OUR ARRIVAL AT TAFILET.
With light hearts we set out briskly upon the march, for although
we had no hopes of reaching the Sultan’s camp that night, we were
determined, unless some unforeseen mishap occurred, to sleep in the
district of Tafilet. Our Berber from Dads, whose heart and soul
were centred in my success, which I owe not a little to his good
management and fidelity, sang loudly as we pushed on through the
palm-groves that lie to the east and south of Ul Turug. Pleasant
enough the walking was in the cool of the morning with the shady
forest of trees around us, but experience had taught us that these
oases are never of any very great extent, and surely enough we had
soon left cultivation behind and set out upon a twelve-mile trudge
over barren desert. It was just at the commencement of this arid
plain of Maghrah that we forded the Wad Todghrá, and we could
see the spot where it issued by a gorge from the mountains only a
mile or two away on the west. Our road lay almost due south now,
the corner of Jibel Saghru having been turned; for the track
to Tafilet skirts its northern and eastern slopes, where oases
exist, in preference to crossing the barren range where water
is scarce and food unprocurable,—for there are no settlements
in the northern part of Saghru, the valleys only being resorted
to after the occasional rains by the shepherds of the Aït Atta
tribe. Otherwise the mountains are free to the _muflon_—the Barbary
wild sheep—which wander in large flocks over the steeps, safe
from molestation alike of sportsmen and wild beasts—for, with the
exception of a very occasional leopard, there are none of the latter
large enough to attack them. The reason that the lion is not found
here is no doubt the fact that scarcely any covert exists. However,
were the region one that could be reached by sportsmen, unlimited
bags of _muflon_, antelope, and gazelle could be obtained, as the
natives seldom if ever hunt. Unfortunately, long before a European
could obtain a shot of his quarry, he would probably have fallen
to the rifle of some native sharpshooter; for so intense is their
hatred of Europeans, that a journey without disguise, or perhaps
the company of some great Shereef, would be absolutely impossible. I
believe, however, that there are possibilities of much exploration
being done amongst the Berbers if one could only get to know them
personally; but of doing this they would scarcely give one time
or opportunity, for they would probably make an end of one before
learning to appreciate the fact that one’s intentions in entering
their country were harmless. So many traditions still remain of
the _Rumin_ and the treasure they have left buried in these parts,
that one’s actions would always be looked upon with suspicion,
which it would need much skilful diplomacy to allay.
But to return to my journey. The plain of Maghrah is bounded on
the west by the steep black slopes of Jibel Saghru, while to the
east it extends across the Wad Gheris to the low line of cliffs
and hills that separate the valley of this river from that of the
Wad Ziz farther to the east. The plain is quite level except for
one low barren hill about five miles south of Ul Turug. In spite
of the absolute barrenness of the surrounding country, one was
struck with admiration at one feature that presented itself as we
proceeded—namely, the great subterranean aqueducts that carry
water from the Wad Todghrá to Tiluin, the next oasis to the south,
a distance of some eleven miles.
This vast labour deserves some minute description, in order that the
extent of the work may be realised. The aqueducts are formed by the
sinking of pits at intervals of about 25 yards apart, each some 30
feet deep and 10 feet in diameter. Then from pit to pit a tunnel is
excavated, through which the water flows. These tunnels appear to be
sufficiently high in most parts to allow of a man walking upright
to pass through them. Had there been but one row of these pits
and connecting tunnels it would have been a work of vast labour,
but I counted no less than eleven, all running parallel with one
another, and no great distance apart. A very simple calculation
gives the result, that to bring water from the Wad Todghrá to
Tiluin no less than 9000 of these shafts have been sunk and the
intervening channels excavated—and this with the most primitive
of picks and spades. Their existence will remind the reader of the
value of water in the desert.
