one pint

of water or weak stock.

Proceed as follows:--Cut the remains of cold game into joints, reserve the

best pieces, and put the inferior ones and the trimmings into a stewpan

with the onion, pepper, lemon peel, salt, and water or weak stock; stew

these for about an hour, and strain the gravy; thicken it with butter and

flour; add the wine, lemon juice, and ketchup; lay in the pieces of game,

and place them by the side of the fire until they are warmed through,

avoiding boiling, otherwise the game will become too hard. Just on the

point of simmering serve, and garnish the dish with sippets of toasted

bread. _Time._ Altogether, an hour and a quarter.

[asterism] The above recipe applies to any kind of game.

If desirable, the flavour may be varied by adding flavoured vinegars,

curry powder, &c.; these, however, cover the gamey taste of the dish, and

are, therefore, not to be recommended.

=Grouse, to Roast.= _Ingredients._--Grouse, butter, a thick slice of

toasted bread. _Mode._--Let the birds hang as long as possible; pluck and

draw them; wipe (but do not wash them) inside and out, and truss them

without the head, the same as for a roast fowl. Put them down to a sharp

clear fire, keep them well basted the whole of the time they are cooking,

and serve them on buttered toast, soaked in the dripping-pan, with a

little melted butter poured over them, or with bread sauce and gravy.

_Time._ Half an hour; if liked thoroughly done, thirty-five minutes.

Seasonable from the 12th of August to the beginning of December. (Mrs

Beeton.)

=Hare, Jugged.= _Ingredients._--One hare, a bunch of sweet herbs, two

onions, each stuck with three cloves, six whole allspice, half a

teaspoonful of black pepper, a strip of lemon peel, thickening of butter

and flour, two table-spoonfuls of mushroom ketchup, quarter of a pint of

port wine. _Mode._--Wash the hare nicely, cut it up into joints (not too

large), and flour and brown them; then put them into a stewpan with the

herbs, onions, cloves, allspice, pepper, and lemon peel; cover them with

hot water, and when it boils carefully remove all the scum, and let it

simmer gently till tender, which will be in about 1-3/4 hour, or longer

should the hare be very old. Take out the pieces of hare, thicken the

gravy with flour and butter, add the ketchup and port wine, let it boil

for about ten minutes, strain it through a sieve over the hare, and serve.

A few fried forcemeat balls should be added at the moment of serving, or,

instead of frying them, they may be stewed in the gravy, about ten minutes

before the hare is wanted for use. Do not omit to serve red-currant jelly

with it. _Time._ Altogether, two hours. Seasonable from September to the

end of February. (Mrs Beeton.)

=Hare, to Roast.= _Ingredients._--Hare, forcemeat, a little milk, and

butter. To be eaten in perfection, the hare must hang for some time. After

it is skinned wash it well, and soak it for an hour in warm water to draw

out the blood. Make a forcemeat, wipe the hare dry, fill the belly with

it, and sew it up. Bring the hind and fore legs close to the body towards

the head, run a skewer through each, fix the head between the shoulders by

means of another skewer, and be careful to leave the ears on. Put a string

round the body from skewer to skewer and tie it above the back.

_Mode._--The hare should be kept at a distance from the fire when it is

first laid down. Baste it well with milk for a short time, and afterwards

with butter; and particular attention must be paid to the basting, so as

to preserve the meat on the back juicy and nutritive. When it is almost

roasted enough, flour the hare, and baste well with butter. When nicely

frothed dish it, remove the skewers, and send it to table with a little

gravy in the dish, and a tureen of the same. Red-currant jelly must be

served with it. If the liver is good it may be parboiled, minced, and

mixed with the stuffing; but it should not be used unless quite fresh.

_Time._ A middling-sized hare an hour and a quarter; a large hare one and

a half to two hours. (Mrs Beeton.)

=Partridges, to Roast.= Let the birds hang as long as they can possibly be

kept without becoming offensive; pick them carefully, draw and singe them,

wipe the insides thoroughly with a clean cloth, truss them with the head

turned under the wing and the legs drawn close together, not crossed.

Flour them when first laid to the fire, and baste them plentifully with

butter. Serve them with bread sauce and good brown gravy; a little of this

last should be poured over them. _Time._ 30 or 40 minutes. In preparing

them for the spit the crop must be removed through a slit cut in the back

of neck, the claws clipped close, and the legs held in boiling water for a

minute, that they may be skinned more easily. (Eliza Acton.)

=Pheasant, to Roast.= Let it hang as many days as possible without

becoming tainted. Pluck off the feathers carefully, cut a slit in the back

of the neck to remove crop, then draw the bird in the usual way, and

either wipe the inside very clean with a damp cloth, or pour water through

it; wipe the outside also, but with a dry cloth; cut off the toes, turn

the head of the bird _under_ the wing, with the bill laid straight along

the breast; skewer the legs, which must not be crossed; flour the pheasant

well, lay it to a brisk fire, and baste it constantly and plentifully with

well-flavoured butter. Send bread sauce and good brown gravy to table with

it. _Time._ Three quarters of an hour, a few minutes less if liked very

much underdone, five or ten more for thorough roasting, with a _good_ fire

in both instances. In season from October to the end of January. (Eliza

Acton.)

=Rabbit, to Boil.= Rabbits that are three parts grown, or, at all events,

which are still quite young, should be chosen for boiling. Wash them well,

truss them firmly, with the heads turned and skewered to the sides, drop

them into sufficient boiling water to keep them quite covered until they

are cooked, and simmer them gently from thirty to forty-five minutes; when

_very_ young they will require even less time than this. Cover them with

rich white sauce mixed with livers parboiled, finely pounded, and well

seasoned with cayenne and lemon juice; or with white onion sauce, or with

parsley and butter, made with milk or cream instead of water (the livers,

minced, are often added to the last of these), or with good mushroom

sauce. _Time._ 30 to 45 minutes. (Eliza Acton.)

=Rabbit, to Roast.= This is much improved by having the backbone taken

out. When this is done line the inside with thin slices of bacon, fill it

with forcemeat, sew it up, truss, and roast it at a clear, brisk fire, and

baste it constantly with butter. Flour it well soon after it is laid down.

Serve it with good brown gravy, and with currant jelly, when this last is

liked. _Time._ 3/4 hour to 1 hour; less if small. (Eliza Acton.)

=Venison, Haunch of, to Roast.= To prepare the venison for the spit wash

it slightly with tepid water, or merely wipe it thoroughly with damp

cloths, and dry it afterwards with clean ones; then lay over the fat side

a large sheet of thickly-buttered paper, and next a paste of flour and

water about three quarters of an inch thick; cover this again with two or

three sheets of stout paper, secure the whole well with twine, and lay the

haunch to a sound, clear fire; baste the paper immediately with butter or

clarified dripping, and roast the joint from three hours and a half to

four and a half, according to its weight and quality. Doe venison will

require half an hour less time than buck. Twenty minutes before the joint

is done remove the paste and paper, baste the meat in every part with

butter, and dredge it very lightly with flour; let it take a pale-brown

colour, and send it to table as hot as possible, with gravy in a tureen

and good currant jelly. _Time._ 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 hours. The kind of gravy

appropriate to venison is a matter on which individual taste must decide.

(Eliza Acton.)

=Venison, Hashed.= _Ingredients._--The remains of roast venison, its own

or mutton gravy, thickening of butter and flour. _Mode._--Cut the meat

from the bones in neat slices, and, if there is sufficient of its own

gravy left, put the meat into this, as it is preferable to any other.

Should there not be enough put the bones and trimmings into a stewpan with

about a pint of mutton gravy; let them stew gently for an hour, and strain

the gravy. Put a little flour and butter into the stewpan, keep stirring

until brown, then add the strained gravy, and give it a boil up; skim and

strain again, and when a little cool put in the slices of venison. Place

the stewpan by the side of the fire, and when on the point of simmering

serve. Do not allow it to boil. Send red-currant jelly to table with it.

_Time._ Altogether, an hour and a half. A small quantity of Harvey sauce,

ketchup, or port wine, may be added to enrich the gravy.

=GAN'GRENE.= See MORTIFICATION.

=GAN'TEINE.= A composition used to clean kid and other leather gloves.

_Prep._ 1. (M. Buhan.) Curd soap (in small shavings), 1 part; water, 3

parts; mix with heat, and stir in of essence of citron, 1 part.

