4. (SWEET E. OF V.; E. VITRIOLI DULCI, L.) The old name for aromatic
SPIRIT OF ETHER (which _see_).
5. (Virgani's). _Prep._ From spirit of sulphuric ether, 2 lb.; aromatic
tincture, 3 lb.
=Elixir, Woroneje.= Capsicum, 1 oz.; nitre, 1/2 oz.; sal-ammoniac, 2 dr.;
nitro-hydrochloric acid, 2 fl. dr.; vinegar, 1-1/2 pint; native white or
rose naphtha, or petroleum, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; olive oil, 1 fl. oz.; oil of
peppermint (Mitcham), 15 fl. oz.; strongest rectified spirit, 6 quarts;
digest 12 days, with constant agitation, and filter.--_Dose_, 2
teaspoonfuls every 15 minutes; in cholera, diarrh[oe]a, &c.
=ELLAG'IC ACID.= HC_{7}H_{2}O_{4}.Aq. When an aqueous infusion of
nut-galls is left for some time exposed to the atmosphere, the tannic acid
gradually disappears, and is replaced by gallic acid, and an insoluble
grey powder, to which the term ellagic acid was applied by Chevreul. It is
soluble in alkalies, forming salts, and is precipitated by acids.
=ELM.= _Syn._ ULMUS, L. A genus of tree forming the type of the natural
order _Ulmaceæ_. The interior bark of the _Ulmus campestris_, or _common
small-leaved elm_ (_Ulmi cortex_), is officinal in B. P. This substance is
demulcent, diaphoretic, and diuretic, and slightly febrifuge, astringent,
and tonic. It has been employed in agues, and as a substitute for
sarsaparilla in cutaneous eruptions, but is now little used. The leaves of
the elm-tree are reported to be vulnerary. See DECOCTION and ULMIN.
=ELUTRIA'TION.= Cleansing by washing. The term is commonly applied to the
operation of washing insoluble powders with water, to separate them from
foreign matter, or the coarser portion. It is usually performed by
grinding or triturating the mass with a little water until reduced to a
very fine powder, and this paste is suddenly diffused through a large
quantity of water, contained in a deep vessel, from which, after the
subsidence of the grosser portion, the liquid is poured into another
vessel, and allowed to deposit the fine powder it still holds in
suspension. When this has taken place, the clear supernatant liquor is
decanted, and the sediment drained and dried. The coarse sediment
deposited in the first vessel is now submitted to a fresh grinding and
diffusion through water, and the entire operation is repeated until the
whole of the pulverisable portion is washed over. The proper length of
time for the liquid to remain in the first vessel depends solely on the
density of the powder and the degree of fineness required in the product;
heavy powders subsiding almost immediately, while light ones often take
several minutes to deposit the coarser portion. Sometimes three or more
vessels are employed, and the muddy liquor, after remaining a short time
in the first, is poured into the next one, and this, in a short time
longer, into the third, and so on, until the last vessel is filled, by
which means powders of different degrees of fineness are obtained, that
deposited in the last vessel being in the minutest state of division. The
elutriated paste or moist powder is then drained, and dried. On the small
scale the trituration is performed with a stone and muller, or in a
mortar; on the large scale, in a mill, driven by either horse or steam
power. Antimony chalk, bistre, and other pigments, as well as various
other substances insoluble in or unacted on by water, are commonly
obtained in the state of an impalpable powder by elutriation, or 'washing
over,' as it is called by amateurs and operatives.
=ELYDOR'IC PAINTING.= A method of painting invented by M. Vincent, of
Montpetit, in which the pigments are mixed up with an emulsion of oil and
water. It is said to add the fresh appearance of water colours, and the
finish of miniature painting, to the mellowness of oil colours.
=EMBALM'ING.= _Syn._ MUMMIFICATION. The preservation of the dead bodies of
animals. See PUTREFACTION.
=EMBOS'SING.= The formation of ornamental figures in relief on cloth,
leather, paper, and wood, has now been brought to such perfection as to
place this species of decoration within the reach of almost every class of
society. EMBOSSED CLOTH and PAPER are now employed by the bookbinder to
cover even the low-priced volumes that pass through his hands; whilst the
EMBOSSED LEATHER that encloses the album or ornaments our furniture
frequently bears the richest patterns of the arabesque or moresque. Cloth
and paper are usually embossed by machinery; leather and wood more
frequently by hand labour.
=EMBROCA'TION.= _Syn._ EMBROCATIO, L. A fluid medicine for external and
local use. Embrocations do not differ, materially, from liniments and
lotions, and are applied in the same manner. (See those preparations, and
_below_.)
=Embrocation, Guestonian.= _Syn._ EMBROCATIO TEREBINTHINÆ CUM ACIDO L.
