The calorific value of anthracite coal is well shown by the following
results from Dr Fyfe's experiments, to compare Scotch and English
bituminous coals with anthracite, in regard to their evaporative power, in
a high-pressure boiler of a 4-horse engine having a grate with 8·15 square
feet of surface; also in a waggon-shaped copper boiler, open to the air,
surface 18 feet, grate 1·55:--
KEY:
A - Pounds burnt per hour on the Grate.
B - Duration of the Trial in hours.
C - Temperature of the Water.
D - Pounds of Water evaporated from the initial Temperature by 1 lb. of
coal.
E - Pounds of Water at 212° from a lb. of Coal.
F - Coal per hour on one sq. ft. of Grate.
G - Time in seconds of consuming 1 lb. of Coal.
H - Pounds evaporated per hour from each sq. ft. of surface.
-------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+----------------
Kind of Fuel | | | | | | | | |
employed. | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | Remarks.
-------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+----------------
Middlerig Scotch | 81·33 | 9 | 45° | 6·66 | 7·74 | 10·00 | 44·27 | ... |Pressure 17 lbs.
coal | | | | | | | | | per square in.
Scotch coal, | 108 | 5 | 170° | 6·62 | 6·89 | 13·25 | 33·33 | ... |Ditto.
different variety | | | | | | | | |
from preceding | | | | | | | | |
ANTHRACITE | 47·94 | 8-1/2 | 45° | 8·73 | 10·10 | 5·88 | 75·09 | ... |Ditto.
Scotch coal, from | 8·24 | 8-1/2 | 50° | 5·38 | 6·90 | 5·31 | 436·89 | 3·15 |Lower pressure,
near Edinburgh | | | | | | | | | open copper
| | | | | | | | | boiler.
English bituminous | 6·07 | 8·4 | 50° | 7·84 | 9·07 | 3·91 | 503·08 | 3·06 |Ditto.
coal | | | | | | | | |
-------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------
Space will not admit of our entering fully into the question of the
evaporative power of anthracite, but its advantages under certain
conditions are fully established.
=AN'THRACOKA'LI=. [Eng., L.] _Syn_. ANTHRAKOKA'LI, ANTHRAK'ALI;
AN'THRACOKA'LI, Hamb. C. 1845. _Prep_. 1. (Polya.) Carbonate of potassa, 6
oz.; quick-lime, 3-1/2 oz.; water, 4 pints; proceed as directed for
solution of potassa, then evaporate the clear liquid, in an iron capsule,
to about 6 fl. oz., add of finely powdered mineral coal 5 oz., boil, with
constant stirring, to dryness, and continue the stirring at a reduced
heat, until the whole is converted into a homogeneous black powder, which
must be at once placed in small, dry, and well-stoppered phials.
2. (Hamb. C. 1845; Ph. Baden, 1841.) Hydrate of potassa, 7 dr.; melt, add
of cannel coal, 5 dr., and then proceed as before.
_Prop. &c._ A deliquescent black powder, with a caustic taste, and
empyreumatic smell; 10 gr. with 1 fl. oz. of water, after filtration,
forms a clear, dark brown solution, giving a precipitate with acids,
without effervescence.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr., twice or thrice daily; and
externally, made into a pomade or ointment (1/2 to 1 dr., to lard, 1 oz.);
in skin diseases (particularly herpetic eruptions), scrofula, chronic
rheumatism, &c. It has been highly extolled by Dr Gilbert, and by its
inventor, Dr Polya; but apparently undeservedly.
=Anthracokali Sulphuretted.= _Syn._ ANTHRACOKALI SULPHURETUM, L. _Prep._
(Polya.) As formula 1 (_above_), but adding sulphur, 4 dr., immediately
after stirring in the powdered coal.--_Dose_, _use_, &c., as the last. See
FULIGOKALI.
=ANTHRACOM'ETER.= _Syn._ ANTRACOM'ETRUM, L.; ANTHRACOMÈTRE, Fr.;
KOHLENSÄUREMESSER, Ger. An apparatus used to determine the heating power
or commercial value of coal, or other fuel; also an instrument for finding
the proportion of carbonic acid in any gaseous mixture.
