equipped with a mold, the cap of which is thicker than the standard,
also the universal knife block. When using the figures, which can
be cast at any place in the line, open the knife so the figure will
pass through without being trimmed. Leave space on the next line to
support the overhang. Close the knife so the slug will be trimmed.
The grooves in this mold being ground parallel, the slug that is not
trimmed will lock up without tipping against the one that is trimmed.
MAKING MACHINE CHANGES
When it is desired to change the size of type and measure on the
linotype a definite procedure should be followed. There are eight
distinct operations in making a complete change from one size to
another. By following the same order each time there is less danger
of forgetting one or more changes, which may cause damage to the
machine. Any one of the eight changes can be made independent of the
other, but the habit formed by always keeping in the same order is a
good one.
The suggested order of changes is as follows:
1. Change the _mold liners_. This is done when it is desired to
change the _length_ or _thickness_ of the slug.
2. Change the _ejector blade_. This is done when the _length_ of
the slug is changed. A blade six points in thickness will work on
any thickness slug six points or above.
3. Change the side _trimming knives_. This change must be made when
the _thickness_ of the line is changed.
4. Change the left hand _vise jaw_. This must be changed when the
_length_ of the line is changed.
5. Change the _assembler slide_. This must be changed when the
_length_ of the line is changed.
6. Change the line delivery slide _long finger_. This must be
changed when the _length_ of the line is changed.
7. Change the _magazine_. This is to be changed when a different
_size_ or _font_ of type is desired.
8. Change the _font distinguisher_. This must be changed if the
_point size_ of matrices is changed.
CARE OF THE MACHINE
The following schedule of work should be performed on each machine
in a shop or school, in regular periods as indicated by the caption
under which each item is listed.
In a school where each student is to care for a certain machine, the
various operations should be performed at a certain specified time,
all students working on the same schedule at one time.
In a shop where machinists do this work it will be necessary to form
a regular routine including all the items of the working schedule, so
that each machine will receive its proper care at a certain specified
time. Of course it will be necessary to distribute this work so
that it will not interfere with the productive time of the machine
and so that the machinists can have time to care for the ordinary
machine troubles as they occur during the productive time. Much of
the regular care of the machines can be done by helpers outside the
hours when the operators are at work. In making such a schedule, each
machine should be listed, by number, for certain operations each
day. In this way it will be a simple matter for the head machinist
to check up on the work, for by referring to the schedule he can
determine what work should be performed on each machine for any
particular day. Of course, the schedule must vary in minor points in
various shops, due to climatic conditions. Dirt is the chief offender
in causing machine trouble, therefore the cleanliness of the building
in which the machines are located will very frequently cause a
variation in the working schedule.
The following schedule will be found sufficient for the average
linotype and if followed efficiently, will keep the machine in “pink
of condition.”
DAILY OPERATIONS
Wipe off the dust from the machine frame—the front, back, vise
frame, underneath the pot, top of magazine, etc., using a rag and
brush. With bellows or air hose, blow the dust out of the assembling
elevator, keyboard, main drive cams, and all other places not reached
with a brush, excepting the metal pot.
Clean the mold disk. Use a brass rule and rag. Remove all metal from
the face and back of the mold, scraping the metal loose with the
brass rule and wiping with a rag. Remove all metal from behind the
mold disk.
Wipe off the mouthpiece with a rag, and scratch out the cross vents
with a sharpened brass rule if they are filled or corroded.
Lubricate the locking studs. Put a small amount of graphite and cup
grease mixture on the mold-disk locking studs.
Inspect the mold wipers. Examine the front and back mold wipers; see
that they are in working condition. A small amount of graphite and
cup grease mixture should be applied to the back mold wiper. For the
front mold wiper, wet the pieces of felt in gasoline and then apply
graphite until well saturated.
Inspect the knife wiper. See that it works freely up and down.
Straighten or replace flag, if needed.
Inspect the pump stop lever. See that it is working.
Inspect the vise-automatic dog. See that the vise-automatic dog
and the stop rod are free from metal and that they move without
interference.
Apply graphite. With a very small amount of graphite on a magazine
brush, rub the following:
1. Line delivery channel.
2. First elevator jaws.
3. Front side of the intermediate bar in the elevator slide top
guide.
