The sample was in the form of a paste, colour deep red, odour peculiar,
but not disagreeable.
Water 24·2
Resinous colouring matter 28·8
Ash 22·5
Starch and extractive matter 24·5
----
100·0
The following is an analysis of an adulterated specimen. The sample was in
a hard cake of a brown colour, with the maker's name stamped upon it, and
marked "patent;" texture hard and leathery, odour disagreeable:
Water 13·4
Resin 11·0
Ash, consisting of iron, chalk,
salt, alumina, silica 48·3
Extractive matter 27·3
----
100·0
Thus, in the one the resin was 28%, the ash 22; in the other the resin was
only 11%, the ash no less than 48%.
_Uses, &c._ To colour varnishes and lacquers; as a pigment for painting
velvet and transparencies; as a colouring matter for cheese (1 _oz._ to 1
_cwt._ of curd), for which purpose it is not injurious, if pure; and as a
dye-stuff for cotton, silk, and wool, particularly the second, to which it
imparts a beautiful orange-yellow hue, the shade of which may be varied
from 'aurora' to deep orange by using different proportions of pearlash
with the water it is dissolved in, and by applying different mordants
before putting it into the dye-bath, or different rinsing liquids
afterwards. The hues thus imparted are, however, all more or less
fugitive.
=Annotta Cake.= _Syn._ FLAG ANNOTTA; ORLEA'NA IN FO'LIIS, L. From Cayenne;
bright yellow, firm and soft to the touch; in square cakes, weighing 2 or
3 _lbs._ each.
=Annotta Egg.= _Syn._ LUMP ANNOTTA; ORLEA'NA IN O'VULIS, L. Generally
inferior.
=Annotta, Eng'lish.= _Syn._ TRADE A., REDUCED' A.; ORLEA'NA REDUC'TA, L. A
fraudulent mess commonly prepared from egg or flag annotta, gum
tragacanth, flour, or farina, chalk, soap, train-oil, Venetian red, or
bole, common salt, water, mixed by heat in a copper pan, and formed into
rolls. Sold for genuine annotta, from which it is readily distinguished by
its inferior quality and its partial solubility in alcohol.
=Annotta, Liq'uid.= See SOLUTION OF ANNOTTA (_below_).
=Annotta, Pu''rified.= See ORELLINE.
=Annotta Roll.= _Syn._ Orlea'na in rot'ulis, O. IN BAC'ULIS, L. From the
Brazils; hard, dry, brown outside, yellow within. When pure, this is the
variety most esteemed, and the one preferred for colouring cheese.
=Annotta, Solu'tion of.= _Syn._ ESSENCE OF ANNOTTA, EXTRACT OF A.,
ANNOTTA-DYE, &c.; SOLU'TIO ORLEA'NÆ, EXTRAC'TUM O., &c., L. A strong
aqueous solution of equal parts of annotta and pearlash, the whole being
heated or boiled together until the ingredients are dissolved. Sold in
bottles. See ANNOTTA (_above_), NANKEEN DYE, &c.
=ANNUALS.= Plants which bear flowers and fruit in the same year when
raised from seed.
=AN'O-.= [Gr.] In _composition_, upwards, &c.; as in anocathar'tic
(emetic).
=AN'ODE.= Literally, 'upward way,' in _electro-chemistry_, the 'way in,'
or that by which the electric current is supposed to enter substances
through which it passes, as opposed to the CATHODE, or that by which it
goes out; the positive pole of a voltaic battery.
=AN'ODYNE= (-d[=i]ne). _Syn._ ANO'DYNUS (-d[)i]n[)u]s-), L.; ANODIN, Fr.;
SCHMERZSTILLEND, Ger. That allays pain; soothing; atalgic.
=Anodynes.= _Syn._ ANO'DYNA (sing., ano'd[)y]num), L.; Anodins, REMÈDES
A., Fr. In _medicine_ and _pharmacy_, substances and agents which allay
pain. Some (as the PAREGORICS) act by actually assuaging pain; others
(HYPNOTICS) by inducing sleep; whilst a third class (NARCOTICS) give ease
by stupefying the senses, or by lessening the susceptibility to pain.
Among the principal anodynes are opium, morphia, henbane, camphor ether,
chloroform, chloral hydrate, and other medicines of the like kind; to
which must be added spirituous liquors, wines, and the stronger varieties
of malt liquor. "The frequent use of anodynes begets the necessity of
their continuance." (W. Cooley.)
