_Obs._ The first is used chiefly as a colouring and flavouring substance
by cooks, confectioners, wine and cordial brewers, &c.--_Dose_, 5 to 15
gr.; as an excitant, antispasmodic, and emmenagogue.
=Extract of Sarsaparil'la.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SARZÆ, E. SARSAPARILLÆ, L.;
EXTRAIT DE SALSEPAREILLE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. 1836.) From sarsaparilla,
as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L. The Ph. D. 1826 is similar.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to
1 dr. _Product._ (From Jamaica sarsaparilla) 32% to 36%.
2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SARZÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._ From a tincture of
the root-bark, prepared with proof spirit, either by digestion or
percolation.
_b._ (P. Cod. and Ph. U. S.) From sarsaparilla root (powdered), as
ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod. Superior to the aqueous
extract.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr.
3. (Fluid; LIQUOR OF SARSAPARILLA, ESSENCE OF S.; LIQUOR SARZÆ, ESSENTIA
SARSAPARILLÆ, EXTRACTUM SARZÆ LIQUIDUM--Ph. L., E. S. FLUIDUM--Ph. E. &
D., L.); EXTRACTUM SARZÆ LIQUIDUM--(B. P.) _a._ Jamaica sarsaparilla cut
transversely, 16; distilled water (temp. 160° Fahr.), 280; rectified
spirit, 1. Macerate in half the water for 6 hours, and decant the liquor;
digest the residue in the remainder of the water for 6 hours more, mix the
liquors, express and filter; evaporate by water bath to 7, or until it has
a sp. gr. of 1·130; when cold add the spirit. Sp. gr. should be about
1·025.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 dr.
_b._ (Ph. L.) Sarsaparilla, 3-1/2 lbs.; distilled water, 3 galls.; boil to
12 pints, pour off the liquor, and strain whilst hot; again boil the
sarsaparilla in water, 2 galls., to one half, and strain; evaporate the
mixed liquors to 18 fl. oz.; and when cold, add of rectified spirit, 2 fl.
oz. Each fl. oz. represents 2-1/8 oz. of the root (nearly).
_c._ (Ph. E.) Sarsaparilla, 1 lb.; boiling water, 4 pints; digest 2 hours,
then bruise the root, boil it for 2 hours, filter, and express the liquid;
repeat the coction with water, 2 pints, as before; evaporate the mixed
liquors to the consistence of a thin syrup, and, when cold enough, add of
rectified spirit q. s. to make up 16 fl. oz. Each fl. oz. represents 6 dr.
of the root, and 6 fl. oz. of the decoction.
_d._ (Ph. D.) Sarsaparilla, 1 lb. (avoir.); proceed as before, and add of
rectified spirit, q. s. to make the product up to 20 fl. oz. Strength, as
the last (nearly). In the Ph. D. 1826 the decoction of sarsaparilla, 1 lb.
(troy), was ordered to be evaporated to 30 oz., which with the spirit (2
oz.) made the preparation only half the strength of the present one.
4. (Compound; EXTRACTUM SARZÆ COMPOSITUM, E. SARSAPARILLÆ COMP., L.) There
is no form for this preparation in the Pharmacop[oe]ias, but it is
nevertheless in immense demand, from its great convenience in dispensing.
The following formulæ are employed by one of the wholesale houses that
does largest in this preparation:--
_a._ Guaiacum shavings (from which the small has been sifted), 30 lbs.,
Italian juice, 24 lbs., mezereon root, 6 lbs., are boiled with water
q. s., for 1 hour; the decoction is then drawn off, and the boiling
repeated with fresh water a second and a third time; the mixed decoctions
are allowed to deposit for 6 or 8 hours, or longer, and the clear portion
decanted and strained through flannel; the liquid is now reduced to the
consistence of treacle, when extract of sarsaparilla, 9 lbs., is added,
and the evaporation conducted at a considerably lower temperature until
near its completion, when the source of heat is removed, and the remaining
evaporation conducted at the expense of that retained by the metal of the
'pan,' when nearly cold, and just before removing the extracts to the
'pots' or 'jars,' essential oil of sassafras, 2 dr., dissolved in
rectified spirit, 1 quart, is added, and quickly but completely stirred
in. The product is a very showy article, if well managed, and weighs about
45 lbs., the precise quantity depending on the quality of the juice
employed. It is labelled 'EXT. SARZÆ COMP.'
_b._ As the last, but only using 15 lbs. of juice, and that Solazzi.
_Prod._ About 35 lbs. It is labelled and sent out as 'EXT. SARZÆ CO. OPT.'
_c._ By any of the forms given under COMPOUND DECOCTION OF SARSAPARILLA,
either common or concentrated, by continuing the evaporation.--_Dose._
Same as that of the simple extract.
5. (Fluid Compound; COMPOUND LIQUOR OF SARSAPARILLA.)--_a._ From any of
the preceding formulæ by arresting the evaporation when the fluid has
acquired the consistence of a thin syrup, and adding to each pint, when
cold, rectified spirit, 4 fl. oz.