2. (SAPONINE,--Duvignau.) Soap (in powder), 250 parts; water, 155 parts;

dissolve with heat, cool, and add, of _eau de javelle_, 165 parts,

solution of ammonia, 10 parts, and rub the whole to a smooth paste.

Patent. A small portion of either of the above is rubbed over the glove

with a piece of flannel (always in one direction), until it is

sufficiently clean. See GLOVES.

=GARAN'CINE.= See MADDER RED.

=GAR'DENING.= See HORTICULTURE.

=GAR'GLE.= _Syn._ GARGARISM, THROATWASH; GARGARISMA, GARGARISMUS,

GARGARISMUM, L. A liquid medicine applied to the back part of the mouth or

upper part of the throat. Gargles are applied by allowing a small mouthful

to run as much as possible over the affected part, by holding the head

backwards and breathing through it, by which means the liquid is agitated

and its action promoted.

Gargles are not to be swallowed. It often happens, however, that patients,

either by accident or from negligence, do swallow a certain quantity,

notwithstanding the instructions given them to the contrary. Care should

therefore be taken to avoid making gargles of such substances as may

occasion unpleasant symptoms in small doses, though they may not, perhaps,

amount to poisoning.

Gargles usually have for their basis either simple water, or milk, wine,

or vinegar, diluted with water, to which, in both cases, sugar, honey, or

syrup is generally added. Their other ingredients vary with the

indication, but must, in all cases, be either in the liquid form, or

soluble in the liquid used as the excipient.

Gargles are commonly dispensed in mixture bottles. The quantity used at a

time, under ordinary circumstances, may be about 2-3rds of a

wine-glassful.

=Gargle.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA, G. COMMUNE, G. SIMPLEX, L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B.

Hosp.) Honey or honey of roses, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; strong vinegar, 2-1/2 fl.

oz.; barley water, 1 pint.

2. (St. George's.) Oxymel, 1 fl. dr.; decoction of barley, 5 fl. dr. In

common sore throats, &c. The formulæ of several other hospitals are

similar.

=Gargle of Ac'etate of Ammo''nia.= _Syn._ GARGARISMS AMMONIÆ ACETATIS, L.

_Prep._ (Wendt.) Solution of acetate of ammonia and honey of roses, of

each 1 fl. oz.; elder-flower water, 8 fl. oz.; mix. In the ulcerated sore

throat of scarlet fever.

=Gargle of Acetate of Manganese.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA MANGANESII ACETATIS.

_Prep._ Acetate of Manganese, 1 drachm; water, 7 fluid ounces; clarified

honey, 1 oz. The chloride and sulphate of manganese are also used, about

1/2 drachm or 2 scruples to 6 oz. of barley water.

=Gargle of Ace'tic Acid.= _Syn._ OXYMEL GARGLE; GARGARISMA ACIDI ACETICI,

L. _Prep._ 1. (St. B. Hosp.) Acetic acid, 1 dr.; oxymel, 2 fl. dr.; water

to make up 4 fl. oz.

2. Barley water, 12 fl. oz.; acetic acid, 1-1/2 fl. oz.; honey, 6 dr.

Antiseptic. For sore throat.

=Gargle of Aluminium Chloride.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ALUMINII CHLORIDI.

_Prep._ (Throat Hosp.) Solution of chloride of aluminium 12 minims, water

1 fl. oz. Astringent and antiseptic.

=Gargle of Al'um.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ALUMINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Augustin.)

Oak-bark (in powder), 1 oz.; water, 1-1/2 pint; boil to a pint, filter,

cool, and add, of alum, 1/2 dr.; brandy, 2 fl. oz. In inflammation of the

mouth and throat.

2. (Cavarra.) Alum, 3 dr.; water, 6 fl. oz.; dissolve. In offensive

breath.

3. (Foy.) Alum, 1 dr.; tincture of myrrh, 2 fl. dr.; tincture of bark, 4

fl. dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; laudanum, 20 drops; wine, 2/3 pint. In

scurvy.

4. (Grant.) Alum, 1 oz.; tincture of myrrh, 1/2 fl. oz.; peppermint water,

7 fl. oz. In relaxation of the uvula, &c.

5. (Mid. Hosp.) Alum, 1 dr.; honey, 2 dr.; water to make 6 fl. oz. As No.

4.

6. (P. Cod.) Alum, 40 gr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; infusion of roses, 6 fl.

oz. As the last.

7. (Ratier.) Alum, 1 oz.; infusion of red roses and barley water, of each

3 fl. oz.; honey of roses, 2 oz. As No. 4.

8. (Westm. Hosp.) Alum, 1 dr.; dilute sulphuric acid, 1 fl. dr.; treacle,

4 dr.; water to 15 fl. oz.

9. (Ph. Wirtem.) Alum and nitre, of each 3 oz.; cream of tartar, 4 oz.;

dilute acetic acid, 4 lbs.; dissolve, evaporate to dryness, and powder the

residuum. For use, 1/2 oz. of the powder is dissolved in water, 8 fl. oz.

Highly recommended in inflammation of the fauces and tonsils. This forms

Zobel's 'SPECIFIC FOR QUINSY,'

=Gargle, Antiscorbu'tic.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ANTISCORBUTICUM, L. _Prep._

(P. Cod.) Bitter species, 1 dr.; boiling water, 8 oz.; macerate 1 hour,

strain, and add, syrup of honey, 2 oz.; antiscorbutic tincture, 1 oz.

=Gargle, Antisep'tic.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ANTISEPTICUM, L. _Prep._ (Fr.

Hosp.) Decoction of bark, 6 oz.; camphor, 20 gr.; sal-ammoniac, 12 gr. In

putrid sore throat, &c.

=Gargle, Astrin'gent.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ASTRINGENS, L. _Prep._ 1.

(Collier.) Tincture of galls, 2 fl. dr.; honey, 1/2 oz.; water, 6 fl. oz.

In relaxation of the uvula and fauces.

2. (Collier.) Honey, 4 dr.; tincture of myrrh, 3 dr.; powdered alum, 40

gr.; compound infusion of roses, 5-1/2 fl. oz. As the last, and in fetid

sore throat.

3. (Sir A. Cooper.) Alum, 2 dr.; decoction of bark, 12 oz.; honey of

roses, 1-1/2 oz.

4. (Dr A. T. Thomson.) Infusion of roses, 7 fl. oz.; dilute sulphuric

acid, 1 fl. dr.; tincture of catechu, 6 fl. dr.; laudanum, 1-1/2 fl. dr.

For relaxation of the uvula. See GARGLE OF ALUM.

=Gargle of Bo''rax.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA BORACIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ellis.)

Borax, 1 dr.; tincture of myrrh, 4 fl. dr.; clarified honey, 1 fl. oz.;

rose water, 4 fl. oz.

2. (Fr. Hosp.) Borax, 2 dr.; honey or capillaire, 1 oz.; rose water, 7 fl.

oz.

3. (Guy's Hosp.) Borax, 2 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.; barley water, 7 fl.

oz.

4. (Mid. Hosp.) Borax, 1 dr.; simply oxymel, 2 dr.; water to make 3 fl.

oz. The above are used in thrush or aphthous sore mouth, ptyalism, &c.

=Gargle of Bromide of Potassium.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA POTASSII BROMIDI.

_Prep._ (Throat Hosp.) Bromide of potassium, 10 grains; water, 1 fl. oz.

Sedative.

=Gargle of Cap'sicum.= _Syn._ GARGLE OF CAYENNE PEPPER; GARGARISMA

CAPSICI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Dr Griffith.) Tincture of capsicum, 1/2 fl. oz.;

rose water, 8 fl. oz.

2. (St. B. Hosp.)--_a._ Capsicum, 3 dr.; common salt, 1 oz.; boiling

water, 1 pint; macerate for 12 hours, strain, and add of distilled

vinegar, 1 pint.

_b._ Tincture of capsicum, 1 fl. dr.; compound infusion of roses, 8 fl.

oz.

3. (U. C. Hosp.) Tincture of capsicum, 1 fl. dr.; honey, 6 dr.; water to 4

fl. oz. Used in ulcerated sore throat, scarlet fever, &c.

