4. Iron borings, 4 lbs.; good pipeclay, 2 lbs.; powdered potsherds, 1 lb.;
make them into a paste with salt and water.
_Remarks._ The first of these forms is that generally employed for common
purposes, but formerly much more sulphur and sal-ammoniac were used. We
are told by one of the leading engineers in London that the strongest
cement is made without sulphur and with only 1 or 2 parts of sal-ammoniac
to 100 of iron borings (see the third form); but that when the work is
required to dry rapidly, as for the steam joints of machinery wanted in
haste, the quantity of sal-ammoniac is increased a little, and a very
small quantity of sulphur is added. This addition makes it set quicker,
but reduces its strength. As the power of the cement depends on the
oxidation and consequent expansion of the mass, it is evident that the
less foreign matter introduced the better. No more of this cement should
be made at a time than can be used at once, because it soon spoils. I have
seen it become quite hot by standing even a few hours, when it contained
sulphur; and I have been informed by workmen that when much sulphur is
used, and it has been left together in quantity all night, combustion has
taken place. The last form produces a cement that gets very hard when
allowed to dry slowly, and is excellent for mending cracks in iron
boilers, tanks, &c.
CEMENT, JAPANESE. _Syn._ RICE GLUE. From rice flour, mixed with a little
cold water, and boiling water gradually poured in until it acquires a
proper consistence; when it is boiled for 1 or 2 minutes in a clean
saucepan or earthen pipkin. It is beautifully white, and almost
transparent, for which reason it is well adapted for fancy paper work,
which requires a strong and colourless cement. It is superior to French
cement. (See _antè_.)
=Cement, Keene's Marble.= Baked gypsum or plaster of Paris, steeped in a
saturated solution of alum, and then recalcined, and reduced to powder.
For use it is mixed up with water, as ordinary plaster of Paris.
_Obs._ This cement has been most extensively applied as a stucco. It is
susceptible of a high polish, and when coloured produces beautiful
imitations of mosaic and other inlaid marbles, scagliola, &c. It is not
adapted to hydraulic purposes, or for exposure to the weather, but it is
admirable for internal decorations, and from its extreme hardness is very
durable. It may be coloured or tinted of any shade, by diffusing mineral
colours (levigated, if in powder) through the water used to mix up the
cement with. A pleasing tint is given to this cement by adding a little
solution of green copperas to the alum liquor.
=Cement, Laboratory.= _Syn._ CHEMICAL MASTIC. From equal parts of pitch,
resin, and plaster of Paris (thoroughly dried), mixed together. Used for
the masonry of chlorine chambers, vitriol works, &c.; and as a lining for
casks intended to hold chloride of lime.
=Cement, Letter-fixing.= _Prep._ Copal varnish, 15 parts; drying oil, 5
parts; turpentine, 3 parts; oil of turpentine, 2 parts; liquefied glue
(made with the least possible quantity of water), 5 parts; melt together
in a water bath, and add fresh slaked lime (perfectly dry, and in very
fine powder), 10 parts. Used to attach metal letters to plate glass in
shop windows, &c.
=Cement, Mahogany.= _Prep._ 1. Melt beeswax, 4 oz.; then add Indian red, 1
oz., and enough yellow ochre to produce the required tint.
2. Shell-lac, melted and coloured as above. Very hard. Both are used to
fill up holes and cracks in mahogany furniture by the cabinet makers. Red
putty is also used for the same purpose.
=Cement, Maissiat's.= India rubber is melted either with or without about
15% of either beeswax or tallow; quick-lime (in fine powder) is gradually
added; and the heat continued until change of odour shows that combination
has taken place, and until a proper consistence is obtained. Used as a
waterproof and air-tight covering for corks, bungs, &c.
=Cement, Marine.= See GLUE, MARINE, and CEMENT, ELASTIC.
=Cement, Martin's.= This is manufactured in the same way as Keene's, only
carbonate of soda or carbonate of potash is used as well as alum, and the
burning is carried on at a higher temperature.
