See forms previously given.
=Chocolate, Ver'mifuge.= _Syn._ CHOCOLA'TA VERMIFU'GA, L. See CHOCOLATE,
PURGATIVE (Nos. 2 and 3, _above_).
=Chocolate, White.= _Syn._ WHITE COCOA, CAR'RAGEEN C.; CHOCOLA'TA CUM
CHON'DRO, PAS'TA CACA'O CUM CHON'DRO, P. C. C. LICHEN'E CARRAGHEN'O, L.
_Prep._ 1. As Iceland moss chocolate, but employing carrageen moss.
2. (Ph. Dan.) Roasted and decorticated cocoa seeds (reduced to a subtile
mass in a warm iron mortar) and powdered white sugar, of each 2 lbs.;
powdered carrageen (debitterised), 3 oz.
3. (Cottereau.) Sugar, 6 lbs.; rice flour, 1-3/4 lb.; potato starch and
butter of cocoa, of each 1/2 lb.; gum Arabic 1/4 lb. (dissolved); tincture
of vanilla, 1/2 fl. oz.; boiling water, q. s.; triturate to a stiff paste.
The above are highly nutritious, and are recommended as articles of diet
for convalescents and debilitated persons.
=CHOKE-DAMP.= _Syn._ AFT'ER-DAMP. The term applied by miners to carbonic
anhydride (carbonic acid) and other irrespirable gases and vapours evolved
in mines. See CARBONIC ACID, FIRE DAMP, VENTILATION, &c.
=CHOKING.= Threatened choking may occur either in the gullet or
swallow--or in the windpipe. If in the gullet press down the tongue with
the handle of a spoon, and pass the fingers down without any hesitation,
when the substance may generally be dislodged or pulled up. When it is
small, and has got out of reach, it may mostly be removed by filling the
mouth with liquid and swallowing it at a gulp, or by swallowing a large
piece of bread. Foreign bodies thus swallowed generally pass harmlessly
through the bowels.
If the choking occur in the windpipe or trachea, it is usually dislodged
by the paroxysm of coughing which accompanies the act. Should it fail to
be so, and a sense of suffocation ensues, accompanied with blueness of
countenance and difficulty of breathing, place the patient, and follow the
directions given in the article "SUSPENDED ANIMATION," while a medical man
is immediately sent for.
_Treatment for Horses or Cattle._--Remove any foreign body by hand, as
directed above, or have recourse to the probang. It may perhaps be
necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon, in case the above methods fail,
to extract the obstruction by cutting into the gullet.
=CHOLAGOGUES.= Medicines which promote a flow of bile.
=CHOLALIC ACID.= C_{24}H_{40}O_{5}. _Syn._ CHOL'IC ACID. A non-nitrogenous
acid existing in bile. It is best prepared by boiling the resinous mass
precipitated by ether from an alcoholic solution of ox bile with a dilute
solution of potassa, for 24 to 36 hours, till the amorphous potassa salt
that has separated begins to crystallise. The dark-coloured soft mass is
then removed from the alkaline liquid, dissolved in water, and
hydrochloric acid added. A little ether will cause the deposition of the
CHOLALIC ACID from this solution in crystals. With sulphuric acid and
solution of sugar it strikes a purple-violet colour; this constitutes
Pettenkofer's test for bile.
=CHOLE'IC ACID.= _Syn._ TAURO-CHOLALIC ACID. A peculiar conjugated
compound of cholalic acid with a substance called taurine, which contains
both nitrogen and sulphur. In combination with soda, choleic acid
constitutes a principal ingredient in bile.
=CHOL'ERA.= This word, which, from its derivation, can be only applied
correctly to a bilious affection of the stomach and bowels, has been of
late years very loosely extended to a malignant disease, the most marked
characteristic of which is a total suspension of the functions of the
biliary organs.
=Cholera, En''glish.= _Syn._ COM'MON CHOLERA, BIL'IOUS C.; CHOL'ERA
MOR'BUS, L. A disease characterised by bilious vomiting and purging,
accompanied by more or less pain and debility. Diarrh[oe]a is the most
common precursor of the disease, and ought to be attended to without
delay, particularly if the weather be warm. Cholera most frequently occurs
towards the end of the summer and early in the autumn, when the increased
heat of the sun stimulates the liver to an inordinate secretion of bile,
by which the whole system becomes overloaded with it. Among secondary and
accidental causes are sudden changes of temperature, checked perspiration,
and the use of indigestible food, and food and beverages in a state of
incipient decomposition. It is usually accompanied by fever, thirst, and
severe colic, and sometimes by cold sweats, extreme debility, feeble
pulse, &c., under which the patient sinks in 24 hours.