_b._ (Alcoholic--W. Hodgson.) Sarsaparilla (bruised), 16 oz.; liquorice
root (bruised), guaiacum wood (rasped), and sassafras bark (sliced), of
each 2 oz.; mezereon (sliced), 6 dr.; spirit, sp. gr. ·935 (= 13 u. p.) 7
pints; digest 14 days, express, filter, evaporate to 12 fl. oz.; add of
sugar, 8 oz., and as soon as this is dissolved, withdraw the heat.
Stronger than the last.--_Dose_, 1 fl. dr.
_c._ (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLÆ COMPOSITUM FLUIDUM.) _Prep._
Sarsaparilla in moderately fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); liquorice root in
moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); sassafras in moderately fine powder,
2 oz. (troy); mezereon in moderately fine powder, 360 grains; glycerin, 4
oz. (old measure); rectified spirit, 8 oz. (old measure); water, 4 oz.
(old measure). Macerate in a closed percolator for 4 days, and then let
the percolation commence, and finish it by adding diluted alcohol (equal
volumes of alcohol at ·835, and water), until 2 pints (old measure) have
been obtained. Reserve the first 12 oz., having added 4 oz. (old measure)
of glycerin to the remainder of the percolate, which evaporate to 6 oz.
(old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.
6. (From the root-bark; EXTRACTUM CORTICIS SARZÆ, L.) From the decoction
or tincture of the root-bark. The cortical portion of sarsaparilla yields
fully 50% of aqueous extract. "Five times as much as the meditullium."
(Pope.)
_Obs._ Each of the above extracts of sarsaparilla (simple, fluid, and
compound), when of good quality, dissolves in water, forming a deep
reddish-brown solution, perfectly transparent, and depositing little
sediment, even by standing some days. See SARSAPARILLA.
1. =Extract of Savine.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SABINÆ. (Ph. L. 1788.) By
evaporating a decoction of dry savine.
2. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SABINÆ FLUIDUM.) As fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph.
U. S.)
=Extract of Scam'mony.= _Syn._ RESIN OF SCAMMONY; RESINA SCAMMONII, E. S.
ALCOHOLICUM, E. SIVE RESINA SCAMMONII (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. From
powdered scammony, exhausted with proof spirit, and the resulting tincture
distilled until little but water passes over; the remaining water is then
poured from the resin, which is next well washed in boiling water and
dried at a temperature below 240° Fahr. Brown; impure.
2. As the last, but using either alcohol of 90% or ether, and animal
charcoal. White; pure.
_Obs._ Scammony resin is translucent, fusible, and combustible; and freely
soluble in alcohol, ether, and oil of turpentine. It is frequently
adulterated with jalap resin, a fraud readily detected by its insolubility
in the last two menstrua.--_Dose_, 5 to 10 gr. "When pure or virgin
scammony can be procured it is an unnecessary preparation." (Pereira.)
=Extract of Scurvy-grass.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM COCHLEARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (P.
Cod.) From the clarified juice of fresh scurvy-grass, by exposure to warm
air. Anti-scorbutic, stimulant, anti-rheumatic, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_,
1 to 2 dr. The valuable principles of the juice are dissipated by much
heat.
=Extract of Sen'ega.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (P. Cod.)
From seneka or snake-root (_Polygala Senega_), as EXTRACT OF BOX--P. Cod.
2. Compound; EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ, COMPOSITUM, E. S. ET SCILLÆ, L.--Ecky.)
From equal parts of squills and senega, as the last, but by displacement.
Both the above are stimulant, expectorant, sudorific, and
diuretic.--_Dose_, 1 to 12 gr.
3. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM SENEGÆ FLUIDUM.) As EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph.
U. S.)
=Extract of Sen'na.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SENNÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (EXTRACTUM
SENNÆ AQUOSUM, L.)--_a._ As EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph. L.
_b._ (P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod.
_c._ (Ph. Bor.) From senna leaves, by maceration in tepid water (104°
Fahr.) for 24 hours, and expression and filtration; the operation is
repeated with fresh water, and the strained liquors evaporated to a thick
extract (at 149° to 157° Fahr.), which is dissolved in water, 4 parts, the
solution filtered, and again evaporated.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr. It is
principally used as a basis for purgative pill. When prepared by decoction
it is nearly inert. A better extract is prepared from the common tincture
made with proof spirit.
2. Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SENNÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--(Guibourt.) Senna (in
powder), 1 part; rectified spirit, 5 parts; heat gradually to boiling, let
it cool; in 24 hours express, strain, and repeat the process with fresh
spirit; lastly, distil and evaporate. Proof spirit answers for this
purpose.
3. (Fluid; EXTRACTUM SENNÆ FLUIDUM, L.--Ph. (U. S.) Senna (in coarse
powder), 2-1/2 lbs.; spirit (at or near proof), 64 fl. oz.; macerate 24
hours, then act by displacement, subsequently adding weak spirit (1 of
rectified spirit to 3 of water) until 10 pints of tincture are obtained;
evaporate to 1 pint, filter, add sugar, 20 oz., and oil of fennel, 1 fl.
dr. (dissolved in) compound spirit of ether, 2 fl. dr. Every fl. oz.
represents 1 oz. of senna.
