3. RED:--Sulphate of copper, 100 parts; carbonate of soda, 60 parts; mix,
and apply heat until they unite into a mass; then cool, powder, and add of
copper filings, 15 parts; again well mix, and keep the compound at a white
heat for about twenty minutes; lastly, when cold, reduce the 'residuum' to
an impalpable powder, wash it in pure water, and dry it.
4. SILVER:--Bismuth and tin, of each 1 oz.; melt them together, and add of
quicksilver, 1 to 1-1/2 oz.; when cold, powder it.
_Obs._ The above are used by painters, japanners, &c. See BISULPHIDE OF
TIN (TIN), POWDERS, &c.
=BRONZ'ING.= The process of giving a bronze-like, or an antique metal
appearance, to the surface of copper, brass, and other metals. The
following methods are recommended for this purpose:--
1. To the surface of the article, first thoroughly cleaned and polished,
evenly apply with a brush the common crocus powder ('jewellers' rouge'),
previously made into a smooth paste with water. When dry, place it in an
iron ladle, or on a common fire-shovel, and expose it over a clear fire
for about one minute; lastly, when sufficiently cold, polish it with a
plate-brush. This gives a very rich appearance, similar to that on
tea-urns; the shade depending on the duration and the degree of heat
employed.
2. As the last, but substituting finely powdered plumbago for crocus
powder. Equally beautiful, but deeper coloured and more permanent than
that produced by No. 1.
3. As the preceding, but employing mixtures of plumbago and crocus in
various proportions according to the shade desired.
4. A dilute solution of liver of sulphur (sulphurated potash), or of
hydrosulphate of ammonia is applied with a camel-hair pencil to the metal
previously slightly warmed; when dry, the surface is either left rough or
brushed off. If liver of sulphur has been used, it will be better to wash
it first in clean hot water; but without the slightest friction. This
gives the appearance of very antique bronze.
5. Verdigris, 2 oz.; and sal-ammoniac, 1 oz.; are dissolved in vinegar, 1
pint; and the mixture is diluted with water until it tastes only slightly
metallic, when it is boiled for a few minutes, and filtered for use.
Copper medals, &c. (thoroughly clean) are steeped in the liquor at the
boiling-point until the desired effect is produced. Care must be taken not
to keep them in it too long. When taken out they are carefully washed in
hot water, and dried. Effect as the last.
6. Verdigris and vermilion, of each 2 oz.; alum and sal-ammonia, of each 5
oz. (all in fine powder); vinegar, q. s. to form a thin paste. This is
spread over the surface of the copper, which is then uniformly warmed by
the fire, and afterwards well washed and dried. The tint may be deepened
by repeating the process. The addition of a little blue vitriol inclines
the colour to a chestnut-brown; and a little borax to a yellowish-brown.
Used by the Chinese for copper tea-urns, &c.
7. Sal-ammonia, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 3 oz.; common salt, 3 oz.; hot
water, 1 pint; dissolve; then add of nitrate of copper, 2 oz., dissolved
in 1/2 a pint of water; mix well, and with it repeatedly moisten the
article (placed in a damp situation) by means of a soft brush. Produces a
very antique appearance.
8. Salt of sorrel, 1 oz.; sal-ammoniac, 3 oz.; distilled vinegar, 1 quart;
dissolve. As the last. Much used for bronze figures.
9. A very weak solution of bichloride of platinum, applied with a hair
pencil or by immersion. Used for binding screws, holders, and other small
articles of copper and brass.
10. Sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper, of each 1 oz.; water, 1 pint;
dissolve; wash the surface of the articles with it; let them dry; then
apply a solution of verdigris, 2 oz. dissolved in strong vinegar, 1/4
pint; when dry, polish them with a soft brush, and either some plumbago or
colcothar. Used for tin castings.
11. The articles (properly cleaned) are either immersed in, or washed
over, with a solution of sulphate of copper or of verdigris. In a short
time they acquire a coating of pure metallic copper, and are then washed.
This only answers with iron and steel goods. It is admirably suited for
iron castings.
12. An antique appearance may be given to silver by either exposing it to
the fumes of hydrosulphate of ammonia, or immersing it for a very short
time in a solution of hydrosulphate of ammonia, or in dilute nitric acid.
