THE SEED
“The ovary of the flower, after being fertilized by the pollen, becomes
the fruit, the apple on the apple-tree, the cherry on the cherry-tree,
the walnut on the walnut-tree, the grain of wheat in the wheat-ear, and
so on for all plants. The fruit contains seeds in greater or less
number, and sometimes only one, as in the peach, plum, and almond;
often several, as in the apple and pear; while in other instances they
can be counted by hundreds and thousands, as in the melon, the pumpkin,
and the poppy-head. The natural function of the fruit is first to
supply nourishment and then to protect its seeds by means of coverings,
these being sometimes fleshy, sometimes thin and dry, sometimes hard
and in the form of strong shells. In their turn the seeds have as their
task the propagating of the species. Every form of plant-life, from the
giants of the forest, the oak, beech, fir, and others, to the tiniest
moss, has its beginning in the seed. Every plant has its flowers, its
fruit, and its seeds. It is in the seed that vegetation is preserved in
a thriving condition through the ages; it is by the seed that every
tree, every shrub, every blade of grass propagate their kind and leave
a numerous progeny.
“Who would not like to know,” continued Uncle Paul, “something about
the formation of the seed that is sown in the ground to become either a
little plant or an enormous tree? What is inside it? How can an oak
come from an acorn and a pear-tree from the pip of a pear? I will try,
my friends, to satisfy the very natural curiosity such a mystery cannot
fail to arouse in you.
“Let us look at the fruit of an almond-tree. First it has an outside
skin, green and tender, which at maturity opens of its own accord,
dries up, folds back, and lets its contents out. Examining the latter,
we find a shell, sometimes fragile enough to be broken with the teeth,
but at other times very hard and yielding only to the hammer. Breaking
the shell, we come to the seed. Of what use are the two parts we have
just removed? We must be very stupid if we cannot recognize in them the
coverings intended to protect the seed, the wrappings that shelter the
delicate germ from cold, heat, rain, and the teeth of animals. The
outer envelope, covered with a short, velvety down, serves as a
protection against the weather; the inner one is a veritable strong-box
which we have to break between two stones before we can get at its
contents. Similar means of defense are found in all fruit, but with
wide differences in the different kinds of plants. The cherry, plum,
peach, and apricot have the hard shell, the strong-box, of the almond,
and also an outer envelope of juicy flesh. The apple and pear have
their seeds or pips, as they are called, snugly ensconced in five
little cavities grouped in the shape of a five-pointed star, as may be
seen in a cross-section of the fruit. These little cavities have walls
of a tough, scaly material somewhat resembling horn, while all about
them is a thick rampart of flesh. Beans and peas are arranged in a sort
of long sheath that opens in two pieces. Chestnuts are packed in a bag
covered with long prickles. All these protecting coverings, whatever
their shape and character and degree of toughness, form part of the
fruit.
“Let us go back to the almond. The shell being broken, we come to the
seed, which is all in one piece. This seed, as we have just seen, is
protected by two coverings, the inner one of which is a very firm, hard
casing called the stone. As a protection is it enough? Not quite.
Beneath the exterior defensive armor comes the fine inner covering that
wraps the seed closely and shields it from contact with the hard shell.
This covering is double and is composed on the outside of a reddish
skin and inside of an extremely thin and flexible white cuticle.
Similar double clothing is found on all seeds. The inner one is always
very fine, as indeed it should be, since it comes next to the most
essential and delicate part of the seed. Do we put coarse cloth, rough
woolen stuff next to the tender flesh of a new-born babe? Certainly
not; but rather the finest of linen, and over that the woolen fabric.
The plant does the same with its tender young seeds. The outer
envelope, much firmer and tougher than the inner, looks very
differently in different plants. In the almond and walnut it is a
reddish skin, and so it is also in the stones of the peach, apricot,
and plum. In the pips of the pear and apple it is a tough brown casing.
In beans it is smooth and shiny, sometimes quite white, sometimes black
and white, sometimes speckled with red spots. In addition, peas and
beans of all kinds have at one point on their surface a sort of little
oval eye. To this eye was once attached a small short cord that
fastened the seed to the wall of the pod and served as a pipe for
supplying it with nourishment. All seeds have this attachment, or
nursing-cord, as we may call it, but not all have so clearly marked as
in the bean the eye where the cord is fastened.
“After the two coverings of the seed have been removed, which is very
easily done when the almond is new, there remains a white object, firm
and savory, the eatable part of the fruit of the almond-tree. That
object is the seed proper; that is to say, the part that would have
become a tree if planted in the ground. It is round at one end and
rather pointed at the other. From the pointed end projects a little
nipple, and all around the edge runs a slight furrow indicating that
here the seed may be split in two. Let us insert the point of a knife
into this furrow and exert a little pressure. One half will come away
and the other half will show us what you see in this picture.
“The little pointed nipple (r) is called a radicle. It is the part
that, if allowed to grow, would push down into the earth, send out
branches there, and become the root. At the point marked g is a compact
bunch of tiny leaves, all white, forming a kind of bud, but one that is
much feebler and more delicate than buds that grow on branches. It is
called a gemmule. This bud will unfold and send forth the first leaves.
Finally, the narrow line of demarcation between the radicle and the
gemmule is called the tigella, and from it the trunk of the tree will
take its start. Such is the almond-tree in its seed. The large tree
that will send out a mass of branches and foliage into the air and
thrust powerful roots into the ground is now contained in an
insignificant corpuscle just large enough to be seen.”