=Extract of Smoke.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM FULIGINIS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous.)
Wood-soot, 2 oz.; water, 1 pint; boil to 16 fl. oz., filter, and
evaporate.
2. (Acetic.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; distilled vinegar and water, of each, 1/2
pint; as the last. Formerly reputed antispasmodic, alterative,
&c.--_Dose_, 3 to 6 gr., 2 three times a day; in dyspepsia, hysteria,
cancer, scrofula, and various syphilitical affections.
=Extract of Snake-root.= See EXTRACT OF SENEGA.
=Extract of Black Snake-root (fluid).= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUGÆ FLUIDUM
(Ph. U. S.). _Prep_. As FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEBS. (Ph. U. S.)
=Extract of Soap'wort.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SAPONARIÆ, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod. &
Ph. Bad.) From the dried roots of soapwort (_Saponaria officinalis_), as
EXTRACT OF BISTORT--P. Cod. Aperient and alterative.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to
1/2 dr.
=Extract of Spruce.= See ESSENCE OF SPRUCE.
=Extract of Squills.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ, L. _Prep._ 1. (Aqueous; E.
S. AQUOSUM.--_a._ (Ph. Baden.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH--Ph.
L. (nearly).
_b._ (Ph. Bor.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF SENNA--Ph. Bor. (nearly), but
using boiling water, avoiding ebullition during the evaporation, and
powdering the residuum.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr.
2. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ ALCOHOLICUM, L.--P. Cod.) From the
tincture prepared with proof spirit, by distillation and
evaporation.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 3 gr., as an expectorant and diuretic, twice
or thrice a day. In larger doses it is nauseant and emetic.
3. (Acetic; EXTRACTUM SCILLÆ ACETICUM.) Digest powder of squills, 1 lb.,
in acetic acid, 3 oz.; and distilled water, 1 pint, with a gentle heat,
for 48 hours.
Express strongly, and without straining; evaporate to a proper
consistence. (One grain of this is said to equal three of the powder.)
=Extract (fluid) of Stillingiæ.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM STILLINGÆ FLUIDUM (Ph.
U. S.). _Prep._ Stillingia, in fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with
12 oz. (old measure) of rectified spirit; 3 oz. (old measure) of glycerin;
and 1 oz. (old measure) of water, for four days in a closed percolator,
and proceed as for FLUID EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)
=Extract of Stor'ax.= See STYRAX.
=Extract of Stramo''nium.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF THORN-APPLE; EXTRACTUM
STRAMONII, (Ph. L. & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Pack stramonium seeds,
coarsely powdered, in a percolator, and pass about their own weight of
washed ether slowly through them, remove the ether, and set aside. Now
pour over them proof spirit until the seeds are exhausted; distil off the
spirit, and evaporate the residue by a water bath to a proper pill
consistence.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr., gradually increasing.
2. (Ph. L.) Seeds of thorn-apple (_Datura stramonium_), 15 oz.; boiling
distilled water, 1 gall.; macerate for 4 hours in a vessel lightly
covered, near the fire; afterwards take out the seeds, bruise them in a
stone mortar, and return them to the liquor; then boil down to 4 pints,
strain whilst hot, and evaporate. The Ph. D. is similar. _Product._
(About) 12%, Anodyne and narcotic.--_Dose_, 1/4 gr. to 1/2 gr., gradually
increased, twice or thrice a day; neuralgia, rheumatism, tic doloureux,
spasmodic asthma, epilepsy, worms, &c.
3. (P. Cod. & Ph. U. S.) From the expressed juice of the fresh leaves,
heated to boiling, and filtered. The P. Cod. also orders it to be prepared
as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Anodyne and narcotic.--_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 1
gr.
_Obs._ On the large scale, this extract is prepared by expressing the
juice of the fresh herb, and boiling the remainder in water; the juice and
decoction are then mixed, filtered, and evaporated. 1-1/2 cwt. of
stramonium yielded 37 lbs. of juice, and this, with the decoction, gave 31
lbs. of extract. (Gray.)
4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM STRAMONII--Ph. E., E. S. ALCOHOLICUM, L.)--_a._
(Ph. E. & Ph. U. S.) From the seeds (ground in a coffee-mill), by
percolation with proof spirit. _Product._ (About) 14%; 1 lb. yielded 2-1/4
oz. (Recluz.)
_b._ (P. Cod.) From the leaves, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--P. Cod.--_Dose_,
1/4 gr. gradually increased. (See _above_.)
=Extract of Suc'cory.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CHICORII, L. _Prep._ (Guibourt.)
From the fresh root, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. L. Aperient, deobstruent,
and tonic.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.
=Extract of Sweet Flag.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ACIDI, E. CALAMI AROMATICI, L.
_Prep._ From the rhizomes, as EXTRACT OF RHUBARB--Ph. L. See SWEET FLAG.
=Extract of Tan'sy.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TANACETI, L. _Prep._ 1. From the
herb (_Tanacetum vulgaris_), as EXTRACT OF HOP--Ph. L.