=Bronzing, Sur'face.= A term commonly applied to the process of imparting
a bronze-like or metallic appearance to the prominent portions of the
surfaces of figures made of paper, wood, plaster of Paris, &c. It is
effected by first giving them a coat of oil-varnish or size, and when this
is nearly dried, applying, with a 'dabber' of cotton, or a camel-hair
pencil, any of the ordinary metallic bronze-powders before referred to.
Sometimes the powder is placed in a little bag of muslin, and dusted over
the surface. The articles should be afterwards varnished.
Paper is bronzed by mixing the bronze-powders up with a little weak
gum-water, and burnishing the surface when dry and hard.
=Electrotypes, to Bronze. Green.= Steep the medal or figure in a strong
solution of common salt, or sugar, or sal-ammoniac, for a few days; wash
in water, and allow to dry slowly; or suspend it over a vessel containing
a small quantity of bleaching powder, and cover over. The length of time
it is allowed to remain will determine the depth of colour.
=Brown.= Add four or five drops of nitric acid to a wine-glassful of
water. The object is rubbed over with this gently, and allowed to dry, and
when dry subjected to a gradual and equal heat; the surface will be
darkened in proportion to the heat applied.
=Black.= Wash the surface over with a little dilute solution of
hydrosulphate of ammonia, and dry at a gentle heat.
=BROOM.= The common name of the plant _spar'tium scopa''rium_. A useful
diuretic; of great service in dropsy. See DECOCTION.
=Broom Ashes.= From broom-stalks burnt. Formerly used as a diuretic in
dropsy.
=Broom, Salt of.= Obtained by dissolving broom ashes in water, and
filtering and evaporating the solution. It consists principally of
carbonate of potassa. It was formerly used in dropsy, and as an antacid,
&c.
=BROSSÉ DE CORAIL.= [Fr.] The root of lucerne (_medicago sativa_),
cleaned, dried, and hammered at the end. Used as a tooth-brush.
=BROTH.= _Syn._ JUS (coctis carnibus), JUS'CULUM, L.; BOUILLON, JUS, Fr.;
FLEISCHBRÜHE, Ger. In _cookery_, the liquor in which flesh has been
boiled. Broth is distinguished from soup by its inferior strength and
quantity of seasoning, &c. It contains much of the nutriment of the meat.
We extract the following from Dr Letheby's work 'On Food':--
"A nutritious broth, containing the albumen of the meat or chicken, may be
obtained by infusing a third of a pound of minced meat or chicken in 14
oz. of _cold_ water, to which a few drops (4 or 5) of muriatic acid and a
little salt (from 10 to 18 grains) have been added. After digesting for an
hour or so, it should be strained through a sieve, and the residue washed
with five ounces of water, and pressed, The mixed liquids thus obtained
will furnish about a pint of _cold extract of meat_, containing the whole
of the soluble constituents of the meat (albumen, creatin, creatinin,
&c.), and it may be drunk cold, or slightly warmed, the temperature not
being raised above 100° F., for fear of coagulating the albumen."
=Broth, Scotch.= This, which is in very general use amongst the middle and
working classes of Scotland, is made as follows:--Put into a pot three
quarts of cold water along with a cupful of Scotch barley, and let it
boil; add two pounds of neck of mutton. Allow it to stew gently for an
hour, skimming occasionally. Then add turnips cut in squares, and onions
sliced, and carrots and turnips uncut. The half of a small cabbage chopped
in moderately fine pieces may be put in instead of all these vegetables;
and leeks may be used instead of onions. Stew the whole for an hour
longer. The broth is now ready. Season with salt and serve in a tureen.
The meat is served in a separate dish, with the uncut pieces of turnip and
carrot and a little of the broth as gravy. Any meat may be employed in the
same way. Broths and soups contain the greater part of the saline matter
of the meat, the crystalline principles, viz. creatin and creatinin, some
of the albumen and fat, and an amount of gelatin, dependent upon the
duration of the boiling process. They also contain nearly all the odorous
matters of the meat. Cold water extracts from one sixth to one fourth of
the solid ingredients of meat. The presence of a large quantity of highly
nitrogenous crystalline principles in broths and soups accounts for their
restorative powers. These, which are the _creatin_ and _creatinin_, bear a
close resemblance to the thein of tea and coffee, and the _theobrominæ_ of
cocoa, in their physiological effects.
