5. (PLENCK'S D.; 'PASTA EPILATORIA,') Orpiment, 1 part; quicklime and
starch, of each 12 parts.
6. (SOAP D.; 'SAVON ÉPILATOIRE,') Turkish depilatory and soft soap, equal
parts. Must not be mixed until about to be applied. (See No. 7.)
7. (TURKISH D.; TURKISH RUSMA.) Orpiment, 1 part; quicklime, 9 parts. For
use, it is mixed up with soap lees, and a little powdered starch.
=Depilatory, Boettger's.= Powdered sulphydrate of sodium, one part; washed
chalk, three parts; made into a thick paste with a little water. Let a
layer about the thickness of the back of a knife be spread upon the hairy
surface. After two or three minutes the stoutest hairs are transformed
into a soft mass which may be removed by water. A more prolonged action
would attack the skin.
=Depilatory, Boudet's.= _Prep._ Sulphide of sodium (crystallised), 3
parts; quicklime (in fine powder), 10 parts; starch, 10 parts; mix. To be
mixed with water, and applied to the skin, and scraped off in 2 or 3
minutes with a wooden knife. Very effective and safe.
=Depilatory, Cazenave's.= _Syn._ MAHON'S D.; POMMADE ÉPILATOIRE DE
CAZENAVE, Fr. _Prep._ Quicklime, 1 part; carbonate of soda, 2 parts; lard,
8 parts; mix. Applied as an ointment.
=Depilatory, Chi'nese.= _Prep._ 1. Quicklime, 8 oz.; pearlash (dry) and
liver of sulphur, of each 1 oz.; all reduced to a fine powder; mixed, and
kept in a close bottle.
2. (ROSEATE D.) As No. 1., but coloured with a little rose pink or light
red.
These preparations are applied in the same manner as Boudet's Depilatory.
=Depilatory, Colley's.= See DEPILATORY, ARSENICAL.
=Depilatory, Hydrosulphate of Lime.= _Prep._ (Beasley.) Mix quicklime and
water to a thick cream, and pass into the mixture 25 or 30 times its
volume of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. When the gas ceases to be absorbed,
stop the process. The pulpy mass is spread on paper, and applied for 12 or
15 minutes. It is very effective, but has a most disgusting smell.
Spolasco's depilatory is a very similar preparation (see _below_).
=Depilatory, Mechan'ical.= _Syn._ DEPILATORY PLASTEE. _Prep._ From pitch
and resin, equal parts, melted together and spread on leather. Applied as
a plaster.
=Depilatory, Rayer's.= _Prep._ Quicklime, 2 oz.; salt of tartar, 4 oz.;
charcoal, 1/4 oz. Less active than Chinese Depilatory.
=Depilatory, Redwood's.= _Prep._ A strong solution of sulphide of barium,
made into a paste with powdered starch, and applied immediately. Mr
Redwood says this is "the best and safest depilatory."
=Depilatory, Ro'seate.= See DEPILATORY, CHINESE.
=Depilatory, Spolasco's.= _Prep._ Freshly prepared sulphide of calcium and
quicklime, equal parts. Almost equal to Redwood's (_above_).
=DEPOSI'TION (of Metals).= See ELECTRO-TYPE.
=DERBY CONDITION POWDERS= (J. Tobias Simpson, New York). Celebrated as a
safe, infallible, and speedy remedy for glanders, coughs, colds, over
feeding, worms, mouth disease, and loss of horns or hair, in horses and
other valuable domestic animals. Tartar emetic, 2 grammes; black antimony,
20 grammes; sulphur, 10 grammes; nitre, 10 grammes; fenugreek, 40 grammes;
juniper berries, 20 grammes. (Schädler.)
=DER'BYSHIRE NECK.= See GOITRE.
=DERMASOT= (Apotheker Bertschinger, Baden, Switzerland). For profuse
perspiration of the feet. Consists of acetate of alumina, 7·5 grammes;
distilled water, 120 grammes; butyric ether, 2 drops; rosanilin to colour
it slightly. (Weber.)
=DESBRIERRE'S CHOCOLATE A LA MAGNESIE.= 44 grammes of chocolate paste and
15 grammes of calcined magnesia, made into two tablets. (Reveil.)
=DESIC'CANTS.= _Syn._ DESICCAN'TIA, L. In _pharmacology_, substances that
check secretion and dry sores of abraded surfaces, without acting as
styptics, or constringing the fibres of the parts to which they are
applied. See ASTRINGENTS.