Leaving the plain of Maghrah one enters the oasis of Tiluin,
a branch of the tribe of Aït Merghad. Twice previously on the
way hither we had seen other settlements and oases belonging to
these people, once near the end of the gorge of Imin Erkilim,
near Todghrá, and again to the north-east of Ferkla, not many
miles from Gheris. Here, just on the northern extremity of the
oasis, are the ruins of a large _kasba_, or possibly _ksar_,
the bare high _tabia_ walls of which wear to-day a melancholy
appearance. Opposite, on the top of a rocky hill, once apparently
stood a large village; now nothing but crumbling heaps of stones
and _tabia_ mark its site. A few hundred yards only beyond this
spot, and amongst the palm-trees, stood some saints’ tombs, the
largest whitewashed and in good repair. Nothing could have been
prettier than the picture they formed—the white domes against the
rich green of the trees. At a stream of running water, on the very
banks of which the tombs were situated, were a party of soldiers
bivouacking. They had lit a small fire and were cooking tea, the
sunlight falling in bright spots on their polished trays and brass
kettle, the crimson and scarlet saddles of their tethered horses,
and their bright clothing. The bit of colour was charming, for all
through the desert one longs for something brilliant. It is quite a
mistake to imagine that colour is to be found in such countries—in
fact, the whole of Morocco is almost devoid of it. In the desert
especially the absence of anything bright becomes almost oppressive
in time. The sky takes a heated white appearance, only a shade or
two different in colour from the white glowing sand. Any figures,
or life of any sort that may appear, but alters the tones of the
landscape; for so covered is everything with the white dust, and
so fierce is the glare of the sun, that at a distance the shadows
only appear, and they as hard black patches. The natives, with the
exception of the indigo-blue cotton of the women, wear no coloured
garments, and even the women’s costume appears black against
so light a background. It may be imagined, then, how to our weary
eyes the little group of soldiers formed a pleasing picture; but,
tempting as it was, we did not dare accept their cordial invitation
to join them in their meal, lest my disguise should be discovered;
for it is a very different matter to deceive the Berber, who has
never seen a European, and generally imagines him to be some kind
of a wild beast in appearance, to attempting to do so in the case
of Arabs of Morocco proper, who know well the Christian type,
and would discover at once the presence of a foreign accent in
one’s speech. So with many regrets to be obliged to refuse the
proffered drink of tea and hard-boiled eggs and bread, we pushed on,
driving our little donkeys before us with sharp cries. Through the
palm-groves we passed, until issuing again, we crossed the narrow
strip of desert that separates the oasis of Tiluin from that of
Fezna, and entered the palm-groves of the latter.
Fezna showed far more signs of prosperity than Tiluin, for whereas
in the latter we passed only one _ksar_ that was in good repair,
the former boasts many, while, too, the cultivation of the palm
is much more carefully attended to. Water flowed in tiny canals on
every side, while the soil was green with _fsa_, on which the natives
are entirely dependent for fodder for their few horses and cattle,
the soil in the oasis being entirely cultivated, and without its
limits all is sand, and sand capable not even in the rainiest times
of bearing grass. The inhabitants of Fezna belong to the tribe of
Aït Yafalman, members of which we had first come across in Ferkla.
Again only a narrow strip of desert divides Fezna from Jerf—“the
cliff”—which owes its name to a low line of hills ending abruptly
in a precipice, that extends from Jibel Saghru into the valley of
the Wad Gheris. This point forms an excellent landmark from almost
all directions, and was visible from the hill above Dar el Baida,
where the Sultan’s camp was pitched, to the east side of the
oasis of Tafilet, in the district of Tanijiud. Jerf is a large and
flourishing oasis, and the two _ksor_ near which we passed were
not only of considerable size but also strongly fortified. Very
different were these _ksor_ of the valley of the Gheris to those
we had been accustomed to at Askura and Dads, for here there were
none of the ornamental towers, but only the level walls of _tabia_,
protected at intervals with flanking towers. In fact, the style of
architecture resembled much more the walls of a Moorish city than
the picturesque Berber residences of the country directly south of
the Atlas Mountains.