4. Slideway of the delivery.
5. Transfer-slide slideway.
6. Distributor-shifter slideway.
7. Top and front edge of the second elevator bar plate.
8. Second elevator upper guide.
9. Back and side of the second elevator lower guide.
Clean the plunger and metal pot. Clean the plunger in the cleaning
box. Use a well-brush in the well. Open the holes on the side of the
well, using the hook of the pot mouth-wiper. Skim the dross from the
pot.
Clean the spacebands on a smooth board, using graphite. See that no
metal adheres to the spaceband sleeve, and that the dark spot on the
sleeve is removed.
Repair damaged matrices and spacebands.
* * * * *
WEEKLY OPERATIONS
Clean the distributor screws. Also clean the bearings of all surplus
oil.
Clean the surface of the main driving cams thoroughly.
Test the vise-automatic. See that the vise-automatic stops the
machine if the first elevator does not descend the full distance.
Oil the machine. Put oil in all oil holes, using it sparingly in
the places where there is not much wear. Parts subjected to heat
should have plenty of oil. Wipe off all overflow oil with a rag while
oiling. A drop or two in oil holes is sufficient for most of the
holes. The late model machines will have grease cups instead of oil
cups. If there is plenty of grease in the cup, give it a turn. Put a
small amount of dry graphite in the various slideways.
Note—While oiling give the machine a good general inspection. Watch
for any loose parts or loose screws.
Test assembler measures.
Examine star wheel. Replace if necessary.
Polish magazines.
Measure thickness and height of slugs.
* * * * *
MONTHLY OPERATIONS
Clean the magazine and matrices.
Take out all matrices which have the lugs sheared or damaged too much
for good use.
Take a matrix proof. This is done by running out all the matrices of
each character and casting them on a slug. Then take a proof.
Remove the main driving clutch, and clean the inner surface of the
pulley and the leather buffers on the clutch shoes.
Clean the surface of the keyboard rollers with soap and water.
Sandpaper them if needed.
Examine gas burners. Clean if necessary.
Clean assembler plate and slide.
Clean distributor box.
Clean and dress commutator.
Clean magnetic thermometer contact points on electric pots.
MECHANICAL TERMS
Adjusting Screw—A screw for taking up wear, or for shifting the
position of some movable piece.
Bushing—(1) A lining, usually of metal, for a hole. (2) A tube for
insertion into an opening to reduce the effective diameter.
Cam—A non-circular or eccentric rotating piece, often of irregular
outline and giving motion that is irregular in direction, rate, or
time.
Clutch—A power-transmitting device operating by friction or
interlocking, for securing or breaking rotative continuity, as
between two shafts or a pulley and a shaft.
Collar—An annular enlargement of a shaft or axle, usually at or near
the end.
Cotter Pin—A split pin for insertion in the slot of a bolt to prevent
it being drawn.
Detent—A stop or checking device, as a pin, lever, etc.
Dowel—A pin or peg, usually cylindrical, for joining together two
adjacent parts.
Escapement—A mechanical device used for securing a uniform movement.
Gear—Any set of appliances as of cog wheels, serving to transmit
motion.
Gib—A wedge-shaped or other piece of metal that holds another in
place or presses two pieces together.
Link—Any intermediate rod or piece for transmitting force or motion,
especially a short connecting rod with a bearing at each end.
Pawl—A hinged or pivoted piece, having a point, edge, or hook made
to engage with ratchet teeth, as for driving a rachet-wheel, or
preventing reverse motion; a click, detent, or ratchet.
Pinion—A toothed wheel driving or driven by a large cog wheel.
Segment—A geared wheel, cam, or pulley, the outline or efficient
working surface of which is a section of the whole circle.
Slide—A sliding part of a machine or implement.
Slideway—A lengthwise bearing on which a piece may slide.
Stud—(1) A pin having a large round head. (2) A short bolt having a
shoulder.
Turnbuckle—A form of coupling so threaded or swiveled that when
connecting lengthwise two metal rods, it may be turned so as to
regulate the length or tension of the connected parts.
THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW
Do not forget to form a regular schedule for the care of the machine.
Model 5 magazines are interchangeable with models 4, 8, 14, 18, 19,
and 14-s-k.
When using any font over 14-point it is necessary to have the machine
equipped with headletter or special advertising figure attachment.
Advertising figures can only be cast on machines that have the
universal knife block.
For two-line advertising figures, use 14-point figures with 6-point
type; 18-point figures with 8-point type; 24-point figures with
10-point type.