=ANTHRAPURPURIN.= C_{14}H_{8}O_{5}.--A colouring matter obtained as a
secondary product in the preparation of alizarin from anthracen. It may be
prepared by dissolving the crude colouring matter in a dilute solution of
carbonate of soda, and shaking up the resulting solution with freshly
precipitated alumina, which combines with the alizarin, leaving the
anthrapurpurin in solution. This is filtered off from the alizarin lake,
heated to boiling, and acidified with hydrochloric acid. The colouring
matter which is precipitated is thrown on to a filter, washed and dried.
Anthrapurpurin has about the same affinity for mordants as alizarin. It
forms red with alumina, and purple and black with iron mordants. The reds
are much purer and less blue in colour than those of the alizarin, whilst
the purples are bluer and the blacks more intense. The anthrapurpurin
colours resist soap and light quite as effectively as those produced with
alizarin. When employed to dye Turkey-red, anthrapurpurin gives a very
brilliant scarlet shade of colour, which is of remarkable durability.
=ANTHYPNOTICS= (-th[)i]p-). _Syn._ ANTIHYPNOT'ICS (-h[)i]p-), &c. See
AGRIPNOTICS.
=AN'TI-.= [Gr., [Greek: anti], against.] In _composition_, before,
against, contrary to, corrective of, &c., more especially representing
antagonism or opposition; whilst the Latin _ante-_ is generally used in
the sense of before, having reference to precedence either of place or
time.
_Anti-_ is a common prefix in English words derived from the Greek and
Latin, especially those connected with pharmacology and medicine, the
final _i_ being either dropped or retained (but generally the first)
before a, e, and h; as in antacid, antibilious, anti-emetic, anthelmintic,
anti-corbutic, antiseptic, &c., whether used as adjectives or
substantives. These compounds, which are very numerous, are in general
self-explanatory.
=AN'TIARINE= (-[)i]n; -ti'--Brande). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ AN'THIARINE, Eng.,
Fr.; ANTIARI'NA, ANTHIARI'NA, ANTIA''RIA, UPA'SIA (-zh'[)a]), L. The
active principle of the upas poison of Java. It is extracted from the
partially inspissated juice (upas poison) of the upas tree by alcohol, and
may be obtained under the form of small pearly crystalline scales by
careful evaporation.--_Prod._ About 3-1/2% (Mulder).
_Prop., &c._ Soluble in 27 parts of boiling water; freely soluble in
alcohol; scarcely so in ether; heat decomposes it. It is a frightful
poison, to which no antidote is known. Even a minute quantity introduced
into a wound rapidly brings on vomiting, convulsions, and death. "It
renders the heart insensible to the stimulus of the blood." (Sir B.
Brodie.)
=ANTI-ATTRI''TION= (-tr[)i]sh'-) [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTIFRICTION GREASE,
AXLE-GREASE, FRICTION COMPO', LU'BRICATING COMPOUND, &c. _Prep._ 1. Good
plumbago (black lead), finely powdered and sifted, so as to be perfectly
free from grit, is gradually added, through a sieve, to 5 times its weight
of good lard contained in an iron pan and rendered semi-fluid, but _not_
liquid, by a gentle heat; the mass being vigorously stirred with a strong
wooden spatula, after each addition, until the mixture is complete, and
the composition smooth and uniform. The heat is then gradually raised
until the whole liquefies, when the vessel is removed from the fire to a
cool situation, and the stirring, which should have been unremitted,
continued until the mixture is quite cold. It is applied in the cold
state, with a brush, about once a day, according to the velocity of the
parts; and is said to be fully 3-4ths cheaper in use than oil, tallow,
tar, or any of the ordinary compo's. When intended for uses in which it
will be exposed to warmth, and consequent waste by dripping, a part, or
even the whole of the lard is replaced by hard strained grease or tallow,
or a little bees' wax is added during its manufacture.
