5. Bistort and pomegranate peel, of each 2 oz.; sal ammonia, 1/4 oz.; red
wine, 1 pint.; infuse at a gentle heat. The above are used in hæmorrhages,
piles, prolapsus, &c.
=Fomentation of Belladon'na.= _Syn._ FOTUS BELLADONNÆ, L. _Prep._
(Ophthalmic Hosp.) Extract of belladonna, 1 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint.
Used to dilate the pupil in certain affections of the eye; it is usually
applied on the forehead.
=Fomentation of Bitter-sweet.= _Syn._ DECOCTUM DULCAMARÆ, L. _Prep._
Bitter-sweet stalks, 10 dr.; water, 1-1/2 pint; boil to a pint, and
strain.
=Fomentation of Cham'omile.= _Syn._ FOMENTATIO ANTHEMIDIS, L. _Prep._
Chamomiles, 2 oz.; water, 3 pints; boil 10 minutes, and strain with
expression. Emollient.
=Fomentation, Com'mon.= _Syn._ FOTUS COMMUNIS. (L. 1744.) _Prep._ Dried
southernwood, sea wormwood, chamomile, of each 1 oz.; dried bay leaves,
1/2 oz.; water, 5 pints; boil slightly, and strain.
=Fomentation, Compound of Hemlock.= (Guy's Hosp.) _Syn._ FOMENTUM CONII
COMPOSITUM. _Prep._ Dried hemlock, 2 oz.; dried chamomiles, 1/2 oz.;
boiling water, 1-1/2 pint; macerate for 2 hours, strain, and press.
=Fomentation, Diuret'ic.= _Syn._ FOMENTATIO DIURETICA, L. _Prep._
(Trousseau.) Tinctures of squills and foxglove, of each 2 oz.; hot water,
6 fluid oz.; mix. Applied by lint or linen compresses to the insides of
the thighs, in dropsies, when the stomach will not bear diuretics.
=Fomentation of El'der Flowers.= _Syn._ FOTUS SAMBUCI, L. _Prep._ From
elder flowers, 1 oz.; boiling water, 2 quarts; digest in a hot place for 1
hour, and express the liquor. Emollient.
=Fomentation, Emol'lient.= _Syn._ FOMENTATIO EMOLLIENS. L. _Prep._ 1.
Marshmallow root and poppy heads, of each 1 oz.; water, 3 pints; boil to a
quart, and strain.
2. (P. Cod.) Emollient herbs, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1 quart; infuse 1
hour, and strain with expression. (See _above_.)
=Fomentation, Foxglove.= _Syn._ FOMENTUM DIGITALIS. Dried foxglove, 1 oz.;
boiling water, 1-1/2 pint; infuse, and strain.
=Fomentation of Galls.= _Syn_ FOMENTUM GALLÆ. _Prep._ Bruised galls, 1/2
oz.; boiling water, 2 lbs.; macerate for an hour and strain.
=Fomentation, Narcot'ic.= _Syn._ FOMENTATIO NARCOTICA, L. _Prep._ (P.
Cod.) Narcotic herbs, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1-1/2 pint; infuse as last.
=Fomentation, Poppy.= _Syn._ FOMENTUM PAPAVERIS. As DECOCTION OF POPPIES.
=Fomentation, Resol'vent.= _Syn._ FOTUS RESOLVENS, L. _Prep._ (Richard.)
Fomentation of elder flowers, 8 fl. oz.; liquor of diacetate of lead, 1/2
fl. dr.; mix. Used to discuss tumours, &c.
=Fomentation, Stim'ulant.= _Syn._ FOMENTATIO STIMULANS, L. _Prep._ 1.
Sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 1 oz.; tincture of cantharides, 2 fl. oz.;
warm water, 1 pint.
2. Household mustard, 4 oz.; hot water, 1-1/2 pint; mix. Both the above
are rubefacient and counter-irritant, and excellent in rheumatism,
neuralgia, &c.
=Fomentation, Tannin.= _Syn._ FOMENTUM TANNINI. (Ricord.) _Prep._ Tannin,
2 dr.; aromatic wine, 8 oz.
=Fomentation, Ver'mifuge.= _Syn._ FOMENTATIO VERMIFUGA, FOTUS
ANTHELMINTICUS, L. _Prep._ Leaves and flowers of tansy, wormwood, and
chamomile, of each 3 oz.; water, 1 quart; boil to 1-1/2 pint, and strain.