=Cement, Opticians'.= _Prep._ 1. Shell-lac softened with rectified spirit
or wood naphtha. For fine work.
2. Beeswax, 1 oz.; resin, 15 oz.; melt and add whiting (previously made
red hot, and still warm), 4 oz.
3. Resin, 1 lb.; melt and add plaster of Paris (dry), 4 oz. The above are
used to fix glasses, stones, &c., while polishing and cutting them. The
last is a very strong cement for rough purposes.
=Cement, Oxychlo''ride of Zinc.= (Sorel.) _Prep._ In solution of chloride
of zinc, marking from 50° to 60° of Baumé's hydrometer (_i.e._ sp. gr.
1·490 to 1·652), dissolve 3% of borax or sal-ammoniac; then add oxide of
zinc which has been heated to redness, until the mass is of a proper
consistence.
_Obs._ This cement becomes as hard as marble. It may be cast in moulds
like plaster of Paris, or used in mosaic work, &c.
=Cement, Parabol'ic.= _Syn._ UNIVERSAL CEMENT. _Prep._ Curdle skim milk
with rennet or vinegar, press out the whey, and dry the curd by a very
gentle heat, but as quickly as possible. When it has become quite dry
grind it in a coffee or pepper mill, and next triturate it in a mortar
until reduced to a very fine powder. Mix this powder with 1/10th of its
weight of new dry quick-lime, also in very fine powder, and to every ounce
of the mixture add 5 or 6 gr. of powdered camphor; triturate the whole
well together, and keep it in wide-mouth 1-oz. phials, well corked. Used
to join glass, earthenware, &c. It is made into a paste with a little
water, as wanted, and applied immediately.
=Cement, Parian.= Is prepared as Keene's, substituting a solution of borax
(1 part of borax to 9 of water) for a solution of alum.
=Cement, Park'er's.= This cement is made of the nodules of indurated and
slightly ferruginous marl, called by mineralogists "septaria," and also of
some other species of argillaceous limestone. These are burnt in conical
kilns, with pit coal, in a similar way to other limestone, care being
taken to avoid the use of too much heat, as if the pieces undergo the
slightest degree of fusion, even on the surface, they will be unfit to
form the cement. After being properly roasted the calx is reduced to a
very fine powder by grinding, and immediately packed in barrels, to keep
it from the air and moisture.
_Uses, &c._ This cement is tempered with water, and applied at once, as it
soon hardens, and will not bear being again softened down with water. For
foundations and cornices exposed to the weather it is usually mixed with
an equal quantity of clean angular sand; for use as a common mortar, with
about twice as much sand; for coating walls exposed to cold and wet, the
common proportions are 3 of sand to 2 of cement, and for walls exposed to
extreme dryness or heat, about 2-1/2 or 3 of sand to 1 of cement; for
facing cistern work, water frontages, &c., nothing but cement and water
should be employed. Under the name of compo' or Roman cement it is much
employed for facing houses, water cisterns, setting the foundations of
large edifices, &c.
=Cement, Pew's.= Quick-lime, 1 part; baked clay, 2 parts (both in powder);
mix and calcine; then add gypsum (fresh baked and in fine powder), 1 part,
to powdered baked clay, 2 parts; mix well, add the former mixture, and
incorporate them well together. Used to cover buildings. It is applied
like mortar, and is very hard and durable. See CEMENT, GIBBS,' &c.
=Cement, Plumb'ers'.= Black resin melted with about an equal weight of
brick-dust. Some times a little pitch or tallow is added.
=Cement, Port'land.= From clay and chalk, or argillaceous river-mud and
chalk or limestone, calcined together, and then ground to powder. See
CEMENT, PARKER'S.
