[1] The "cock-padle" was formerly esteemed also in Scotland, and
figures in the _Antiquary_, chap. xi.
LUMSDEN, SIR HARRY BURNETT (1821-1896), Anglo-Indian soldier, son of
Colonel Thomas Lumsden, C.B., was born on the 12th of November 1821. He
joined the 59th Bengal Native Infantry in 1838, was present at the
forcing of the Khyber Pass in 1842, and went through the first and
second Sikh wars, being wounded at Sobraon. Having become assistant to
Sir Henry Lawrence at Lahore in 1846, he was appointed in 1847 to raise
the Corps of Guides. The object of this corps, composed of horse and
foot, was to provide trustworthy men to act as guides to troops in the
field, and also to collect intelligence beyond as well as within the
North-West frontier of India. The regiment was located at Mardan on the
Peshawar border, and has become one of the most famous in the Indian
army. For the equipment of this corps, Lumsden originated the _khaki_
uniform. In 1857 he was sent on a mission to Kandahar with his younger
brother, Sir Peter Lumsden, in connexion with the subsidy paid by the
Indian government to the amir, and was in Afghanistan throughout the
Mutiny. He took part in the Waziri Expedition of 1860, was in command of
the Hyderabad Contingent from 1862, and left India in 1869. He became
lieutenant-general in 1875, and died on the 12th of August 1896.
See Sir Peter Lumsden and George Elsmie, _Lumsden of the Guides_
(1899).
LUNA, ÁLVARO DE (d. 1453), Constable of Castile, Grand Master of
Santiago, and favourite of King John II. of Castile, was the natural son
of Álvaro de Luna, a Castilian noble. He was introduced to the court as
a page by his uncle Pedro de Luna, archbishop of Toledo, in 1410. Álvaro
soon secured a commanding influence over John II., then a mere boy.
During the regency of the king's uncle Ferdinand, which ended in 1412,
he was not allowed to be more than a servant. When, however, Ferdinand
was elected king of Aragon, and the regency remained in the hands of the
king's mother, Constance, daughter of John of Gaunt, a foolish and
dissolute woman, Álvaro became a very important person. The young king
regarded him with an affection which the superstition of the time
attributed to witchcraft. As the king was surrounded by greedy and
unscrupulous nobles, among whom his cousins, the sons of Ferdinand,
commonly known as the Infantes (princes) of Aragon, were perhaps the
worst, his reliance on a favourite who had every motive to be loyal to
him is quite intelligible. Álvaro too was a master of all the
accomplishments the king admired--a fine horseman, a skilful lance and a
writer of court verse. Until he lost the king's protection he was the
central figure of the Castilian history of the time. It was a period of
constant conflict conducted by shifting coalitions of the nobles, who
under pretence of freeing the king from the undue influence of his
favourite were intent on making a puppet of him for their own ends. The
part which Álvaro de Luna played has been diversely judged. To Mariana
he appears as a mere self-seeking favourite. To others he has seemed to
be a loyal servant of the king who endeavoured to enforce the authority
of the crown, which in Castile was the only alternative to anarchy. He
fought for his own hand, but his supremacy was certainly better than the
rule of gangs of plundering nobles. His story is in the main one of
expulsions from the court by victorious factions, and of his return when
his conquerors fell out among themselves. Thus in 1427 he was solemnly
expelled by a coalition of the nobles, only to be recalled in the
following year. In 1431 he endeavoured to employ the restless nobles in
a war for the conquest of Granada. Some successes were gained, but a
consistent policy was impossible with a rebellious aristocracy and a
king of indolent character. In 1445 the faction of the nobles allied
with Álvaro's main enemies, the Infantes de Aragon, were beaten at
Olmedo, and the favourite, who had been constable of Castile and count
of Santestéban since 1423, became Grand Master of the military order of
Santiago by election of the Knights. His power appeared to be thoroughly
established. It was, however, based on the personal affection of the
king. The king's second wife, Isabella of Portugal, was offended at the
immense influence of the constable, and urged her husband to free
himself from slavery to his favourite. In 1453 the king succumbed,
Álvaro was arrested, tried and condemned by a process which was a mere
parody of justice, and executed at Valladolid on the 2nd of June 1453.
The _Chronicle of Álvaro de Luna_ (Madrid, 1784), written by some
loyal follower who survived him, is a panegyric and largely a romance.
The other contemporary authority--the _Chronicle of John II._--is much
less favourable to the constable. Don Jose Quintana has summarized the
two chronicles in his life of Luna in the _Vidas de Españoles
célebres; Biblioteca de Aulores Españoles_ (Madrid, 1846-1880), vol.
xix.
