state. The University is fortunate in possessing many ardent workers;
and its collections are most valuable. The existing museum of archæology
and ethnology is, however, quite inadequate for their display, or even
for their storage; and a disused warehouse has been hired at Newnham to
accommodate the further collections which generous donors continue to
present. To such an extent has it been necessary to carry the economy
practised in this department that the shelves of the warehouse have been
made from old boxes. A site for a new museum has been provided by the
University, and plans have been prepared; but without the help of
extraneous benefactions it is impossible to build at present. An
adequate building would cost perhaps £25,000. The removal of the museum
to a new site would set free space greatly needed for other purposes.
The Disney professor of archæology and the curator of the archæological
museum plead also for the foundation of a chair, or at least a
readership, for the comparative study of religions; and, in view of the
relations of the Empire to every kind of cult, it is scarcely creditable
that neither of the older Universities makes any provision for this
study.
The present staff consists of the Disney professor of archæology, and a
lecturer on ethnology with a salary of £50 a year. The only
accommodation for the latter is a room in the basement of the medical
school, where he takes classes in practical work. Physical anthropology
is associated more directly with the department of human anatomy, and is
represented by another lecturer at £50 a year. The collection of skulls
brought together by Professor Macalister affords unrivalled material for
demonstrations; and, as two recent volumes from the pen of Dr. Duckworth
show, good use is made of the material. The University has recently
recognized the importance of anthropology by adopting a scheme for
granting degrees for research in this subject.
The growing importance of the architect’s profession, and the widespread
recognition of the fact that the young architect must have a preliminary
scientific training, point to the desirability of establishing a school
of architecture at Cambridge, resting on the one hand on the engineering
school, and on the other on the Slade professorship of fine arts, and
the school of archæology. The school might be organized on lines similar
to those of the medical school; and the young architect would pass his
early years of professional study on thoroughly practical lines, in the
midst of admirable examples of almost all the different styles.
In 1877 Cambridge led the way in that difficult science called sometimes
physiological psychology, sometimes experimental psychology, and
sometimes psychophysics. In that year the present professor of mental
philosophy and logic, and Dr. Venn, made a vigorous effort to establish
a psychophysical laboratory. They unfortunately failed; had they
succeeded, Cambridge would have possessed the first laboratory of this
kind in the world. In 1878 Wundt opened his laboratory at Leipzig; and
there are now some seven psychophysical laboratories in Germany, two in
Russia, ten in the United States, one in Copenhagen, one in Paris, one
in Geneva, and one in Canada. It is not that psychophysics is not
studied in Cambridge, for Dr. Rivers, the lecturer on the subject, and
Dr. Myers, have formed a school there which is second to none in Great
Britain; this school has recently supplied a reader to Oxford. But the
work is done under most discouraging circumstances. The laboratory is at
present established in a dilapidated cottage in Mill Lane and in an
adjacent disused granary. Further and better provision for this growing
subject is urgent; and the present lectureship should be converted into
a readership. The interest which is taken in the subjects under the
control of the Board of Moral Science is shown by the successful
launching of the _Journal of Psychology_, the first number of which was
published by the University Press in 1904. Lecture-rooms and a
departmental library are wanted; and the establishment of a readership
in pedagogy should not be long delayed.
In mathematics two new professorships are needed, one in pure
mathematics and one in applied mathematics; two of the present lecturers
should be made readers; and the salaries of all the lecturers should be
raised to £100 a year. One pressing need is that for two lecture-rooms,
with an adjacent library and a museum of mathematical models. Cambridge
is perhaps the most renowned mathematical school in the world; yet its
provision for the accommodation of the staff is far behind that of the
chief American Universities. A munificent benefactor has recently left a
sum of £5,000 for repairs, etc., to the Newall telescope; but there is
no stipend forthcoming for Mr. Newall, who for sixteen years has
discharged the duties of observer without remuneration. The Lowndean and
Plumian professors pay the salary of a demonstrator.
The Cavendish laboratory, owing to the position it has for years taken
in the promotion of physical research, is overcrowded with students and
researchers. Lord Rayleigh has most generously given to the University
the Nobel prize gained by him in 1904. Of this benefaction, £5,000 have
been assigned as a contribution towards the desired new wing; but money
will be required for maintenance; and the professor estimates that a sum
of £7,500 is now wanted for instruments, machinery, and laboratory
fittings. The professor of chemistry asks for more apparatus and higher
stipends for his teachers. He draws attention to the need for a
metallurgical laboratory, the provision of which, in view of the recent
establishment of a diploma in mining engineering, is urgent. Mineralogy
asks only for a trained attendant and £35 a year; but for meteorology
there is no real provision.