_Prep._ (Dr Paris.) Oil of turpentine and olive oil, of each 1-1/2 oz.;
dilute sulphuric acid, 3 fl. dr.; agitate together until mixed. Used in
rheumatism, &c.
=Embrocation, Lynch's.= Olive oil (coloured with alkanet root), 5 fl. oz.;
oils of amber, rosemary, and turpentine, of each 1 dr. In bruises,
rheumatism, &c.
=Embrocation, Roche's.= _Prep._ 1. (Dr Paris.) Olive oil, mixed with half
its weight of the oil of cloves and amber.
2. Olive oil, 2 oz.; oil of amber, 1 oz.; oils of cloves and lemons, of
each 1 dr. For hooping-cough.
=Embrocation, Ward's.= See ESSENCE.
=Embrocation of Cantharides.= _Syn._ EMBROCATIO CANTHARIDES. (Dr Struve,
in _hooping-cough_.) _Prep._ Tartarized antimony, 1 scruple; water, 2 oz.;
tincture of cantharides, 1/2 oz. To be rubbed over the region of the
stomach, covering the part afterwards with flannel.
=Embrocation of Delphinia.= _Syn._ EMBROCATIO DELPHINIÆ. (Dr Turnbull.)
_Prep._ Delphinia, 1 scruple to 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 2 oz.
=Embrocation of Quinine.= _Syn._ EMBROCATIO QUINIÆ. (Dr Gustamacchia.)
_Prep._ Sulphate of quinine, 8 to 12 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 oz.
=Embrocation of Veratria.= _Syn._ EMBROCATIO VERATRIÆ. (Dr Turnbull.)
_Prep._ Veratria, 1 scruple to 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 2 oz.
=EMBROID'ERY.= Gold and silver fancy work of this description may be
cleaned with a little spirit of wine, either alone or diluted with an
equal weight of water. Gin is frequently used for the same purpose. The
common practice of using alkaline or acid liquors is very injurious, and
frequently destroys the beauty of the articles instead of cleaning them.
=EM'ERALD.= _Syn._ SMARAGDUS; EMERAUDE [Fr.] This beautiful deep-green gem
ranks next to the diamond in value. The finest are brought from Peru, but
fair varieties are found in Bavaria, Siberia, and India. A fine emerald
weighing 4 or 5 gr. is worth as many pounds; one of 10 gr., about £2 per
gr.; one of 15 gr., £3 to £4 per gr.; and so on in proportion to the
increase in size. One of 24 gr., if of pure water, is worth about £100.
According to the analysis of Vauquelin, the purest specimens consists of
65 parts silica, 14 alumina, 13 glucina, 2·56 lime, and 3·50 oxide of
chromium, to which last the gem owes its rich green colour. See BERYL,
GEMS, PASTES, &c.
=Emerald Green.= See GREEN PIGMENTS.
=EMERY= is an impure, amorphous, compact, and opaque variety of corundum,
and consists of alumina, with a small per-centage of silica and peroxide
of iron. It occurs in Spain, the isles of Greece, and other localities,
and derives its name from Cape Emeri, in the island of Naxos. Its hardness
is so great, that it scratches and wears down nearly all minerals except
the diamond; hence the use of its powder for cutting and polishing glass
and various other hard substances. For commercial purposes, the lumps of
emery, as taken from the mine, are broken into pieces about the size of a
hen's egg, which are then crushed under stampers, similar to those used
for pounding metallic ores. The coarse powder is then sifted through
sieves covered with wire-cloth of different degrees of fineness, by which
it is sorted into different sizes. In this state it forms the emery of the
shops, or flour emery. For delicate purposes, it is afterwards prepared by
elutriation.
=Emery Cakes= are formed by melting emery flour with a little beeswax, and
after thorough admixture, forming it into solid lumps of suitable sizes.
Used to dress the edges of buff and glaze wheels.
=Emery Cloth= is prepared by brushing the surface of thin cotton cloth
over with liquid glue, and sifting the emery powder over the surface while
still warm.
=Emery Paper= is made in the same way as emery cloth. Both are used either
with or without oil, in the same way as glass paper.
=Emery Sticks= are made of pieces of wood in the same way, and are used
for the same purposes, as emery paper.
=Emery Stones= are formed of emery, of the requisite coarseness, mixed
with about half its weight of good Stourbridge loam, and water q. s. to
make a stiff paste, which is forced into metallic moulds by a powerful
press. The pieces, when thoroughly dry, are exposed in a muffle for a
short time to a temperature just under a full white heat. In this way
'discs' and 'laps' are generally made. For 'wheels,' only 1/4th of loam is
used. Another method, applicable for 'cutting stones' generally, is to
press the flour emery, previously moistened with water, into moulds, with
strong pressure, as before, without any other addition, and then to fire
it at nearly a full white heat.
