3. Carbonate of potassa, with smalts, ochre, or bole, q. s. to give it the
required colour. It must be kept dry, in a well-corked bottle. A pinch is
placed on the corn, and confined by means of adhesive plaster or rag.
4. Carbonate of soda, 1 oz., finely powdered and mixed with lard, 1/2 oz.
Applied on linen rag every night.
5. (Sir H. Davy's.) Carbonate of potassa, 2 parts; salt of sorrel, 1 part;
each in fine powder; mix, and place a small quantity on the corn for four
or five successive nights, binding it on with a rag.
_Obs._ Care must be taken, in all cases, to pare the corn moderately close
before applying the remedy; but in _no case should any of the above be
applied to a raw surface_.
=Corns, Pomade' for.= _Prep._ 1. Powdered verdigris, 1 dr.; savine
ointment, 7 dr.
2. Dried carbonate of soda, 3 dr.; lard, 5 dr.; verdigris or smalts, q. s.
to give a slight tinge of green or blue. Applied on a piece of rag.
_Treatment for Horses._--"Pare out carefully the seat of corn, removing
all reddened and diseased horn; reduce the crust of the quarter slightly,
where it is unduly strong, but leave the bars and frog untouched. They
must be religiously preserved, especially in weak feet, to afford a wide
bearing for the bar shoe that should afterwards be used. To soften the
parts, apply, in bad cases, a poultice for a day or two, and a few drops
of nitric acid, when the horn is dry and scurfy; keep the hoof soft with
soft soap and lard, or any emollient dressing, and pare out the corn every
fortnight. In horses subject to corns, shoe and pare out frequently; and
along with leather pads, use a bar shoe made with a wide heel on the
inside quarter, and nailed only on the outside, or with one nail toward
the inside toe."[250]
[Footnote 250: Finlay Dun.]
=CORRO'SIVE SUBLIMATE.= See MERCURY.
=CORUN'DUM.= See EMERY.
=CORYZA.= Cold in the head. See CATARRH.
=COSMET'ICS.= _Syn._ COSMET'ICA, L.; COSMETIQUES, Fr. External
applications employed for the purpose of preserving or restoring personal
beauty. The term is generally understood to refer to substances applied to
the cuticle, to improve the colour and clearness of the complexion; but
some writers have included under this head every topical application used
with the like intention. Hence cosmetics may be divided into--CUTANEOUS
COSMETICS, or those applied to the skin; HAIR COSMETICS, or such as are
employed to promote the growth and beauty of the hair; and TEETH
COSMETICS, or such as are used to cleanse and beautify the teeth. See
BALDNESS, COSMETIQUE, DENTIFRICES, DEPILATORY, HAIR-DYE, POMADE, TOOTH
POWDER, &c.
=COSMETIC VINEGAR= (Acetum cosmeticum) is a mixture of tinct. benz., 60
parts; bals. Peruv., 10 parts; eau de Cologne and bals. vitæ Hoffm. ph.
bor. [=a][=a] 150 parts; aceti puri, 300 parts; allowed to precipitate and
filtered clear.
=COSMETICUM= (Dr Henry's):--For scalp diseases and an application for the
hair. Spirit, 180 parts; oil of lemon, 3 parts; oil of bergamot, oil of
rosemary, and oil of lavender, of each 1 part. (Hager.)
=Cosmeticum= (Siemerling) for skin affections, freckles, &c. Sweet
almonds, 30 grammes; bitter almonds, 15 grammes; blanched and emulsified
with 330 grammes of water; the emulsion strained and mixed with 25 grammes
tinct. benzoin and 15 grammes lemon juice. (Wittstein.)
=COSMETIQUE.= [Fr.] Hard pomatum, formed into a cake or stick for the
toilet. It is sometimes coloured black or brown, the pigments being added
in the state of an impalpable powder.
1. (BLACK--COSMETIQUE NOIR.) From good lard, 5 parts; wax, 2 parts; (or,
hard pomatum, 7 parts;) melt, stir in levigated ivory black, 2 parts; and
pour it into moulds of tinfoil; which are afterwards to be placed in paper
sheaths.
2. (BROWN--COSMETIQUE BRUN.) As the last, but using levigated umber for
'plain brown,' and levigated terra di Sienna for 'auburn' and 'chestnut.'