The Sedgwick museum, in which the department of geology is now housed,
has involved much expense in furnishing. Although the existing furniture
was all retained, there is still a demand for more cabinets; and
Professor Hughes would like to spend £2,800 on these alone, while a
large sum should be set apart for maintenance, wages, and the increase
of stipends. The demands of botany are not yet completely satisfied. A
readership to deal with the newly recognized study of scientific
forestry has recently been created.
In zoology, if we leave out of account the need for higher stipends for
teachers and higher wages for attendants, which runs like a thread
through all the departments, there are two chief requirements. The first
is for a new or, at any rate, a greatly enlarged museum. It is doubtful
if the existing site is large enough to allow an adequate increase to
the present structure; and to build a new building on another site would
probably cost £30,000; nevertheless, with the ever-increasing
collections housed in rooms already overstocked, this expenditure must
soon be faced.
A branch of experimental science dealing with the study of variation and
heredity in plants and animals has recently arisen, and has already
attained very considerable proportions in Cambridge. It seems, indeed,
that we are entering on a period when such studies will absorb the
energies of most of the younger biological students. Under Mr. Bateson
some twelve researchers are already at work following out Mendel’s law
in many varieties of plant and animal. The extreme importance of these
studies, which, if they prove a key to heredity, will place in man’s
hands an instrument as powerful as Watt’s application of steam, is shown
by the fact that Mr. Biffen has already discovered that susceptibility
to rust in wheat is Mendelian, and is thus a property which may be
eliminated by breeding. For all these studies land is required, as well
as a greenhouse, outbuildings, and a trained gardener. None of these is
as yet attainable.
The recent discoveries of the protozoic origin of malaria,
sleeping-sickness, and other human and many other animal diseases, has
directed attention both to the protozoa, with their complicated
life-histories, and to the insects which convey them from one creature
to another. Both protozoa and insects are highly specialized groups of
animals. The establishment, by the aid of the Quick bequest, of a chair
of protozoology will do something to meet the necessities of the case,
so far as the protozoa are concerned; but some provision for the study
of the insects is still needed.
A chair of physiological chemistry is urgently wanted. The pressing
problems of the day in physiology require a chemical solution.
Remarkable strides have already been made in this subject; the
interaction of the various tissues of the body by means of the blood,
the functions of the ductless glands, the problems of immunity, are all
being worked out upon a chemical basis. In this country there are but
two professors of physiological chemistry, whereas in Germany there are
eleven, in Austria eight, in France six. That Great Britain is
lamentably behind in this branch of learning is even more markedly shown
when we consider the output of original memoirs. In 1903 over 3,000
papers, written by some 2,500 workers, were published; to this total the
United Kingdom contributed no more than seventy. Cambridge has produced
many brilliant physiologists; but the school cannot afford the outlay
for even a necessary piece of apparatus costing £10; and the
demonstrators pay, out of their pittances, part of the wages of their
attendants.
The new medical schools, opened by the King in March, 1904, are but a
portion of the original plan; and, until the remaining laboratories can
be erected (at a probable cost of about £12,000), the various
departments must necessarily be cramped. Many more teachers in special
subjects are wanted, and the need of a professorship, or at least a
readership, in hygiene is pressing. A new lecture-room is wanted in the
department of human anatomy, which at present shares a room with
physiology. A considerable sum is also needed for instruments, fittings,
attendants, and libraries.
The school of engineering needs provision in metallurgy, mining
subjects, and naval architecture; of the latter, in the greatest
shipbuilding country of the world, but two chairs--one at Glasgow, and
one at Newcastle-on-Tyne--exist. New workshops and engine-rooms are also
greatly needed. The present workshops date from 1878, and are far too
small for the demands on them. The provision of a sum of money which
can be expended by the professor on the encouragement of research is
much needed.
The department of agriculture is fairly well staffed, but at present is
obliged to carry on its indoor work in four rooms in the basement of the
chemical laboratory. The amount of research carried on by the staff has
fully justified them in establishing the _Journal of Agricultural
Science_, which appeared for the first time in 1904. This is the only
periodical in the country devoted entirely to scientific agriculture. A
laboratory for agriculture is a most pressing necessity; a site is
available, but at present there is not sufficient money for the
building, which, including provision for maintenance, would cost
£20,000. The Drapers’ Company has generously promised a conditional
£5,000 towards this sum, and some £12,000 has been collected from other
sources.