=DESICCA'TION.= _Syn._ EXSICCA'TION. The evaporation or drying off of the
aqueous portion of solid bodies. Plants and chemical preparations are
deprived of their humidity by exposure to the sun, a current of dry air,
an atmosphere rendered artificially dry by sulphuric acid, or by the
direct application of heat by means of a water bath, a sand bath, or a
common fire. Planks and timber are now seasoned, on the large scale, in
this way, by which a condition may be produced, in 2 or 3 days, which on
the old system is barely attainable in as many years. "Endeavours were
made to enforce the importance and value of the desiccation of woods to
the builder, cabinet maker, architect, and civil engineer, so long back as
1843, but without success. Since that period certain persons have availed
themselves, commercially, of our ideas and experiments on the subject,
without any acknowledgment, either verbal or pecuniary." (Cooley.)
=DESTEM'PER.= _Syn._ DISTEMPER. Colours ground up with size, gum, or white
of egg, and water, as in scene painting. The art of executing work in
distemper is called 'distemper painting.'
=DETER'GENT.= An agent having the power of removing offensive matter from
the skin. The name is now generally restricted to applications that tend
to cleanse foul wounds and ulcers.
=Detergent, Collier's.= _Prep._ From liquor of potassa, 2 fl. dr.; rose
water, 5-1/2 fl. oz.; spirit of rosemary, 1/2 fl. oz.; mix. One of the
best applications known to free the head from scurf, when the hair is
strong and healthy. The head should be afterwards sponged with clean,
soft water.
=DETONA'TION.= See FULMINATING COMPOUNDS.
=DEUTOX'IDE.= See OXIDES.
=DEUTSCHE SIEGESTROPFEN--German Triumphal Drops= (Schmidt). 480 grammes of
a brown fluid with an agreeably sweet spirituous and aromatic taste,
containing in a hundred parts five parts of the portion soluble in weak
spirit of cloves and orange peel, 29 parts sugar, 36 parts alcohol, and 30
parts water. (Wittstein.)
=DEW-POINT.= The temperature at which dew begins to form, as observed by a
thermometer. It varies with the humidity of the atmosphere.
=DEX'TRIN.= C_{6}H_{10}O_{5}. _Syn._ STARCH GUM, DEXTRINA, DEXTRINUM,
BRITISH GUM. A soluble substance resembling gum, formed by the action of
dilute acids at the boiling temperature, and by infusion of malt, at about
160° Fahr., on starch. It is also formed when potato starch and some of
the other farinas are exposed to a heat of about 400°. See DIASTASE and
GUM (British).
=DEX'TRO-RACE'MIC ACID.= See RACEMIC ACID.
=DIABE'TES.= See URINE.
=Diabetes (Saccharine).= The symptoms observed in this generally fatal
ailment are the passing of an excessive quantity of pale, straw-coloured
urine, of high specific gravity, containing more or less grape sugar;
great thirst and hunger, obstinate dyspepsia, constipation, an unpleasant
odour from the feet, or perspiration of the arm-pits, and bodily debility,
and emaciation. All these symptoms vary in intensity according to the
course and duration of the disease, which is frequently accompanied with
hectic fever, cough, and sometimes carbuncles, and generally ends in
consumption or some organic disease. The flow of urine sometimes reaches
as much as eight gallons in 24 hours; the average quantity, however, is
about two gallons. The specific gravity of the urine varies between 1030
and 1070. The quantity of sugar excreted in the twenty-four hours differs
greatly, ranging from half a pound to three pounds.
In the treatment of diabetes, great attention should be paid to diet,
which should consist principally of digestible, broiled, or roasted meat,
gluten and bran bread (these latter being substituted for ordinary bread,
which with sugar must be especially avoided), liquids in moderate
quantity, of which the most preferable are weak beef tea or mutton broth.
If the thirst is extreme, it is best assuaged by drinking water acidulated
with phosphoric acid. Spirituous liquids as well as saline aperients
should be eschewed. Claret is, however, a suitable beverage.
Small doses of laudanum, given three or four times a day, have been found
of great service.
Dr Watson recommends also the administration of creosote. The bowels must
be regulated by means of mild aperients. Warm baths are also of use, as
they augment the secretion of the skin. The disease may be kept under by
administering from twenty to forty minims of tincture of perchloride of
iron, 3 times a day. The above treatment is inserted for the guidance only
of emigrants and others unable to obtain professional aid; wherever this
can be obtained, no time should be lost in seeking it. This is the more
important, since the earlier the patient has recourse to the proper
remedies, the greater are the chances of recovery.