=EMETIA.= _Syn._ EMETIN, EMETINA. A feebly basic or alkaloidal body,
existing in and forming the active principle of ipecacuanha.
_Prep._ 1. (Medicinal--EMETIC EXTRACT.)--_a._ Ipecacuanha (in coarse
powder) is digested first in ether, and then in rectified spirit for 3 or
4 days; the alcoholic tincture is next expressed and evaporated
(distilled) to dryness; the residuum is dissolved in distilled water, and
the solution precipitated with acetate of lead; the precipitate is then
diffused through distilled water, in a tall glass vessel, and sulphuretted
hydrogen is passed through it, to throw down the lead; after which the
liquor is decanted, filtered, evaporated to the consistence of a thick
syrup, and spread in a thin layer on warm plates of glass, and allowed to
dry in a current of warm air, or by a gentle heat in a stove. The
maceration in ether is frequently omitted.
_b._ Ipecacuanha, 1 part; rectified spirit (·835), 7 parts; make a
tincture, distil off the spirit, dissolve in cold distilled water, 5
parts; filter the solution, and evaporate, &c., as before. Inferior to the
last.
_c._ (P. Cod.) As the last, nearly.
_Obs._ Medicinal or impure emetia is brownish, red, deliquescent, and
emetic in doses of 1/4 to 1/2 gr.
2. (Pure.)--_a._ Ipecacuanha (in coarse powder), 1 part, is digested for
24 hours in distilled water, 10 parts; together with calcined magnesia,
added in slight excess; the deposit is then thrown on a filter, washed
carefully with very cold water, and dried; it is next dissolved in
rectified spirit and neutralised with dilute sulphuric acid; the filtered
solution is decoloured with animal charcoal, again filtered, and again
precipitated by digestion with magnesia; the last deposit forms a
colourless solution with rectified spirit, which, by gentle evaporation,
gives up its emetia as a yellowish white pulverulent mass, which may be
rendered perfectly white by redissolving it in alcohol, &c., as before.
The process is rendered easier by first digesting the powdered ipecacuanha
in ether.
_b._ (P. Cod.) Alcoholic extract of ipecacuanha, 1 part; water, 10 parts;
dissolve, filter; add calcined magnesia, 1 part; evaporate to dryness,
wash the product on a filter with very cold water, 5 parts; dry it again,
and dissolve it in boiling alcohol; evaporate the filtered tincture to
dryness, redissolve the residuum in a little water, acidulate (slightly)
with dilute sulphuric acid, decolour with animal charcoal, filter,
precipitate with liquor of ammonia, and dry the precipitate by a gentle
heat.
_c._ (Ph. Suec. 1845.) Powdered ipecacuanha, 1 part; water, acidulated
with sulphuric acid, 6 parts; digest, filter; add lime, 1 part, and
evaporate to dryness over a water bath; the residuum is then exhausted
with boiling rectified spirit, and otherwise treated as in the last
formula.
_Prop., &c._ Pure emetia is white, pulverulent, inodorous, and bitter;
fusible at 122° Fahr.; very soluble in alcohol and boiling water, but only
slightly so in ether, oils, and cold water. It restores the blue colour of
reddened litmus, and partially neutralises the acids, forming scarcely
crystallisable salts. It is reddened by nitric acid, and this red colour
is deepened by ammonia. Tincture of iodine produces a reddish precipitate
in an alcoholic solution of emetia. With tincture of galls this solution
behaves like morphia; but, unlike the last substance, the salts of iron
produce no change of colour in it. These reactions, combined with its
emetic properties, are sufficient for its identification.--_Dose._ White
and pure emetia is emetic in doses of 1/20 to 1/16 gr. The large doses
ordered in certain pharmaceutical compilations, evidently in error of the
difference between the strengths of the pure and the impure or medicinal
emetia, have, in several cases which have been reported on, produced very
serious consequences.
The 'Journal de Pharmacie et de Chemie,' for September, 1875, contains a
new process for the extraction of emetia, by M. A. Glenard. This process
is based upon the combined use of lime and ether. It consists in treating
with ether a suitably prepared powder, or an extract of ipecacuanha and
lime, or the precipitate formed upon adding an excess of lime to a
solution obtained by treating ipecacuanha in the cold with water
acidulated by sulphuric acid. Either of these mixtures, or the
precipitate, when treated with ether, will yield all the alkaloid it
contains.
The alkaloid may be obtained from the ethereal solution by distilling it
to dryness, and treating the residue with acidulated water, or by at once
shaking the solution with acidulated water. A more or less acid aqueous
liquid is thus obtained, which upon the addition of ammonia, yields the
emetine almost colourless, and much more pure than that produced by the
process ordinarily employed.