3. (WHITE, OR PLAIN--COSMETIQUE BLANC.) The same, without colouring
matter.
_Obs._ They are generally scented with musk, ambergris, or cassia.
_Use._ The above are used to colour moustaches, eyebrows, whiskers, &c.,
as well as to keep the hair in its place. The labels on the packets before
us have--"pour fixer et lisser les cheveux." The application must be
renewed daily, as the cosmetique is gradually removed by friction, and
perfectly so by soap-and-water.
=COSMOLINE.= _Syn._ COSMOLIN. Under the names of Cosmoline and Vaseline
some fatty substances melting at 32° to 85° or even 95° C. have lately
appeared in commerce. They are very variable mixtures of solid paraffin
with paraffin oil, neutral oil, lubricating oil, &c., and are the residues
left after the distillation of petroleum slightly purified by means of
charcoal. (Miller.)
Cosmoline has been examined by Mr Naylor, who states his belief that it
consists of a mixture of paraffins. Comparing Mr Naylor's results with
those obtained by Mr Moss, in an analysis made of a body imported from
America, and called "Vaseline," there seems little reason to doubt that if
this latter and "Cosmoline" are not the same substance, they differ from
each other only in a very minute degree, this difference not improbably
being due to the varying temperature employed in producing them. Cosmoline
was found to have the composition:--
Hydrocarbons (paraffins?) 98·59
Moisture 0·69
Ash 0·04
------
99·32
It melts at 40°C., and has a sp. gr. of 0·866 at 45°C. The composition of
Vaseline is as follows:--
Hydrocarbons (paraffins?) 97·54
Moisture 0·50
Ash 0·05
------
98·09
It melts at 37° C., and has a sp. gr. of 0·840 at 55° C.
Both bodies are pale yellow in colour, translucent, slightly fluorescent,
and semi-solid, and both are alike insoluble in water, slightly soluble in
alcohol, and freely so in ether, whilst they are unaffected by
hydrochloric acid and solution of potash. The processes by which it is
believed cosmoline and vaseline are obtained, consist in separating the
various volatile hydrocarbons from crude petroleum by distillation, the
residuum is then brought into contact with superheated steam, and finally
purified by filtration through animal charcoal. Vaseline has been also
named "petroleum jelly." Professor Otto, of New York, says that vaseline
is very extensively used throughout the United States, as a substitute for
lard in the preparation of ointments, a purpose for which the freedom from
smell, the negative properties and unalterable qualities when exposed to
the air, of both substances, seem highly to commend their superiority to
lard for this purpose. They have also been employed very successfully for
lubricating surgical instruments, and we believe are, when properly
scented, used largely as the basis of hair pomades, whilst their
suitability for the preparation of suppositories and pessaries has been
urged.
This has been demonstrated by the much greater length of time during which
certain ointments made by them remain fresh and undecomposed when compared
with those in which lard was used.
The 'American Journal of Pharmacy' for March, 1877, gives the following
formula as a substitute for cold cream, by E. J. Davidson:--Cosmoline, 24
oz.; white wax, spermaceti, of each 12 oz.; glycerin, 3 fl. oz.; oil of
geranium, 1 fl. dr.
=COSMOS POMADE= (J. Pohlmann, Vienna), 1-1/2 parts white wax, 3 parts
spermaceti, 2 parts castor oil, 8 parts almond oil, 2 parts glycerine, 9
parts extract of mignonette, 1/2 part eau de Cologne. (Hager.)
=COTARN'INE.= A crystallisable substance obtained from the mother-liquors
of opianic acid. It is basic, very soluble, and bitter. Hydrochlorate of
cotarnine is soluble and crystalline.