_Horses._ The disease occurs, although rarely, in horses. It is not known
either in cattle or dogs. The treatment consists in depriving the animal
for some weeks of food containing starch, or other matters capable of
forming sugar. He must be fed on meat soup and cooked animal diet, to
which he quickly becomes reconciled. The strength must be kept up by means
of tonic. To counteract the intense thirst, Mr Finlay Dun recommends the
following to be given three times a day in water:--A drachm of iodide of
potassium, a scruple of iodine, and four drachms of carbonate of soda.
=DIACH'YLON.= See PLASTERS.
=DIALY''SER.= In _practical chemistry_, an instrument for separating
'crystalloids' from 'colloids,' introduced by the late Prof. Graham. In
its most convenient form it consists of a hoop of gutta percha, over which
a circular piece of parchment paper is stretched. The paper is applied to
the hoop while wet, and is kept stretched by a second hoop, by an elastic
band, or by a few turns of string. The instrument, when complete,
resembles an ordinary tambourine. It is distinguished as the 'HOOP
DIALYSER,' The fluid to be 'dialysed' is poured into the hoop upon the
surface of the parchment paper, to a small depth only, such as half an
inch, and the dialyser is then floated upon water in a large glass basin.
Another form of dialyser, termed the 'BULB DIALYSER,' consists of a small
glass bell-jar, the mouth of which is covered by a piece of parchment
paper. This is suspended or otherwise supported in a large vessel of water
in such a manner that the parchment paper septum just dips below the
surface. See DIALYSIS (below), PARCHMENT PAPER.
=DIAL'YSIS.= In _practical chemistry_, the method of separating substances
by 'diffusion' through a septum of gelatinous matter. When a solution
having a sp. gr. greater is introduced into a cylindrical glass vessel,
and then water very cautiously poured upon it, in such a manner that the
two layers of liquid remain unmoved, the substance dissolved in the lower
liquid will gradually pass into the supernatant water, though the vessel
may have been left undisturbed, and the temperature remain unchanged. The
gradual passage of a dissolved substance from its original solution into
pure water taking place, notwithstanding the higher sp. gr. of the
substance which opposes this passage, is called the 'diffusion of
liquids.' From the investigation of the phenomena of this diffusion, the
late Prof. Graham derived the remarkable results upon which the method
under notice is based. Different substances, when in solution of the same
concentration, and under other similar circumstances, diffuse with very
unequal velocity. "The range in the degree of diffusive mobility," says
Prof. Graham, "exhibited by different substances, appears to be as wide as
the scale of vapour-tensions. Thus, hydrate of potassa may be said to
possess double the velocity of diffusion of sulphate of potassa, and
sulphate of potassa again double the velocity of sugar, alcohol, and
sulphate of magnesia. But the substances named belong, as regards
diffusion, to the more volatile class. The comparatively fixed class, as
regards diffusion, is represented by a different order of chemical
substances (marked out by the absence of the power to crystallise), which
are slow in the extreme. Among the latter are hydrated silicic acid,
hydrated alumina, and other metallic peroxides of the aluminous class,
when they exist in the soluble form; with starch, dextrine, and the gums,
caramel, tannin, albumen, gelatin, vegetable and animal extractive
matters. Low diffusibility is not the only property which the bodies last
enumerated possess in common. They are distinguished by the gelatinous
character of their hydrates. Although often largely soluble in water, they
are held in solution by a most feeble force. They appear singularly inert
in the capacity of acids and bases, and in all the ordinary chemical
relations. But, on the other hand, their peculiar physical aggregation,
with the chemical indifference referred to, appears to be required in
substances that can intervene in the organic processes of life. The
plastic elements of the body are found in this class. As gelatin appears
to be its type, it is proposed to designate substances of this class as
'COL'LOIDS,' and to speak of their peculiar form as the 'colloidal
condition of matter.' Opposed to the colloidal is the 'crystalline
condition.' Substances affecting the latter form will be classed as
'CRYSTAL'LOIDS,' The distinction is, no doubt, one of intimate molecular
constitution."[257] A certain property of colloidal substances comes into
play most opportunely in assisting diffusive preparations. The jelly of
starch, that of animal mucus, of pectin, of vegetable gelose, and other
solid colloidal hydrates, all of which, strictly speaking, are insoluble
in cold water, are themselves permeable when in mass, as water is, by the
more highly diffusive class of substances. But such jellies greatly resist
the passage of the less diffusible substances, and cut off entirely other
colloid substances like themselves that may be in solution. A mere film of
the jelly has the separating effect. Now, parchment-paper, when wetted,
acts just like a layer of animal mucus or other hydrated colloid, by
permitting the passage of crystalloids, but not of colloids; consequently
this substance may be used for dialytic septa (see DIALYSER, _above_). The
following experiments recorded by Graham will give some idea of the
results which may be obtained by dialysis:--
[Footnote 257: 'Philosoph. Trans.' for 1861.]