We had now approached, and been travelling parallel to, the
course of the Wad Gheris; but until after we had left Jerf some
little distance behind we did not actually catch a glimpse of the
river. From here on, however, to our night’s resting-place, the
Wad Gheris was continually coming into sight, whenever almost an
open space presented itself in the long string of oases that line
its western bank.
The first of these cultivated districts is Bauia, but the soil
is poor, and though attempts at fields appear now and again, the
sand has in places almost obliterated them. After Bauia one passes
near the Kasba el Hati, where quantities of grain were being stored
against the Sultan’s arrival. Very little of this grain was the
produce of the soil, for the crops of barley and wheat are very
poor in this part, and far the larger quantity had been brought on
camel-caravans from Morocco.
Between Bauia and Kasba el Hati we passed the only unwalled and
unfortified village we had as yet seen—the only one I saw, in
fact, during the whole of my travels south of the Atlas Mountains. I
was told that it was only used in spring, and then only for herding
cattle in, for the soil round yields, if rain happens to have fallen,
some scant grazing for cows and goats.
A mile or two beyond Kasba el Hati one passes Ulad Hanabu, which,
like all this string of oases, is inhabited by Arabs of Tafilet,
though the name Hanabu is without doubt a Berber one, and probably
the same as Hannibal.
Here at last we began to see signs of fields and cultivated land,
and very attractive they were in our eyes, so weary were we with
the everlasting desert. The country was green with turnips, maize,
and lucerne, with intervals of long narrow strips of sand-dunes,
running east and west, carried, no doubt, to their present position
by the dominating east wind of summer, that, blowing across the
whole area of the Sahara, comes up like the blast of a furnace,
and laden with fine particles of sand. So far the desert we had
been crossing had been principally composed of gravel and stones,
but here we commenced to catch glimpses of the great expanse of
sand-hills that lies to the east and south of Tafilet.
We were now following the immediate bank of the Wad Gheris, and a
few words as to this river must be written here.
Rising in the main chain of the Atlas Mountains, it waters on its
downward courses the following districts, commencing at the north:
(i.) Mtrus; (ii.) Aït Merghad, the main settlement of that large
Berber tribe; (iii.) Semgat; (iv.) Taderught; and (v.) Gheris,
whence it flows almost directly south, watering the string of small
oases we had passed through between Jerf and the cultivated land on
[Illustration: _Wad Gheris._]
the north-west of Tafilet, known as Beled el Unja. Thence it
flows through the two districts of Tafilet proper, Sifa and Wad el
Melha, and uniting with the main stream of the oasis, the Wad Ziz,
eventually is absorbed by the sand at the great marsh of Dayet
ed Daura. The water of the Gheris is brackish, but though very
unpalatable, our donkeys drank it, as do also the cattle of the
neighbouring district.
The river at this part flows some considerable distance below the
level of the surrounding country, in a bed varying from 300 to 350
yards in breadth, while the actual ford where we crossed it the
same evening at El Meharza was about 60 yards across. High banks of
clay, the soil deposited by the river, line its bed on each side,
the palm-trees above growing close up to the edge of these cliffs.
Descending to the course of the river, we waded across, and climbing
the steep bank on the east side, found ourselves at the great _ksar_
of El Meharza, the capital of the district of Es-Sifa, soon after
sundown on November 16.