=COTO BARK.= A bark said to be imported from the interior of Bolivia, and
thought by Dr Wittstein to belong to a lauraceous or a terebinthinaceous
plant. In one specimen examined by Jobst was found a yellowish-white
crystalline substance with the biting taste of the bark, which Jobst
believes to be its active principle, and to which he gives the name
_Cotoin_. Another sample, however, analysed by Jobst in conjunction with
Hesse, failed to yield any cotoin, but gave instead a crystalline mass
which consisted principally of three crystalline bodies, to which these
chemists purpose applying the names _paracotoin_, _oxyleucotin_, and
_leucotin_. Dr Gietel reports that he made trial of the bark
therapeutically with some patients in the general hospital of Munich, and
the results he obtained were such that he regards it as a specific against
diarrh[oe]a in all its varieties. Sometimes he administered it in the form
of powder, and at others in that of tincture, the latter being made in the
proportions of one part of bark to ten of spirit. He gave of the powder
1/2 grain four to six times a day, and of the tincture 10 minims every two
hours. Herr Burkhart, similarly making trial of the _cotoin_ and
_paracotoin_ instead, was equally successful as far as regarded its
anti-diarrh[oe]ic action, _paracotoin_, however, exercising a slighter
effect than the _cotoin_. Herr Burkhart administered paracotoin either in
powder 1/10th of a gram, with 1/6th of a gram of sugar every three hours,
or 1/2 a gram rubbed up as an emulsion.
=COT'TON.= _Syn._ GOSSYPIUM, L. The cotton of which textile fabrics are
made consists of hairs covering the seeds of certain plants belonging to
the natural order _Malvaceæ_, or the Mallow family. Our commercial cotton
appears to be derived from four distinct species, viz.--
=Gossypium arboreum.= The tree cotton, an Indian species. Unlike the other
cotton plants, it has the dimensions of a small tree. The cotton-hairs are
remarkably soft and silky, and are woven by the natives into very fine
muslin, used for turbans by the privileged classes only.
=Gossypium Barbadense.= The 'Barbadoes' or 'Bourbon cotton plant.' This is
the species which yields all our best cotton. In the small American
islands which fringe the coast from Charlestown to Savannah, this plant
has produced the celebrated 'sea-island cotton,' which is unrivalled for
the length of its 'staple,' its strength, and silkiness.
=Gossypium herbaceum.= The common cotton plant of India. It produces the
Surat cotton of commerce.
=Gossypium Peruvianum or acuminatum.= A species supposed to be indigenous
to America. It furnishes the South American varieties of cotton, as
Pernambuco, Peruvian, Maranham, and Brazilian.
_Identif._ See LINEN.
_Dyeing._ The fibres of cotton have nearly the same affinity for mordants
and the colouring matter of dyed stuffs as linen, and may be treated in
the same manner. See DYEING, LINEN, &c.
=Cotton Cake.= The cake remaining after the expression of the oil from the
seeds of the cotton plant (_Gossypium_) is used as a cattle food. The
decorticated is preferred to the undecorticated variety, as the latter is
said to occasionally set up dangerous internal irritation amongst the
animals partaking of it.
Composition of cotton-cake (decorticated).
Moisture 9·18
Oil 16·05
Albuminous compounds 41·25
Non-nitrogenous principles 16·45
Phosphates and insoluble
earthy matters 8·15
Woody fibre 8·92
-----
100·00
=COTTON, GUN-.= See PYROXYLIN.
=COUGH.= _Syn._ TUS'SIS, L. The sudden and violent expulsion of air from
the lungs. It is generally symptomatic of other affections, but is
sometimes idiopathic, or a primary disease. Many cases of cough depend
upon the extension of catarrh to the trachea and bronchiæ, which thus
become loaded with mucus or phlegm, which they endeavour to throw off by
the convulsive effort called coughing. In some cases it is caused by a
vitiation and inspissation of the secretions, arising from the imperfect
action of the absorbents; this is the common cause of the dry cough of old
people. Idiopathic cough is not considered dangerous in itself, or while
running its regular course, but it is often productive of most serious
consequences, by superinducing the inflammation of some organ, or laying
the foundation of phthisis.
Cough is sometimes attended by copious expectoration, and at other times
exists without any; it has hence been distinguished into moist or mucous
cough, and dry cough.
_Treatment._ That of common catarrhal cough consists in allaying the
irritation as much as possible, by demulcents and expectorants, as
mucilaginous drinks and lozenges, which act upon the glottis, and
sympathetically upon the trachea and bronchiæ. Among the first may be
mentioned almond milk, barley water, refined Spanish juice, gum Arabic,
and a mixture of the last two made into lozenges; among the second, the
most innocent and convenient is ipecacuanha, in the shape of lozenges, 2
or 3 of which maybe sucked whenever the cough is troublesome. A light diet
should be adopted, the bowels kept slightly relaxed by the use of gentle
aperients, and a mild and equable temperature sought as much as possible.