Applied to the abdomen, &c., in worms.
=Fomentation, Wine.= _Syn._ FOTUS VINOSUS (Par. Cod.) _Prep._ Red wine, 2
pints; honey 4 oz.
=FOOD.= _Syn._ CIBUS, MATERIA ALIMENTARIA, L. Anything which feeds or
promotes the natural growth of organic bodies, by supplying them with
materials which, by assimilation, may be converted into the substances of
which they are composed; or which, by its decomposition or slow
combustion, maintains the temperature, or some other essential condition
of life, at the proper standard. The numerous articles employed as food
are all compounds; and in many cases they consist of mechanical mixtures
or chemical combinations of two or more compounds. Organized matter, or
that which has possessed either animal or vegetable life, or which has
been produced by living organs, seems to be alone capable of assimilation,
to any extent, by the animal system; and hence it is from the organic
kingdom that our aliments are necessarily derived. Water, iron, earthy
phosphates, chloride of sodium, and other salts, which form the inorganic
constituents of the body, though not of themselves nourishing, are also
assimilated when taken in conjunction with organic aliments, and then
contribute essentially to nutrition. In the animal and vegetable
substances employed as food, these inorganic compounds are provided in
small but sufficient quantities to meet the requirements of the healthy
body, and in this state of combination alone can they be regarded in the
light of aliments. A complete consideration of this subject embraces, not
only all the substances used as food, but also those things which when
taken with them improve their flavour, promote their digestion, and render
them more wholesome and nutritive; and also their preparation for the
table in its various relations with health and disease.
The following 'BILLS OF FARE,' for which we are indebted chiefly to Soyer,
Rundell, and others, exhibit the various articles in season at different
periods of the year.
FIRST QUARTER. January.--Poultry and game: Pheasants, partridges, hares,
rabbits, woodcocks, snipes, turkeys, capons, pullets, fowls, chickens, and
tame pigeons.--Fish: Carp, tench, perch, lampreys, eels, cray-fish, cod,
soles, flounders, plaice, turbot, thornback, skate, sturgeon, smelts,
whitings, lobsters, crabs, prawns, and oysters.--Vegetables: Cabbage,
savoys, colewort, sprouts, leeks, onions, beet, sorrel, chervil, endive,
spinach, celery, garlic, scorzonera, potatoes, parsnips, turnips, brocoli
(white and purple), shalots, lettuces, cresses, mustard, rape, salsafy,
and herbs of all sorts (some dry and some green); cucumbers, asparagus,
and mushrooms are also to be had, though not in season.--Fruit: Apples,
pears, nuts, walnuts, medlars, and grapes.
February and March.--Meat, fowls, and game, as in January, with the
addition of ducklings and chickens.--Fish: As the last two months (cod is
not thought so good from February to July, although it is still sold at
the fishmonger's).--Vegetables: The same as the previous months, with the
addition of kidney-beans.--Fruit: Apples, pears, and forced strawberries.
SECOND QUARTER. April, May, and June.--Meat: Beef, mutton, veal, lamb, and
venison (in June).--Poultry: Pullets, fowls, chickens, ducklings, pigeons,
rabbits, and leverets.--Fish: Carp, tench, soles, smelts, eels, trout,
turbot, lobsters, chub, salmon, herrings, cray-fish, mackerel, crabs,
prawns, and shrimps.--Vegetables: As before; and in May, early potatoes
and cabbages, peas, radishes, kidney-beans, carrots, turnips,
cauliflowers, asparagus, artichokes, and numerous salads (forced).--Fruit:
(in June) strawberries, cherries, melons, green apricots, and currants and
gooseberries for tarts; pears, grapes, nectarines, peaches, and some other
fruit.
THIRD QUARTER. July, August, and September.--Meat, as before.--Poultry,
&c.: Pullets, fowls, chickens, rabbits, pigeons, green geese, leverets,
and turkey poults. Two former months, plovers and wheat-ears (in
September), partridges, geese, &c.--Fish: Cod, haddocks, flounders,
plaice, skate, thornback, mullets, pike, carp, eels, shellfish (except
oysters), and mackerel (during the first two months of the quarter, but
they are not good in August).--Vegetables: Of all sorts, beans, peas,
French beans, &c.--Fruit: (In July)--Strawberries, gooseberries,
pine-apples, plums (various), cherries, apricots, raspberries, melons,
currants, and damsons. (In August and September)--Peaches, plums, figs,
filberts, mulberries, cherries, apples, pears, nectarines, and grapes.