To pull out mold slide on machine equipped with universal mold slide,
disconnect the link from the lever.
Do not open the vise when the mold slide is forward on the locking
studs.
Hair lines are usually caused by a collection of metal on the
spacebands, breaking the walls of the matrix.
Removing metal from the first elevator with a screwdriver will damage
the elevator.
Heating metal on the mold or disk with a burner will ruin the mold or
disk.
Without disconnecting the connecting link the vise can not be lowered
to the second position unless the first elevator is resting on the
vise cap. When lowering, pull out on the slide to prevent breaking
the eyebolt.
Eleven-point is the largest font that can be used in the model “K.”
Oil on the buffers will cause the main friction clutch to slip.
The assembler slide brake pawl is for the purpose of loosening a
tight line so as to remove a matrix from the assembling elevator, not
to put in one more.
When metal gets into the mold cap screw in the mold disk after a
squirt, do not hammer the metal with a screwdriver. To do so merely
drives the metal tighter in the threads of the screw hole. Gouge the
metal out with a knife a little at a time.
Most machine troubles are caused by dirt. Keep the machine clean.
Do not change adjustments every time something goes wrong. Be sure
you _know_ what is wrong before attempting to fix a trouble. Trace
all troubles to their source before attempting a remedy.
One important point that should be watched is that in oiling any
part of the machine which comes in contact with the matrices, no oil
should be allowed to accumulate where it is liable to find its way on
to the matrices.
Clean the machine whenever necessary—otherwise let it alone. Be sure
that any new inventions of your own are good before applying them. Do
not take off parts unnecessarily. The less you dismantle a machine,
the more success you will have with it. But keep it clean.
A large number of matrices and spacebands are lost by being swept
up with the metal around the machine, and thrown in the remelting
furnace. Matrices should always be picked up when dropped. A good
plan is to have the person who sweeps up the metal to throw it in
a special pile. It is very easy then for someone to look through
the pile carefully, under good light, and find the matrices and
spacebands that have been overlooked while sweeping. Matrices which
have gone through a remelting furnace are usually no good for further
use.
Small job fonts can be used conveniently and economically on any
class of job work where only a few lines of display are required
or in recasting for duplicate forms. These small job fonts may be
carried in special trays and they can be procured either to run pi or
run in the regular or auxiliary magazine.
Brass hair spaces, very thin spaces, grading in .001 of an inch
from .007 to .024 can be obtained. These spaces do not run in the
magazine, but drop in the tray under the second elevator transfer.
They are very handy for closely-spaced lines or for lines where it is
desired to letterspace.
The machine may be driven from any shaft having a uniform speed of
rotation or by individual motor. A machine requires one-fourth horse
power but a motor slightly in excess of this should be used. These
motors can be belt driven or connected directly to the machine by
gear. The speed of the machine should be uniform at all times, for
fluctuations will interfere with the operation and tend to reduce the
output and cause machine troubles.
To ascertain the size of the pulley required on the driving shaft,
multiply the diameter of the main driving pulley on the machine
(14½”) by the number of revolutions desired and divide the product by
the revolutions of the driving (or motor) shaft. The quotient will be
the diameter of the pulley required.
MICROMETER CALIPER
The chief mechanical principle embodied in the construction of a
micrometer is that of a screw free to move in a fixed nut. The
spindle of the micrometer is attached to the thimble at the top
point, and extends downward through the inside of the sleeve; the
thimble extending downward on the outside of the sleeve. The part of
the spindle, which is concealed within the sleeve and thimble, is
threaded to fit a nut in the frame of the micrometer. The pitch of
the screw threads on the concealed part of the spindle are 40 to the
inch. Therefore one complete revolution of the spindle draws it back
1/40, or .025, of an inch.
The sleeve is marked with 40 lines to the inch, corresponding to the
number of threads on the spindle. When the spindle is down against
the anvil, the beveled edge of the thimble coincides with the lone
0 on the sleeve, and the 0 line on the thimble coincides with the
horizontal line on the sleeve. By turning the knurled thimble with
the thumb and finger until the 0 line on the thimble again agrees
with the horizontal line on the sleeve, the distance between the
anvil and the bottom point of the spindle will be 1/40, or .025 of
an inch, and the beveled edge of the thimble will coincide with the
second vertical line on the sleeve. Each vertical line on the sleeve
indicates a distance of 1/40, or .025 of an inch. Every fourth line
on the sleeve is made longer than the others, and is numbered 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, etc., up to 0 or the capacity of the micrometer. Each
numbered line indicates a distance of four times 1/40 of an inch, or
1/10.