Tafilet was reached at last, and only a few hours’ journey lay
between me and the camp of the Sultan of Morocco, on the east side
of the oasis. The illness I had felt coming on for the last few days
was now well upon me, and not only did I find it impossible to eat,
but even to swallow liquid was a process of pain, so large had the
swelling in my throat become. However, this of all the nights of
our journey was the one on which I could afford least to give way;
for not only was my desire to reach Tafilet accomplished, but there
were still weightier reasons why I should keep all my wits about
me. We had left the Berber country now and had entered amongst
Arabs, and though most of them little knew the looks of a European,
for nearly thirty years had elapsed since the last traveller had
visited Tafilet, yet they would be sure to recognise my foreign
accent, and though it might not necessarily lead to my identity,
it would at least cause an unpleasant amount of questioning
as to whence I came. We had therefore invented a pretty little
story about my coming from Syria to pray at the tomb of Mulai Ali
Shereef, who lies buried at Tafilet; but, happily for the sake of
our consciences, we were not obliged to make use of it, though I
rather regretted not being able to address the little crowd with
the speech, every word of which I had prepared, and which not only
showed my great religious zeal, but was poetically expressed, and
I am sure it would have pleased my hearers equally well. But, as I
said, we were spared this, for no question was put to me directly,
and our men did all the talking that was necessary in order to obtain
admittance into the _ksar_—for so constantly are the Berbers and
Arabs at war, that no stranger is allowed to enter unless he can
give a satisfactory account of himself to the gatekeepers, and this
custom is general throughout the oasis. However, it was dusk when
we entered, for the sun was already set, and a few words explaining
that we had come from the north—a vague term generally used of all
Morocco north of Fez—and were on our way to the Sultan’s camp,
sufficed to gain our admittance.
Nor was my presence the only difficulty that might have caused us
to come to grief, for the company of our Berber from Dads might by
no means have aided us, and he was really nervous of entering into
an Arab stronghold, lest some inhabitant of whom a relative had
been killed by a Berber—a by no means uncommon occurrence—might
think right to revenge himself upon an innocent passer-by merely
because he happened to be of the same race. Guiltless as our Dadsi
was on this occasion, I had gathered from his remarks on the road
that he had by no means neglected opportunities when they presented
themselves of putting Arabs out of the way.
However, all our fears were needless, and with but the shortest
of delay we found ourselves within the great double gateway that
protects the _ksar_—for so constant is warfare in the district,
that the natives have thought it necessary, or at least expedient,
to have two gates, one within the other, and separated from one
another by an open piece of ground, surrounded with high walls,
so that should their enemies force the outer gate, there would be
every chance of annihilating them from the ramparts as they assailed
the inner one.
Proceeding by a wide street with high houses on either hand, we
at length found a large _fondak_, or caravanserai, where we took
up our quarters under an arcade that ran along two of its sides;
and to commemorate our safe arrival in Tafilet, we bought some tea
and sugar and a candle, hired a kettle, and enjoyed ourselves as
far as was possible in the cold.
Travel had left its mark on all of us. I felt ill and weak, and my
throat gave me much pain. Poor Mohammed had a most unbecoming cold
in his head, and no pocket-handkerchiefs. The negro—upon whom
many curses—worried us by his constant demands for more food, and
enraged us by insisting on riding our little donkey the whole way,
while Mohammed and I walked. The old Dadsi Shereef’s nephew, too,
was thin and tired, and one and all were begrimed with desert sand
and with our clothes torn by desert thorns, while our bare legs and
feet were fretted over with scratches. Yet we thought of none of
these things that night; we merely huddled together in the cold and
laughed and chatted, and congratulated each other that now, at long
last, after some seventeen days’ weary march, and often from thirty
to forty miles a-day, our goal was reached and success attained.
I little thought then that the greatest hardships of my journey were
yet to be borne, for I imagined that the Sultan and his Viziers,
though doubtless not pleased at my coming, would extend to me some
small form of hospitality, and at least not refuse to me the only
request I had to make to them,—a few yards of canvas, the smallest
of the soldiers’ tents, as a place where I and my few faithful
men could rest in. But I was wrong.