(During the latter months)--Pines, melons, strawberries, medlars, and
quinces. (In September)--Morella cherries, damsons, and various plums.
FOURTH QUARTER. October, November, and December.--Meat, as before, and doe
venison.--Poultry and Game: Domestic fowls, as in first quarter; pheasants
(from the 1st of October); partridges, larks, hares, dotterels (at the end
of the month), wild-ducks, teal, snipes, widgeon, and grouse.--Fish:
Dories, smelts, pike, perch, halibuts, brills, carp, salmon-trout, barbel,
gudgeons, tench, and shellfish.--Vegetables: (As in January),
French-beans, last crops of beans, &c.--Fruit: Peaches, pears, figs,
bullace, grapes, apples, medlars, damsons, filberts, walnuts, nuts,
quinces, services, and medlars. (In November)--Meat, &c.: Beef, mutton,
veal, pork, house-lamb, doe venison, and poultry and game as in the last
month.--Fish: As the last month.--Vegetables: Carrots, turnips, parsnips,
potatoes, skirrets, scorzonera, onions, leeks, shalots, cabbage, savoys,
colewort, spinach, chardbeats, chardoons, cresses, endive, celery,
lettuces, salad-herbs, and various pot-herbs.--Fruit: Pears, apples, nuts,
walnuts, bullace, chestnuts, medlars, and grapes. (In December)--Meat,
&c.: Beef, mutton, veal, house-lamb, pork, and venison.--Poultry and Game:
Geese, turkeys, pullets, pigeons, capons, fowls, chickens, rabbits, hares,
snipes, woodcocks, larks, pheasants, partridges, sea-fowls, guinea-fowls,
wild ducks, teal, widgeon, dotterels, dun-birds, and grouse.--Fish: Cod,
turbot, halibuts, soles, gurnets, sturgeon, carp, gudgeons, codlings,
eels, dories, and shell-fish.--Vegetables: As in last month. Asparagus,
&c., forced.--Fruit: As before, except bullace.
=Food, Inspection of.= The Public Health Act enacts that--
"Any medical officer of health or inspector of nuisances may at all
_reasonable times_, inspect and examine any animal, carcase, meat,
poultry, game, flesh, fish, fruit, vegetables, corn, bread, flour, or milk
exposed for sale, or deposited in any place for the purpose of sale, or of
preparation for sale, and intended for the food of man, the proof that the
same was not exposed or deposited for any such purpose, or was not
intended for the food of man, resting with the party charged; and if any
such animal, carcase, meat, poultry, game, flesh, fish, fruit, vegetables,
corn, bread, flour, or milk, appears to such medical officer or inspector
to be diseased, or unsound, or unwholesome, or unfit for the food of man,
he may seize and carry away the same himself or by an assistant, in order
to have the same dealt with by a justice." (P. H., s. 116.)
"If it appears to the justice that any animal, carcase, meat, poultry,
game, flesh, fish, fruit, vegetables, corn, bread, flour, or milk so
seized is diseased, or unsound, or unwholesome, or unfit for the food of
man, he shall condemn the same and order it to be destroyed, or so
disposed of, as to prevent it from being exposed for sale, or used for
such food; and the person to whom the same belongs or did belong at the
time of sale, or of exposure for sale, or in whose possession, or on whose
premises the same was found, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding
£20 for every animal, carcase, or fish, or piece of meat, flesh, or fish,
or any poultry or game, or for the parcel of fruit, vegetables, corn,
bread, or flour, or for the milk so condemned, or at the discretion of the
justice, without the infliction of a fine, to imprisonment for a term of
not more than _three months_.
"The justice who, under this section, is empowered to convict the
offender, may be either the justice who may have ordered the article to be
disposed of or destroyed, or any other justice having jurisdiction in the
place." (P. H., s. 117.)