2. Black lead, 1 part; tallow or grease, 4 parts; ground together until
perfectly smooth, either with or without camphor, 3 to 5 _lbs._ per cwt.
Expired patent.
3. Scotch soda, 60 _lbs._; water, 30 _galls._; dissolve in a capacious
boiler, and palm oil and hard tallow, of each 1-1/4 _cwt._, and having
withdrawn the heat, stir vigorously as before, until the mass is
homogeneous and nearly solidified. In hot weather the proportion of tallow
is increased, and that of the palm oil diminished; in winter, the reverse.
Used for the axles of railway carriages and other coarse purposes. For
express trains all tallow is usually employed, irrespective of the
weather or season.
4. Melt, but avoid boiling, 16 _lbs._ tallow, and dissolve in it 2-1/4
_lbs._ of sugar of lead; then add 3 _lbs._ of black antimony. The mixture
must be constantly stirred till cold. This composition is for cooling the
necks of shafts, and may be of service where the shafts are not of the
proper length, or the bearings are at fault.
5. Lard, 2-1/2 _lbs._; camphor, 1 _oz._; black lead, 1/2 _lb._ Rub the
camphor in a mortar, into a paste with a small portion of the lard; then
add the remainder of the lard and the black lead, and thoroughly mix.
6. (_Railway Grease._)--For summer use, tallow, 1 _cwt._ 3 _qrs._; palm
oil, 1 _cwt._ 1 _qr._ For autumn or spring, tallow, 1 _cwt._ 2 _qrs._;
palm oil, 1 _cwt._ 2 _qrs._ For winter, tallow, 1 _cwt._ 1 _qr._; palm
oil, 1 _cwt._ 3 _qrs._ Melt the tallow in a boiler, then add to it the
palm oil as soon as the mixture boils, and put out the fire. When the
mixture, which should now be frequently stirred, has cooled down to blood
heat (98° to 100° F.), it should be run through a sieve into a solution of
from 56 to 60 _lbs._ of soda in about 3 _galls._ of water. Thoroughly mix
by stirring.
7. Bean or rye flour, 1 _cwt._; water, 6 _cwt._; mix to a smooth paste,
raise the heat until the mixture boils, and stir in first of milk of lime
(of about the consistence of cream), 7 _cwt._; resin-oil, 10 _cwt._; and
stir vigorously until cold. Inferior.
8. (Booth's.)--_a._ From Scotch soda, 1/2 _lb._; boiling water, 1 _gall._;
palm oil or tallow, or any mixture of them, 10 _lbs._; as before,
observing to continue the stirring until the mixture has cooled down to
60° or 70° Fahr.
_b._ Soda, 1/2 _lb._; water and rape-oil, of each 1 _gall._; tallow or
palm-oil, 1/2 _lb._; as last. Expired patent.
9. (Mankettrick's.) From caoutchouc (dissolved in oil of turpentine), 4
_lbs._; Scotch soda, 10 _lbs._; glue, 1 _lb._; (dissolved in) water, 10
_galls._; oil, 10 _galls._; thoroughly incorporated by assiduous stirring,
adding the caoutchouc last.
10. (LIARD, Fr.). Finest rape-oil, 1 _gall._; caoutchouc (cut small), 3
_oz._; dissolve with heat.
_Uses, &c._ To lessen friction in machinery, prevent the bearings rusting,
&c. The simplest are perhaps the best. Of late years several different
liquid hydrocarbons obtained from coal, and particularly paraffin oil,
have been extensively employed in this way. See FRICTION, LUBRICATION, &c.
=ANTIBIL'IOUS= (-y[)u]s). _Syn._ ANTIBILIO'SUS, L.; ANTIBILIEUX, Fr. An
epithet of medicines that are supposed to remove ailments depending on
disordered action of the liver. Aperients, mercurials, and aloetic
purgatives generally, belong to this class. See ABERNETHY MEDICINES, BILE,
PILLS, &c.
=ANTICAR'DIUM.= See REVIVER (Black).
