[1] Eudaemon was a Cretan, Rosweyd a Dutch, Jesuit; Schoppe, a German
philologist and critic.
CASCADE MOUNTAINS, a continuation northward of the Sierra Nevada, some
500 m. across the states of Oregon and Washington, U.S.A., into British
Columbia. In American territory the range lies from 100 to 150 m. from
the coast. The Cascades are separated on the S. from the Sierras by deep
valleys near Mt. Shasta in California, while on the N., somewhat below
the international boundary of 49 deg. N., they approach the northern
Rockies, mingling with these in inextricable confusion, although their
name is given also to the much-broken, river-dissected, central mountain
plateau that crosses British Columbia from S.E. to N.W. Geologically the
Sierras and Cascades are very different, though their exact relations
are not yet clearly determined; topographically they are also different.
The Cascades are in general a comparatively low, broad mass surmounted
by a number of imposing peaks in Oregon and Washington. Especially north
of the Columbia river, the range widens out into a plateau. There are no
notable elevations in British Columbia. Evidences of volcanic activity
in comparatively recent geologic time are abundant throughout the length
of the range, and all the highest summits are volcanic cones, covered
with snow fields and, in a number of instances, with glaciers. The
grandest peaks are Shasta (14,380 ft.) at the southern end, and Rainier
(or Tacoma, 14,363 ft.) in Washington, two of the most magnificent
mountains of America. Other notable summits are Mt. Pitt (9760), Mt.
Scott (9122), Diamond Peak (8807), Mt. Thielsen (9250), Mt. Jefferson
(10,200) and Mt. Hood (11,225), in Oregon; and Stuart (9470), St Helens
(10,000), Baker (10,827) and Adams (12,470), in Washington. The Fraser
river in the far north, the Columbia at the middle, and the Klamath in
the south cut athwart the range to the Pacific, and many minor streams
descend the range to swell their waters, while some drain directly from
the flanks of the mountains into Puget Sound and Gray's Harbor. The
Columbia has cut almost to the sea-level through the great mountain
mass, the Dalles being only about 100 ft. above the sea. It is to the
Cascades of the tremendous rapids at this point that the mountains owe
their name. The slopes of the Cascades, particularly on the west, which
has a very much moister climate than the eastern slope, are clothed with
magnificent forests, chiefly of coniferous evergreens: firs, pine,
tamarack and cedar. The Douglas fir, the "Oregon pine" of commerce,
often attaining a height of 250 ft., is one of the most beautiful trees
in the world. There are also a variety of deciduous trees, but in the
aggregate they are unimportant. In 1910 the mountain forests were
largely included in ten national forest reserves, with a total area of
nearly 16,000,000 acres, extending from the northern boundary of
Washington to the southern boundary of Oregon. The magnificent forest
cloak, splendid peaks, great open mountain plateau pastures, and
exquisite lakes embosomed in mountain fastnesses and forest gloom, give
variety to the scenery, which is often grand, and throughout the range
indescribably beautiful, though perhaps not equal to the Sierra Nevada
in splended light and colour. Large game--deer, bears, mountain sheep
and goats, wolves and panthers--still abound. Two great railway systems,
the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific, cross the Cascades through
noteworthy tunnels; that on the former line is 2-1/2 m. long, that on
the latter a little less than 2 m.
See OREGON and WASHINGTON; also G.O. Smith and F.C. Calkins, _A
Geological Reconnaissance across the Cascade Range near the
Forty-Ninth Parallel_ (Washington, D.C., 1904), being U.S. Geological
Survey Bulletin 253.