Broth is contra-indicated for children at the breast, as it not
unfrequently induces sickness, disorders the bowels, and induces fever.
The same applies to beef tea. When, however, broth and beef tea are used
as clysters in such quantities that can be retained, they act most
beneficially. See BOILING, SOUP, &c.
=BROWN DYE.= Every shade of brown may be produced, almost at will, by
mixtures of reds and yellows with blues and blacks; or directly by simple
dyes. The following are examples:--
_a._ For COTTON:--
1. Give the goods a mixed mordant of acetate of alumina and acetate of
iron, followed by a bath of madder or of madder and fustic. Excess of
acetate of alumina turns it on the AMARANTH TINT; the acetate of iron
darkens it.
2. First 'gall' the goods, then turn them for a short time through the
black bath; next give them a mordant of sulphate of copper, then pass
them through a decoction of fustic, afterwards through a bath of madder,
and again through the solution of sulphate of copper; drain, dry, rinse
well, and finish with a boil in soap and water. This gives a
CHESTNUT-BROWN.
3. First give the goods a mordant of alum, then a bath of madder, and next
a bath of fustic to which a little green copperas has been added. This
gives a CINNAMON-BROWN.
_b._ For LINEN:--This varies little from that commonly employed for
cotton.
_c._ For SILK:--
1. One of the above mordants is followed by a bath made by mixing equal
parts of the decoctions of logwood, fustic, and Brazil-wood. The shade may
be varied by altering the proportions of the decoctions; Brazil-wood
reddening, logwood darkening, and fustic yellowing, the tint.
2. Annotta, 4 oz.; and pearlash, 1 lb.; are dissolved in boiling water, q.
s.; the silk is passed through it for two hours, then taken out, and
squeezed dry; it is next passed through a mordant of alum, and then
through a bath of Brazil-wood, followed by another of logwood to which a
little green copperas has been added.
_d._ For WOOL:--
1. Boil the cloth in a mixed mordant of alum, common salt, and water, then
dye it in a bath of logwood to which a little green copperas has been
added. 2 oz. of alum, and 1 oz. of salt, are required for every lb. of
wool.
2. Boil the goods in a mordant of alum and sulphate of iron, then pass
them through a bath of madder. The more copperas the darker will be the
dye. Good proportions are 2 parts of alum and 3 of copperas.
3. Give a mordant of alum and tartar, then pass the goods through a madder
bath; next run them through a bath of galls and sumach or logwood to which
a little acetate or sulphate of iron has been added.
4. Mordant the cloth as last, dye in a madder bath, remove the cloth, add
a little acetate or sulphate of iron, and again pass it through the bath
as long as necessary.
5. Give the cloth a light blue ground with indigo, and then a mordant of
alum; rinse, and lastly run it through a bath of madder.
6. A mordant of alum and tartar, followed by, first a bath of madder, and
afterwards a bath of weld or fustic to which a little iron-liquor has been
previously added. In this way every shade, from MORDORÉ and CINNAMON to
DARK CHESTNUT, may be produced.
7. Boil fustic-chips, 1 lb., for 2 hours; pass the cloth through the bath
for 1 hour; take it out and drain; add of green copperas, 1-1/4 oz.; good
madder, 4 oz.; boil for a short time, and again pass the cloth through the
bath, until it acquires the proper tint. BRONZE-BROWNS, and every similar
shade, may be thus given by varying the proportions.
_e._ The following are called SUB'STANTIVE or DIRECT BROWNS:--
1. Decoction of oak-bark. It dyes wool of a fast brown of various shades,
according to the quantity employed. A mordant of alum brightens it.
2. Infusion or decoction of walnut-peels. Dyes wool and silk a brown,
which is brightened by alum.
3. Horse-chestnut-peels. A mordant of chloride of tin turns it on the
BRONZE; and sugar of lead, on the REDDISH-BROWN.
4. Catechu or Terra Japonica. For cottons. Blue vitriol turns it on the
BRONZE, and green copperas darkens it, when applied as mordants. Acetate
of alumina as a mordant brightens it. The French colour, CARMELITE, is
given with 1 lb. of catechu, 4 oz. of verdigris, and 5 oz. of
sal-ammoniac.
5. Sulphate or chloride of manganese. Dissolved in water with a little
tartaric acid, it gives the bronze tint called SOLITAIRE. The stuff, after
being passed through the solution, is turned through a weak lye of potash,
and afterwards through another of chloride of lime, to heighten and fix
it.