=Gargle of Carbolic Acid.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ACIDI CARBOLICI. _Prep._

(Throat Hosp.). Carbolic acid, 2 gr.; glycerin, 25 minims; water, 1 fluid

ounce. Stimulant and antiseptic.

=Gargle of Chlo''rate of Potas'sa.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA POTASSÆ CHLORATIS,

L. _Prep._ (Beasley.) Chlorate of potassa, 1 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.;

water, 7 oz. Used in malignant sore throat, scarlatina, &c.

=Gargle of Chlo''ride of Lime.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CALCIS CHLORINATÆ, L.

_Prep._ From chloride of lime, 1 dr.; water, 1/2 pint; agitate together

for 10 minutes, filter through linen, and add of simple syrup, 1 fl. oz.

Used in putrid sore throat, scarlet fever, &c.

=Gargle of Chloride of So'da.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SODÆ CHLORINATÆ, L.

_Prep._ 1. (Copland.) Liquor of chloride of soda, 12 fl. dr.; honey, 1/2

oz.; water, 6 fl. oz.

2. (Hosp. Form.) Chlorinated solution of soda, 4 fl. dr.; water to 4 fl.

oz. Used as the last.

=Gargle of Chlo''rine Water.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CHLORINII, L. _Prep._ 1.

(Fr. Hosp.) Chlorine water, 1/2 fl. oz.; syrup, 1 fl. oz.; water, 4-1·2

fl. oz.

2. (Mid. Hosp.) Chlorine water, 2 fl. oz.; distilled water, 10 fl. oz.

_Use._ As the last.

=Gargle of Cincho'na Bark.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CINCHONÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. From

decoction of cinchona, 7 fl. oz.; simple oxymel, 1 fl. oz. Antiseptic and

astringent in relaxation, &c.

2. (Acidulated; GARGARISMA CINCHONÆ ACIDUS, L.) Hydrochloric acid, 1-1/2

fl. dr.; honey, 1-1/2 oz.; decoction of bark to make up 8 fl. oz.

=Gargle, Com'mon.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA COMMUNE, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ed. Hosp.)

Water, 6 fl. oz.; nitre, 1 dr.; honey of roses, 1 oz. For ordinary sore

throat, &c.

2. (Lond. Hosp.) Alum, 1 dr.; dilute sulphuric acid, 2 fl. dr.; tincture

of myrrh, 4 fl. dr.; water to 12 fl. oz.

=Gargle of Cy'anide of Mercury.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA HYDRARGYRI CYANIDI, L.

_Prep._ 1. (Brera.) Cyanide of mercury, 10 gr.; honey of roses, 1 oz.;

barley water, 1 pint.

2. (Cullerier.) Cyanide of mercury, 10 gr.; linseed tea, 1 pint. Used in

the same cases as mercurial gargle.

=Gargle, Deter'gent.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA DETERGENS, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.)

Alcoholised sulphuric acid, 1 fl. dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; barley

water, 8 oz.

2. (Dr A. T. Thomson.) Nitre, 2 dr.; honey of roses, 4 fl. dr.; infusion

of roses, 5-1/2 fl. oz. In inflammatory sore throat.

=Gargle, Emol'lient.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA EMOLLIENS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Buchan.)

Marshmallow root, 1 oz.; figs, 2 oz.; water, 1 quart; boil to a pint and

strain. Demulcent, soothing.

2. (Trousseau & Reveil.) Barley water, 8 oz.; honey, 1-1/2 oz. Both are

used in inflammatory affections of the throat and mouth.

=Gargle of Horserad'ish.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ARMORACIÆ, L. _Prep._

(Collier.) Compound spirit of horseradish, 1 fl. oz.; honey, 2 oz.; water,

4 fl. oz. A good gargle for scurvy of the fauces and pharynx, vulgarly

called the 'inward scurvy.'

=Gargle of Hydrochlo''ric Acid.= _Syn._ MURIATIC ACID GARGLE; GARGARISMA

ACIDI HYDROCHLORICI. L. _Prep._ 1. (Guy's Hosp.) Hydrochloric acid, 30

drops; honey of roses, 2 oz.; barley water, 6 fl. oz.

2. (Ratier.) Hydrochloric acid, 2 fl. dr.; clarified honey, 2 fl. oz.;

barley water, 1 pint.

3. (St. B. Hosp.) Red-rose leaves, 2 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint;

hydrochloric acid, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; digest 1 hour, and strain. In

inflammatory sore throat, ulcerations of the mouth, scarlet fever, &c.

=Gargle of I'odine.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA IODINII, L. _Prep._ 1. Iodine, 10

gr.; iodide of potassium, 12 gr.; rectified spirit and simple syrup, of

each, 1 fl. oz.; water, 5 fl. oz. In chronic enlargement of the tonsils,

in scrofulous habits.

2. (Dr Ross.) Tincture of iodine, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; tincture of opium, 1 fl.

dr.; water, 6 fl. oz.

3. (St. T. Hosp.) Compound tincture of iodine, 2 fl. dr.; water, 5 fl. oz.

In ulceration of the tonsils.

=Gargle, Mercu''rial.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA HYDRARGYRI, G. MERCURIALE, L.

_Prep._ 1. (G. HYD. BICHLORIDI.) Corrosive sublimate, 2 to 5 gr.; barley

water, 1 pint; honey of roses, 2 fl. oz. For syphilitic ulcers in the

throat.

2. (Plenck.) Calomel, 6 gr.; quicksilver, 30 gr.; powdered gum, 3 dr.;

syrup of poppies, 1/2 oz.; triturate till the globules of metal disappear,

and add of decoction of clematis, 26 fl. oz.; honey of roses, 1 oz.;

essence of myrrh, 1 dr. (or tincture of myrrh, 1 fl. oz.). In syphilitic

and putrid sore throat.

=Gargle of Mustard.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SINAPIS. _Prep._ (Fleury). Black

mustard seed, bruised 4 ounces; salt, 4 scruples; vinegar, 8 scruples;

warm water, 7 ounces. Digest and filter.

=Gargle of Myrrh.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA MYRRHÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ainslie.)

Tincture of myrrh, 6 fl. dr.; vinegar, 1 fl. dr.; honey of roses, 1-1/2

fl. oz.; barley water, 12 fl. oz.

2. (Ph. Chirur.) Tincture of myrrh, 1/2 oz.; honey of roses, 1-1/2 oz.;

lime water, 6 fl. oz. In scarlatina and putrid sore throat. See ASTRINGENT

GARGLE, &c.

=Gargle of Ni'tre.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SALIS NITRI, G. POTASSÆ NITRATIS, L.

_Prep._ 1. Nitre, 2 dr.; honey or syrup, 1/2 oz.; rose water, 5-1/2 fl.

oz.

2. (Brande.) Nitre, 2 dr.; oxymel, 1 fl. oz.; barley water, 7 fl. oz. In

inflammatory sore throat. See COMMON GARGLE.

=Gargle of Oak-Bark.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA CORTICIS QUERCÛS, L. _Prep._ 1.

Oak-bark, 2 dr.; boiling water, 6 fl. oz.; macerate 1 hour, and strain.

2. (Ellis.) Decoction of oak-bark, 1 pint; alum, 1/2 dr.; brandy, 2 fl.

oz. In chronic sore throat, relaxation of the uvula, &c.

=Gargle of Oxide of Manganese.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA MANGANESII OXIDI.

_Prep._ (Pareira). Black oxide of manganese, 2 dr.; decoction of barley, 5

fl. oz.

=Gargle of Pel'litory.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA PYRETHRI. _Prep._ 1. Pellitory

root, 4 dr.; water, 16 fl. oz.; boil to 8 fl. oz., and add of liquor of

ammonia 2 fl. dr.

2. (Swediaur.) Infusion of pellitory, 1 pint; vinegar, 3 fl. oz.;

sal-ammoniac, 3 dr. To promote the maturation and healing of throat

ulcers.

=Gargle of Permanganate of Potash.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA POTASSÆ

PERMANGANATIS. _Prep._ (Throat Hosp.) Solution of permanganate of potash

(B. P.), 6 minims; distilled water, 1 fl. oz. Antiseptic.

=Gargle of Ro''ses.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ROSÆ, G. ROSARUM, L. _Prep._

(Kendrick.) Conserve of roses, 3 oz.; boiling water, 16 fl. oz.; infuse 1

hour; add of dilute sulphuric acid, 2 fl. dr., and strain. Antiseptic,

astringent; used in several indications.