"Any person who in any manner prevents any medical officer of health or
inspector of nuisances from entering any premises and inspecting any
animal, carcase, meat, poultry, game, flesh, fish, fruit, vegetables,
corn, bread, flour, or milk exposed or deposited for the purpose of sale,
or of preparation for sale, and intended for the food of man, or who
obstructs or impedes any such officer or inspector, or his assistant, when
carrying into execution the provisions of this Act, shall be liable to a
penalty, not exceeding £5." (P. H., s. 118.)
"Any complaint made on oath, by a medical officer of health, or by an
inspector, or other officer of a local authority, any justice may grant a
warrant to any such officer, to enter any building, or part of a building
in which any such officer has reason for believing that there is kept or
concealed any animal, carcase, meat, poultry, game, flesh, fish, fruit,
vegetables, corn, bread, flour, or milk which is intended for sale for the
food of man, and is diseased, unsound or unwholesome, or unfit for the
food of man and to search for, seize, and carry away any such animal, or
other article, in order to have the same dealt with by a justice under the
provisions of this Act.
Any person who obstructs any such officer in the performance of his duty,
under such warrant shall, in addition to any other punishment to which he
may be subject, be liable to a penalty not exceeding £20." (P. H., s.
119.)
=FOOL.= Cooks give this name to a species of jam made of boiled and
crushed fruit, mixed with milk or cream, and sweetened.
=Fool, Ap'ple.= From the peeled and cored fruit, placed in a jar, with
moist sugar, q. s. to render it palatable, and a very little cider or
perry; the jar is set in a saucepan of water over the fire, and the heat
continued until the apples become quite soft, when they are pulped through
a colander, and a sufficient quantity of milk, a little cream, and some
sugar, added to bring them to the proper 'palate.'
=Fool, Goose'berry.= From gooseberries, as the last. Those which are
unripe are generally preferred. These preparations, when nicely made, are
very pleasant and wholesome.
=FOOT (Human).= See FEET.
=FOOTS.= Coarse moist sugar. The scrapings of the sugar hogsheads, refuse
sugar, waste, and dirt, is also sold to the publicans under this name, who
use it in the adulteration of their beer; chiefly to make it stand more
water, and to impart 'briskness.'
=FORCE'MEAT.= _Syn._ FARCE, STUFFING. A species of sausage meat, either
served up alone, or employed as an ingredient in other dishes.
Mrs Rundell truly remarks that "at many tables, where everything else is
done well, it is common to find very bad forcemeat or stuffing." To avoid
this error, care should be taken to so proportion the ingredients that "no
one flavour should predominate; yet if several dishes be served the same
day, there should be a marked variety in the tastes of the forcemeats as
well as of the gravies. A general fault is, that the tastes of lemon peel
and thyme overcome all others; therefore they should only be used in small
quantities." Forcemeats should be just consistent enough to cut with a
knife, but not dry and heavy. Herbs are very essential ingredients; and it
is the copious and judicious use of them that chiefly gives the cookery of
the French its superior flavour. "To force fowls, meat, &c., is to stuff
them." (Mrs Rundell.)
=FOR'CING.= Horticulturists apply this term to the art of accelerating the
growth of plants, so as to obtain fruits or flowers at unusual seasons.
Dung-beds, bark-beds, and frames, pits, and houses, with glass roofs, are
commonly employed by the gardeners for this purpose.
=FORGERIES, PROTECTION FROM.= See PAPER, PROTECTIVE.
=FORMATE.= _Syn._ FORMIATE. Salts, in which one atom of hydrogen in formic
acid is replaced by a metal or other basic radical. They are best obtained
either by direct saturation of the acid, or by double decomposition; most
of them are very soluble, and are decomposed by hot oil of vitriol.
Formate of ammonium crystallises in square prisms; formate of sodium, in
rhombic prisms; formate of potassium is deliquescent, and crystallises
with difficulty; the formates of barium, calcium, magnesium, and
strontium, form small prismatic crystals; formate of lead assumes the
shape of small colourless needles, soluble in 40 parts of water; the
formates of cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc, are easily
crystallisable, whilst that of copper forms very beautiful, large,
bright-blue rhombic prisms; formate of silver is less soluble than the
salt of lead, and is decomposed at a gentle heat.