LUNA (mod. _Luni_), an ancient city of Etruria, Italy, 4½ m. S.E. of the
modern Sarzana. It was the frontier town of Etruria, on the left bank of
the river, Macra, the boundary in imperial times between Etruria and
Liguria. When the Romans first appeared in these parts, however, the
Ligurians were in possession of the territory as far as Pisa. It derived
its importance mainly from its harbour, which was the gulf now known as
the Gulf of Spezia, and not merely the estuary of the Macra as some
authors have supposed. The town was apparently not established until 177
B.C., when a colony was founded here, though the harbour is mentioned by
Ennius, who sailed hence for Sardinia in 205 B.C. under Manlius
Torquatus. An inscription of 155 B.C., found in the forum of Luna in
1857, was dedicated to M. Claudius Marcellus in honour of his triumph
over the Ligurians and Apuani. It lost much of its importance under the
Empire, though traversed by the coast road (Via Aurelia), and it was
renowned for the marble from the neighbouring mountains of Carrara,
which bore the name of Luna marble. Pliny speaks of the quarries as only
recently discovered in his day. Good wine was also produced. There are
some remains of the Roman period on the site, and a theatre and an
amphitheatre may be distinguished. No Etruscan remains have come to
light. O. Cuntz's investigations (_Jahreshefte des Österr. Arch.
Instituts_, 1904, 46) seem to lead to the conclusion that an ancient
road crossed the Apennines from it, following the line of the modern
road (more or less that of the modern railway from Sarzana to Parma),
and dividing near Pontremoli, one branch going to Borgotaro, Veleia and
Placentia, and the other over the Cisa pass to Forum Novum (Fornovo) and
Parma. The town was destroyed by the Arabs in 1016, and the episcopal
see transferred to Sarzana in 1204.
See G. Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_ (London, 1883), ii.
63. (T. As.)
LUNATION, the period of return of the moon (_luna_) to the same position
relative to the sun; for example, from full moon to full moon. Its
duration is 29.5305884 days.
LUNAVADA, a native state in India, in the Gujarat division of Bombay.
Area, 388 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 63,967, showing a decrease of 28% in the
decade, due to famine. The chief, whose title is maharana, is a Rajput
of high lineage. Estimated revenue, £12,000; tribute, £1000. The capital
is Lunavada town, said to have been founded in 1434; pop. (1901) 10,277.
LUNCHEON, in present usage the name given to a meal between breakfast
and tea or dinner. When dinner was taken at an early hour, or when it is
still the principal midday meal, luncheon was and is still a light
repast. The derivation of the word has been obscured, chiefly owing to
the attempted connexion with "nuncheon," with which the word has nothing
to do etymologically. "Luncheon" is an extended form of "lunch" (another
form of "lump," as "hunch" is of "hump"). Lunch and luncheon in the
earliest meanings found are applied to a thick piece of bread, bacon,
meat, &c.
The word "nuncheon," or "nunchion," with which "luncheon" has been
frequently connected, appears as early as the 14th century in the form
_noneschenche_. This meant a refreshment or distribution, properly of
drink, but also accompanied with some small quantity of meat, taken in
the early afternoon. The word means literally "noon-drink," from none
or noon, i.e. _nona hora_, the ninth hour, originally 3 o'clock P.M.,
but later "midday"--the church office of "nones," and also the second
meal of the day, having been shifted back--and _schenchen_, to pour
out; cf. German _schenken_, which means to retail drink and to give,
present. _Schenche_ is the same as "shank," the shin-bone, and the
sense development appears to be shin-bone, pipe, hence tap for drawing
liquor. See also Skeat, _Etymological Dict. of English Language_
(1910), s.v. "nunchion."
LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- ), Danish historian, was born in
Copenhagen on the 5th of September 1840. He entered the university of
Copenhagen in 1858. About the age of thirty he took a post which brought
before his notice the treasures of the archives of Denmark. His first
important work, _Historiske Skitser_, did not appear until 1876, but
after that time his activity was stupendous. In 1879 was published the
first volume of his _Danmarks og Norges Historie i Slutningen af det
xvi. Aarhundrede_, a history of daily life in Denmark and Norway at the
close of the 16th century. Troels Lund was the pioneer of the remarkable
generation of young historians who came forward in northern Europe about
1880, and he remained the most original and conspicuous of them. Saying
very little about kings, armies and governments, he concentrates his
attention on the life, death, employments, pleasures and prejudices of
the ordinary men and women of the age with which he deals, using to
illustrate his theme a vast body of documents previously neglected by
the official historian. Lund was appointed historiographer-royal to the
king of Denmark and comptroller of the Order of the Dannebrog. There was
probably no living man to whom the destruction of the archives, when
Christiansborg Castle was accidentally burned in 1884, was so acute a
matter of distress. But his favourite and peculiar province, the MSS. of
the 16th century, was happily not involved in that calamity.
LUND, a city of Sweden, the seat of a bishop, in the district (_län_) of
Malmöhus, 10 m. N.E. of Malmö by rail. Pop. (1900) 16,621. A university
was founded here in 1668 by Charles XI., with faculties of law,
medicine, theology and philosophy. The number of students ranges from
600 to 800, and there are about 50 professors. Its library of books and
MSS. is entitled to receive a copy of every work printed in Sweden.