Besides numerous smaller needs, there are two of primary importance
which have not yet been mentioned. The first is that for the provision
of examination rooms. The University examinations are at present held in
the Guildhall, the Corn Exchange, and other hired rooms, often badly
lighted, badly heated, and badly ventilated, and in no case well adapted
to the purpose of conducting examinations. The hiring and arranging of
the rooms costs the University at least £450 a year.
The other great need is some adequate provision for that priceless
national treasure, the University library. Mr. J. W. Clark has himself
inaugurated an appeal on its behalf. The list of donors which he is
already able to print is headed by His Majesty the King; and a sum of
over £18,000 has already been collected. This sum includes a donation of
£5,000 from the Goldsmiths’ Company, and £2,700 assigned by Lord
Rayleigh from the Nobel prize; to the remainder, resident masters of
arts have largely contributed. When it has been shown by their
contributions how keenly the residents feel on the subject of the
library, it is hoped that some generous measure of help may be
forthcoming from hands more able to give it. The library is the
mainspring of University activity; and its well-being and good
organization are important to all departments alike. Every member of the
Senate, and every other person entitled to use the library, have access
to the shelves; and no serious student, whether a member of the
University or not, is refused.
But, in its restricted area, the library cannot expand further; and the
result is congestion and inevitable disorder. The furniture and fitting
up of the rooms recently rendered available for the library will cost
some £15,000. Towards this expenditure the Financial Board has been able
to grant only £5,000, spread over three years. The cost of furnishing a
reading and reference-room is estimated at from £800 to £1,000. Further,
an increase of the staff is urgently needed. The library grows at the
rate of about 11,000 books per annum; and there are considerable arrears
of cataloguing to be overtaken. The magnificent gift of Lord Acton’s
library, for which the University is indebted to Mr. Carnegie and Mr.
John Morley, has involved considerable outlay. The number of volumes
presented is about 59,000; the binding, cataloguing, printing of titles,
and the provision of bookcases will cost about £8,000, to which the
University has contributed £6,900. Gifts such as these are of priceless
value to Cambridge; but they entail heavy expenditure. Additional
assistants, moreover, are needed to look after them; and every new room
added to the library increases the cost of maintenance. Altogether, it
is estimated that a sum of £21,200 is required for present use; and that
£3,800 a year is required for additions to the staff, the purchase and
binding of books, and for the additional expense entailed by the Acton
library. This annual income, if capitalized, represents a sum of
£126,700.
* * * * *
Modern education is a costly thing; and when, in 1904, the heads of
departments in the University made an estimate of the outlay necessary
to place their several provinces in a state of efficiency, their
deliberate and responsible calculations showed that a sum of £270,000
was required for building and equipment, and an additional annual income
of £38,000 for the increase of salaries on the very moderate scale
suggested, and for maintenance; in all, say a capital sum of a million
and a half. Even this estimate takes no account of the desirability of
providing pensions for professors who have reached the age of seventy.
As the published list of benefactions shows, Cambridge has reason to be
grateful to her recent benefactors. But to raise an endowment comparable
to that of £1,400,000 which the Johns Hopkins University received from
private munificence seems in this country to be hardly within the bounds
of possibility.
Had an appeal such as that issued by Cambridge been made in the United
States, there is little doubt that it would have met with a prompt
response. There is in Montreal a University, officered largely by
Cambridge men, and equipped with a princely magnificence of which
Cambridge dares not even dream. Dr. Ewing’s comment is pertinent. ‘It is
good,’ said he, ‘to see the colonial daughter sitting down to so lavish
a table; but is it well that the _alma mater_ at home should be left
looking wistfully at the crumbs?’ Nearer home, Mr. Carnegie has shown
what a large-minded liberality can do for the Scottish Universities. A
great benefactor who would free the University of Cambridge from a
sordid struggle, in which every pound spent on development has to be
laboriously begged, would earn an enduring fame in the annals of British
education. It has been the earnest desire of the authors of this paper
to show that the University is not unworthy of such generosity; that she
has displayed great courage and great self-denial in facing modern
conditions; and that her reputed wealth is a fiction, while her poverty
is a grim fact.