=Cement, Ro'man.= Genuine Roman cement consists of puzzolene (a
ferruginous clay from Pozzuoli, calcined by the fires of Vesuvius), lime,
and sand. The only preparation which the puzzolene undergoes is that of
pounding and sifting. It is generally mixed up with water, like most other
cements, but occasionally with bullock's blood and oil, to give the
composition more tenacity. That used in this country is now generally
prepared from the septaria of either Harwich or Sheppy, or of the lias
formation, or from the cement stone found in the upper division of the
lias formation, or in the shale beds of the Kimmeridge clay. It is also
prepared from several artificial mixtures of ferruginous clay and lime,
calcined together. It must be kept in close vessels, and mixed with water
when used. See CEMENT, PARKER'S and GIBBS'.
=Cement, Seal Engra''vers'.= Resembles plumbers' cement. Used to fix the
pieces of metal while cutting, and also to secure seals and tools in their
handles. It grows harder and improves every time it is melted.
=Cement, Sin'ger's.= _Prep._ 1. Melt together resin, 5 lbs., and beeswax,
1 lb., and stir in finely-powdered red ochre (highly dried and still
warm), 1 lb., and plaster of Paris, 4 oz.; continuing the heat a little
above 212° Fahr., and stirring constantly till all frothing ceases.
2. Resin, 6 lbs.; dried red-ochre, 1 lb.; calcined plaster of Paris, 1/2
lb.; linseed oil, 1/4 lb. Used to cement the plates in voltaic troughs, to
join chemical vessels, &c. No. 2 is specially applicable to troughs. See
CEMENT, ELECTRICAL.
=Cement, Steam-boiler.= _Prep._ Litharge, in fine powder, 2 parts; very
fine sand and quick-lime (that has been allowed to slake spontaneously in
a damp place), of each 1 part; mix and keep it from the air. Used to mend
the cracks in boilers and ovens, and to secure steam joints. It is made
into a paste with boiled oil before application.
=Cement, Steam-pipe.= _Prep._ Good linseed oil varnish is ground with
equal weights of white lead, oxide of manganese, and pipeclay.
=Cement, Stucco.= This is a compound of powdered gypsum or strong gelatin.
It is used for coating walls, and also for ornamenting ceilings. It takes
a high polish, and coloured designs can be painted on it. When employed on
walls a coarser kind is first laid on, which is followed by a coating made
of choicer specimens of gypsum, or glue, or isinglass. When this latter
and outer coat becomes dry it is polished with pumice, tripoli, and linen.
The colour is incorporated with the outer coatings of the stucco by mixing
the metallic pigments with it, and then applying it to the wall, after
which a very thin coating of gypsum and isinglass, or sometimes of oil, is
given to it, and when the whole is partially dried the tint is brought out
by polishing, as before stated. Generally the finest effect is obtained by
oil.
=Cement, Transpar'ent.= See CEMENT, ELASTIC.
=Cement, Turn'ers'.= _Prep._ Beeswax, 1 oz.; resin, 1/2 oz.; pitch, 1/2
oz.; melt, and stir in fine brickdust, q. s.
=Cement, Univers'al.= See CEMENT, PARABOLIC.
=Cement, Var'ley's.= _Syn._ VARLEY'S MASTIC. Black resin, 16 parts;
beeswax, 1 part; melt, add whiting (sifted, dried by a dull-red heat, and
allowed to cool), 16 parts; and stir until nearly cold.
=Cement, Water.= _Prep._ 1. From good grey clay, 4 parts; black oxide of
manganese, 6 parts; limestone (reduced to powder by sprinkling it with
water), 90 parts; mix, calcine, and powder.
2. Mix white iron ore (manganese iron ore), 15 parts, with lime, 85 parts;
calcine and powder as above. Both this and the preceding must be mixed up
with a little sand for use. A piece thrown into water rapidly hardens.
3. Fine clean sand, 1 cwt.; quick-lime, in powder, 28 lbs.; bone ashes, 14
lbs. The above are beat up with water for use. See CEMENT, HYDRAULIC, &c.
=Cement, Waterglass.= For glass, earthenware, porcelain, and all kinds of
stoneware, these cements are excellent. A cement for glass and marble is
prepared by rubbing together one part of fine pulverised glass, and two
parts of pulverised fluorspar, and then adding enough waterglass solution
to give it the consistency necessary in a cement.