1. Half a litre of urine was placed in a hoop dialyser, which was then
floated on a considerable quantity of pure water. Dialysed for 24 hours,
the urine gave its crystalloidal constituents to the external water. The
latter, evaporated by a water bath, yielded a white saline mass. From this
mass urea was extracted by alcohol in so pure a condition as to appear in
crystalline tufts upon the evaporation of the alcohol.
2. By pouring silicate of soda into diluted hydrochloric acid (the acid
being maintained in large excess), a solution of silica is obtained. But
in addition to hydrochloric acid, such a solution contains chloride of
sodium, a salt which causes the silica to gelatinise when the solution is
heated, and otherwise modifies its properties. Now, such a solution placed
for 24 hours in a dialyser of parchment paper was found to lose 5% of its
silicic acid (silica) and 86% of its hydrochloric acid. After 4 days on
the dialyser, the liquid ceased to be disturbed by nitrate of silver. All
the chlorides were gone, with no further loss of silica. What remained was
a pure solution of silicic acid, which could be boiled in a flask, and
considerably concentrated, without change.
3. Half a litre of dark-coloured porter, with ·05 gramme of arsenious acid
added (1/10000th part of arsenious acid), was placed on a hoop dialyser, 8
inches in diameter, and the whole floated in an earthenware basin
containing 2 or 3 litres of water. After 24 hours the latter fluid had
acquired a slight tinge of yellow. It yielded, when concentrated and
precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen, upwards of one half of the original
arsenious acid in a fit state for examination.
=DIAMANTKITT--Diamond Cement.= 50 parts graphite, 15 parts litharge, 10
parts milk of lime, 5 parts slaked lime, intimately mixed with enough
linseed oil to make a firm mass. (Hager.)
=DIAMANTTROPFEN--Diamond Drops= (Dr Allinhead). A combination of the
juices of mysterious herbs of tropical climes, which has the power to make
all men transparent.
=DI'AMOND.= The diamond is pure carbon, and differs from the carbon of
charcoal and lampblack simply in being limpid, colourless, and highly
refractive of light, properties which are generally referred to its
crystalline form. The weight, and, consequently, the value of diamonds, is
estimated in carats, one of which is equal to 4 grains; and the price of
one diamond, compared to that of another of equal colour, transparency,
purity, form, &c., is as the squares of the respective weights. The
average price of ROUGH DIAMONDS that are worth working is about £2 for the
first carat; that of a CUT DIAMOND is equal to that of a rough diamond of
double weight, exclusive of the price of workmanship. "To estimate the
value of a wrought diamond, ascertain its weight in carats, double that
weight, and multiply the square of this product by £2." (Ure.) Thus, a cut
diamond of--
1 carat is worth £8
2 carats " £32
3 " " £72
4 " " £128
&c., &c. See CARBON, GEMS.
=Di'amond Dust.= Genuine diamond dust is the powder produced by the
abrasion of diamonds against each other in the process of cutting and
polishing them. It possesses the valuable property of polishing the gems,
and giving "the finest edge to every kind of cutlery." The discovery of
the latter fact, a few years since, led certain dishonest persons to
extensively advertise spurious preparations, consisting chiefly of emery
powder or powdered quartz, under the name of diamond dust. The factitious
articles acquired a very short and bad notoriety. Instead of sharpening
cutting instruments, they infallibly destroyed their edge, and were
particularly unfortunate in converting razors into saws.
=DIAPEN'TE.= _Syn._ PULVIS DIAPENTE. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E. 1744) Bay-berries,
birth-wort, gentian, ivory dust, and myrrh, equal parts. An excellent warm
tonic, especially useful in the debility and rickets of children. The
substance sold under this name in the shops is an inferior mixture, used
principally as a tonic in veterinary practice. The following are the forms
commonly adopted in its preparation:--
2. Turmeric, 4 lbs.; laurel berries and mustard, of each 3 lbs.; gentian,
2 lbs. (all in fine powder); mix.