_Preparation of Crystallised Hydrochlorate and Pure Emetine._--When water,
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, is employed to remove the emetine from
the ether, an acid solution is obtained, which, when sufficiently
concentrated by evaporation, forms a nearly colourless, solid, crystalline
mass. This mass is formed of extremely delicate needles, formed in
bundles that radiate around a central point, and form small spheres with
an embossed surface, resembling mulberries in appearance. Upon pressing
these crystals in a cloth the more or less coloured mother liquid runs
off, and the crystals redissolved in water give a colourless solution,
from which a fresh crystallisation of perfectly pure hydrochlorate of
emetine can readily be obtained.
The production of this crystallised hydrochlorate of emetine is worthy of
notice, since it does not accord with what has been stated by different
authors, who have all considered emetine to be incapable of forming
crystallisable salts. It is especially interesting in that it furnishes a
convenient and certain method of obtaining perfectly pure emetine, for
which it is only necessary to precipitate a solution of the hydrochlorate
with an alkali. But it is important to observe that ammonia does not
precipitate all the emetine of the hydrochlorate, and that the precipitate
is less in proportion as the salt is more acid.
It might appear from this that emetine is soluble in hydrochlorate of
ammonia. But the author finds that it is the result of a decomposing
action exercised by the emetine upon the hydrochlorate of ammonia, as is
shown by the following two experiments. If a little dry powdered emetine
be placed in a glass containing a solution of hydrochlorate of ammonia, it
may be observed to agglomerate and become transformed into a soft resinoid
mass, at the same time the disengagement of ammonia may be recognised, and
the resinoid mass gradually undergoes a kind of metamorphosis, and becomes
white and crystalline. Again, if emetine in powder be suspended in water,
and solution of hydrochlorate of ammonia be gradually added, the emetine
is dissolved, and upon evaporation of the solution crystals of double
hydrochlorate of emetine and ammonia is obtained.
The author believes the decomposition of hydrochlorate of ammonia by an
organic alkali to have been hitherto unobserved. It does not appear,
however, that emetine is alone in this action, as the author has observed
that quinine, under similar conditions, behaves in the same manner.
Zinoffsky ('Jour. de Pharm. d'Anvers,' xxix, 490) gives the following
process for the quantitative determination of emetia:--Treat fifteen grams
of powdered ipecacuanha with alcohol of 85 per cent., acidified with a few
drops of sulphuric acid, so as to form a volume of 150 cubic centimètres.
Filter, and after expelling the alcohol from 100 cubic centimètres of the
liquid by distillation, add to the residue a titrated solution of
iodo-hydrargyrate of potassium until a filtered portion ceases to be
affected by this reagent. The number of cubic centimètres of
iodo-hydrargyrate multiplied by 0·0189 (0·0001 of the equivalent of
emetine) gives the quantity of emetine contained in ten grains of the
root.
A normal solution of iodo-hydrargyrate is obtained by mixing aqueous
solutions of 13·546 grams of bichloride of mercury, and 49·8 of iodide of
potassium, adding water to make one litre. One cubic centimètre of this
solution precipitates 0·0001, or 0·00005 of an equivalent of alkaloid.
Wine of ipecacuanha can be titrated by the same process.
_Composition of Emetine and its Hydrochlorate._--These substances dried at
110° C., gave upon analysis results corresponding with following
centesimal composition:
Hydrochlorate
Emetine. of Emetine.
Carbon 72·25 63·00
Hydrogen 8·61 8·15
Nitrogen 5·36 4·75
Oxygen 13·78 11·64
Chlorine 12·46
From these figures the author has constructed the following formulæ:
Emetine: C_{30}H_{22}NO_{4}. Hydrochlorate of Emetine:
C_{30}H_{22}NO_{4}HCl.
_Preparation and Composition of Emetine_ (J. Lefort and F. Wurtz, 'Comptes
Rendus,' lxxxiv, 1299). When ipecacuanha is dissolved in water, and a
concentrated solution of potassium nitrate added, a thick mass is
produced, consisting of emetine nitrate. It is washed with water,
dissolved in alcohol, and the solution poured into milk of lime. The
mixture is evaporated to dryness, and digested with ether, which dissolves
out the emetine, leaving it as a yellowish mass on evaporation. On
dissolving this mass in sulphuric acid, and pouring the solution into
dilute ammonia, the alkaloid is obtained as a white precipitate, which is
dissolved in alcohol, from which it separates in minute radiate groups of
needles. By analysis it gave numbers leading to the formula
C_{28}H_{40}N_{2}O_{3}.[275]
[Footnote 275: Note by the translator ('Journal of Chem. Soc,'): "This is
printed C_{28}N_{2}H_{40}O_{5} in the formula for emetine nitrate, and as
no data are given, it is impossible to tell which are correct."]