=ANTI-CHOLERA ACID= (H. Ludwig, Vienna; also an American preparation). "A
proved cure and preventive of cholera." Diluted sulphuric acid, 1 part;
wine, 5 parts; water, 10 parts. (Hager, Buchner, and Wittstein.)
=ANTI-CHOLERA WATER= (Eau Anticholerique de Duboc, Paris), for lead colic
and a preventive of cholera. Composed of water with some brandy and 1/2
per cent. of sulphuric acid. (Gmelin.)
=AN'TICHLORE= (-kl[=o]re). Among _bleachers_, any substance, agent, or
means, by which the pernicious after-affects of chlorine are prevented.
Washing with a weak solution of sulphite of soda (which converts any
adhering 'bleaching salt' into sulphate, sulphide, or chloride) is
commonly adopted for this purpose. Recently chloride of tin, used in the
same way, has been recommended. A cheap sulphite of lime, prepared by
agitating milk of lime with the fumes of burning sulphur, and draining and
air-drying the product, has been lately patented in England and America,
by Prof. Horsford, under the name of 'ANTICHLORIDE OF LIME,' See
BLEACHING, &c.
=AN'TIDOTE= (-d[=o]te). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTID'OTUM, ANTID'OTUS, L.;
ANTIDOT, GEGENGIFT, Ger. In _medicine_, _toxicology_, &c., a substance
administered to counteract or lessen the effects of poison.
The principal poisons, with their antidotes, are noticed under their
respective heads. Also see POISONS, TOXICOLOGY, &c.
=ANTI-EPILEPTICUM= (Wepler, Berlin), known as Wepler's Krampfpulver.
Magnesia alba, 5 parts; rad. dictamni, 15 parts; rad. zedoar, 12 parts;
rad. artemis, 8 parts; soot, 1/2 part; ol. valerian, 1/2 part; ol.
cajeputi, 1/4 part.
Dr Hager is the authority for the above, and he adds that formerly the
same proprietor sold a remedy which consisted of a black powder made by
carbonising hempen thread.
=ANTIFER'MENT= (pop. and more us., in this sense, _an'tiferment'_). [Eng.,
Fr.] _Syn._ ANTIFERMEN'TUM, L. Any substance which prevents or arrests
fermentation. Several nostrums are sold under this name in the
cider-districts. The following are tried and useful formulæ:--
_Prep._ 1. Sulphite (not sulph_ate_) of lime, in fine powder, 1 part;
marble-dust, ground oyster-shells, or chalk, 7 parts; mix, and pack tight,
so as to exclude the air.
2. Sulphite (not sulph_ate_) of potassa, 1 part; new black-mustard seed
(ground in a pepper-mill), 7 parts; mix, and pack so as to perfectly
exclude air and moisture. _Dose_ (of either), 1/2 _oz._ to 1-1/2 _oz._ per
_hhd._
3. Mustard-seed, 14 _lbs._; cloves and capsicum, of each 1-1/4 _lb._; mix,
and grind them to powder in a pepper-mill. _Dose_, 1/4 to 1/2 _lb._ per
_hhd._
_Uses, &c._ The above formulæ are infinitely superior to those commonly
met with in trade; and are quite harmless. A portion of any one of them
added to cider, or perry, soon allays fermentation, when excessive, or
when it has been renewed. The first formula is preferred when there is a
tendency to acidity. The second and third may be advantageously used for
wine and beer, as well as for cider. That of the third formula greatly
improves the flavour and the apparent strength of the liquor, and also
improves its keeping qualities. See CELLAR-MANAGEMENT, FERMENTATION, &c.
=ANTI-FRIC'TION METAL.= _Prep._ 1. From tin, 16 to 20 parts; antimony, 2
parts; lead, 1 part; fused together, and then blended with copper, 80
parts. Used where there is much friction or high velocity.
2. Zinc, 6 parts; tin, 1 part; copper, 20 parts. Used when the metal is
exposed to violent shocks.
3. Lead, 1 part; tin, 2 parts; zinc, 4 parts; copper, 68 parts. Used when
the metal is exposed to heat.