CASE, JOHN (d. 1600), English Aristotelian scholar and physician, was
born at Woodstock. He was educated at Oxford, and elected to a
fellowship at St John's College, which he was obliged to resign in
consequence of his Roman Catholic sympathies. He subsequently opened a
philosophical school in Oxford, which was largely attended. He enjoyed a
great reputation as a logician and dialectician, and was in addition an
authority on music and a distinguished physician. He is described as "a
man of an innocent, meek, religious and studious life," an agreeable
conversationalist, an enthusiastic teacher, and a great favourite with
his pupils. Most of his works were commentaries on various treatises of
Aristotle (_Organon, Ethics, Politics, Oeconomics, Physics_) under
curious titles; they enjoyed a large circulation during his time, and
were frequently reprinted. He was also the author of _The Praise of
Musicke_ (1586), dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh.
CASE. (1) (From Lat. _casus_, that which falls or happens; _cadere_, to
fall), a word used in various senses traceable to the derivation. In
grammar, the "cases" are the various forms in the declension of a noun,
adjective or pronoun, the Latin word being a translation of the Greek
[Greek: ptosis], falling, applied by Aristotle to the variations from
the simple form of the word, whether noun, verb or adjective (of which
the adverb would be a [Greek: ptosis]). Later grammarians confined the
term to nouns, and included the nominative. In law, "case" is the common
term for a cause or suit brought before a court of justice. Certain
particular legal usages may also be noted. _Action on the case_ means an
action for the recovery of damages for an injury to the person or
property, where the act done was not immediately injurious (see
CONTRACT; TORT). A _case stated_ is a statement of facts drawn up by one
court for the opinion of another on a point of law. A _special case_ is
a statement of facts agreed to on behalf of two or more litigant
parties, and submitted for the opinion of a court of justice as to the
law bearing upon the facts so stated. A _leading case_ is a decision
which settles some point of importance. In the legal systems of the
United Kingdom and of the United States decided cases are considered
authoritative for courts of at least equal jurisdiction with those in
which the judgments were given, but on the continent of Europe the rule
is, following that of the Roman law, that they are instructive but not
authoritative.
(2) (O. Fr. _casse_, mod. _chasse_, Lat. _capsa_, from _capere_, to
hold; cf. "cash"), a box, sheath or covering. The term is applied to the
natural protective covering of seed-vessels, and of a pupa or chrysalis.
It is also used of a box containing instruments, pistols, swords, &c.,
and sometimes of the contents. In building, a "case" is the facing where
the backing may be of inferior material; the framework in which a window
or door is hung; or the wall surrounding a stair, "staircase" properly
signifying the whole structure of walls and stairs. In bookbinding, a
"case" means the boards and back in which the books are bound; and in
typography, the tray, divided into partitions, containing the type ready
for the compositor's use.
CASEMATE (Ital. _casa_, a house, and _matta_, dull or dim), an armoured
vault or chamber, or in field fortification, a bombproof shelter; in
architecture, a hollow moulding, chiefly employed in cornices.
CASEMENT (from a Lat. form _casamentum_), in architecture, a frame in
wood or metal, which holds the glass of a window, and is hung by hinges
either at the top, bottom or sides.
CASERTA, a town and episcopal see of Campania, Italy, the capital of the
province of Caserta, situated 21 m. N. by E. of Naples by rail via
Accerra, and 23 m. via Aversa. Pop. (1901) town, 19,180; commune,
33,373. The modern town (229 ft.) was a mere village belonging to the
Caetani family of Sermoneta, who were counts of Caserta, until its
purchase from them by Charles IV. of Naples, and the erection of the
royal palace, begun by Luigi Vanvitelli (van Wittel) in 1752, but not
completed until 1774 for Charles's son Ferdinand IV. It forms a
rectangle, the south front being 830 ft. long and 134 ft. high, with 37
windows in each storey. The interior is richly decorated with marbles,
almost all of which, except the white Carrara marble, are Neapolitan or
Sicilian. The staircase, the chapel and the theatre are especially
sumptuous. The extensive gardens which occupy the hillside behind the
palace are adorned with fountains and cascades; the botanical garden
contains many trees from northern climates. Two miles north is S.