=Gargle of Subacetate of Lead.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA PLUMBI SUBACETATIS.

_Prep._ (Ratier.) Liquid subacetate of lead, 1/2 dr.; barley water, 1 lb.;

syrup, 1 fl. oz.

=Gargle of Turpentine.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA TEREBINTHINATUM. _Prep._

(Geddings.) Oil of turpentine, 2 dr.; mucilage, 6-1/2 fl. oz. In

salivation.

=Gargle, Spirit.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA SPIRITUOSUM, G. SPIRITÛS VINI, L.

_Prep._ 1. (Dr Watson.) French brandy, 1 fl. oz.; water, 1/4 pint.

2. (St. George's.) Proof spirit, 1 fl. oz.; oxymel, 5 fl. dr.; decoction

of barley, to make up 6 fl. oz. In relaxations and salivation.

=Gargle, Stim'ulant.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA STIMULANS, L. _Prep._ (Dr

Copland.) Infusion of roses, 6-1/2 fl. oz.; dilute hydrochloric acid, 40

drops; tincture of capsicum, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; honey, 3 dr. See GARGLE OF

CAPSICUM.

=Gargle of Tan'nin.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ACIDI TANNICI, L. _Prep._ 1.

(Beral.) Tannin, 1 dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.; rose water, 2 fl. oz.;

distilled water, 8 fl. oz.

2. (Jannart.) As the last, but using only half the quantity of tannin. In

salivation and aphthous ulcerations.

=Gargle of Verd'igris.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ÆRUGINUS, G. CUPRI ACETATIS, L.

_Prep._ (Guy's Hosp.) Oxymel of verdigris, 4 dr.; honey of roses, 2 oz.;

barley water, 3-1/2 fl. oz. Used as a detergent for ulcers in the throat.

If swallowed it produces violent vomiting. The addition of 2-1/2 oz. of

water to the above produces a gargle sufficiently strong for most cases.

=Gargle of Vin'egar.= See GARGLE OF ACETIC ACID.

=Gargle of Zinc.= _Syn._ GARGARISMA ZINCI, G. Z. SULPHATIS, L. _Prep._ (Dr

Copland.) Sulphate of zinc, 20 gr.; oxymel, 1 fl. oz.; rose water, 7 fl.

oz. In aphthous sores, relaxations, ulceration of the tonsils, &c.

=GAR'LIC.= _Syn._ ALLIUM, L. The _Allium sativum_ of botanists. It is

diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and tonic; and externally,

irritant, rubefacient, and even vesicant.--_Dose_, 1/2 dr. to 1-1/2 dr.;

in enfeebled digestion, chronic diarrh[oe]a, old chronic coughs, atonic

dropsies, and worms. An antispasmodic and counter-irritant liniment is

made of the juice, which was formerly esteemed in chest diseases and

infantile convulsions. A small clove of garlic, or a few drops of the

juice, was formerly introduced into the ear in certain forms of deafness.

As a condiment its properties resemble those of the onion, than which it

is much more powerful.

=GAR'NET.= In _mineralogy_, one of the precious stones or gems. The finest

specimens of noble garnet (SYRIAN or ORIENTAL GARNET) are brought from

Pegu. According to chemical analysis, the garnet is a double silicate of

alumina and lime, coloured with iron and manganese.

=Garnet, Facti''tious.= See PASTES.

=GA'RUM.= [L.] A species of pickle or sauce prepared of fish, in a state

of incipient putrefaction, strongly salted and seasoned with aromatics.

According to Pliny, the Romans used a species of lobster for this purpose.

=GAS.= _Syn._ GAZ, Fr. A permanently elastic aëriform fluid. In English

the term 'air' is now usually restricted to the gaseous mixture forming

the atmosphere, but it was formerly used as a synonym for 'gas.' The

principal gases are the elementary bodies hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen and

nitrogen, and the compounds ammonia, carbonic acid, carbonic oxide,

carburetted hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, phosphoretted hydrogen, protoxide

of nitrogen, sulphuretted hydrogen, and sulphurous acid. See these

substances under their respective heads.

=Gas.= _Syn._ COAL GAS, ILLUMINATING G. The term 'gas' is popularly

applied to the important mixture of hydrocarbons produced by the

destructive distillation of pit-coal, and now employed as a source of

artificial light in most of large towns of Europe and America. Although

artificial illumination by means of coal-gas was, previous to 1819, used

in Great Britain in isolated cases, and had been employed for the

occasional lighting up of the mansion of Culrose Abbey in Scotland, by

Lord Dundonald, as far back as 1787; and by Murdoch, in 1798, for lighting

the foundry of Boulton and Watts in Soho, it does not appear to have been

generally adopted in London, and the other large towns of England and

Scotland until that year; since which time to the present artificial gas

illumination has steadily progressed, and increased to so enormous an

extent, that some works are now delivering millions of cubic feet of

coal-gas a day. The apparatus used in the manufacture of gas on the large

scale consists essentially of a system of closed retorts (_a_) of cast

iron or fire-clay, generally having the form of a flattened cylinder, and

arranged in sets of three or five, and heated by the same coal fire, as

shown in the accompanying drawing.

[Illustration]

The quantity of coal required to charge each retort is about two bushels,

and it takes about four hours for the coal to give off all its gas. When

it has done this the resulting coke is removed from the retort, and a

fresh charge of coal is thrown into it, the mouth of the retort being then

closed with a thick iron plate, and luted with clay. An iron pipe ascends

from the upper side of the front of the retort, projecting from the

furnace, and after describing a curve at its upper extremity, this iron

pipe opens into a much wider tube, called the _hydraulic main_ (_b_),

which latter passes horizontally along the front of the range of furnaces,

the tubes from all the retorts dipping into it. The hydraulic main is

always kept half full of the water and the tar which condenses from the

ascending gas; owing to which arrangement the opening into each retort is

effectually closed by a water-valve, and thus permits a fresh charge of

coals to be thrown in, and of coke to be withdrawn in any one or more of

the retorts, without interfering with the distillation going on in the

others.

The aqueous portion of the liquid deposited in the hydraulic main, which

is known as the _ammoniacal liquor_, and forms the principal source of the

commercial salts of ammonia, consists principally of solution of carbonate

of ammonium, but contains also sulphide, cyanide, and sulphocyanide of

ammonium. After it leaves the hydraulic main, the gas passes into the

_condenser_ (_e_), which is composed of a series of bent iron tubes (shown

in the plate), these being kept cool either by the large surface they

expose to the air, or, if necessary, by means of a stream of cold water

applied to the outside.

Any of the volatile hydrocarbons or salts of ammonia escaping condensation

in the hydraulic main are arrested in the condensers, but not always;

hence it is necessary to afterwards carry the gas through a _scrubber_

(not figured in the plate) or case containing pieces of coke, over which a

stream of water being made to trickle, absorbs any remaining ammoniacal

vapours. The gas next passes through the _lime purifier_ (_f_), an iron

box fitted with shelves, on which is placed slaked lime, which absorbs the

carbonic acid, and part, but not the whole of, the sulphuretted hydrogen

contained in the gas. Of the many methods devised for the removal of the

sulphuretted hydrogen, none appears to be so successful and economical as

that which consists in passing the gas over a mixture of sulphate of iron,

slaked lime, and sawdust.

The gas, after it has become purified by the foregoing processes, is

passed into the gasometer (_g_) (part of which is represented in the

plate), whence it passes into the mains, by which it is conveyed to the

various condensers. Another prejudicial impurity formed in gas is carbon

disulphide, which when burned gives rise to small quantities of sulphuric

acid, and this in time attacks certain kinds of furniture, as well as the

bindings of books.

Dr Angus Smith effects the removal of the disulphide by passing the gas

through a solution of plumbic oxide in caustic soda, diffused through

sawdust.

The quality of coal-gas is largely dependent upon the temperature employed

in its manufacture. If the retorts are insufficiently heated, the result

will be the formation of certain easily-condensable hydrocarbons, which

not only diminish the bulk of the gas, but cause considerable

inconvenience by collecting in and blocking up the pipes. On the contrary,

should too much heat be used, the gas becomes partially decomposed by

contact with the red-hot retort, and deposits on its sides the substance

known as "gas carbon," thus not only removing to a certain extent the

constituent to which the gas owes its illuminating power, but

impoverishing its lighting qualities still more, by diluting it with an

unnecessary quantity of liberated hydrogen. These latter effects are

forcibly illustrated in the following analysis of the gas collected from

Wigan cannel coal at different periods of the distillation.