=FORMIC ACID.= HCHO_{2}. _Syn._ HYDROGEN FORMIATE. An organic acid,
obtained by oxidizing many organic substances, and found in the red ant.
_Prep._ Sugar, 1 part; water, 2 parts; binoxide of manganese, 3 parts; mix
in a retort capable of holding fully 10 times the bulk of the ingredients,
and add, cautiously, oil of vitriol, 3 parts, diluted with an equal weight
of water; as soon as the first violent effervescence has subsided, heat
may be applied, and the product collected and purified, as below.
Formate of lead in fine powder is introduced into a long glass tube, one
end of which is connected with an apparatus evolving sulphuretted
hydrogen, and the other with a receiver. As soon as the salt is entirely
decomposed (blackened) a very gentle heat is applied, and the distilled
liquid collected; the product is, lastly, boiled for a minute or less, to
expel any adhering sulphuretted gas. This furnishes chemically pure formic
acid.
From wood spirit, 1 part; bichromate of potassium and sulphuric acid, of
each 3 parts; the sulphuric acid, diluted with an equal weight of water,
being gradually added last. A portion of wood spirit distils over with the
acid, and may be again treated with bichromate of potassium and sulphuric
acid, when a fresh portion of formic acid will be produced. This process
yields a large product.
_Prop., purific., &c._ The products of the above processes are limpid and
colourless; the stronger ones fume slightly in the air, and possess an
extremely penetrating odour. The acid obtained by the second process boils
at 209° Fahr., crystallises in brilliant scales below 32°, and has the sp.
gr. 1·2353. Its vapour is inflammable, and burns with a blue flame. It is
extremely corrosive, and rapidly destroys the texture of living organic
substances. The products of the other processes are very dilute, and
possess the above properties in only a minor degree. They may all be
purified and concentrated by saturating them with pure carbonate of sodium
or of potassium, and after subjecting the liquid to a gentle heat for a
short time, and liberating the formic acid from the salt by means of
dilute sulphuric acid, finally submitting the mixture to distillation,
when the hydrated acid will come over perfectly pure.
Formic acid reduces the salts of mercury and silver, and forms salts with
the bases termed formiates.
Formic acid is readily distinguished from acetic acid, which in many
points it resembles, by heating it with a little solution of oxide of
silver or mercury; the metal is reduced, and precipitated in a pulverulent
state, while carbonic acid is extricated. The odours of the two acids also
vary.
=FORMICA.= _Syn._ THE ANT. The following are the principal species of the
genus _Formica_. _F. flava_, the yellow ant. Many careful observers say
this species keeps in its nest the _Aphis radicans_, which when its
abdomen is touched by the ant, excretes a saccharine substance on which
the ants feed. _F. rufa_, or large red ant, _F. fusca_; or brown ant,
_Polyergus rufescens_, and _F. sanguinea_. These two latter are sometimes
called amazon ants, from their pugilistic propensities. They have been
known to make regular raids against other species of ants, and to carry
off their larvæ and pupæ to their own nests, where they rear the insects
that come of them, and afterwards employ them as slaves, causing them to
excavate passages, to collect food, to carry larvæ and (so dependent do
the masters become on the exertions of their bondsman) even to feed them;
it being a well-attested fact that the slave holders would starve if left
to themselves. See ANT.
=FORMOBENZOIC ACID.= (HC_{7}H_{6}O,CHO_{2}). _Syn._ FORMIATE OF HYDRIDE OF
BENZOYLE. MANDELIC ACID. When the distilled water of bitter almonds
(containing hydrocyanic acid and the essential oil) is boiled with
hydrochloric acid, a curious reaction occurs; the hydrocyanic acid is
decomposed--into ammonia which unites with the hydrochloric acid, and
formic acid which enters into combination with the oil of
almonds--producing a new body possessed of acid properties, and termed
_Formobenzoic acid_. On evaporating the solution the acid may be obtained
in mixture with ammonia hydrochlorate, from which it may be separated by
ether; the ethereal solution deposits it in rhomboidal tables. It has a
sour taste and is easily soluble in alcohol. When heated it fuses at a low
temperature, emitting an agreeable odour of hawthorn blossoms. (Miller.)