Pure emetine nitrate was prepared, and was found to have the formula
C_{28}N_{2}H_{40}O_{5}NOH; this in conjunction with Glenard's results,
shows that emetine does not form basic salts.
=EMET'ICS.= _Syn._ VOMITS, ANACATHARTICS; ANACATHARTICA, EMETICA,
VOMITORIA, L. Medicines which induce vomiting. The principal emetics are
ipecacuanha and tartarised antimony, and their preparations; and the
sulphates of zinc and copper. Of these the first is commonly employed
either in substance or infused in wine (ipecacuanha wine), when it is
merely wished to evacuate the contents of the stomach, when that organ is
in a disordered state or overloaded with food; and is the one most adapted
in ordinary cases for children and females. Tartar emetic (tartarated
antimony) (dissolved in water) and antimonial wine, either alone or
combined with ipecacuanha, are preferable at the commencement of fevers
and other inflammatory disorders, in consequence of the nausea,
relaxation, and depression of the muscular power and circulation which
commonly follow their use. When poison has been taken, sulphate of zinc is
generally preferred as an emetic, on account of the promptness and
completeness of its action, and its effects ceasing as soon as it is
ejected from the stomach. Sulphate of copper is employed in the same cases
as sulphate of zinc, but its action is more violent and disagreeable,
whilst its intense metallic taste is a great objection to its use. 25 to
30 gr. of either of the above sulphates are dissolved in 3 or 4 fl. oz. of
warm water, and a fourth of the solution is given every ten minutes, until
copious vomiting ensues. In the absence of other substances, when an
immediate emetic is required, a teaspoonful of flour of mustard (an
article always at hand), stirred up with half a pint of warm water, and
drank at a draught, will generally act easily and effectively, and relieve
the stomach before other remedies can be obtained and applied.
The operation of emetics is powerfully promoted by drinking copiously of
diluents, especially of warm or tepid water. The latter, in fact, is
itself an emetic, when taken in quantity. Its use will also prevent that
dreadful straining and retching which makes emetics so much dreaded by the
nervous and delicate.
The timely administration of an emetic at the commencement of fevers and
other inflammatory affections will frequently cause copious diaphoresis,
and produce a cure, or at least greatly mitigate the severity of the
symptoms. Dropsies have also been cured by vomiting; and swelled testicle,
bubo, and other glandular swellings, have occasionally been dispersed by
the action of emetics. Visceral obstructions, in both sexes, have also
yielded to the same treatment. Small and repeated doses of emetics are
frequently administered, with advantage, to produce nausea, in many
diseases of the lungs and stomach. Certain chronic and obstinate diseases,
as rheumatism and asthma, are sometimes relieved by emetics, when every
other line of treatment has failed.
Emetics should be avoided in plethoric habits, in hernia, pregnancy, and
whenever visceral inflammation is suspected. They should also be given
with great caution to young children and females, and to the nervous and
delicate. In such cases, wine or powder of ipecacuanha should alone be
employed.
=Emetic Cups.= _Syn._ ANTIMONIAL CUPS; POCULA EMETICA, CALICES VOMITORII,
L. Small cups made of metallic antimony. Wine left in them for 10 or 12
hours becomes emetic.
=Emetic Tartar.= See ANTIMONY, TARTARATED.
=EM'ETINE.= See EMETIA.
=EMMEN'AGOGUES.= _Syn._ EMMENAGOGA, L. Medicines which are considered to
have the power of promoting the menstrual discharge when either retained
or suspended. There are, probably, few remedies which exert this specific
power on the uterus, the majority of repeated emmenagogues acting rather
by their influence on the system generally, or on parts contiguous to the
uterus, than in the uterus itself. Among the substances usually arranged
under this class are--aloes, black hellebore, birthwort, borax, cubebs,
ergot, gamboge, gin, iodide of potassium, iodine, madder, mercurials, the
peppers, rue, savine, stimulants (generally), stimulating diuretics,
stinking goosefoot, stinking orache, wine, &c.
Of the above, ergot and madder are the only articles which exercise a
direct power on the uterus, and that rather in increasing its expulsive
energy than in promoting the menstrual function, though they are
advantageously employed for the latter purpose. Several of the other
substances named are drastic purgatives, or possess cerebro-spinal
properties, or local powers of irritation, by which they increase the
pelvic circulation, or produce excitement in the neighbouring parts, in
many cases of a dangerous and irreparable character. Hence many writers on
pharmacology deny the existence of emmenagogues.