_Treat._ In most cases this complaint is not dangerous, and yields to
proper treatment in a few days. As soon after the commencement of the
attack as possible, some mild aperient should be administered. Opiates may
be employed, both topically and by the mouth. Jeremie's solution is stated
to be very efficacious in the diarrh[oe]a which so generally precedes
cholera. A teaspoonful or two of laudanum, rubbed over the region of the
stomach and bowels, is a simple application which will generally allay the
pain. 10 to 20 drops of laudanum, mixed with a table-spoonful of good
brandy, or a few grains of cayenne pepper, may also be taken every hour if
the pain is severe. Should the stomach reject the medicine, or the
vomiting be apparently increased by drinking warm diluents, a few
spoonfuls of ice-cold water, or of a mixture of lemon-juice and water, may
be taken instead, until the sickness abates. Dr Copeland recommends spirit
of turpentine in violent attacks, both internally and as an external
application in the form of warm epithems. When the violence of the
symptoms has abated, tonics and bitters (as calumba, gentian, orange-peel,
&c.) may be advantageously had recourse to. Calumba, in the form of a weak
infusion, conjoined, if necessary, with aromatics, is, perhaps, the most
valuable agent we possess for the after-treatment of the disease. See
DIARRH[OE]A.
=Cholera, Malig'nant.= _Syn._ ASIAT'IC CHOLERA, EPIDEM'IC C, BLUE C,
PESTILEN'TIAL C, SPASMOD'IC C.; CHOL'ERA ASIAT'ICA, C. ASPHYX'IA, C.
MALIG'NA, L. This fearful disease first became known in this country in
the autumn of 1831. The attack usually begins with sickness and purging;
this discharge, however, is not bilious, as in ordinary cholera, but a
thin, colourless fluid, like rice-water; at the same time there is great
prostration of strength, and cold, clammy sweats. In a short time dreadful
cramps assail the extremities and afterwards the abdomen; the body becomes
bent, the limbs twisted, the countenance cadaverous, the pulse almost
imperceptible, and the eyes sunken; the patient sinks into a state of
apathy, and unless a favorable change speedily takes place, soon expires
from exhaustion. When there is a reaction the pulse gradually returns, the
natural warmth of the body is restored, and the spasms and difficulty of
breathing give way. Frequently, however, the reaction is accompanied by
fever closely resembling typhus, and which often terminates fatally in
from four to eight days. The symptoms of epidemic cholera are not always
of this terrible character.
_Treat._ In giving a few of the many remedies that have been recommended
for this terrible disease, we may preface the list, by urgently
counselling the sufferer to lose no time in sending for a medical man, in
case of being attacked by this appalling malady.
1. (American Remedy.) Equal parts of maple sugar and powdered fresh-burnt
charcoal, made into a stiff paste with lard, and divided into pieces the
size of a filbert.--_Dose._ One, occasionally, swallowed whole.
2. (Austrian Specific.) The proportions of the ingredients in the
following formulæ are founded on Mr Herapath's analysis of this celebrated
preparation, and are given in the nearest available whole numbers:--
_a._ Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1·845), 20 gr.; nitric acid (sp. gr. 1·500),
12 gr,; sugar and gum, of each 15 gr.; distilled or pure soft water, q. s.
to make the whole weigh exactly 1 oz.
_b._ Sulphuric acid, 3 dr.; nitric acid, 2 dr.; simple syrup, 6 dr.;
water, q. s. to make the whole weigh exactly 10 oz. A single drop of
essential oil of lemon may be added.
_Doses, &c._ One table-spoonful is ordered to be taken in water, on the
first appearance of premonitory symptoms, followed by the free use of very
cold water. In half an hour a second dose is to be taken. This (as
asserted) is generally sufficient to arrest the progress of the disease. A
table-spoonful is then to be added to a pint of cold water, and drunk _ad
libitum_. In more obstinate cases it is said that 4 or 5 doses are
generally required to effect a cure. When collapse sets in, double doses
are ordered to be given, and to be repeated after every attack of vomiting
until the sickness and cramp abate. After the vomiting abates the doses
are still to be repeated until 5 or 6 doses are retained by the stomach.