Leucio, a village founded by Ferdinand IV. in 1789, with a royal casino,
and large silk factories which are still active. The old town (Caserta
Vecchia) lies high (1310 ft.) about 3 m. to the north-east. It was
founded in the 9th century by the Lombards of Capua. The cathedral has
not suffered from restoration. It was completed in 1153. It is a copy of
that of Sessa Aurunca, and preserves the type of the Latin basilica. The
campanile, Sicilian in style, was completed in 1234, while the dome,
which betrays similar motives, is even later. Its pulpit is decorated
with the richest polychrome mosaic that can be found anywhere in Sicily
or south Italy, and is quite Moslem in its brilliance. It is indeed
remarkable to find these motives in a church so far inland (Bertaux,
_L'Art dans l'Italie meridionale_, Paris, 1904, i. 353, &c.). There are
also the ruins of the old walls.
CASE-SHOT, a projectile used in ordnance for fighting at close quarters.
It consists of a thin metal case containing a large number of bullets or
other small projectiles (see AMMUNITION). Case-shot was formerly called
"canister," though the term now used occurs as early as 1625.
CASH, (1) (From O. Fr. _casse_, mod. _caisse_, a box or chest; cf.
"case"), a term which, originally meaning a box in which money is kept,
is now commonly applied to ready money or coin. In commercial and
banking usage "cash" is sometimes confined to specie; it is also, in
opposition to bills, drafts or securities, applied to bank-notes. Hence
"to cash" means to convert cheques and other negotiable instruments into
coin. In bookkeeping, in such expressions as "petty cash," "cash-book,"
and the like, it has the same significance, and so also in
"cash-payment" or ready-money payment as opposed to "credit," however
the payment may be made, by coin, notes or cheque.
The "cash on delivery" or "collect on delivery" system, known as C.O.D.,
is one whereby a tradesman can, through a delivery agency, send goods to
a customer, and have the money due to him collected on the delivery of
the same, with a guarantee from the carrier that, if no money be
collected, the goods shall be returned. The function of such an agency
is performed in the United States of America by the express companies
(see EXPRESS). In most countries of the continent of Europe the post
office acts as such an agent, as in Germany (where the system is known
as _Post-Nachnahme_) and in France (_contre remboursement_). It is also
in use in India, where it is known as "value payable," and was
introduced in 1877 in Australia. The advantages of the system are
obvious, from the point of view both of the customer, who can, by post
or telegram, order and obtain speedy delivery from large towns, and of
the tradesman, whose area of trade is indefinitely extended. The system
does away with credit or the delay and inconvenience of paying in
advance. The success of the large "catalogue" houses in America has been
mainly due to the system as operated by the express companies. At
various times, notably in 1904, it has been proposed that the General
Post Office of the United Kingdom should adopt the system. The
consistent opposition of the retail traders in large urban centres other
than the large stores, and of the country shopkeeper generally, has been
sufficient to secure the refusal of the postmaster-general to the
proposed scheme, but a commencement was made in 1908 for orders not
exceeding L20 between the United Kingdom and Egypt, Cyprus and Malta,
and certain British post offices in Turkey and Tangier.
(2) (From Tamil _kasu_, Sinhalese _kasi_, a small coin, adopted by
Portuguese as _caixa_, a box, and similarly assimilated in English to
"cash" above), a name given by English residents in the East to native
coins of small value, and particularly to the copper coinage of China,
the native name for which is _tsien_. This, the only coin minted by the
government, should bear a fixed ratio of 1000 cash to one _tael_ of
silver, but in practice there is no such fixed value. It is the
universal medium of exchange throughout China for all retail
transactions. The _tsien_ is a round disk of copper alloy, with a square
hole punched through the centre for stringing. A "string of cash"
amounts to 500 or 1000 cash, strung in divisions of 50 or 100.
CASHEL, a city of Co. Tipperary, Ireland, in the east parliamentary
division, 5 m. S.E. of Goold's Cross and Cashel station on the main line
of the Great Southern & Western railway, 96 m. S.W. from Dublin. Pop. of
urban district (1901) 2938. The town, which lies at the base of the Rock
of Cashel, is of somewhat poor appearance, but contains several public
buildings. There are also the cathedral church of St John the Baptist
(c. 1780), the deanery house (once the bishop's palace), and a Roman
Catholic church. Cashel gives name to a Roman Catholic archdiocese.
