Notices for alterations under the 69th, 70th, and 71st sections,
directions under the 73rd section, and orders under the 74th section of
the said Towns Improvement Clauses Act, may, at the option of the urban
authority, be served on owners instead of occupiers, or on owners as well
as occupiers, and the cost of works done under any of these sections may,
when notices have been so served on owners, be recovered from owners
instead of occupiers; and when such cost is recovered from occupiers, so
much thereof may be deducted from the rent of the premises where the work
is done as is allowed in the case of private rates under the Act.
=AC'TUAL.= Real, effectual, absolute; as opposed to that which is merely
virtual or potential. In _surgery_, a red-hot iron, or any other heated
body, used as a cautery, is termed the ACTUAL CAUTERY; whilst a caustic or
escharotic so employed is called the POTENTIAL CAUTERY.
=ACTUAL CAUTERY.= See ACTUAL.
=ACUTE'.= _Syn._ ACUT'US, L.; AIGU, Fr.; HEFTIG, HITZIG, SPITZIG, Ger.
Sharp, pointed, sensitive. Applied to the senses, as acute hearing,
eyesight, &c. In _pathology_, diseases exhibiting violent symptoms, and
whose course is short, are said to be acute diseases.
=ADAPTER.= In _chemistry_, a tube placed between two vessels (commonly a
retort and receiver) for the purpose of uniting them or increasing the
distance between them, so as to facilitate the condensation of vapour in
distillation. (See _figure._)
[Illustration]
=ADDER'S TONGUE.= _Syn._ COMMON ADDER'S TONGUE; OPHIOGLOS'SUM VULGA'TUM,
Linn. A perennial plant, of the natural order Filices (DC.), growing wild
in England. It is found in our woods and pastures, and flowers in May and
June. It was once used to form a celebrated traumatic or vulnerary
ointment and is still highly esteemed among rustic herbalists.
=ADEPS.= _Syn._ LARD. See ADEPS PRÆPARATUS, FAT, and LARD.
=ADEPS BENZOATUS.= _Syn._ BENZOATED LARD.
=ADEPS PRÆPARATUS.= _Syn._ AXUNGE; PREPARED LARD.
=ADHE'SION= (-h[=e]-zhün). _Syn._ ADHÆ'SIO, L.; ADHESION, Fr.; ANHÄNGUNG,
ARXLEBUNG, Ger. The act or state of sticking or being united.
=Adhesion.= In _physics_, the force with which bodies remain attached to
each other when brought into contact; _e.g._, ink adheres to paper, paint
adheres to wood, &c. It differs from 'cohesion' in representing the force
with which different bodies cling together; whereas cohesion is the force
which unites the particles of a homogeneous body with each other, _e.g._,
particles of iron cohere and form a mass of iron; particles of water
cohere and form a mass of water, &c.
=Adhesion.= In _pathology_, the morbid union, from inflammation, of parts
normally contiguous but not adherent.
=Adhesion.= In _surgery_, the reunion of divided parts, by the adhesive
inflammation; as when incised wounds heal by what is termed the 'first
intention.'
=ADHE'SIVE.= _Syn._ ADHÆSI'VUS, L.; ADHÉSIF, Fr.; ADHÄSIVE, VERWACHSEND,
Ger. In _pharmacy_, &c., having the quality or property of sticking or
adhering. Hence adhe'siveness.
=AD'IPOCERE= (-s[=e]re). _Syn._ GRAVE-WAX[double-dagger]; ADIPOCE''RA, L.;
ADIPOCIRE, Fr.; FETEWACHS, Ger. A substance resembling a mixture of fat
and wax, resulting from the decomposition of the flesh of animals in moist
situations, or under water. It is chiefly margarate of ammonium. Lavoisier
proposed to produce this substance artificially, for the purposes of the
arts. Attempts have since been made to convert the dead bodies of cattle
(carrion) into adipocere, for the purposes of the candle-maker and the
soap-boiler, but without success. Besides, dead animal matter can be
worked up more profitably than in making artificial adipocere.
Hatchettine or rock-fat is sometimes called 'adipocere'; and bog-butter is
a substance nearly similar to it.
=AD'JECTIVE.= _Syn._ ADJECTI'VUS, L.; ADJECTIF, Fr. In _dyeing_, depending
on another, or on something else; applied to those colours which require a
base or mordant to render them permanent. See DYEING.
=AD'JUVANT.= [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ AD'JUVANS, L.; AIDANT, &c., Fr. Assistant;
helping. (As a substantive--) In _prescriptions_, see PRESCRIBING (Art
of).
=ADULTERATION.= Strictly speaking, this term ought only to be applied to
the practice of adding substances to articles of commerce, food or drink,
for the purposes of deception or gain, but a wider interpretation is
frequently placed on the word than the definition given by magistrates and
analysts, these latter often regarding accidental impurity, or even, in
some instances, actual substitution as acts of adulteration.
The following definition of an adulterated substance has been adopted by
the Society of Public Analysts--