When this plan does not succeed, recourse may be had to an emetic,
followed by small doses of Dover's powders, and extract or tincture of
henbane or squill pill. When a cough is troublesome at night and
unattended with fever, a small dose of laudanum, or tincture of henbane,
taken on going to rest, will generally procure sleep. In the treatment of
dry cough the more stimulating expectorants are useful, as garlic,
ammoniacum, styrax, and benzoin, combined with narcotics and sedatives, as
henbane, hemlock, and opium. A diaphoretic opiate is also very useful,
especially in the cough of old people. See DRAUGHT, EMULSION, MIXTURE,
PILLS, &c.
=COU'MARIN= (k[=o][=o]). _Syn._ CU'MARIN. The odorous principle of the
fruit or bean of _Dipteryxodorata_ (tonquin bean). It exists in several
other plants, as _Melilotus officinalis_, _Asperula odorata_, and
_Anthoxanthum odoratum_.
_Prep._ From the sliced tonquin beans, by macerating in hot alcohol;
straining through cloth, and distilling off the greater part of the
spirit. The syrupy residue deposits, on standing, crystals of COUMARIN,
which must be purified from fat oil by pressure, and then crystallised
from hot water.
_Prop._ Slender, brilliant, colourless needles; fusible at 122° Fahr., and
distilling at a higher temperature without decomposition. It has a
fragrant odour and burning taste; it is very slightly soluble in cold
water, more freely in hot water, and also in alcohol.
=COUNTER-IR'RITANTS.= In _medicine_ and _pharmacy_, substances applied to
the surface of the body to establish a secondary morbid action, with the
view of relieving one already existing. In painful and spasmodic
affections, as neuralgia, spasms, and cramp; in rheumatism, lumbago,
swelled and painful joints; in headache, sore throat, sprains, languid
glandular tumours, and many other cases, this class of medicine often
proves extremely valuable. The counter-irritants which are best known are
blisters, mustard poultices, hartshorn-and-oil, and liniment of ammonia.
=COURT PLAS'TER.= See PLASTER.
=COW DUNG.= This substance was formerly employed in large quantities by
the calico printers. Recently a mixture of sulphate, carbonate, and
phosphate of lime and soda, with British gum or bran, has been
successfully tested as a substitute for it, and has the advantage of
cleanliness and economy.
=COW'HAGE.= _Syn._ COW'ITCH; MUCUN'A (Ph. L. E. & D.), L. "The hairs of
the fruit _Mucuna pruriens_" (Ph. L.). "The hairs from the pods" (Ph. E.).
"The hairy down" (Ph. D.). It occasions violent itching when it comes in
contact with the skin, which can only be allayed by a solution of green
vitriol, or by oil. It is frequently administered as a vermifuge, made
into a confection, by scraping the hair off a pod into treacle, syrup, or
honey, for a morning dose, which is repeated for 3 or 4 successive days,
followed by a brisk purge. It acts more effectually if its administration
has been preceded by a gentle emetic.
=COW-POX.= [_Variola Vaccina._] A disease affecting the udder in cows. The
treatment consists in fomenting the udder and applying poultices of spent
hops, giving laxative and saline medicines, and in drawing off the milk
with a teat-syphon.
=COWS.= See DAIRY.
=CRAB.= See SHELL-FISH.
=CRACKNELS.= Small, brittle cakes or biscuits, made by first boiling and
then baking paste. _Prep._ To flour, 1 pint, add a little grated nutmeg,
the yolks of 2 eggs, 2 or 3 spoonfuls of rose-water, and cold water, q. s.
to make a paste; then roll in butter, 1/2 lb., and make it into shapes. In
one hour put them into a kettle of boiling water, and boil them until they
swim, then throw them into cold water; take them out; and when dry, bake
them on tins. Those of the shops contain less butter, and the rose-water
is omitted.
=CRACK'NUTS.= Thin and sweet cakes or wafers. _Prep._ 1. Flour, 1 lb.;
sugar, 3/4 lb.; melted butter, 1/2 lb.; 6 or 7 eggs, well beaten; make a
paste with a glassful of raisin wine and a little water; add caraways,
roll it out as thin as paper, cut it into shapes with a tumbler, wash the
pieces with the white of egg, and dust them over with powdered sugar.