To ensure the successful administration of this class of medicines, the
system must be previously prepared for their use by invigorating it, if
there is either relaxation or debility; and an opposite course should be
pursued when there is an undue degree of arterial action. In the majority
of cases, the restoration of the discharge is rather attributable to a
proper regulation of the system than to any specific power in the medicine
administered.
=EMOLL'IENTS.= _Syn._ EMOLLIENTIA, L. In _pharmacy_ and _therapeutics_,
demulcents of an oleaginous, saponaceous, or emulsive character, applied
to surfaces (generally external), to soften and relax the fibres. See
DEMULCENTS.
=EMUL'SIN.= _Syn._ SYNAPTASE. An azotised substance, forming a large
proportion of the white pulp of both bitter and sweet almonds. It is
yellowish-white, soluble in cold water, and coagulated by heat and
alcohol. Its most remarkable property is its action on amygdalin by which
the volatile oil of almonds and hydrocyanic acid, with other products are
formed. It has never been obtained in a state of purity.
=EMULSINES.= See EMULSION.
=EMUL'SION.= _Syn._ EMULSIO, L. A milky fluid, formed by the mechanical
admixture of oil and water, by means of some other substance that
possesses the power of combining with both. The emulsions of the
Pharmacop[oe]ia are in the 'British Pharmacop[oe]ia' included in the class
_Misturæ_ (which _see_).
In the preparation of emulsions, the oily or resinous ingredients are
usually suspended by means of mucilage of gum arabic, almonds, or yolk of
egg. 1 dr. of the first, made with equal parts of gum and water; 1 oz. of
the second (usually 26 in number); and one in no. of the last, will form 2
dr. of any oil into an emulsion with about 1 oz. of water, gradually
added. In some cases, instead of the above substances, a little liquor of
potassa is employed, by which a saponaceous emulsion is formed. In all
cases the mucilage or other viscid substance should be put into the mortar
before anything else. The oil or resinous matter may then be very
gradually rubbed in, taking care not to add it more quickly than it can be
subdued by the pestle; and if, during this part of the manipulation, the
mixture should begin to assume a breaking or curdling appearance at the
edges, a few drops of water must be immediately incorporated with it,
before adding the remainder of the oil. From the want of this precaution,
it is common for an emulsion suddenly to lose its tenacious consistence in
the mortar, and it is then in vain to endeavour to restore it. After the
oil is thoroughly incorporated, some care is requisite to avoid separating
it again by too hasty an effusion of the water or other fluid of the
mixture. If any alcoholic or acid liquid is to be added, it must be at the
very end of the process. Indeed, the addition of an acid liquid, even a
slightly acescent syrup, will often entirely destroy an emulsion. Mixtures
of copaiba are frequently spoiled by the addition of spirit of nitric
ether; a misfortune which might be avoided by first diluting it with one
or two parts of water.
An excellent method of preparing emulsions of resins and gum-resins, is to
put the article into a marble or wedgwood mortar, and to pour over it
about 4 times its weight of rectified spirit, which is then to be ignited,
and the mixture triturated until an equal consistence is obtained. The
liquid is then to be added gradually, and the whole patiently triturated
or shaken until cold. Yolk of egg or mucilage may be added to the fluid
resin or gum-resin, if desired, as in the common method, but an excellent
emulsion may be made without them.
The presence of soluble salts in an emulsion is apt to occasion the
separation of the oleaginous portion. Spirit produces the same effect in
those which are made with yolk or mucilage; and acids in those made with
an alkali. The addition of these substances to emulsions should be
therefore avoided as much as possible. Emulsions of wax, spermaceti, oil
of turpentine, and balsam of copaiba, are the most readily and completely
formed with yolk of egg. Volatile oils are more readily made into
emulsions if mixed with an equal volume of some simple fixed oil, before
proceeding to operate on them. Scammony is generally formed into an
emulsion with milk; and resin of jalap, with almonds and water.
In a paper read before the American Pharmaceutical Association by Mr
Gregory, the author recommends the use of powdered gum instead of mucilage
in the preparation of emulsions. He thinks that three drachms of acacia in
fine powder are necessary to emulsify one ounce of any of the volatile
oils, and that a little less (about two drachms) will answer for the fixed
oils and balsams, and that to this quantity of gum four drachms and a half
of water must be added (no more and no less), and that either the water or
the oil may be added first to the gum, but it is quickest to add the oil
the first; and well triturate before adding the water. Less gum can be
made to yield a good result by a careful operator, but, as a general
practical working rule, it may be said that three drachms are necessary
for one ounce of oil.
The following formulæ, for certain emulsions, are merely given here for
examples. Various others will be found under MIXTURE, LOTION, WASH, &c.