Should quiet sleep or drowsiness come on, it is not to be interfered with.
The free use of cold water or soured water is to be allowed until
perspiration sets in and the warmth of the body returns. According to the
report, the use of warm liquors, wines, spirits, &c., must be carefully
avoided as so much poison.
_Obs._ A bottle of the above remedy was handed to the late Mr Wm. Herapath
by the superintendent of the Birmingham police, who had received it from
the head of the Austrian police, as being in general use in Austria, under
the sanction of the medical department of the government, and being found
to act almost as a specific in cholera. In 1831-2 it was first tried on
some criminals with perfect success, and soon afterwards with similar
results on thousands of the general public. In 1849 the Austrian
government ordered its use in the public establishments of the empire,
since which not a single case of failure had occurred in which it had been
fairly tried.
3. (Mr Buxton's Remedy.) From dilute sulphuric acid (spirit of vitriol),
25 drops; water, 1 fl. oz. For a draught; as the last.
4. (College of Physicians and Board of Health; for Premonitory
Diarrh[oe]a.) Chalk mixture, 1 oz.; aromatic confection, 10 to 15 gr.;
tincture of opium, 5 to 15 drops; to be repeated every 3 or 4 hours, or
oftener, if required, until the looseness is arrested.
5. (Dr Graves's Astringent Pills.) Acetate of lead, 20 gr.; opium, 1 gr.;
conserve of roses, q. s.; for 12 pills.--_Dose._ One every 1/2 hour or
hour, at first; then one every two hours.
6. (Hom[oe]opathic Preventive.) Camphor, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 6 dr.;
dissolve, and preserve it in a well-corked bottle.--_Dose._ 2 drops on a
lump of sugar, sucked as a lozenge two or three times a day.
7. (Hom[oe]opathic Remedy.) As the last, repeating the dose every 10 or 15
minutes, followed by draughts of ice-cold water, until the symptoms abate.
8. (Mr Hope's Remedy.) (_a._) Red nitrous acid, 2 dr.; peppermint water or
camphor julep, 1 oz.; tincture of opium, 40 drops; mix.--_Dose._ One to
two teaspoonfuls in a cupful of thin gruel every 3 or 4 hours.
_b._ Spirit of wine, 1 oz.; spirit lavender, 1/4 oz.; oil of orizinanum,
1/4 oz.; compound tincture benzoin, 1/2 oz.; spirits camphor, 1/4
oz.--_Dose_, 20 drops on moist sugar. To be rubbed outwardly also.
9. (Liverpool Preventive Powders.) Bicarbonate of soda, 20 gr.; ginger, 10
gr.; for a dose. One to be taken in a glass of water after breakfast and
supper daily.
These powders are said to have been used with good effect among the
workmen in the mining and manufacturing districts during a former
visitation of cholera.
10. (Police Remedy; Mr B. Child's Remedy.) Rectified sulphuric ether and
tincture of opium, of each 30 drops; for a dose for an adult; especially
during the earlier stages.
11. (Mr Ross's Astringent Pills.) Each pill contains 1 gr. of nitrate of
silver, made up with crum of bread, q. s.--_Dose._ One pill, to be
repeated after the interval of half an hour or an hour, should the
symptoms continue unabated.
12. (Russian Remedy.) Sumbul, in the form of tincture, concentrated
essence, in decoction, in cold infusion, and in powder in the form of
pill.--_Doses._ Tincture, from 20 to 60 drops; essence, from 5 to 10 or 20
drops; in a little camphor julep or plain water. The physicians of Moscow
and St. Petersburg ascribe to the virtues of this drug the saving of
thousands of lives during the last epidemic. See SUMBUL.
13. (Dr Stevens' Saline Powders.) Bicarbonate of soda, 1/2 dr.; common
salt, 20 gr.; chlorate of potassa, 7 gr.; for a dose.
14. (Sir M. Tierney's Remedy.) Cajeput oil, in doses of 20 to 30 drops,
every two or three hours. The oil excites the nervous system and equalises
the circulation. The late Sir M. Tierney and others prescribed it
frequently, it is said, with considerable success.
15. (Common Remedies of the Shops.) These generally consist of chalk
mixture, with a little laudanum, and some aromatic or carminative, as
cassia, cinnamon, cardamoms, nutmeg, or peppermint. In a few, some
astringent, as tincture of catechu, or extract of logwood, is added.