6. Prussiate of copper. This gives a fine BRONZE or YELLOWISH-BROWN to
silk. A mordant of blue vitriol is commonly first given, followed by a
bath of prussiate of potash.
=BROWN PIG'MENTS.= The principal and most useful of these are--umber,
terra di Sienna (both burnt and raw), Spanish brown, and some of the
ochres. Brown, of almost any shade, may be made by the admixture of blacks
with reds and yellows, or with greens, in different proportions. See
BISTRE, BLACK, NEWCASTLE,[233] OCHRES, SEPIA, &c.
[Footnote 233: Under BLACK PIGMENTS.]
=Brown, Span'ish.= See OCHRES.
=BROWN PINK.= See YELLOW PIGMENTS.
=BROWN'ING.= In _cookery_, a fluid preparation used to colour and flavour
gravies, soups, &c.
_Prep._ 1. Sugar, 4 oz.; and butter, 1 oz.; are melted in a frying-pan or
ladle with about a tablespoonful of water, and the heat is continued until
the whole has turned of a deep brown; the heat is then lowered a little,
and some port wine (about 1 pint) is gradually poured in; the pan is now
removed from the fire, and the mixture well stirred until the roasted
sugar is entirely dissolved; it is then put into a bottle, and 1/2 oz.
each of bruised pimento and black pepper, 5 or 6 shalots (cut small), a
little mace and finely grated lemon peel, and 1/4 pint of mushroom catsup,
added. The bottle is shaken daily for a week, and the clear liquid, after
5 or 6 days' repose, decanted into another bottle. Rich flavoured, but
expensive.
2. As the last, but using strong beer, or water, instead of wine. A
glassful of spirit may be added after bottling it.
3. Sugar-colouring, 1 pint; salt, 1/4 lb.; mushroom-catsup, 1/2 pint;
spice, q. s. Excellent for all ordinary purposes.
4. Lump sugar (powdered), 2-1/2 lbs.; salad oil, 1/2 lb.; heat as before;
then add, of port wine, 1 quart; Cape wine, 3 quarts; shalots, 6 oz.;
mixed spice, 4 oz.; black pepper, 3 oz.; mace, 1 oz; salt, 1 lb.; lemon
juice, 1 pint; catsup, 1 quart; mix well.
5. Good spirit-colouring or sugar-colouring and mushroom catsup, of each 1
gall.; Jamaica pepper, black pepper, and shalots, of each 4 oz; cloves,
cassia, and mace, bruised, of each 3/4 oz.; boil in a covered vessel for 5
minutes; digest for 14 days, and strain.
6. Colouring, 3 pints; mushroom catsup, 1 pint; common salt, 3/4 lb.;
Chili vinegar (strongest), 1/2 pint; spice, q. s. Half a pint of British
brandy or rum may be added.
_Obs._ The above are excellent additions to gravies, soups, &c.; and of
themselves form most admirable sauces for fish, meat, and game.
=Browning= (for Gun-barrels). _Prep._ The following are current formulæ:--
1. Blue vitriol, 4 oz.; tincture of chloride of iron, 2 oz.; water, 1
quart; dissolve, and add aquafortis and sweet spirit of nitre, of each 1
oz.
2. Blue vitriol and sweet spirit of nitre, of each 1 oz.; aquafortis, 1/2
oz.; water, 1 pint; as last.
3. Butter of antimony and sweet oil, equal parts; well shaken together. To
be applied to the iron previously warmed.
_Obs._ The above fluids are rubbed on the barrel (previously well polished
and cleaned off with whiting to remove the oil), and allowed to remain on
for some hours, or until the next day, when they are rubbed off with a
stiff brush. The process may be repeated, if necessary. The barrel is next
washed in water in which a little pearlash or soda has been dissolved, and
afterwards well rinsed in clean water; it is then polished, either with
the burnisher, or with a brush and beeswax. Sometimes a coat of tough
shell-lac varnish is applied.
=BRUCEA= (-sh'[)a]). False cusparia (which _see_).
=BRUCHBALSAM--RUPTURE BALSAM= (Dr Tänzer).--No. 1. Compound rosemary
cerate, nutmeg cerate, red Johannis oil, yellow wax, of each 1 part; fat,
5 parts. No. 2. Mixture of nutmeg cerate, 50 parts; tallow, butter, of
each 10 parts, melted and mixed with 25 parts strongest liquor potassæ.