=Emulsion of Al'monds.= _Syn._ MILK OF ALMONDS, ALMOND MIXTURE; EMULSIO
AMYGDALÆ, MISTURA A., L. _Prep._ 1. Blanched almonds, 1 oz.; beat them to
a smooth paste, add, gradually, water, 1/2 pint; and when the whole is
thoroughly incorporated, strain through a piece of gauze.
2. As the last, adding sugar, 1 oz.; or syrup (either simple or
flavoured), 1-1/2 fl. oz. See EMULSION OF OIL OF ALMONDS (_below_).
=Emulsion of Assaf[oe]t'ida.= _Syn._ EMULSIO ASSAF[OE]TIDÆ, MISTURA A., L.
_Prep._ (Duclow.) Assaf[oe]tida, 1 oz.; powdered gum, 2 oz.; oil of
almonds, 3-1/2 fl. oz.; water, 6 fl. oz. Antispasmodic.--_Dose_, 1 to 2
table-spoonfuls; in hysterical affections, &c.
=Emulsion of Cam'phor.= _Syn._ EMULSIO CAMPHORÆ, E. CAMPHORATA, MISTURA
CAMPHORÆ (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. Castr. Ruth. 1840.) Camphor, 1/2
dr.; triturate with milk, 1/2 fl. oz., gradually added; then further add
of water, 7-1/2 fl. oz.
2. (Ph. E.) Camphor, 20 gr.; lump sugar, 1/2 oz.; triturate together, and
add of blanched almonds, 1/2 oz.; again triturate, then gradually add of
water, 1 pint. Stimulant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic.--_Dose_, 1 fl.
oz. to 2 fl. oz.
=Emulsion of Cas'tor Oil.= _Syn._ EMULSIO OLEI RICINI, MISTURA O. R., L.
_Prep._ 1. Castor oil, 1 oz.; thick mucilage, 1-1/2 oz.; syrup of orange
peel, 1 fl. oz.; water, 6 fl. oz.
2. As the last, but using milk instead of water.--_Dose._ One third; as an
aperient for females who object to taking the unprepared oil.
=Emulsion of Copai'ba.= _Syn._ EMULSION OF CAPIVI; EMULSIO COPAIBÆ,
MISTURA C., L. _Prep._ 1. Balsam of copaiba and syrup of orange peel, of
each 2 oz.; yolks of 5 eggs; milk, 14 fl. oz.
2. (Beral.) Copaiba and mucilage, of each 2 oz.; water, 12 fl.
oz.--_Dose_, 1/2 oz. to 1 oz., 2 or 3 times a day; where the use of
copaiba is indicated.
=Emulsion of Cubebs.= _Syn._ EMULSIO CUBEBÆ. (Dublanc.) _Prep._ Essence of
Cubebs, 4 oz.; mucilage, 4 oz. Mix them.
=Emulsion of Gum.= _Syn._ EMULSIO ACACIÆ, MISTURA ACACIÆ (Ph. E.), L.
_Prep._ From sweet almonds (blanched), 10 dr.; white sugar, 5 dr.;
mucilage, 3 fl. oz.; water, 1 quart. Demulcent. In coughs, &c., _ad
libitum_.
=Emulsion of Indian Hemp.= _Syn._ EMULSIO CANNABIS INDICÆ. (Mr Bromfield.)
_Prep._ Rub 1 scruple of extract of Indian hemp in warm water with 1 fl.
dr. of olive oil; then add gradually, still triturating the mixture, 4 dr.
of mucilage of acacia and 7-1/2 oz. of distilled water.
=Emulsion of Oil of Almonds.= _Syn._ EMULSIO OLEI AMYGDALÆ, L. _Prep._
From oil of almonds, 3 dr.; thick mucilage and simple syrup, of each, 5
dr.; rose water, 1 fl. oz.; distilled water, 3 to 4 fl. oz. An elegant and
efficient substitute for almond milk. See EMULSION OF ALMONDS (_above_).
=Emulsion, Pancreatic.= See PANCREATIN.
=Emulsion of Peru'vian Balsam.= _Syn._ EMULSIO BALSAMICA, E. BALSAMI
PERUVIANI, L. _Prep._ 1. As emulsion of copaiba.
2. (Hosp. F.) Balsam of Peru, 1/2 oz.; oil of almonds, 6 dr.; powdered
gum, 1 oz.; triturate together, and add, gradually, rose water, 4 fl.
oz.--_Dose_, 1 or 2 table-spoonfuls; in old asthmas, chronic coughs,
winter coughs, &c.
=Emulsion of Poppies.= _Syn._ EMULSIO PAPAVEUS. _Prep._ Poppy seeds, 2
drachms; water, 8 oz. Make into an emulsion and strain.