=FORM'ULA.= [L.] In _pharmacy_ and _medicine_, a short form of
prescription; a recipe. By chemists the term is applied to a grouping of
symbols, expressing the composition of a body; thus, HCl (standing for 1
atom of hydrogen united to 1 atom of chlorine) is the formula for
hydrochloric acid. A chemical formula is termed empirical when it merely
gives the simplest possible expression of the composition of the substance
to which it refers. A rational formula, on the contrary, aims at
describing the exact composition of molecule, or combining weight of the
substance, but stating the absolute number of atoms of such of the
elements essential to that object, as well as the mere relations existing
between them. The empirical formula is at once deduced from the analysis
of the substance, reckoned to 100 parts; the rational formula requires, in
addition, a knowledge of its combining quantity, which can only be
obtained by direct experiment, by synthesis, or by the careful examination
of one or more of its most definite compounds. Thus, the composition of
acetic acid is expressed by the formula CH_{2}O, which exhibits the
simplest relations of the three elements; if we want to express the
quantities of these, in atoms required to make up one molecule of acetic
acid, we have to adopt the formula C_{2}H_{4}O_{2} or HC_{2}H_{3}O_{2}.
=FOR'MYL.= _Syn._ FORMYLE. A hypothetical organic radical, having the
composition C_{2}H. Its existence was inferred from the constitution of
certain organic compounds which are now referred to the methyl-series.
Formic acid was supposed to be an oxide of formyl; and chloroform, the
terchloride of formyl.
=FOXGLOVE.= _Syn._ DIGITALIS (B. P.), L. A genus of plants belonging to
the natural order _Scrophulariacæ_. The leaves of the uncultivated
'_Digitalis purpurea_,' or purple foxglove, are officinal in our
pharmacop[oe]ias. They must be gathered before the terminal flowers have
expanded. "The petiole and midrib of the leaf being cut off, dry the
lamina." (Phar. L.) The seeds (DIGITALIS SEMINA), which were ordered, as
well as the leaves, in former pharmacop[oe]ias, are said to be in many
points preferable to them. When good, the leaves are of a dull-green
colour, and possess a feeble narcotic odour, and a bitter, unpleasant
taste. Both the dried leaves and the powder should be preserved in corked
bottles covered with dark-coloured paper, or in well-closed tin canisters,
and kept in a dark cupboard; and the stock should be renewed yearly, as
age considerably diminishes the medicinal activity of digitalis.
_Action, uses, &c._ Foxglove is diuretic, sedative, and antispasmodic, and
exerts a specific action over the cerebro-spinal system, promoting the
functions of the absorbents, and reducing the force of the circulation in
a remarkable manner. It is administered in fevers and inflammations, to
reduce the frequency of the pulse, and to allay excessive vascular
excitement; in dropsy (unless the habit is full and pulse tight and
cordy), as a diuretic, either alone, or combined with squills, calomel,
salines, or bitters; in internal hæmorrhages, as a sedative, when the
pulse is full, hard, and throbbing; in diseases of the heart and great
vessels, and in phthisis, to reduce the force and velocity of the
circulation; in epilepsy and insanity, to repress vascular excitement; and
in spasmodic asthma, scrofula, and several other diseases, with one or
other of the above intentions.
The greatest caution is required in the use of foxglove, as its effects
accumulate in the system, and the unwary practitioner is occasionally
surprised at the sudden demise of his patient, even after he has left off
the use of this drug.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 1-1/2 gr., in powder, every 6
hours. See EXTRACT, INFUSION, TINCTURE, &c.
=FOX'ING.= See MALT LIQUORS.
=FRACT'URE.= _Syn._ FRACTURA, L. The breaking or disrupture of a bone.
When the bone is nearly divided into two parts, it is called a SIMPLE
FRACTURE; when the integuments are also lacerated, a COMPOUND FRACTURE;
and when the bone is splintered, a COMMINUTED FRACTURE.
=FRAGRANT PAIN-CURER= (Five-minute). Dr Walter Scott, New York. A remedy
to remove all kinds of pain in five minutes. A clear colourless fluid
containing ether, 6 grammes; glycerin, 21 grammes; common salt, 3·4
grammes; distilled water, 170 grammes. (Hager.)
=FRANK'INCENSE.= _Syn._ COMMON FRANKINCENSE; THUS (Ph. L.), L. The
turpentine which exudes from the bark of _Abies excelsa_ (Norway spruce
fir) and _Pinus palustris_ (pitch or swamp pine), hardened by the air.