=Anodyne, In'fantile= (-[=i]le). _Syn._ ANO'DYNUM INFAN'TILE (-t[)i]l-e),
L. _Prep._ Take of syrup of poppies, 1 _oz._; aniseed-water, 3 _oz._;
French brandy, 3/4 _oz._ (or rectified spirit, 1/2 _oz._); calcined
magnesia, 1/4 _oz._; mix. An excellent anodyne and antacid for
infants.--_Dose._ A small teaspoonful as required.
=ANODYN= (Müller, Berlin.) Chiefly for rheumatic pains, toothache, &c. Oil
of rosemary, 30 drops; oil of thyme, 10 drops; camphor, 5 grms.; spirit of
ammonia, 12 grms.; spirit, 60 grms. (Hager.)
=ANODYN'IA= (-d[)i]n'-y'[)a]). Freedom from pain; anæsthesia.
=AN'OREXY=. _Syn._ ANOREX'IA, L.; ANOREXIE, Fr., Ger. In _pathology_, want
of, or morbidly diminished appetite, without loathing of food. It is
usually symptomatic of other affections. See APPETITE, DYSPEPSIA, &c.
=ANOSMIN FOOT POWDER= (Dr Oscar Bernar, Vienna). "An unfailing remedy for
sweaty feet and bad odour of the feet." Powdered alum, 21 parts; maize
meal, 1 part. (Hager.)
=ANOSMIN FOOT WATER= (Koch), for a similar purpose. An aqueous solution of
tartaric acid.
=ANO ZABAGLIONE= (-b[)a]l-y'[=o]'-n[=a]). _Prep._ Put 2 eggs, 3
teaspoonfuls of sugar, and 2 small glassfuls of sherry or marsala, into a
chocolate cup, placed in boiling water, or over the fire, and keep the
mixture rapidly stirred until it begins to rise and thicken a little; then
add 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of orange-flower water or rose water, and serve
it up in wine-glasses. A pleasant Italian domestic remedy for a cold.
=ANT= ([)a]nt). _Syn._ EMM'ET, PIS'MIRE*[double-dagger] (p[)i]z'-);
FORMI'CA, L.; FOURMI, Fr.; AMEISE, Ger.; ÆMET, Sax. This well-known little
insect belongs to the family formic''idæ, and the order hymenop'tera. Like
the bee, it is a social animal, lives in communities which may be compared
to well-regulated republics, and is of three sexes--male, female, neuter.
Those belonging to the last alone labour and take care of the ova and
young. The red ant contains FORMIC ACID (acid of ants), and a peculiar
RESINOUS OIL. Both of these may be obtained by maceration in rectified
spirit. A tincture so prepared, and flavoured with aromatics, constitutes
Hoffman's EAU DE MAGNANIMITÉ, once greatly esteemed as an aphrodisiac. See
FORMICA, FORMIC ACID, FORMYLE, &c.
=ANTAC'ID= (-t[)a]s'-[)i]d). _Syn._ ANTAC'IDUS, L.; ANTACIDE, &c., Fr.;
SÄURETILGEND, &c., Ger. An agent which neutralises acids or removes
acidity. (See _below._)
=ANTAC'IDS= (-t[)a]s'-[)i]dz). _Syn._ ANTAC'IDA, L.; ANTACIDES, &c., Fr.
Antacid substances. In _medicine_, &c., substances which remove or prevent
acidity of the stomach, and thus tend to relieve heartburn, dyspepsia, and
diarrh[oe]a.
The principal antacids are potassa, soda, ammonia, lime, and magnesia,
with their carbonates and bicarbonates. AMMONIA is one of the most
powerful, and when the acidity is conjoined with nausea and faintness, or
is accompanied with symptoms of nervous derangement or hysteria, is
undoubtedly the best; when great irritability of the coats of the stomach
exist, POTASH is to be preferred; when the acidity is accompanied with
diarrh[oe]a, carbonate of lime (prepared chalk), lime-water, or
Carara-water; and when with costiveness, MAGNESIA. They may be
advantageously combined with some simple aromatic, as ginger, cinnamon, or
peppermint. Their preparation, doses, administration, &c., will be found
under each in its alphabetical place; and formulæ containing them, under
DRAUGHTS, LOZENGES, MIXTURES, &c.
=ANTAL'GICS= (-t[)a]l'-). _Syn._ ANTAL'GICA, L. Medicines which relieve
pain; anodynes.
=ANTAL'KALINES= ([)a]nt-[)a]l'-k[)a]-l[)i]nz). _Syn._ ANTALKALI'NA, L.
Agents or medicines which correct alkalinity. All the acids except the
carbonic are antalkaline.
=AN'TE-.= In _composition_, before, contrary, opposite; generally in the
first sense. See ANTI-.