The Rock of Cashel is the object of chief interest in the place. This
elevation of limestone formation rises abruptly from the plain to a
height of about 300 ft. and is a commanding object for many miles
around. Its summit is occupied by one of the most interesting
assemblages of ruins in Ireland, consisting of the remains of St
Patrick's cathedral, a round tower, Cormac's chapel, and an ancient
cross. The chapel, which is said to have been erected by King Cormac
M'Carthy in the 12th century, combines the ancient form of high stone
roof, having chambers between the pitch and the vault, with the richest
Norman decoration; the chancel arch being of especial magnificence. The
cathedral, of the 13th century, is cruciform in design, with lancet
windows and pointed arches, and contains many interesting sculptures and
tombs. In the adjoining cemetery there stands, on a rude pedestal,
whereon the kings of Munster were crowned, the "Cross of Cashel," with
an effigy of St Patrick and a portrayal of the Crucifixion sculptured on
its sides. The round tower, situated at the north-east angle of the
cathedral, is 80 ft. high with a circumference of 50 ft., and unlike the
neighbouring ruins is built, not of the limestone of the "Rock," but of
freestone. Of the defences of the Rock a massive guard-tower and
portions of the wall remain. At the base of the Rock is Hore Abbey, a
Cistercian foundation (1272), exhibiting a similar style of architecture
to that of the cathedral on the Rock; and within the town is a Dominican
priory (1243), of which the east window is a beautiful example of the
style of the period. From the Rock itself an extensive prospect is
commanded over the rich Golden Vale backed by the Galtee Mountains, the
Devil's Bit, and other ranges; the clustering roofs of the city
providing a picturesque foreground.
The history of Cashel belongs to the early period of Irish chronology.
Legend states that the vision of an angel blessing the Rock, seen by two
swineherds early in the 5th century, led Core Mac Luighdheach, king of
Munster, to establish a stronghold here. It became one of the principal
seats of the kings of Munster, but in 1101 it was given over to the
church by King Murkertagh O'Brien. It afterwards became noteworthy as
the place where Henry II. received the homage of O'Brien, king of
Limerick, and still later, where Edward Bruce held his Irish parliament.
The cathedral was burnt in 1495 by the earl of Kildare. Cashel was taken
by storm during the wars of 1647. It was reduced from an archbishopric
to a bishopric in 1839, and was disfranchised, on account of corrupt
practice, in 1870, having previously returned one member to parliament.
CASHEW NUT, the fruit of the cashew, cadju or acajou tree, _Anacardium
occidentale_ (nat. ord. Anacardiaceae), a native of the West Indian
Islands. The fruit is kidney-shaped, about an inch in length, and the
kernel is enclosed in two coverings, the outer of which is smooth, grey
and leathery. Inside this external rind is a dark-coloured layer,
containing an excessively acrid juice. The kernels have a bland, oily,
pleasant taste. They are much eaten, both raw and roasted, in the
tropical regions in which the tree is cultivated, and they yield a
light-coloured, sweet-tasted oil, said to be equal to olive oil for
culinary purposes. The fruit-stalk, immediately under the fruit, is
swollen and fleshy, and assumes a pear-like shape. This swollen portion
of the stalk has a pleasant acid taste, and is eaten under the name of
cashew apple. By fermentation it yields an alcoholic beverage, from
which a spirit for drinking is distilled in the West Indies and Brazil.
The stem of the tree yields a gum analogous to gum arabic.
[Illustration: _Anacardium occidentale_, Cashew Nut plant, belonging to
the nat. ord. Anacardiaceae.
1. Branch (_reduced_), bearing flowers and fruit. The fruit-stalks are
enlarged in a pear-like form, bearing the nut (the true fruit) at
their apex.