INDEX
Acarines, 171
Acids, butyric, Formation of, 110
glycerine and succinic, Formation of, 110
lactic, Fermentation of, 110
tartaric, 105
_Acrobothrium_, 14
Acton, Lord, Library of, 214
Africa: Native children infected with malaria, 162
Native population permeated with the malarial parasite, 152
West Coast of, Average of two malarial attacks a year amongst
British soldiers on the, 131
Agassiz, A., 20, 77
Alcohol, Fermentation of, 110
Alexander’s Bucephalus, 84
Algæ, 24, 25
Absence of, below 200 fathoms, 21
Allman, Professor, 22, 67
_Amblyomma hebræum_ conveys the heartwater disease in sheep, 172, 173
America, Distribution of malaria in, 132
Gifts of the Universities of, 185
_Anodonta_, 4
_Anopheles_, 144, 145
_bifurcatus_, 147
does not fly far by itself, 161
Eggs of, 148
Larvæ of, 148
Life-history of, 148, 149
_maculipennis (claviger)_, 147, 148
Male, 149
_nigerrimus_, 158
_nigripes_, 147
Position of, 159
Pupæ of, 148
Anthrax, 120, 121
produced by _Bacillus anthracis_, 121
_Appendicularia_, 39
Arbois, 103, 106
_Argas persicus_ conveys the chicken disease of Brazil, 173
_Aristoeopsis_, Antennæ of, 37
Arnold, Sir Edwin, 1
Arragonite, 1
Arripo, 4
Arsenic-eaters of the Tyrol, 124
Austen, Map of the geographical distribution of the tsetse fly by, 166
Mortality amongst the horses in the Abyssinian campaign
caused by the tsetse fly, 166
On the distribution of the fly, 176
Australia, Distribution of malaria in, 132
Baciocchi, Princess, 118
_Bacillus anthracis_, Behaviour and life-history of, 121
susceptible to variations of temperature, 121
_butyricus_, 110
_typhosus_, 178
Bacilli, Aerobic, 111
Anaerobic, 111
Bache, 19
Bailey, 19
Balard, 104
Barrow Channel, Mussel-beds of 6, 7
Bastianelli, 143
Bateson, W., Materials for the study of variation, 74
Researches on Mendel’s law, 211
_Bathochordæus charon_, named by Chun, 39
_Bathybius_, 21
_Bathynomus_, Eyes of the, 35
_Bathysaurus_, Blackness of the mouth of, 37
Battipaglia, malarious district of, 151, 152
Beelzebub called Lord of Flies, 173
Benazrek mated with Mulatto, 85
Benthos often stalked, 31, 32
Berlin, University of, State endowments of the, 185
Bernard, Claude, 117
Berryman, Lieutenant, 21
Berzelius, 109
Besançon, 102, 106
Royal College of Franche-Comté, 104
Bidder, G. P., Experiments with weighted bottles on the
intensity of fishing, 61
Biffen, Mr., Discovery that susceptibility to rust in
wheat is Mendelian, 211
Bignami, 143
Billiers, Mussel-beds of, 6
Biot, 106, 107
Blackwater fever, 170
Bos, Ritzema, Experiments of in-breeding with rats, 92
Bouché, Description of the larva of the house-fly, 174
Bouguer, 18
Boutan, 14
Boyle, Robert, 18, 120
Brandt, Professor, 57, 66
British sea-fisheries. _See_ Sea-Fisheries, British
Bronn, 88
Bruce, Colonel D.: Female tsetse fly does not lay eggs, 166
Buache, Philippe, 16
Buchanan, John Y., of the _Challenger_, 21
Buddha, Mother-of-pearl images of, 2
Bulman, 87
Buvma, Sleeping-sickness in, 169
Burchell’s zebras, 82
Stripes of, 82, 85
Busoga, Sleeping-sickness in, 169
Butterflies, Hybridizing, 95
Byerly Turk, 93
Cable, Recovery of the, by Fleeming Jenkin, 22
Cable-laying: Survey by Lieutenant Berryman, of the _Arctic_, 21
by Captain Pullen, of the _Cyclops_, 21
by Dr. Wallich, in the _Bulldog_, 21
Cæsar, Julius, and British pearls, 5
Favourite horse was polydactylous, 84
Caird, Sir J., 45
Cambridge, 183
Agriculture, Department of, conducted on the most practical
and progressive lines, 193
Experimental farm, upheld by County Councils of
Cambridgeshire and nine neighbouring counties, 193
_Journal of Agricultural Science_, established
in 1904, 213
Need of Laboratory for, 213
Professorship of, founded in 1899, 193
Anglo-Saxon, Professorship of, 206
Appeal of authorities of, 184, 204
Archæology, Disney professorship of, founded 1851, 187
Architecture, school of, Desirability of establishing, a, 208
Botanic garden, 193
Botany housed in a separate building in 1904, 192
Cavendish laboratory, opened in 1874, 191, 210
Chemical laboratory, built in 1887, 192
Chemistry, physiological, Chair of, needed, 211
Chinese, Chair of, 190
Chinese library, Proper care of, renders the permanency