=ANTEPIDEMICUM UNIVERSALE= (H. Müller, Copenhagen). "A valuable universal
remedy for all sorts of contagious diseases in man or domestic animals." A
fluid like water, with a weak, almost imperceptible, odour of acetic
ether. Is composed of spring water, in which perhaps two or three drops of
pure carbolic acid are dissolved, and a few drops of acetic ether added to
disguise it. (Hager.)
=ANTHELMIN'TICS, Anthelmin'thics= (-th[)e]l-). See VERMIFUGES and WORMS.
=AN'THIARINE= (-[)i]n). See ANTHIRINE.
=ANTHOK'YAN=. _Syn._ SUCC'US VI'OLÆ PREPARA'TUS, L. The expressed juice of
the sweet or purple violet (vi'ola odora'ta--Linn.), defecated, gently
heated in glass or earthenware to 192° Fahr., then skimmed, cooled, and
filtered; a little rectified spirit is next added, and the following day
the whole is again filtered. It must be kept well corked, and in a cool
situation.
_Uses, &c._ Chiefly to make syrup of violets, to colour and flavour
liqueurs, and as a chemical test. The London druggists obtain it
principally from Lincolnshire.
=AN'THONY'S FIRE=, Saint (-to-n[)i]z). See ERYSIPELAS.
=ANTHOSENZ= (Dr Hess, Berlin). General tonic and anodyne balsam. Oil of
cloves, 4 parts; oil of geranium, 2 parts; pine-apple essence, 1 part;
spirit, 50 parts; coloured with alkanet root. (Hager.)
=AN'THOTYPE.= See PHOTOGRAPHY.
=ANTHRACENE.= C_{14}H_{10}. Anthracene is one of the last products passing
over in the dry distillation of coal-tar. Dr Calvert says it is "found
most abundantly in the ten or fifteen per cent. which comes over between
the temperature at which soft pitch is produced and that at which hard
pitch is formed."
Coal-tar contains very variable quantities of anthracene, those tars
procured from coals which are richest in naphtha yielding it most
abundantly. The coals of South Staffordshire give the largest yield,
whilst the Newcastle coals give very little. In consequence of the
solubility of anthracene in the oily hydrocarbons which accompany it,
owing to "slight elevation of temperature, its extraction can only be
carried on advantageously in cold weather."
Gessert prepares anthracene from coal-tar as follows: He places the last
pasty portions (the 'green grease') of the coal-tar distillation (which
must not be carried beyond the point at which white pitch is formed) first
in a centrifugal machine, and then in a hydraulic press at 40°, or
subjects the mass heated to 30°-40° directly to pressure in a filter
press. The pressed mass consists of about 60% of anthracene; for further
purification it is boiled with light tar-oil or petroleum naphtha, and
finally heated till it melts. The residue contains 95% of anthracene.
The following method for the purification of crude anthracene contaminated
with oily matters is by Schuller:--The crude anthracene is carefully
heated to commencing ebullition in a capacious retort connected with a
tubulated receiver of glass or earthenware, the lower aperture of which is
closed with a fine wire sieve. A strong current of air is then blown into
the retort with a pair of bellows, whereby the anthracene is driven over
in a very short time nearly pure and dry, and condenses in the receiver as
a faintly yellowish showy mass. By this method a quantity of anthracene,
the purification of which by re-crystallisation or sublimation would take
several days, may be purified in as many hours; moreover it is obtained in
a pulverulent form, in which it is very readily acted on by oxidising
agents. Anthraquinone prepared from crude anthracene may also be obtained
by this method in the form of a light yellow powder, resembling flowers of
sulphur.
Fritzsche obtained anthracene in crystals exhibiting a beautiful violet
colour by exposing a solution of anthracene in coal-tar naphtha to
sunshine, until the solution became colourless.
Pure anthracene assumes the form of fluorescent transparent crystals,
consisting of four- or six-sided plates, which when seen by transmitted
light are of a very pale blue colour, but of a pale violet by reflected
light.
The process for obtaining pure anthracene is a very troublesome one. Mr
Crookes says:--"A trustworthy method for determining the amount of pure
anthracene either in commercial anthracene or in crude green grease is the
following:--The melting-point of the sample in question is first
determined. 5 to 10 grammes are sufficient for the operation. It is put
between thick folds of blotting paper, and placed under a press, between
plates which have been previously warmed. The anthracene remaining upon
the paper after pressure is weighed. The residue after it has been boiled
with a certain quantity of alcohol, filtered, washed with cold alcohol and
dried, is weighed as pure anthracene. It is now advisable to determine the
melting-point of the purified product, which will generally be 210° C."