Waterglass mixed with hydraulic cement to a thick dough makes a good
cement for the edges and joints of stone and marble slabs. It is well to
mix but little at a time, as it hardens very quickly. ('Journal of Applied
Chemistry.')
=Cement, Wa'terproof.= Several compounds of this class have been already
noticed. The celebrated "waterproof cement of Dihl" consists of porcelain
clay or pipeclay, dried by a gentle heat, and powdered, mixed up to the
consistence of a paste with boiled linseed oil, and, sometimes, a little
oil of turpentine. It is coloured by adding a little red or yellow ochre,
or any similar pigment. It is used to cover the fronts of buildings, roofs
of verandahs, &c.
_Concluding Remarks._ For mending broken CHINA, EARTHENWARE, GLASS, and
WOOD, the preparations generally used are the cements described above as
ARMENIAN, BOTANY BAY, CHEESE, CHINESE, CURD, EGG, EXTEMPORANEOUS, GLASS,
GLUE, HENSLER'S, H[OE]NLE'S, MAHOGANY, and PARABOLIC. For SPAR, MARBLE,
and similar materials, the ALABASTER CEMENT is specially adapted; the EGG
and PARABOLIC CEMENTS will, however, answer the same purpose. For CLOTH,
LEATHER, PAPER, CARD, and LIGHT FANCY WORK, the most suitable cements are
the ELASTIC, CHINESE, FLOUR, FRENCH, and JAPANESE. The cements adapted for
CHEMICAL and ELECTRICAL APPARATUS, and for SEALING BOTTLES, are also
termed BOTTLE, BRIMSTONE, CAP, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, LABORATORY,
MAISSIAT'S, and VARLEY'S. The BUILDING and HYDRAULIC CEMENTS are described
under the heads ARCHITECTURAL, BEALE'S, BRUYERE'S, FIREPROOF, GAD'S,
GIBBS', HAMELIN'S, HYDRAULIC, KEENE'S, OXYCHLORIDE, PARKER'S, PEW'S,
PORTLAND, ROMAN, WATER, and WATERPROOF. The cements used for METAL-WORK,
&c., in different trades, are noticed under the heads COPPERSMITHS',
CUTLERS', ENGINEERS', GRINDERS', IRON, LETTER-FIXING, OPTICIANS',
PLUMBERS', SEAL-ENGRAVERS', STEAM-BOILER, STEAM-PIPE, and TURNER'S. See
GLUE, LUTE, MORTAR, TOOTH-CEMENT, &c.
=CEMENTA'TION.= The process of imbedding a substance in, or covering it
with, some powder or composition capable of acting on it when heated, and
in this state exposing it to a red heat. Iron is converted into steel, and
glass into Réaumur's porcelain, by cementation.
=CEN'TAURIN.= _Syn._ CENTAURIN'A. The bitter extractive matter of _Erythæa
centaurium_, or common centaury. Combined with hydrochloric acid, it has
been highly recommended as a febrifuge.
=CER'ASIN.= _Syn._ PRUN'INE. The insoluble portion of cherry-tree gum. It
is identical with bassorin. Dr John applies the term to all those gums
which, like tragacanth, swell, but do not dissolve in water. See BASSORIN.
=CE'RATE.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM, L. A thick species of ointment containing wax.
Cerates are intermediate in consistence between ointments and plasters;
but are less frequently employed than either of those preparations. The
medicinal ingredients which enter into the cerates are very numerous;
indeed, almost every kind of medicine capable of exercising a topical
effect may be prescribed in this form.
It is a general custom with the druggists to use a less quantity of wax
for their cerates than that which is necessary to give them a proper
consistence, and in many cases it is omitted altogether, and its place
supplied by hard suet, or stearine, and frequently by common resin. Lard
is also very generally substituted for olive oil. Indeed, in no class of
pharmaceutical preparations are the instructions of practitioners and the
colleges more commonly disregarded. The operation of melting the
ingredients should be performed in a water bath or steam bath, and the
liquid mass should be assiduously stirred until cold.