(Ph. L.) The gum-resin olibanum, which is the produce of the _Boswellia
thurifera_, is the 'odorous frankincense' of commerce.
=Prepared Frankincense.= _Syn._ THUS PRÆPARATUM (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph.
L.) Frankincense, 1 lb.; water, q. s. to cover it; boil until the resin is
melted, and strain through a hair sieve; when the whole has cooled, pour
off the water, and keep the frankincense for use. Resembles common resin
in its general properties.
=FRAX'ININ.= _Syn._ FRAXIN; FRAXINA, L. A peculiar bitter, neutral, and
crystallisable substance, soluble in boiling water, extracted from the
bark of _Fraxinus excelsior_, or common ash. It is febrifuge.
=FREC'KLES.= These are round or oval-shaped yellowish spots, similar to
stains, developed on the skin. There are two varieties--FRECKLES, or
SUMMER FRECKLES, resulting from the action of the sun and heat during the
summer season, and disappearing with the hot weather or exposure;
and--COLD FRECKLES, which occur at all times of the year. The former are
chiefly confined to persons of fair complexion, whilst the latter attack
persons of all complexions indifferently, and sometimes assume a lively
yellow or greenish colour.
_Treatment._ Common freckles may generally be removed by the frequent
application of dilute spirits, acids or alkaline solutions; the last two
just strong enough to prick the tongue. Cold freckles commonly occur from
disordered health, or some general disturbance of the system, to which
attention should be chiefly directed. In both varieties the solution of
bichloride of mercury (Ph. L.), or Gowland's lotion, will be found a most
useful external application. See _below_.
=Freckles, Lotion for.= _Prep._ 1. Bichloride of mercury, 5 gr.;
hydrochloric acid, 30 drops; lump sugar, 1 oz.; rectified spirit of wine,
2 oz.; rose water, 7 oz.; agitate together until the whole is dissolved.
2. Petals or leaves of red roses, 1 oz.; hot water, 12 fl. oz.; infuse an
hour, and strain, with expression, 1/2 pint; add of citric acid, 30 gr.;
dissolve, and in a few hours, decant and clear.
3. Rose leaves (dried), 1/4 oz.; lemon juice (freshly expressed) and rum
or brandy, of each 1/4 pint; digest 24 hours, and squeeze out the liquor
for use.
4. (Kittoe's.) Sal ammoniac, 1 dr.; spring water, 1 pint; lavender water
or eau de Cologne, 1/4 oz; mix. The above are applied with the fingers
night and morning, or oftener.
=Freckles, Pomade for.= _Prep._ 1. Citrine ointment, 1 dr.; simple
ointment, 7 dr.; otto of roses, 3 drops.
2. Elder flower ointment, 1 oz.; sulphate of zinc (levigated), 20 gr.; mix
by porphyrization, or by trituration in a wedgwood-ware mortar. Both the
above, applied night and morning, are excellent for either cold or summer
freckles.
=FREEZ'ING MIXTURES.= See ICE and REFRIGERATION.
FRENCH BER'RIES. _Syn._ PERSIAN BERRIES, AVIGNON B.; GRAINES D'AVIGNON,
Fr. The unripe berries or fruit of the _Rhamnus infectorius_. They are
imported from France and Persia; those from the latter country being
esteemed the best. Some writers state that the Persian berries are the
product of a distinct species, namely, _R. amygdalinus_. They are chiefly
used for dyeing morocco leather yellow. Their decoction dyes cloth,
previously mordanted with alum, tartar, or protochloride of tin, of a
yellow colour; with sulphate of copper, an olive; and with red sulphate of
iron, an olive-green colour.
=FRENCH POL'ISH.= Several varnishes are used under this name. That most
generally employed is a simple solution of pale shell-lac in either
methylated spirit or wood naphtha. Sometimes a little mastic, sandarac, or
elemi, or copal varnish, is added to render the polish tougher.
_Prep._ 1. From pale shell-lac, 5-1/2 oz.; finest wood naphtha, 1 pint;
dissolve.
2. Pale shell-lac, 3 lbs.; wood naphtha, 1 gall. Methylated spirit (68 o.
p.) may be substituted for the naphtha in each of the above formulæ.