The beveled edge of the thimble is marked in twenty-five divisions,
and every fifth line is numbered from 0 to 25. Turning the spindle
from one of these marks to the next indicates that the spindle has
been moved 1/25 of .025, or one-thousandth of an inch.
Hold the frame stationary and revolve the thimble with the thumb and
finger. The spindle, being attached to the thimble, revolves with
it, and moves through the nut in the frame, approaching or receding
from the anvil. The measurement of the opening between the anvil and
the spindle is shown by the lines and figures on the sleeve and the
thimble.
To read the micrometer, place the object to be measured on the anvil,
turning the thimble up or down until it touches the object lightly.
Multiply the amount of vertical divisions visible on the sleeve by 25
and add the number of divisions on the bevel of the thimble from 0 to
the line which coincides with the horizontal line on the sleeve.
For example, if there are 5 divisions visible on the sleeve and six
lines showing on the thimble, multiply 5 by 25, and add 6. Total .131
of an inch.
THE POINT SYSTEM
Some time prior to the year 1450 Gutenberg invented the casting
of metal type in molds. As the art of printing advanced, many new
sizes were cast, but no attempt was made to cast them with a uniform
gradation in size and it was difficult to build up one size of body
to equal another; that is, justify them.
To obviate this, Fournier, in 1737, advocated a method of casting
type according to some unit. The size known as pica was in use in
various countries in Europe, and was considered a standard size.
Taking the pica as a basis he divided it into twelve parts, each of
which he called a point. He chose one-twelfth of a pica as the unit
because there existed five sizes of type between pica and nonpareil.
As nonpareil was just half the size of pica, this made the succession
of sizes seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven points, any of which
could be justified with another by the use of material made to the
same unit.
The United States Typefounders’ Association finally adopted it in
1887. It is the only system in use in first-class offices today.
It is popularly supposed that six picas equal one inch. This is
approximately so, but not absolutely, for six picas measure but
.99648 of an inch. The American pica runs about three points less
than 72 lines to the foot. Its actual measurement is .16608 of an
inch. One-twelfth of this, or one point, is, therefore .01384 of an
inch.
When calculating the amount of type contained in any piece of
composed matter, it is measured up in ems, and this em, or unit, is
the em of the body.
The square of each size of type is called the em of that body. Thus,
the em of six-point is six points square; the em of eight-point is
eight points square; and so on.
EMS TO RUNNING INCH
In estimating the amount of matter set, the following table of
type measurement will be found useful. It shows the number of ems
in a running inch, in columns from 10 to 30 picas wide, in seven
different sizes of type. The figures across the top denote the
width of page or column in picas, and the figures below denote the
number of ems to the column inch in the various sizes designated in
the column to the left.
WIDTH OF COLUMNS IN PICAS
========+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====
| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| 19| 20
--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
6 point| 240| 264| 288| 312| 336| 360| 384| 408| 432| 456| 480
7 point| 177| 194| 212| 229| 247| 265| 282| 300| 318| 335| 353
8 point| 135| 148| 162| 175| 189| 202| 216| 229| 243| 256| 270
9 point| 107| 117| 128| 139| 149| 160| 171| 181| 192| 203| 213
10 point| 86| 95| 104| 112| 121| 129| 138| 147| 155| 164| 173
11 point| 71| 79| 86| 93| 100| 107| 114| 121| 128| 136| 143
12 point| 60| 66| 72| 78| 84| 90| 96| 102| 108| 114| 120
========+=====+====+====+===+====+====+====+====+====+====+====
========+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====
| 21| 22| 23| 24| 25| 26| 27| 28| 29| 30
--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
6 point| 504| 528| 552| 576| 600| 624| 648| 672| 696| 720
7 point| 371| 388| 406| 424| 441| 459| 477| 494| 512| 529
8 point| 283| 297| 310| 324| 337| 351| 364| 378| 391| 405
9 point| 224| 235| 246| 256| 267| 277| 288| 299| 309| 320
10 point| 181| 190| 199| 207| 216| 225| 233| 242| 250| 259
11 point| 150| 157| 164| 171| 178| 185| 192| 200| 207| 214
12 point| 126| 132| 138| 144| 150| 156| 162| 168| 174| 180
========+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====
#/
TEST QUESTIONS
LIST NO. I
1. Describe the keyboard and magazine escapement action on models 5
and 8.