All the medicated cerates may be prepared by adding the active
ingredients, in the form of fine powder, soft extract, solution, &c., as
the case may be, to either simple cerate or spermaceti cerate, in the
proportions indicated under the head of "Doses" appended to every article
of importance noticed in this work. The mixture, which must be complete,
may be effected by working the articles together on a marble or glass slab
or tile, or, still better, by trituration in a clean wedgwood mortar. In
some cases the simple cerate is melted by a gentle heat, and the whole
stirred or triturated until nearly solid; in others, digestion with heat
is employed.
=Cerate.= _Syn._ SIM'PLE CERATE, SIMPLE DRES'SING; CERATUM (Ph. L.), C.
SIM'PLEX (Ph. L. 1824). _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Yellow wax, 20 oz.; melt by a
gentle heat; add olive oil, 1 pint; and stir until it begins to solidify.
Used as a simple emollient dressing. The corresponding preparations of the
other colleges will be found noticed under OINTMENTS. The _ceratum
simplex_ of the Ph. E. is SPERMACETI CERATE.
=Cerate, Ac'etate of Lead.= _Syn._ CE'RATE OF SUGAR OF LEAD; CERA'TUM
PLUM'BI ACETA'TIS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) White wax, 5 oz.; olive
oil, 18 fl. oz.; melt together; add, acetate of lead (in fine powder), 5
dr., previously triturated with olive oil, 2 fl. oz., and stir till they
unite (begin to solidify). Used as a cooling dressing to burns,
excoriations, and inflamed sores.
=Cerate, Ammoni'acal.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM AMMONIACA'LE, L. _Prep._ (Rechoux.)
Simple cerate, 1 oz.; carbonate of ammonia, 1 dr.; mix. As a
counter-irritant in croup, &c.
=Cerate, Arsen'ical.= _Syn._ CER'ATUM ARSEN'ICI, C. A'CIDI ARSENIO'SI, L.
_Prep._ 1. (Ph. U. S.) Arsenious acid (in very fine powder), 20 gr.;
simple cerate, 1 oz.
2. (Sir A. Cooper.) Arsenious acid and sublimed sulphur, of each 1 dr.;
spermaceti cerate, 1 oz. The above ingredients must be very carefully
triturated together. The first is used as a dressing to cancerous sores;
the second is applied on lint as a caustic in like cases.
=Cerate, Belladonn'a.= _Syn._ CERATE OF DEADLY NIGHTSHADE; CERA'TUM
BELLADONN'Æ, L. _Prep._ 1. (W. Cooley.) Extract of belladonna, 3 dr.;
simple cerate, 1 oz.; olive oil, 1 dr.; triturate together in a warm
mortar, until nearly cold. Used in frictions to indolent tumours.
2. (Compound; C. B. COMPOS'ITUM, L.) _Prep._ (W. Cooley.) Belladonna
cerate, 1 oz.; iodide of gold, 12 gr.; carefully triturated together. Used
as a friction to scrofulous and syphilitic tumours, and to remove
syphilitic and rheumatic pains. A most active and excellent preparation.
=Cerate, Brown.= See PLASTERS.
=Cerate, Caca'o.= _Syn._ CACA'O POMMADE. _Prep._ Butter of cacao, white
wax, and oil of almonds, equal parts, melted together and strained. Used
as a cosmetic for chapped hands and lips, &c.
=Cerate, Cal'amine.= _Syn._ TURNER'S CERATE, HEALING SALVE; CERATUM
CALAMI'NÆ (Ph. L. & E.), C. LA'PIS CALAMINA'RIS (Ph. L. 1788), L. _Prep._
1. (Ph. L.) Yellow wax, 7-1/2 oz.; olive oil, 1 pint; melt together,
remove the vessel from the fire, and when they first begin to thicken, add
prepared calamine, 7-1/2 oz., and stir constantly until they cool.
2. (P. E.) Prepared calamine, 1 part; simple cerate (Ph. E.), 5 parts;
mix.