No. 3. Compound rosemary cerate, oil of bayberries, of each 2 parts;
nutmeg cerate, 4 parts; red Johannis oil, 6 parts; yellow wax, 3 parts;
tincture of myrrh and tincture of aloes, of each 1/2 part; tr. opii, 1/4
part, melted and heated until the spirit has evaporated. (Hager.)
=BRUCHPFLASTER--RUPTURE PLASTER= (Krüsi Altherr). A spread plaster, the
mass consisting of 5 parts Bergundy pitch and 2 parts turpentine. (Walz
and Hager.)
=Bruchpflaster--Rupture Plaster= (Caspar Menet). Machine-made paper
covered with thin gauze, and thinly spread with a mass of 9 parts wax, 3
parts turpentine, and 1 part elemi. (Hager.)
=BRUCHSALBE--RUPTURE CERATE= (Gottlieb Sturzenegger, Herisau, Canton
Appenzell). A mixture of 50 parts fat and 1 part oil of bayberries.
(Hager.)
=BRUCHE=, ruptures cured without medicine, operation, or pain, by Lavedan,
chemist. A pelotte containing in it zinc and copper plate on which a
solution of the "poudre electrochimique" (common salt) is dropped.
(Hager.)
=BRU'CIA.= C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4}. Aq. [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ BRU'CINE;
BRU'CINA, L. An alkaloid discovered by Pelletier and Caventou, in the bark
of _bru'cia antidysenter'ica_, and afterwards associated with strychnia,
in _nux vomica_.
_Prep._ Ground nux vomica, or the bark of brucia antidysenterica, is
boiled in dilute sulphuric acid, and the resulting decoction mixed with
hydrate of lime (in excess); the crude precipitate thus obtained is boiled
in alcohol (sp. gr. ·850), and the tincture filtered whilst hot. A mixture
of crude strychnia and brucia is deposited as the fluid cools, and the
remainder is obtained by evaporation. This is powdered and digested in
cold alcohol, which dissolves out the brucia; the solution furnishes
crystals on spontaneous evaporation. It may be further purified by
recrystallisation from alcohol.
_Prop._ Soluble in 850 parts of cold, and about 500 parts of hot water;
freely soluble in alcohol; added to the dilute acids until they are
neutralised, it forms crystallisable salts, easily obtained by
evaporation.
_Tests._ It is distinguished from strychnia, which in many respects it
resembles, by its ready solubility in both dilute and absolute alcohol,
and its insolubility in ether. With nitric acid it strikes a fine red
colour, which is removed by sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid.
Iodic acid, chloric acid, and chlorine, also turn it red.
Professor Sonnenschein has succeeded in converting brucia into
strychnia. He says--"Brucia C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4} and Strychnia
C_{21}H_{22}N_{2}O_{2} differ apparently considerably in their
composition; but the former may easily be converted into the latter.
Referring to the formulæ it will be seen that strychnia is produced by
combining brucia with 4O, and eliminating 2H_{2}O_{1} and 2CO_{2}. This is
effected as follows:--Brucia is moderately heated with 4 to 5 times its
weight of diluted nitric acid, when a red colouration will be produced and
gases evolved, which cause in a mixture of barium chloride and ammonia a
white precipitate of carbonate of barium.
The red solution is concentrated in a water-bath, super-saturated with
potassa, and agitated with ether, which, on spontaneous evaporation,
leaves a reddish mass, containing a red colouring matter, a yellowish
resin, and an alkaloid which is obtained pure by dissolving in an acid and
crystallising. This base has the intensity, bitter taste, and other
properties of strychnia, gives the characteristic reactions with potassium
chromate, cerium oxide, and sulphuric acid, and yields with chlorine the
sparingly soluble compound. The muriate crystallises in fine silky
needles, from which 9·20 per cent. of chlorine was obtained.
The conversion of brucia into strychnia is not only highly interesting,
but it is likewise of great importance in forensic analysis, proving again
that in such cases the employment of oxidising agents is admissible only
with great caution. A student who had received for analysis a mixture
containing, among other substances, brucia and nitrate of lead, employed
the process of Stas and Otto for the separation of the alkaloids, and
found strychnia instead of brucia which had been oxidised by the liberated
nitric acid.