2. How is the rubber roll taken out and cleaned? Why does the
rubber roll shaft have a friction drive?
3. How are the keyboard cam frames taken off?
4. How are the keyboard cams cleaned and oiled?
5. Describe how to take a keyboard off and clean it? Explain in
detail.
6. How is a single cam taken out on an old style keyboard cam yoke
frame?
7. How is a single cam taken out on the new style keyboard cam yoke
frame?
8. What should be done to the triggers before replacing the cam
frame? Explain why.
9. State the causes of more than one matrix dropping, or “running
away.”
10. What are the causes of matrices failing to respond to the touch
of the keys?
LIST NO. II
11. How is a verge on a Model 5 removed and a new one put in? On a
Model 8?
12. What operations are gone through to change a magazine on a
Model 5? A Model 8? Give them in the proper order. How to change the
middle magazine on a Model 8?
13. How is the matrix belt adjusted? What is the difference between
the matrix delivery belts on the different models?
14. What adjustments should be made on the assembling elevator, the
assembler slide brake and the chute spring?
15. What is the purpose of the assembler star wheel friction? What
must be done to keep it working properly?
16. What gives the line-delivery slide its motion when delivering a
line? What controls the speed and how is it adjusted?
17. What releases the line-delivery slide? How is it adjusted?
18. What returns the line-delivery slide to normal position? How is
it adjusted on both old and new styles?
19. How is the line-delivery slide adjusted when delivering a line?
20. What is meant by “cleaning spacebands,” and how should they be
cleaned?
LIST NO. III
21. Explain how a spaceband is constructed? How should a spaceband
be placed in a line. Why?
22. How is the spaceband box removed? Explain in detail.
23. What will cause spacebands not to respond?
24. How do the spaceband box pawls get their motion to release the
spacebands? Explain in detail.
25. How are the spaceband box pawls adjusted?
26. What prevents the release of two spacebands at one time? How is
it adjusted?
27. Describe how the thermostat controls the temperature of the
metal, and how it is adjusted.
28. Describe how the metal is heated in an electric pot. How is the
heat controlled in the various heating units of an electric pot?
29. What care does the electric pot and controller require?
30. What care does the mold require? How would you replace the mold
in the disk after having it off?
LIST NO. IV
31. At what temperature should the metal be kept?
32. What happens when too much metal is in the pot?
33. What does a slug show when the metal is too hot?
34. What does the slug show when the metal is too cold?
35. What does a smooth, bright bottom on a slug indicate?
36. What are some of the causes of a defective face?
37. How should the mouthpiece be cared for?
38. How is the mouthpiece removed on the wedge style crucible?
Screw style models?
39. How is a “stuck” plunger taken out and cleaned?
40. How is the metal pot adjusted? Give all adjustments.
LIST NO. V
41. Explain the gas pressure controller.
42. Explain thoroughly the care of the gas burner.
43. What will cause matrix ears to bend in the distributor box?
44. How is the distributor box lift adjusted?
45. What causes matrices to clog in the distributor box and how are
they removed?
46. What will cause two matrices to lift at one time in the
distributor box?
47. What will cause matrices to fall in the wrong channel of the
magazine, and what is the remedy?
48. Describe the mechanism which drives the distributor screws?
49. Explain the construction and action of the distributor spiral
automatic.
50. How is the first elevator adjusted? Give all the adjustments.
LIST NO. VI
51. How is the first elevator connecting link constructed? How is
it adjusted, and what is the object of the adjustment?
52. What is the purpose of the pump stop? Explain the action and
adjustment of the pump stop.
53. What is the purpose of the first elevator line stop? How is
it replaced and adjusted?
54. Explain the construction of the first elevator two-letter jaws,
and how it sometimes prevents the elevator going high enough to
allow the line to transfer after having a squirt.
55. How should the metal be removed from the first elevator jaw
after having a squirt?
56. What part of the first elevator should be kept perfectly clean
and free from oil?
57. What action has the recasting block on the first elevator?
58. Describe how a one-letter line is recast.
59. Describe how a two-letter line is recast.