The best gas is said to be produced when the retorts are heated to a

bright cherry red.

In 100 Volumes. 1st Hour. 5th Hour. 10th Hour.

Olefiant gas and volatile hydro-carbons 13·0 7·0 0·0

Marsh gas 82·5 56·0 20·0

Carbonic oxide 3·2 11·0 10·0

Hydrogen 0·0 21·3 60·0

Nitrogen 1·3 4·7 10·0

"The value of gas as an illuminating agent may be said to depend on the

amount of hydrocarbons present, and on the relation which the carbon bears

to the hydrogen in these substances. In marsh gas, CH_{4}, which is,

practically speaking, non-luminous, the per-centage composition is, carbon

75, and hydrogen 25. In olefiant gas, C_{2}H_{4}, the carbon is 85·7, and

the hydrogen 14·3, and the gas possesses a correspondingly greater amount

of illuminating value. In acetylene, C_{2}H_{2}, we have a gas of still

greater illuminating value, the proportion of carbon to hydrogen being

also greater, the per-centage composition being, carbon 92·3, and hydrogen

7·7. In benzol, C_{6}H_{6}, we have the same per-centages; while in

naphthalene, C_{10}H_{8}, a still higher ratio between the carbon and

hydrogen exists, and a corresponding increased value in light-giving

power. It was formerly taken as an axiom that the illuminating value of a

mixture of gases was also proportionate to the relation between the carbon

and hydrogen, but although this is very good as a rough criterion in

practice, the statement must not be accepted as strictly true. The

illuminating power of a mixture of gases is known now to depend far more

on the nature of the particular compounds present, than upon the absolute

proportion between the hydrogen and carbon; for while on the one hand it

is possible to have a gas (marsh gas) containing as much as 75·4 per cent.

of carbon, and yet which is valueless for illuminating purposes; it is

also possible to have a mixture of gases in which the per-centage of

carbon is far less, although the illuminating value is much greater."[326]

[Footnote 326: 'Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and

Analytical,'--Mackenzie.]

Coal gas consists of a mixture of the following bodies:

Marsh gas (light carbonetted hydrogen).

Olefiant gas (heavy " " ).

Hydrogen.

Carbonic oxide.

Nitrogen.

Vapours of liquid hydro-carbons.

Vapour of bisulphide of carbon.

The yield of gas, and also the illuminating power of the product, vary

greatly with different kinds of coal. The average yield may be roughly

estimated at 10,000 cubic feet of gas per ton of coal.[327]

[Footnote 327: For practical details respecting the manufacture of this

product, see the article COAL GAS in 'Ure's Dictionary of Arts,

Manufactures, &c.,' 'Wagner's Chemical Technology,' and 'Chemistry,

Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical.']

Anthracite is by no means suited for a gas coal. The best coals for this

purpose are those which are bituminous; they comprise caking coal, parrot

coal, and certain varieties of cannel coal. London gas (which is generally

deficient in illuminating power) is manufactured principally from Durham

and Newcastle coal.

In addition to the elementary composition of the coal, the amount and

nature of the volatile matter contained in it is an important factor in

its value as a source for gas. It should also yield a small amount of ash,

and be as free as possible from sulphur, besides which its ultimate

analysis should show a comparatively small proportion of oxygen. If there

be an excess of this latter element, the production of the hydrocarbon

illuminants will be diminished, since the hydrogen which would go to their

formation would unite with the oxygen to form useless water.

The late Charles Mansfield proposed to increase the illuminating power of

ordinary coal-gas, and to render water gas or even atmospheric air

luminiferous, by passing them through sponges or over trays containing

mineral naphtha or benzole; and a patent was taken out for this purpose.

The gas so treated imbibes or dissolves a portion of the liquid, and burns

with increased brilliancy. The method of saturating the gas with the

liquid hydrocarbon is as follows:--"The apparatus consists of a brass

reservoir or chamber attached to the end of the gas-pipe, near the burner.

This reservoir may be in the shape of an oil-flask, made air-tight, with a

screw-joint, or other means of supplying any highly volatile oil,

turpentine, or mineral naphtha, and should be kept about half full. Into

this reservoir the gas-pipe ascends a little above the surface of the oil;

a very small jet-pipe of gas, regulated by a stop-cock, is branched off

below this chamber, to supply a minute flame, so as to cause a sufficient

evaporation from the oil to unite with the gas in the flask receiver. The

whole is, of course, surmounted with the usual burner and lamp-glass."

The naphthalising of gas did not work well on a large scale. Recently,

however, an attempt was made to get up a company in England to work a

French patented process, which differed only from that of Mansfield's in

the substitution of another hydrocarbon (probably a petroleum product) for

benzol. The chemical and technical journals exposed this invention, and

prevented the sinking of capital in a worthless undertaking. On a small

scale, simple 'naphthalisers' appear to work very well.

The illuminating power of gas, as well as of other sources of light, may

be directly ascertained by what is termed the 'comparison of shadows,' or

indirectly, and more conveniently, by chemical analysis.[328] See AIR GAS,

ILLUMINATION.

[Footnote 328: See 'Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry,' vol. i.]

=GASTROPHAN= (Apotheker J. Fürst, Prague). For strengthening the digestion

and improving the appetite. Quassia, 30 grammes; orange berries, 15

grammes; galangal, 4 grammes; cardamoms, 2 grammes; star anise oil, 10

drops; orange-peel oil, 10 drops; spirit, 180 grammes; water, 120 grammes;

digested and filtered. (Hager.)

=GASTROPHILE= (Dr Borchard). There are several numbers of this

preparation. Soda water, containing common salt, perhaps in some of the

numbers mixed with Glauber's salts.

=GAZ'OGENE.= [Fr.] _Syn._ AËRATING MACHINE. A portable apparatus for

aërating water and other liquids. Many forms have been given to this

instrument, but in all the principle is the same. Powders for generating

carbonic acid gas are placed in a separate compartment, and the liquid to

be aërated in another. The two compartments are connected by a suitable

tube, and a second tube, furnished with a spring tap, affords an exit for

the aërated liquid. By the aid of the gazogene, water, wine, ale, &c., may

in a few minutes be fully saturated with carbonic acid gas, and so

rendered brisk and piquant. By using fruit syrups, manufactured from

English and foreign fruits, the most delicious aërated summer beverages

can be made, resembling those so much esteemed by travellers in the South

of Europe and the sea-board cities of the Western world.

The following are the proportions of soda and acid required for charging

gazogenes:

For 2 pints, powdered tartaric acid, 280 grains; bicarbonate of soda, 340

grains.

For 3 pints, powdered tartaric acid, 340 grains; bicarbonate of soda, 420

grains.

For 5 pints, tartaric acid, 620 grains; carbonate of soda, 760 grains.

Put the acid and soda in different coloured papers.

=GEDACHTNISS-LIMONADE--Mnemonic Lemonade= (manufactured by G. M. Raufer,

Vienna). A mixture of 15 parts phosphoric acid, 15 parts glycerin, 70

parts water. (Schädler.)

=GEHOR INSTRUMENT.= Instrument for deafness (Apotheker F. Brunner,

Troppau). A little tube of silver plate, 2 centimètres long and as thick

as a straw, with a small mussel-shaped widening at one end, which is

wrapped in cotton wool, to be inserted in the ear.

=GEHOR LIQUOR=, Schweizer--Swiss Cure for Deafness (Raudnitz). Water mixed

with a little coarse brandy. (Wittstein.)

=GEHOROL--Oil for Deafness= (C. Brockelmann, Soest). Provence oil

adulterated with sunflower oil and mixed with very small traces of camphor

and cajeput, sassafras, and rosemary oils. (Hager.)

=GEL'ATIN.= _Syn._ GELATINE; GÉLATINE, Fr.; GELATINA, L. Animal jelly,

obtained by the prolonged action of boiling water on the organic tissue of

the bones, tendons, and ligaments, the cellular tissue, the skin, and the

serous membranes. Glue and size are coarse varieties of gelatin, prepared

from hoofs, hides, skins, &c.; and isinglass is a purer kind, obtained

from the air bladders of some other membranes of fish.