Anthracene is only slightly soluble in alcohol, but rather more so in
ether and bisulphide of carbon. It is more soluble in hot, but less so in
cold benzene. Petroleum boiling between 160° and 195° F. dissolves less
than benzene.
"Anthracene dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a green colour,
and forms conjugated monsulpho or bisulpho-anthracene acid, according to
the temperature employed. Chlorine and bromine give rise to substitution
products. Nitric acid acts on it with great violence, with formation of
anthraquinone, nitro-anthraquinone, and other compounds according to the
temperature and proportion of the substances taken. With picric acid
anthracene forms a compound crystallising in very bright ruby-red needles,
which by the aid of the microscope are seen to be prisms. To prepare it a
saturated solution of picric acid in water at 80° F. is mixed with a
saturated solution of anthracene in boiling alcohol; on cooling the
compound is deposited in the crystalline state. It is rapidly decomposed
by an excess of alcohol into picric acid and anthracene, the solution
assuming a yellow tint. This reaction can be employed to distinguish
anthracene from naphthalene and other hydrocarbons, naphthalin under
similar circumstances forming a compound which crystallises in fine golden
yellow needles, whilst chrysene gives rise to clusters of very small
yellow needles." (Calvert's 'Dyeing and Calico Printing,' edited by
Stenhouse and Groves). Another characteristic of anthracene, noticed by
Fritzsche, is its deportment under the microscope with a solution of
binitro-anthraquinone in benzene. In this reaction fine rhomboidal scales
of a beautiful pink colour are formed, the purity and brilliancy of the
colour depending on the purity of the anthracene.
In the 'Bul. Soc. Chim.,' vii, 274, several reactions by which anthracene
is formed are described by Berthelot, as by the action of heat on other
hydrocarbons, or by passing the vapours of ethylene, styrolene, and
benzene through a porcelain tube heated to bright redness.
A great number of products are procured from anthracene, by far the most
important of these being artificial alizarin.
See ALIZARIN, ARTIFICIAL.
=AN'THRACITE= (s[=i]te). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTHRAC'OLITE, GLANCE'-COAL,
STONE'-COAL[double-dagger], MINERAL CHAR'COAL*; ANTHRACI'TES, L.;
GLANZKOHLE, Ger. A species of coal found in the transition-rock formation,
consisting chiefly of dense carbon. It has a conchoidal fracture, a
semi-metallic lustre, and a sp. gr. usually varying from 1·4 to 1·6. It
burns without either flame or smoke, emits an intense heat, and leaves
scarcely any ash; but it is difficult to kindle, and requires a lively
draught for its combustion. It is the common fuel in the United States of
America, although, until recently, scarcely employed in Europe, and that
chiefly in a few iron works and steam furnaces. Its adoption in this
country would not merely at once remove the smoke nuisance, but would
produce a vast annual saving to the community. By contracting the throat
of the chimney a little, and avoiding the use of the poker, it may be
burnt in a common grate. The Americans use a little charcoal as kindle,
and seldom supply fresh coal to the fire oftener than once or twice a day.
The inferior varieties of anthracite are technically and provincially
called culm; as is also the small and waste of the better kinds.
For the analysis, geology, calorific value, &c., of anthracite, see COAL,
CULM, EVAPORATION, FUEL, HEAT, &c.
De la Beche describes Anthracite as "a variety of coal containing a larger
proportion of carbon, and less bituminous matter, than common coal."
In the 'Memoirs of the Geological Survey' we read:--"We see the same
series of coal beds becoming so altered in their horizontal range that a
set of beds _bituminous_ in one locality is observed gradually to change
into anthracitic in another. Taking the coal measures of South Wales and
Monmouthshire, we have a series of accumulations in which the coal-beds
become not only more anthracitic toward the west, but also exhibit this
change in a plane which may be considered as dipping south-south-east, at
a moderate angle, the amount of which is not yet clearly ascertained, so
that in the natural sections afforded, we have bituminous coals in the
high grounds and anthracite coals beneath. This fact is readily observed
either in the Neath or Swansea valleys, where we have bituminous coals on
the south and anthracite on the north; and more bituminous coal-beds on
the heights than beneath, some distance up these valleys, those of the
Nedd and Tawe. Though the terms bituminous coal and anthracite, have been
applied to marked differences, the changes are that there is no sudden
modification to be seen. To some of the intermediate kinds the term "free
burning" has been given, and thus three chief differences have been
recognised."
The term _Culm_ is applied both to an inferior kind of anthracite only
worked for lime-making and mixing with clay and to the small pieces of
anthracite obtained in working the beds of true anthracite. It is also
known under the names of _Blind-coal_, _Glance-coal_, and _Kilkenny-coal_.