of the professorship a necessity, 205
Gift of Sir Thomas Wade, 190
Colleges, Analysis of the resources of, 196
Collegiate system, 196
Corporate income of the seventeen, 197
Day training, 195
Fall of agricultural rent on incomes of, 198
Fellows, Average stipend of, 199
Fellowships and stipends of the heads of houses, 197
Fellowships, Number of prize, is small, 199
Expenses of estate management of the, 197
Income of, £300,000 a year, 185
Scholarships, 198
Tuition Fund, 197
Commission of, 1850, 187
Diplomas in forestry, 195
in geography, 195
in mining engineering, 195
Downing Professor of the Laws of England, 188
Economics, school of, Need of lectureships in the, 206, 207
Tripos in, founded, 190
Endowments of the University of, 184
Engineering laboratories opened during the tenure of the
professorship by Dr. Ewing in 1894, 191
New wing added in 1899 through the generosity of Mrs. Hopkinson, 192
Ethnology and anthropology, Recognition of, 187
Examinations, Inadequate rooms for, 213
Expenditure for the maintenance of buildings and staffs, 196
in 1904, 201
on buildings devoted to science since 1862, 195
French and German professorships, Need of, 206
Historical Tripos founded in 1875, 189
History, Ancient, Professorship of, founded in 1898, 189
Income, University, 200, 201
of lecturers, 202
of professors, 201
of readers, 202
of teachers, 202
Indian Languages Tripos, founded in 1879, 190
Latin, Professorship of, 189
Law School, 188
Law Tripos replaces the ‘Civil Law Classes’ in 1858, 188
Library, J. W. Clark’s appeal on behalf of the, 213
Lord Acton’s, 214
Library, Needs of, Donation of the Goldsmiths’ Company for the, 213
Mathematics, Newall telescope, 209
Mechanical Sciences Tripos, First examination for the, held in 1894, 191
Mechanism and applied science, Professorship of, established in 1875, 191
Medicine, School of, 188, 189
Tropical, Diploma of, instituted in 1904, 188
Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos, founded in 1886, 190
Metallurgical laboratory, Need of a, 210
Military studies, Provision for, 195
Moral Science Tripos, New avenues to an honours degree
opened in 1851 by the, 187, 188
Museums for natural sciences commenced in 1863, 188
Additions to, made in 1877, 1880, 1882, 1884, 1890, 188
Natural Sciences Tripos, 188
Needs of the various departments, 204
Nobel Prize, Gift of the, by Lord Rayleigh, 191
Observatory, building commenced in 1822, 191
Oriental Languages Tripos, founded in 1895, 190
Pathology, Professorship of, founded in 1883, 188
Physics, Chair of experimental, founded in 1871, 191
Held in succession by Clerk Maxwell, Lord Rayleigh, and J. J. Thomson, 191
Physiology, Professorship of, founded in 1883, 188
Professors and lecturers of other Universities educated at, 203
Proto-zoology, Establishment of a chair of, by the aid
of the Quick bequest, 211
_Psychology, Journal of_, first published, in 1904, 209
Psychology, Physiological, in 1877, 208
Psycho-physical Laboratory, Efforts made in 1877 to establish a, 208
Psychophysics, Study of, 209
Public Health, Diploma of, instituted in 1875, 188
Sadlerian professorship of pure mathematics, founded in, 1857, 188
Sanskrit, Professorship of, founded in 1867, 190
Sedgwick Museum, 210
Semitic Languages Tripos, founded in 1878, 190
Slade professorship of fine art, founded in 1869, 189
Surgery, Professorship of, founded in 1883, 188
Whewell professorship of international law created in 1867, 188
Zoology, Professorship of, founded in 1866, 188
Cambridgeshire, County Councils of, and nine neighbouring
counties, assist in upholding the agricultural
experimental farm, 193
‘Cane moulière,’ 6
_Cardium edule_, 7
_Carinaria_ captured by the _Valdivia_, 39
Carnegie, A., and Morley, John, Gift of Lord Acton’s
library to Cambridge University, 214
Carpenter, W. B., 20
Carter, R. M., House-fly harbours a larval nematode,
named _Habronema muscæ_ by, 181
Tsetse flies not confined to Africa, but also found in South Arabia, 178
Cavendish, 18
Cecil, Lord Arthur, 85
_Cephalodiscus_, 41
Cercaria as nuclei of pearls, 4, 5
Cercariæum, 6
‘Charbon’ or ‘sang de rate,’ Disease of, in cattle, 120
Charrin, M., Suggested explanations of telegony, 79