_Prop., &c._ Gelatin is insoluble in cold water, but dissolves with

greater or less readiness on the application of heat, according to the

source where it is obtained, and in this state forms a tremulous and

transparent jelly on cooling; it is insoluble in both alcohol and ether,

and is decomposed by the strong alkalies and acids; with tannic acid it

forms an insoluble compound of a buff colour, which is the basis of

leather; when acted on by cold concentrated sulphuric acid, it yields

glycocoll or gelatin sugar; and when boiled with strong alkalies, it

yields glycocoll and leucine. Chlorine passed into a solution of gelatin

occasions a dense white precipitate (chlorite of gelatin), which

ultimately forms a tough, elastic, pearly mass, somewhat resembling

fibrin.

_Tests._ Its aqueous solution is recognised as follows:--1. It gelatinises

on cooling. 2. It is precipitated by alcohol. 3. Bichloride of mercury

gives a whitish flocculent precipitate. 4. Tannic acid or infusion of

galls gives a copious yellowish-white, curdy precipitate, which, on being

stirred, coheres into an elastic mass, insoluble in water, and incapable

of putrefaction, and which, when dried, assumes the appearance of

over-tanned leather. 5. The gelatinising property is destroyed by nitric

acid. 6. It is not affected by either alum or acetate of lead. In this

respect it differs from chondrin.

_Qual._ The goodness of commercial gelatin intended for food is readily

proved by pouring boiling water over it, and digesting the two together

for a short time. If it is pure and wholesome, its colour remains

unaltered, and during its solution it continues entirely free from smell.

The resulting solution and jelly are also odourless, neutral to

test-paper, free from unpleasant taste, and perfectly transparent. If it

forms a yellow gluey-looking mass, and evolves an offensive odour, it

should be rejected as of inferior quality, and unfit for culinary

purposes.

_Uses, &c._ Gelatin is largely employed as an article of food, as in

soups, jellies, &c.; but its value in this respect has been, perhaps,

overrated.[329] Animals fed exclusively on gelatin die of starvation. But

when mixed with other food, especially with substances abounding in

albumen, casein, or fibrin, gelatin may be useful as an aliment, and serve

directly to nourish the gelatinous tissues. (Liebig.) Hence gelatin is a

fitting substance to form part (but only a part) of the diet of

convalescents, as it conveys nutrition directly to these tissues, without

tasking the diminished powers of life for its conversion; but its use

should be accompanied by a proper quantity of azotised animal food to

supply the elements to the blood, for the support and increase of the

muscular tissue, or fleshy portion of the body. In France gelatin obtained

from bones is employed as a part of the diet in hospitals with the best

effect, materially abridging the period of convalescence; but when given

alone, all animals soon become disgusted with it, and die if not supplied

with other food. (D'Arcet.) See GLUE, ISINGLASS, and _below_.

[Footnote 329: The reader interested in this subject should consult a

paper by Carl Voit in the 'Zeitschrift für Biologie,' viii, 297-388.]

=Gelatin, Bone.= Obtained from crushed bones by boiling with water, or by

the action of steam and water successively, either with or without

pressure; or by maceration in dilute hydrochloric acid, to extract the

phosphate of lime, the remaining gelatinous mass being well washed in cold

water, and afterwards dissolved in boiling water in the usual manner. A

little carbonate of soda is commonly added to the last water. Gelatin has

even been extracted from fossil bones. "A soup was prepared from one of

the bones of the great mastodon by the préfet of one of the departments of

France." (Pereira.) Butchers' meat contains, on an average, 24% of dry

flesh, 56% of water, and 20% of bone. The last will yield, by proper

treatment, nearly 1-3rd of its weight of dry gelatin, or a quantity equal

to about 6% of the meat from which it is cut. This, as well as other

varieties of gelatin, is frequently blanched by sulphurous acid or animal

charcoal, and tinged of various colours with the ordinary vegetable dyes.

Thus, blue is given with sulphate of indigo or the juice of blue berries;

green, with the juice of spinach; and red, with juice of red-beet.

=Gelatin, French.= _Syn._ CAKE GELATIN. Gelatin made up into small thin

cakes, like the finer sorts of glue. A good deal of it is prepared in

Paris from the cuttings of the skins used in making kid gloves and

slippers.

=Gelatin, Patent.= Various qualities of gelatin are manufactured from glue

pieces, or cuttings of the hides of beasts and skins of calves, and from

inferior isinglass. According to Mr Nelson's specification, the crude

materials, freed from hair, wool, flesh, and fat, after being thoroughly

washed and 'scored,' are macerated for 10 days in a lye of caustic soda,

and are then placed in covered vessels at a temperature varying from 60°

to 70° Fahr., until they become tender; they are next washed to free them

from alkali, and are then exposed to the vapour of burning sulphur until

they acquire a sensibly acid reaction; they are now dissolved in water

contained in earthen vessels heated to 150° Fahr., and the solution, after

being strained, is put into 'settling vessels,' and heated to 100° to 120°

Fahr., for 8 or 9 hours; at the end of this time the clear liquor is drawn

off, and poured on the 'cooling slabs,' to the depth of about 1/2 an inch.

As soon as the jelly is cold, it is cut into pieces, and washed in water

until perfectly free from acid. It is then redissolved in water at about

85°, the solution poured out on slabs as before, and when cold, it is cut

up, and, lastly, dried on nets.

According to another specification (Rattray's Patent) glue-pieces are

steeped in water until they begin to putrefy, then washed with water,

drained, and put from 12 to 24 hours into water strongly soured with

sulphurous acid; they are afterwards washed first with cold water, and

then in water at 120° Fahr., and are lastly converted into size by

digestion for 24 hours in water at 120° Fahr., the resulting solution

being filtered through bags of double woollen-cloth.

Patent gelatins are often sold cut up in imitation of 'picked isinglass,'

to which, for the preparation of jellies, soups, and blancmanges, they are

not much inferior.

=Gelatin, Rough.= _Syn._ GELATINE BRUT, Fr. From the skulls of oxen, the

spongy insides of the horns and ribs, and from several other soft bony

parts (deprived of fat), by washing them in water, digesting in an equal

weight of hydrochloric acid of 6° Baume, in cold weather, and 4° or 5° in

summer, for 10 days, then in acid of only 1° Baume for 24 hours longer;

afterwards soaking and washing in successive portions of cold water until

all the acid is washed out, adding an ounce of carbonate of soda to the

last water. Used to make glue, &c. A similar article is prepared from the

bones of sheep. The pieces, after being treated as above, are steeped in

boiling water for a few minutes, wiped dry, and shaken together in a bag

to remove the internal pellicle; after which they are cut into squares or

dice to disguise them, and finally dipped into a hot solution of gelatin

to varnish them. In this state the article is called 'GELATINE BRUT FIN,'

Used to make soup. It keeps better than the cakes of portable soup. When

less carefully prepared, it is also used to make glue for fine work. See

BONE GELATIN.

=GELEE (pour le Goitre).= See LINIMENT OF IODIDE OF POTASSIUM.

=GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS.= _Syn._ GELSEMIUM NITRIDUM, GELSEMIUM

SEMPERVIRENS, GELSEMIUM LUCIDUM, ANONYMUS SEMPERVIRENS, BIGNONIA

SEMPERVIRENS; LISANTHUS SEMPERVIRENS. The YELLOW JASMINE, or WOODBINE. The

CAROLINA JASMINE.

Different botanists have placed the plant in different natural orders. De

Candolle assigns it to the _Loganiaceæ_; Decaisne to the _Apocynaceæ_;

Chapman to the _Rubiaceæ_.

The root, which is the only part of this plant employed in medicine, and

of which a fluid extract has been introduced into the United States

Pharmacop[oe]ia, as met with in English commerce occurs in two states;

either in packets prepared by the shakers of New Lebanon, which contain

the root in small pieces, formed into a compact mass by hydraulic

pressure, and in which state it is difficult to powder; or it is simply

sold cut up into pieces varying from two to eight inches in length, and

one-third to three fourths of an inch in diameter. It is frequently mixed

with about half its bulk of long, wiry, pale-brown rootlets.