=Emulsion of Raw Meat.= (Yvon.) Raw meat 250 grammes; sweet almonds, 75
grammes; bitter almonds, 5 grammes; white sugar, 80 grammes. After
blanching the almonds beat them up with the rest of the ingredients in a
marble mortar until a rose-coloured uniform paste is obtained. This may be
easily made into an emulsion with water, and will not unmix for 24 hours.
It can be made still more nourishing by the addition of the yolks of two
eggs, and by the substitution of milk for water. This emulsion is
frequently prescribed by continental physicians.
=Emulsion of Resin of Jalap.= _Syn._ EMULSIO PURGANS CUM RESINÆ JALAPÆ.
(Par. Pharm.) _Prep._ Resin of jalap, 8 gr.; white sugar, 1 oz.;
orange-flower water, 2 dr.; water, 4 oz. Triturate the resin with a little
of the sugar, add gradually half the yolk of an egg, triturate for a long
time, then add gradually the rest of the sugar and the water.
=Emulsion of Scam'mony.= _Syn._ EMULSIO SCAMMONII, MISTURA S. (Ph. E.), L.
_Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) Resin of scammony, 7 gr.; new milk, 3 fl. oz. For a
dose.
2. (Planche.) Aleppo scammony, 7 gr.; sugar, 2 dr.; new milk, 3 fl. oz.;
cherry-laurel water, 5 drops. For a dose. Purgative; in torpor of the
intestines, dropsy, worms, &c. The formula of the Paris Codex is similar.
=Emulsion of Spermace'ti.= _Syn._ EMULSIO CETACEI, MISTURA C., L. _Prep._
As emulsion of wax. Demulcent.
=Emulsion of Tur'pentine.= _Syn._ EMULSIO TEREBINTHINÆ, MISTURA T., L.
_Prep._ 1. Chio turpentine, 2 dr.; white sugar, 1 oz.; yolk of 1 egg; milk
of almonds, 4 fl. oz. In gleets.--_Dose_, 2 table-spoonfuls, 3 or 4 times
a day.
2. (Clossius.) Venice turpentine, 1-1/2 dr.; yolk of 1 egg; peppermint
water, 4-1/2 fl. oz. (See _below_.)
=Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine.= _Syn._ EMULSIO OLEI TEREBINTHINÆ, MISTURA
O. T., L. _Prep._ (Carmichael.) Rectified oil of turpentine, 1 fl. oz.;
yolk of 2 eggs; emulsion of almonds, 4 fl. oz.; syrup of orange peel, 2
fl. oz.; spirit of lavender, 4 fl. dr.; oil of cinnamon, 5 or 6
drops.--_Dose_, 1 fl. oz., twice or thrice a day; in nephritic pains, and
that variety of ophthalmia termed iriditis. (See _above_.)
=Emulsion of Wax.= _Syn._ EMULSIO CERÆ, E. CERÆ ALBÆ, MISTURA C., LAC C.,
L. _Prep._ (Guibourt.) White wax, 1 oz.; powdered gum, 1-1/2 dr.; water,
24 fl. oz.; simple syrup, 4 fl. oz.; put the syrup and gum into a warm
mortar, add the wax, and triturate with a warm pestle until united; then
add the water (warm) gradually, and continue the agitation till the whole
is quite cold. Demulcent. _Ad libitum._
=ENAM'EL.= A species of vitreous varnish, coloured with metallic oxides,
applied in a thin stratum to brightly polished metallic surfaces (copper
or gold), on which it is fused by the flame of a lamp urged by the
blowpipe, or by the heat of a small furnace.
The basis of all enamels is a highly transparent and fusible gloss, called
'frit,' 'flux,' or 'paste,' which readily receives a colour on the
addition of metallic oxides. It may be made by one or other of the
following formulæ:
_Prep._ 1. Red lead, 16 parts; calcined borax, 3 parts; powdered flint
glass, 12 parts; powdered flints, 4 parts; fuse in a Hessian crucible for
12 hours, then pour it out into water, and reduce it to a powder in a
biscuit-ware mortar.
2. Tin, 3 parts; lead, 10 parts; mix, calcine in an iron pot at a dull
cherry-red heat, and scrape off the oxide as it forms, observing to obtain
it quite free from undecomposed metal; then reduce it to fine powder by
grinding and elutriation. In this state it is known among enamellers as
'flux' or 'calcine.' 4 parts of this 'calcine' are next mixed with an
equal weight of pure sand or powdered flints, and 1 part of sea salt, or
other alkaline matter; the mixture is then partially fused in a Hessian
crucible, by which it undergoes semi-vitrification.
3. (Chaptal.) Lead and tin, equal parts; calcine as above, and take off
the mixed oxides or 'calcine' and ground flints, of each, 1 part; pure
carbonate of potash, 2 parts; and proceed as before.