There are three distinct trades in anthracite. The first one is that where
the coal is sold just as it is brought from the pit. This is termed
_Through Culm_, and is used for lime-burning. This coal is inferior in
quality to that from which the large coal has been removed, and is
sometimes called _Bastard Stone-coal_. The trade in the Neath district is
exclusively of this kind. In Swansea and Llanelly it is partly of this
kind and partly of the kind where the large coal is picked out and sold as
_stone-coal_ for the various purposes to which that coal is put, the small
pieces being left for shipment to places where it is required for
lime-burning, under the name of _stone-coal culm_. No "through culm" is
shipped from Pembrokeshire. Four thousand tons almost in the condition of
dust are annually shipped from Swansea, under the name of _Lambskin_,
being sent to Cardiganshire, where it is used solely for mixing with clay.
This mixture, which is known under the name of _Fireballs_, is used for
household purposes. This mixture, made of the ordinary _stone-coal culm_,
is also in very general use throughout parts of Pembrokeshire and
Carmarthenshire.
Anthracite coal is found in this country at Bideford in Devonshire, at
Walsall in Staffordshire, in the western divisions of the South Wales
coalfield, in Ireland, and near Edinburgh. It is very abundant in America.
In the 'Transactions of the American Geologists' it is stated by Professor
Roger that in the great Apalachian coal-field, 720 miles in extent, with a
chief breadth of 180 miles, the coal is bituminous towards the western
limit, where it is level and unbroken, becoming anthracite towards the
south-west, where it becomes disturbed. Anthracite coal is also found in
the coal-measures of France, more particularly in the departments of
Isère, the high Alps, Gard, Mayenne, and of Sarth. About 42,271,000
kilogrammes (of 22,046 avoirdupois pounds each) form the annual yield.
Anthracite is also obtained in Belgium. "Anthracite is not an original
variety of coal, but a modification of the same beds which remain
bituminous in other parts of the region. Anthracite beds, therefore, are
not separate deposits in another sea, nor coal-measures in another area,
nor interpolations among bituminous coal; but the bituminous beds
themselves altered into a natural coke, from which the volatile bituminous
oils and gases have been driven off."--_Lesley on Coal_.
------------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+------
Locality. | Name of Coal. |Carbon.|Volatile|Ashes.
| | |matter. |
------------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+------
| _Bituminous_. | | |
| | | |
Birtley Works, | | | |
Newcastle-on-Tyne | | 60·50 | 35·50 | 4·00
Alfreton, Derbyshire | | 52·46 | 42·50 | 2·04
| | | |
| _Anthracite_. | | |
| | | |
Neath Abbey |Pwlferon Vein, | 91·08 | 8·00 | 0·92
| 5th bed | | |
Swansea |Peacock Coal | 89·00 | 7·50 | 3·50
Ystalyfera |Brass Vein | 92·46 | 6·04 | 1·50
Cwm Neath |Nine-feet Vein | 93·12 | 5·22 | 1·50
France |Anthracite, common | 79·15 | 7·35 |13·25
" |Côte-d'Or | 82·60 | 8·60 | 8·80
" |Mais Saize | 83·80 | 7·50 | 9·50
Pennsylvania |Beaver Meadow | 92·30 | 6·42 | 1·28
" |Shenoweth Vein | 94·10 | 1·40 | 4·50
" |Black Spring Gap | 80·57 | 7·15 | 3·28
" |Nealey's Tunnel | 89·20 | 5·40 | 5·40
Massachusetts |Mansfield Mine | 97·00 | 10·50 | 3·00
Rhode Island |Portsmouth Mine | 85·84 | 10·50 | 3·66
Westphalia |Shafberg, | 82·02 | 8·69 | 9·29
| Alexander Seam | | |
------------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+------
Anthracite, the exclusive employment of which is for iron-making, steam
engines, and for domestic uses in the United States, was some 60 years
since regarded as incombustible refuse, and as such looked upon as rubbish
and thrown away.
The foregoing analyses of bituminous and anthracite coals will
sufficiently show the difference between the two.
_Principal Localities of Anthracite and
Anthracitous Coal._
Weight
Specific of a
EUROPE. Gravity. cubic yard
in lbs.
South Wales--Swansea 1·263 2131
Cyfarthfa 1·337 2256
Ynscedwin 1·354 2284
Average 1·445 2278
Ireland--Mean 1·445 2376
France--Allier 1·380 2207
Tantal 1·390 2283
Brassac 1·430 2413
Belgium--Mons 1·307 2105
Westphalia 1·305 2278
Prussian Saxony 1·466 2474
Saxony 1·300 2193