The so-called gelsemium root consists chiefly of subterranean stem with a

small proportion of true root, occasionally a slender piece of the aërial

stem may be found intermixed, and is readily distinguished by its purplish

colour and hollow centre, and by the silky and tow-like fibre, rendered

visible when the epidermis is peeled off (fig. 1 _e_).

The true root is hard and woody, slightly undulated in outline, very

sparingly branched, except in the slender pieces, externally of a pale

brown colour, nearly smooth, and furnished with a thin scurfy cuticle,

which is slightly cracked longitudinally. When a transverse section is

examined with a lens, the bark of the root is seen to be very thin, and to

consist of two layers, the inner one being usually almost as pale as the

woody portion, and of somewhat soft texture, the outer one is darker and

more compact (fig. 1 _b_, _c_).

The meditullium, or woody portion of the root occupies nearly its whole

diameter, is of a pale yellowish bright colour, the yellow tint becoming

much more distinct when the root is wetted. The medullary rays are white

and very distinct, and the woody tissue between the rays is very porous,

the pores being very small, but visible to the unaided eye, especially

when the root is broken instead of cut (fig. 1 _d_). There is no pith or

central cavity in the root. The root has a bitter taste and pleasant

flavour, somewhat between those of senega and green tea; this is more

readily perceived in the tincture.

The subterranean stem (fig. 1 _a_) is also furnished with rootlets, but is

easily distinguished from the root by the presence of a small, dark

coloured, central cavity representing the pith, and by the external

surface being rougher, and frequently variegated with dark longitudinal

lines, which are the remains of the same purplish cuticle which presents

so marked a feature in the aërial stem. The bark is thicker than that of

the true root, and the inner layer is usually dark brown. If the

subterranean stem is broken slowly and carefully, a thin row of silky

fibres projects fully a quarter of an inch from the broken edge. The

fibres do not appear when the bark of the root is broken, and thus serve

to distinguish the stem of this drug from the root. Experiments as to the

relative value of the bark of the root and stem are wanting. The bark of

the stem has the same bitter taste as that of the root, and if it be

hereafter shown that it is equally active, the above character of

scattered strong fibres, taken in conjunction with the flavour of the drug

and its porous structure, will serve to distinguish it from all other

roots and stems used in materia medica.[330]

[Footnote 330: Holmes.]

_Medicinal properties._--The American medical journals record the

successful administration of gelsemium in a great number and variety of

diseases, including intermittent, remittent, typhoid, and yellow fevers,

the irritative fevers of childhood, inflammation of the lungs and pleura,

dysentery, rheumatism, and other inflammatory affections, neuralgia,

obstinate menstruation, delirium tremens, morbid wakefulness, St. Vitus'

dance, hysteria, epilepsy, spasmodic stricture of the urethra, and

gonorrh[oe]a. Dr Hurd, an American physician, reports very favorably of

the drug as a cardiac sedative, and considers it more efficient than any

other remedy in the palpitation and the difficult breathing that accompany

heart disease; and Dr Hill, of Maine, finds it when combined with bromide

of potassium useful in irritable bladder.

[Illustration]

Its principal use, however, in American medical practice has been as a

febrifuge. In periodic fevers it has been employed with great advantage,

as well as in cases of intermittent fever, which having failed to yield to

quinine alone, succumbed, when this latter medicine was combined with

gelsemium.

In England gelsemium has been successfully employed for the relief of

facial neuralgia, or of the pain caused in the face and jaws by decayed

teeth; as well as in obscure nervous affections and severe headaches. It

is given principally in the form of tincture; but sometimes in powder in

doses of from one to two grains.

The therapeutic action of gelsemium is believed to be due to the sedative

effect it exercises on the nervous and arterial systems--hence its power

in controlling the nervous irritability so prevalent during fever. In

moderate doses it causes a sensation of agreeable langour, accompanied

with muscular relaxation; in larger doses, dizziness, dilated pupil,

double vision, general muscular debility and prostration; these symptoms

being accompanied by a diminution in the force and frequency of the pulse

as well as in the respiration. At the same time the patient becomes

insensible to pain; but is free from stupor and delirium. These symptoms

are said to pass off, after a time, and to be attended with no unpleasant

results.

The 'Lancet' as well as many of the American medical journals record

several cases of poisoning arising from giving an overdose of this drug.

The symptoms are a great prostration of nervous energy, accompanied by

paralysis of sensation and motion. When death occurs it is probably owing

to syncope. The antidotes are, first, an emetic, and after this has acted,

stimulants, such as carbonate of ammonia with brandy, or aromatic spirits

of ammonia. In cases accompanied with insensibility, recourse should be

had to electricity.

Kollock, in the 'American Journal of Pharmacy' for 1855, states that he

found the root on analysis to yield volatile oil, dry acrid resin, fatty

resin, fixed oil, gallic acid, starch, pectic acid, albumen, extractive

matter, lignin, gum, a yellow colouring matter, mineral matter (chiefly

salts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and silica), and an alkaloid,

to which the name gelseminine or gelsemia has been given. Kollock also

states that the leaves and flowers contain the same ingredients as the

root, although in much smaller quantities.

Eberle, in the 'American Journal of Pharmacy' for 1864, says he failed to

obtain gelseminine from the root. In a paper contributed to the 'American

Journal of Pharmacy,' for January, 1870, by Dr Wormley, the author stated

that he said he not only succeeded in obtaining pure gelseminine from the

root, but also a peculiar acid which he calls gelseminic, or gelsemic[331]

acid; which he regards as existing in combination with the gelsemia,

forming the gelsemate of gelsemia.

[Footnote 331: Professor Sonneschien, having submitted the so-called

_Gelseminic Acid_ to analysis thinks there can be no doubt that it is

perfectly identical with æsculin, a glucoside obtained from the bark of

the horse-chesnut--the _Esculus hippocastanum_.]

Probably the alkaloid gelseminine may at some future time be introduced

into medicine, since it would appear to be the chief ingredient to which

the root owes its activity. It is strongly poisonous. Dr Wormley injected

one eighth of a grain under the skin of a large cat, which in 40 minutes

exhibited great prostration, and died in an hour and a half from the time

of the injection of the poison. The properties of the gelseminic acid, the

resin, the volatile oil, and other ingredients of the root, have not been

fully investigated. See TINCTURE OF GELSEMIUM, GELSEMININE.

In the 'American Journal of Pharmacy' for April, 1877, Dr Wormley gives

the following directions for the preparations of gelseminic acid, and

gelsemine:--A given volume of fluid extract, acidulated with acetic acid,

is slowly added with constant stirring to about eight volumes of water;

after the separated resinous matter has completely deposited, the liquid

is filtered, and the filtrate concentrated on a water bath, to something

less than the volume of fluid extract employed. The gelseminic acid is

then extracted from the concentrated fluid by ether, after which the

liquid is treated with slight excess of carbonate of sodium, and the

gelsemine extracted with ether or chloroform. For the extraction of the

first of these principles, it is not essential that the liquid should be

acidulated, but in the presence of a free acid the results are more

satisfactory.

=GEMS=. _Syn_. JEWELS; GEMMÆ, L. "Gems are precious stones, which, by

their colour, limpidity, lustre, brilliant polish, purity, and rarity, are

sought after as objects of dress and decoration. They form the principal

part of the crown jewels of kings, not only from their beauty, but because

they are supposed to comprise the greatest value in the smallest bulk; for

a diamond, no larger than a nut, or an acorn, may be the representative

sign of the territorial value of a whole country, the equivalent in

commercial exchange for a hundred fortunes, acquired by severe toils and

privations." "Among these beautiful minerals mankind have agreed in

forming a select class, to which the title of gems or jewels has been

appropriated; while the term precious stone is more particularly given to

substances which often occur under a more considerable volume than fine

stones ever do. Diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, rubies, topazes, hyacinths,

and chrysoberyls, are reckoned the most valuable gems;--crystalline

quartz, pellucid, opalescent, or of various hues, amethyst, lapis lazuli,

malachite, jasper, agate, &c., are ranked in the much more numerous and

inferior class of ornamental stones." (Ure.)

_Tests._ The only tests applicable to gems and precious stones are the

determination of their relative hardness and their specific gravity. By

the first test, pastes or factitious gems are readily detected; but beyond

this, owing to the difficulty of applying it, it ceases to be useful to

persons unconnected with the trade. The determination of the specific

gravity is, however, of more general application, as gems are generally

dismounted when offered for sale, or are so set that they may be removed

from their 'mountings' without injury or inconvenience. See SPECIFIC

GRAVITY, and _below_.