16. (Dr Beaven's Preventative and Remedy.) _The Preventative._--Sulphite
of magnesia, 2 dr.; sulphurous acid, 2 oz.; water, 2 oz.; tincture of
capsicum, 1/2 oz. Mix and dissolve, a teaspoonful night and morning.
_The Remedy._--Sulphite of magnesia, 2 dr., sulphurous acid, 2 oz.; water,
2 oz.; tincture of capsicum, 1/2 oz.; sulphate of morphia, 2 gr. Mix and
dissolve; a teaspoonful every half hour until relieved.
=CHOLERA MEDICINE.= The expressed juice of dandelion and milfoil mixed
with brandy spirit. (Dr Horn).
=CHOLES'TERIN.= C_{2}_{6}CH_{4}_{4}O.H_{2}O. This substance is found in
the bile, brain, nerves, blood, &c., and forms the principal ingredient of
biliary calculi (gall-stones).
_Note._--The remedies containing astringents are the most efficacious.
=CHOL'IC ACID.= _Syn._ GLYCO-CHOLAL'IC ACID. A peculiar acid, existing as
cholate of sodium, and associated with choleic acid in the bile. It is a
conjugate compound of cholalic acid with a nitrogenised substance called
glycocin.
=CHON'DRIN.= Gelatin obtained from cartilage. It differs from ordinary
gelatin in being precipitable by acetic acid, alum, and acetate of lead.
=CHOREA.= [_Syn._ _St. Vitus's Dance._] A spasmodic disease affecting
children and young persons, especially girls, between eight and sixteen
years of age. It is caused by a debilitated condition of the nervous
system, as well as by brain disease, scrofula, imprudent diet and worms.
The treatment recommended is the regulation of the bowels by mild
purgatives. If the disease can be traced to worms, these should be removed
by the proper remedies. If worms are not the cause, recourse should be had
to the cold, or shower-bath. The hot hip-bath will be found serviceable in
some cases. Where there is paleness of the skin any of the iron
preparations will prove of great use, the bowels being kept regular. The
best preparations of iron are either the tincture of the perchloride, or
nitrate, or the citrate of iron and quinine. Some practitioners recommend
arsenic--five drops of the solution (for an adult) twice a day after
meals; others valerianate of zinc.
_Treatment for the Horse and other Animals._--Similar to the above.
=CHRISTOFIA= is a stomachic brandy or wine made of 1500 parts white wine,
20 parts cinnamon, 10 parts cloves, 60 parts bitter almonds, digested
several days; 300 parts of sugar and 500 of spirit are then added, and the
whole filtered. (Hager).
=CHROMACOME.= For dyeing the hair black. This is said to be prepared from
harmless vegetable materials, but really consists of pyrogallic acid and
nitrate of silver.
=Chromacome.= This is a French preparation which "contains nothing
injurious to health." This hair dye consists of two fluids. The first, "Le
chrômacome, teinture supérieure de William W. A. T., No. 1, Bonn,"
weighing about 45 grammes, is tincture of galls. The other, No. 2, is a
solution of acetate of iron with a little nitrate of silver. When grey
hair is moistened first with No. 1, then with No. 2, it becomes
blackish-brown or black.
=CHRO'MATE.= _Syn._ CHRO'MAS, L. A salt in which the hydrogen of
(hypothetical) chromic acid, HCrO_{4}, is replaced by a metal or other
basic radical.
=Chromates=:--
_Prep._ The insoluble chromates, as those of barium, zinc, lead, mercury,
silver, &c., may be made by mixing a soluble salt of those bases with
neutral chromate of potassium. The first three are yellow; the fourth
brick-red; and the fifth reddish-brown, or ruby red when crystallised. The
soluble chromates may all be made by direct solution of the base in the
acid, or by double decomposition. The chromates of commerce are prepared
from either chrome ore or chromate of potassium.
_Prop., Uses &c._ The chromates are characterised by their yellow or red
colour, the latter predominating when the acid is in excess; and except
those with the alkaline bases, they are, for the most part, insoluble in
water. Both the chromate and the bichromate of potassium are extensively
used in dyeing and calico-printing. The former is employed in conjunction
with sulphuric acid in the laboratory as an oxidising agent and in the
manufactory for bleaching sperm oil. The bichromate of ammonium and
potassium are used in photography.