"If strychnia is heated with a strong base like potassa, soda, or baryta,
for some time, in a sealed glass tube placed in a water-bath, a body is
obtained which no longer shows the reactions of strychnia, but resembles
brucia in its reactions. The experiments on this decomposition, which is
likewise of importance in forensic analysis, are not yet concluded."
=BRUISE= (br[=o][=o]ze). _Syn._ CONTU'SIO, CONTU'SUM, L.; CONTUSION,
MEURTRISSURE, Fr.; BRAUSCHE, QUETSCHUNG, &c., Ger. A contusion; but in
popular language applied chiefly to cases in which there is an
extravasation of blood owing to the rupture of the minute vessels, with
consequent discoloration or tumefaction of the part.
_Treatment._--In common cases, sufficiently serious, bruises may be rubbed
with a little opodeldoc or soap-liniment; or, if the inflammation be
considerable, they may be bathed with a little weak goulard water, or with
vinegar and water. In more severe cases leeches may be applied. See
CONTUSION.
_Treatment for Animals._--The same as for man.
=BRUNS'WICK BLACK.= See VARNISHES.
=BRUNS'WICK GREEN.= See GREEN PIGMENTS.
=BRUSHES.= Brushes may be best washed in a moderately cold weak solution
of borax. They should afterwards be rinsed in cold water and dried.
=BRUSTBONBONS--PECTORAL BONBONS= (Fr., Stollwerck, Cologne). Carageen, 3
parts; Iceland moss, 2 parts; red poppy petals, 1-1/2 parts; coltsfoot, 1
part; liquorice, 2 parts; marshmallow root, 2 parts; daisy (_Bellis
perennis_), 1-1/2 parts; Souchong tea, 1 part; boiled with 24 parts of
water till reduced to half, and the fluid afterwards mixed with refined
sugar.
=BRUSTGELEE--PECTORAL JELLY= (Daubitz, Berlin). A yellowish-brown nearly
clear jelly, with a sweet, weak anise, followed by a somewhat bitter
taste, made of gelatin, 12 grammes; sugar, 60 grammes; and a herbal
infusion, 120 grammes; the latter made from anise, star-anise, Iceland
moss, &c.
=BRUSTPULVER--PECTORAL POWDER= (Beliol, Paris). For chronic pains in the
chest. A mixture of 75 parts milk-sugar, 20 parts gum arabic, 5 parts
Rochelle salt. (Mayer).
=BRUSTSAFT PRAPARIRTER--PREPARED PECTORAL JUICE= (Rudolph Büttner,
Berlin). For coughs, hoarseness, tightness of the chest, &c. An ordinary
pectoral tea made of an infusion of red poppy petals, which is boiled to a
syrup with sugar (Hager).
=BRUSTSYRUP WEISER MAYERSCHER--WHITE PECTORAL SYRUP= (G. A. W. Mayer,
Breslau). 4 parts powdered radish extracted with 5 parts water (according
to others rose-water), the liquor expressed and filtered. 6 parts of the
clear liquor digested with 10 parts of sugar to make a syrup. (Hager.)
Frequently nothing but a simple solution of sugar.
=Brustsyrup--Pectoral Syrup= (Dr Moth). A mixture of syrup of marshmallow,
1000 parts; extract of horehound, 30 parts; oxymel of squills, 50 parts;
aq. amygd. amar., 25 parts; aqua. foenic, 100 parts; spirit of ether, 10
parts.
=BRUSTWARZEN--MITTEL ZUR HEILUNG WUNDER.= Miraculous remedy for healing
sore nipples. (From Paris.) A dirty brownish-yellow, somewhat turbid
liquid, smelling of vinegar, and with a taste both sour and sweet. A
solution of 1-1/4 parts litharge in 100 parts vinegar. (Wittstein.)
=Brustwarzen--Mittel Gegen Wunde.= Sore nipple preventive. (From Paris.)
Acetic acid, 1 part; sugar of lead, 3 parts; camphor, 5 parts; water, 100
parts. (Terreil.)
=BRUSTWARZENBALSAM, RIGAER--RIGA'S NIPPLE BALSAM.= A mixture of the yolk
of one egg with 10 to 12 grammes balsam of Peru.