_Obs._ The relative hardness of the different substances is measured by

the power they possess of cutting or scratching the other substances

having a smaller number attached to them in the table. Thus, no gem but

the DIAMOND (20) will scratch either the RUBY (17) or the SAPPHIRE (16);

and, for the same reason, a blue stone that will cut the EMERALD or the

TOPAZ can be no other than the SAPPHIRE. The sp. gr. is ascertained in the

usual manner, and will be found sufficiently indicative of the true nature

of the stone when considered in connection with its other characteristics.

The index of refraction is a certain key to the quality of the stone, in

the hands of those who are capable of determining it, and may be applied

to either mounted or unmounted gems. The most convenient instrument for

the purpose is Wollaston's 'REFLECTING-GONIOMETER,'

=Gems, Facti''tious.= These, with few exceptions, are made of very pure,

fusible, highly transparent, and dense glass, usually termed 'PASTE' or

'STRASS,' which is generally formed of oxide of lead, potassa, and silica,

with small quantities of other ingredients to increase the brilliancy and

clearness. The characteristic tints are imparted by the addition of

metallic oxides. The beauty of artificial stones and gems depends,

chiefly, upon the tint of the real stones being exactly imitated, and upon

proper care and skill being exercised in the cutting, polishing, and

mounting them. All the coloured glasses, and enamels, may be worked up

into artificial gems.

TABLE _of the Hardness, Specific Gravity, and

Refractive Power of the principal_ GEMS _and_ PRECIOUS

STONES, _and some other_ MINERALS; _compiled expressly

for this work_.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Name. | Relative | Specific Gravity. | Index of Reflection. |

| | Hardness. | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

| Agate | 12 | 2·6 | |

| Amethyst (occidental) | 11 | 2·7 | |

| Calcareous spar | 6 | 2·7 | |

| Chalk | 3 | 2·7 | |

| Chrysolite | 10 | 3·7 | |

| Cornelian | 11 | 2·7 | |

| Crystal | 11 | 2·6 | |

| Diamond (bluish) | 19 | 3·3 | } |

| " (cubic) | 18 | 3·2 | } |

| " (from Ormus) | 20 | 3·7 | } 2·439 |

| " (pink) | 19 | 3·4 | } |

| " (yellowish) | 19 | 3·3 | } |

| " (average colourless)| 19 to 20 | 3·3 to 3·55 | } |

| Emerald | 12 | 2·8 | |

| Fluor spar | 7 | 3·5 | 1·434 |

| Garnet | 12 | 4·4 | 1·815 |

| Glass | { } | 2·3 to 3·62 | 1·525 to 2·028 |

| " (crystal or flint) | {various} | 3·0 " 3·6 | 1·830 " 2·028 |

| " (plate) | { } | 2·5 " 2·6 | 1·514 " 1·542 |

| Gypsum | 5 | 2·3 | |

| Jasper (green) | 11 | 2·7 | |

| " (reddish yellow) | 9 | 2·6 | |

| Onyx | 12 | 2·6 | |

| Opal | 10 | 2·6 | |

| Quartz | 10 | 2·7 | 1·548 |

| Ruby | 17 | 4·2 | } 1·779 |

| " (pale, from Brazil) | 17 | 3·5 | } |

| " (spinelle) | 13 | 3·4 | 1·764 |

| Sapphire (deep blue) | 16 | 3·8 | } 1·794 |

| " (paler) | 17 | 3·8 | } |

| Sardonyx | 12 | 2·6 | |

| Schoerl | 10 | 3·6 | |

| Topaz | 15 | 4·2 | |

| " (Bohemian) | 11 | 2·8 | |

| " (whitish) | 14 | 3·5 | |

| Tourmaline | 10 | 3·0 | |

| Zeolite | 8 | 2·1 | |

| Zircon | -- | -- | 1·961 |

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MM. Fremy and Feil have lately succeeded in manufacturing artificial

corundum, ruby and topaz, having a composition the same as the natural

stones. The process by which they have effected this consists in fusing

together at a red heat, in the furnace of a glass works for a considerable

time, a fusible aluminate (such as aluminate of lead), and some silicious

body.

The silica is found to unite with the lead, and to liberate the alumina in

the crystalline form. When equal weights of alumina and red lead are

heated together in a crucible made of some refractory silicious substance,

the above conditions if the temperature has been maintained sufficiently

long and high ensue, and there is found in the crucible at the end of the

operation a layer of silicate of lead, and very frequently another of pure

crystallised alumina or corundum.

The ruby colour is given by adding to the mixture in the crucible two or

three per-cent. of bichromate of potash, the blue being produced by the

addition of a small quantity of oxide of cobalt, with a trace only of

bichromate of potash. A film of silicate of lead very frequently adheres

to the ruby crystals, and this has to be removed.

In some instances, however, the crystals occur nearly pure, and are

precisely similar to the natural gems in crystalline form, composition,

hardness, and lustre.

Upon being heated, the artificial ruby, like the natural one, loses its

rose colour, and recovers it again on cooling. It is said that the

factitious gems hitherto obtained are not, as a rule, equal in lustre to

the natural ones, and are consequently not so well suited for jewellers'

work; also that they do not present to the lapidary conditions favorable

to cleavage or cutting. They are, however, very well adapted for the works

of watches. See ENAMELS, PASTES, &c.

=GENE'VA.= See GIN and HOLLANDS.

=GEN'TIAN ROOT.= _Syn._ GENTINÆ RADIX, L. The dried root of _Gentiana

lutea_, or 'yellow gentian.' _Dose_, 10 to 30 gr.; as a simple bitter

tonic, and stomachic, in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gout, &c. It was

formerly a favourite remedy in agues. "Joined with galls or tormentil, and

given in sufficient quantity, it has not failed in any intermittents in

which I have tried it." (Dr Cullen.) In excessive doses it is apt to relax

the bowels and disturb the system. When taken for some time, it imparts

its bitter flavour to the perspiration and urine. See DECOCTION, EXTRACT,

&c.

=GEN'TIANIN.= _Syn._ GENTIANINE; GENTIANINA, L. A substance obtained by

MM. Henry and Caventou from the root of common gentian.

_Prep._ 1. Gentian root (in powder) is digested for 2 or 3 days in cold

ether, with agitation, and the filtered tincture evaporated to dryness;

the residuum is dissolved in rectified spirit, and the solution is again

evaporated; the semi-crystalline mass is, lastly, redissolved in either

alcohol or ether, and crystallised by careful evaporation.

2. (Magendie.) The ethereal extract is exhausted with cold alcohol

(rectified spirit), as before, and the resulting tincture is evaporated to

dryness; the residuum is dissolved in water, calcined magnesia added in

excess, and the whole boiled and filtered; the sediment is digested in

ether, and the ethereal tincture allowed to crystallise by slow

evaporation.

_Prop., &c._ Gentianin forms golden-yellow needles, scarcely soluble in

cold water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. It is a powerful bitter

and stomachic.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 2 gr.

=GER'MAN PASTE.= _Prep._ From pea-meal, 2 lbs.; sweet almonds (blanched),

1 lb.; fresh butter or lard, 1/4 lb.; moist sugar, 5 oz.; hay saffron, 1/2

dr.; beat to a smooth paste, adding cold water q. s., granulate the mass

by passing it through a colander, and expose the product to the air in a

warm place, until quite hard and dry. The addition of 2 or 3 eggs improves

it. Used to feed larks, nightingales, and other insectivorous birds. It

will keep good for 12 months in a dry place.

=GER'MAN SILVER.= _Syn._ ALBATA, ARGENTAN, _Electrum_, NICKEL SILVER,

TUTENAG, VIRGINIAN PLATE, WHITE COPPER. A well-known alloy, the finer

varieties of which nearly equal silver in whiteness and susceptibility of

receiving a high polish, whilst they surpass it in hardness and

durability. The following formulæ are from the highest authorities, or are

the results of actual analysis of the finest commercial samples:--

_Prep._ 1. Copper, 50 parts; nickel, 20 parts; zinc, 30 parts. Very

malleable, and takes a high polish.

2. Copper, 50 parts; nickel, 26 parts; zinc, 24 parts. Closely resembles

silver; an excellent sample.