Near us, spending the night in the _fondak_, were a few Haratin
of Wad Draa, short in stature, of deep copper colour, and with
faces showing much of their negro origin. Cheery fellows they were,
and we invited the three or four of them to our dinner-party; and
though they spoke but little Arabic, their laughter added to our
amusement. They, like myself, were travellers, wandering apparently
for no particular object, though the principal cause of travel
amongst these Draa natives is, that the cultivated banks of the
river produce only sufficient to support a certain number of lives,
and thus the excess population, for it is a largely increasing one,
seeks its livelihood elsewhere. This no doubt accounts for the
large number of Haratin, &c., found throughout the entire country
of Morocco.
We were up before dawn, and, loading our donkeys by the light of
the remains of the little candle we had bought overnight, set out
on the last stage of our journey. Entering the thick palm-groves,
we presently joined a larger track than usual, and, taking a
south-easterly course through the district of Es Sifa, forded the
Wad Ziz, the principal river of Tafilet, some four miles from El
Meharza. The water of the Ziz, unlike that of the Wad Gheris, is
fresh, and it is on it, therefore, that the natives are principally
dependent for their supply for irrigating purposes. The actual
course of the river, and the flow of water, was by no means equal
to that of the Gheris at this period; but this may have been owing
a good deal to the fact that a large quantity is drained off from
above, for so deep does the river lie below its banks, that water
for cultivation of the land immediately adjoining any part of its
course has to be brought from many miles higher up.
The district of Es Sifa, through which we had been passing between
the Wads Gheris and Ziz, except in the immediate vicinity of El
Meharza, does not show any great fertility, though palm-groves
exist in comparatively large quantities. The soil is sandy and
the gardens ill-cared for and almost untended, most of the _tabia_
walls that we saw being more or less in a ruined condition. From
where we forded the Ziz, entering just to the north of the ruins
of Sijilmassa—or, as it is more generally called now, Medinet el
Aamra—far more attention is given to the cultivation of the palm
and other trees; while the carefully walled gardens of Wad Ifli,
for so this district is called, show signs of much care and attention
on the part of their owners. Canals of water run in every direction,
the largest and deepest we had as yet seen, especially the one which
flows to the north of Sijilmassa, and which no doubt supplied that
once great city. Even to-day the channel is in good order, with
carefully banked walls of bricks, and crossed in many places by
arched bridges. Of Sijilmassa I shall have more to say anon. Then
on through the thickening palm-groves, by bewildering tracks that
turn first in one direction and then in another, over innumerable
fast-flowing streams of water; past the great _ksar_ of Rissani,
the seat of whatever government can be said to exist here, with its
strongly fortified walls; then in sight of the market of Mulai Ali
Shereef, with its beehive-like domed stalls in which the natives sell
their goods; then again in sight of Abu Aam, the trading centre and
seat of learning of the oasis, where the merchants of Fez reside,
until at last the ending of the palm-trees brought us into open
desert again.
Issuing almost suddenly upon the great waste of sand, a strange but
welcome sight met our eyes. Stretching away for a couple of miles
along the edge of the desert, white against white hills, the whole
dancing and shimmering in the heated air, lay the great camp of
Mulai el Hassen, the late Sultan of Morocco. It was a welcome sight
indeed, for whatever reception I might meet with from the Sultan
and his officials, I knew this at least, that my life was safe.
We stood still in silence and gazed upon the imposing scene
before us. Amongst the white tents, many decorated in designs in
blue, passed the soldiery, mounted and on foot, and the crowds of
camp-followers and natives who accompanied his Majesty upon his last
fatal expedition into the desert. Horses galloped here and there,
many of the riders engaged in the picturesque sport of _lab el
barud_, or powder-play. The smoke of hundreds of camp-fires curled
almost imperceptibly into the air, and above all was heard the dull
hum of human life.
We had not breakfasted, and already we had been marching some three
or four hours, so we sat down in the shade of a few palm-trees and
cooked the last drops of our little packet of green tea, and rested
for a while. Then a little later I sent my Riffi servant into the
camp to announce my arrival to the Sultan’s Minister of Foreign
Affairs, Sid Mfdhul Gharnit.