=BRY'ONIN= (-n[)i]n). A peculiar bitter principle extracted from the root
of white bryony (_bryonia dioica_, Jacq.). It is obtained from the dry
extract of the expressed juice, by solution in alcohol, filtration, and
cautious evaporation.
_Prop., &c._ A yellowish-white mass. It is a drastic purgative; and, in
large doses, poisonous. It enters into the composition of several quack
medicines.
=BUBBLE-AND-SQUEAK.= In _cookery_, a species of olla podrida variously
prepared, as the materials and fancy of the maker dictate.
_Prep._ (Rundell.) Take slices of cold meat, fry them quickly until brown,
and put them into a dish to keep them hot. Then clean the pan from the
fat; put in it greens and carrots (previously boiled and chopped small);
add a little butter, pepper, and salt; make them very hot, and put them
round the beef with a little gravy. Cold boiled pork is a better material
for bubble-and-squeak than beef. In either case the slices should be very
thin and lightly fried.
=BUB'BLE FEVER[double-dagger].= See PEMPHIGUS.
=BU'CHU= (-k[=u]). The plant _dios'ma crena'ta_ (which _see_).
=BUCK'BEAN= or =BOG'BEAN=. The _menyanthes trifoliata_. See INFUSIONS.
=BUCKINGHAM'S DYE= for the whiskers; manufactured by R. E. Hall & Co.,
Nashua, N.H. This whisker dye is an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of
silver, and consists of 1/2 gramme nitrate of silver, 2-1/2 grammes
solution of ammonia, and 40 grammes distilled water. (Dr Schacht).
=BUCK'THORN.= _Syn._ RHAM'NUS, L. The _rham'nus cathar'ticus_ (Linn.).
Berries (BAC'CÆ RHAM'NI, L.), cathartic; juice of the berries (SUC'CUS R.,
L.) is officinal in the B. P. See RHAMNINE, SYRUPS, &c.
=BUCK'WHEAT.= See WHEAT.
=BUG.= _Syn._ CI'MEX, L.; PUNAISÉ, Fr.; WANSE, Ger. A name popularly and
very loosely applied to a vast number of insects that infest houses and
plants; in _zoology_, hemipterous insects of the genus 'cimex,' of which
there are many hundred species; appr., the bed-bug.
=Bug.= _Syn._ BED'-BUG, HOUSE'-B., WALL-B., WALL'-LOUSE*, &c.; CI'MEX
DOMES'TICUS, C. LECTULA''RIUS (Linn.), L.; PUNAISE, Fr.; BETTWANZE,
HÄUSWANSE, Ger. An insect too well known in all the larger towns of Europe
and America, and in the huts of squalid poverty everywhere, to require a
description here. It is almost the only species of the bug kind that has
undeveloped wings. Its introduction to England is believed to have
occurred soon after the great Fire of London (A.D. 1666). Human blood
appears to be its favourite food; but it will also eat grain, seed, flour,
dried paste, size, soft deal, beech, osier, &c. Cedar, mahogany, and the
odorous and harder woods are usually avoided by this insect. Aromatics,
perfumes, and strong odours generally are unfavorable to its propagation.
_Exterm., &c._ Various means have been adopted to prevent the accession,
and to destroy or drive away, these enemies of "tired nature's sweet
restorer, balmy sleep." Among the most certain of these is thorough
cleanliness and ventilation. The furniture brokers put articles infested
with these insects into a room with doors and windows fitting quite close,
and subject them to the fumes of burning sulphur or chlorine gas. In the
small way poisonous washes are commonly resorted to. For this purpose
nothing is more effective than chloride of lime or chloride of zinc; the
latter being preferable to the other on account of its being comparatively
scentless.
The following mixtures are in common use, or have been recommended for
this purpose:--
1. Corrosive sublimate (in powder) and hydrochloric acid, of each 1 oz.;
hot water, 3/4 pint; agitate them together until the first is completely
dissolved. It is applied with a paint-brush, observing to rub it well into
the cracks and joints. This is the common 'bug-wash' of the shops. It is a
deadly poison!
2. As the last, but substituting 2 oz. of sal-ammoniac for the
hydrochloric acid.
3. Oil of turpentine, 1 pint; camphor, 2 oz.; dissolve. Very cleanly and
effective.
4. Tobacco-water, made by steeping 2 oz. of good shag in 1 pint of warm
water for a few hours.