Important buildings include the university hall (1882), the academic
union of the students (1851) containing an art museum; the astronomical
observatory, built in 1866, though observations have been carried on
since 1760; the botanical museum, and ethnographical and industrial art
collections, illustrating life in southern Sweden from early times. Each
student belongs to one of twelve nations (_landskap_), which mainly
comprises students from a particular part of the country. The Romanesque
cathedral was founded about the middle of the 10th century. The crypt
under the raised transept and choir is one of the largest in the world,
and the church is one of the finest in Scandinavia. A statue of the poet
Esaias Tegner stands in the Tegners Plads, and the house in which he
lived from 1813 to 1826 is indicated by an inscribed stone slab. The
chief industries are sugar-refining, iron and brick works, and the
manufacture of furniture and gloves.
Lund (_Londinum Gothorum_), the "Lunda at Eyrarsund" of Egil's Saga, was
of importance in Egil's time (c. 920). It appears that, if not actually
a seaport, it was at least nearer the Sound than now. In the middle of
the 11th century it was made a bishopric, and in 1103 the seat of an
archbishop who received primatial rank over all Scandinavia in 1163, but
in 1536 Lund was reduced to a bishopric. Close to the town, at the hill
of Sliparabacke, the Danish kings used to receive the homage of the
princes of Skare, and a monument records a victory of Charles XI. over
the Danes (1676), which extinguished the Danish claim to suzerainty over
this district.
LUNDY, BENJAMIN (1789-1839), American philanthropist, prominent in the
anti-slavery conflict, was born of Quaker parentage, at Hardwick, Warren
county, New Jersey, on the 4th of January 1789. As a boy he worked on
his father's farm, attending school for only brief periods, and in
1808-1812 he lived at Wheeling, Virginia (now W. Va.), where he served
an apprenticeship to a saddler, and where--Wheeling being an important
headquarters of the inter-State slave trade--he first became deeply
impressed with the iniquity of the institution of slavery, and
determined to devote his life to the cause of abolition. In 1815, while
living at Saint Clairsville, Ohio, he organized an anti-slavery
association, known as the "Union Humane Society," which within a few
months had a membership of more than five hundred men. For a short time
he assisted Charles Osborne in editing the _Philanthropist_; in 1819 he
went to St Louis, Missouri, and there in 1810-1820 took an active part
in the slavery controversy; and in 1821 he founded at Mount Pleasant,
Ohio, an anti-slavery paper, the _Genius of Universal Emancipation_.
This periodical, first a monthly and later a weekly, was published
successively in Ohio, Tennessee, Maryland, the District of Columbia and
Pennsylvania, though it appeared irregularly, and at times, when Lundy
was away on lecturing tours, was issued from any office that was
accessible to him. From September 1829 until March 1830 Lundy was
assisted in the editorship of the paper by William Lloyd Garrison
(q.v.). Besides travelling through many states of the United States to
deliver anti-slavery lectures, Lundy visited Haiti twice--in 1825 and
1829, the Wilberforce colony of freedmen and refugee slaves in Canada in
1830-1831, and in 1832 and again in 1833 Texas, all these visits being
made, in part, to find a suitable place outside the United States to
which emancipated slaves might be sent. Between 1820 and 1830, according
to a statement made by Lundy himself, he travelled "more than 5000 m. on
foot and 20,000 in other ways, visited nineteen states of the Union, and
held more than 200 public meetings." He was bitterly denounced by
slaveholders and also by such non-slaveholders as disapproved of all
anti-slavery agitation, and in January 1827 he was assaulted and
seriously injured by a slave-trader, Austin Woolfolk, whom he had
severely criticized in his paper. In 1836-1838 Lundy edited in
Philadelphia a new anti-slavery weekly, _The National Enquirer_, which
he had founded, and which under the editorship of John G. Whittier,
Lundy's successor, became _The Pennsylvania Freeman_. In 1838 Lundy
removed to Lowell, La Salle county, Illinois, where he printed several
copies of the _Genius of Universal Emancipation_. There, on the 22nd of
August 1839, he died. Lundy is said to have been the first to deliver
anti-slavery lectures in the United States.
See _The Life, Travels and Opinions of Benjamin Lundy_ (Philadelphia,
1847), compiled (by Thomas Earle) "under the direction and on behalf
of his children."
LUNDY, ROBERT (fl. 1689), governor of Londonderry. Nothing is known of
Lundy's parentage or early life; but he had seen service in the foreign
wars before 1688, when he was at Dublin with the rank of
lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of Lord Mountjoy. When the
apprentices of Derry closed the gates in the face of the earl of Antrim,
who was approaching the city at the head of an Irish Catholic force in
the interests of James II., the viceroy Tyrconnel despatched Mountjoy to
pacify the Protestants. Mountjoy and his regiment were well received in
the north, and the citizens of Derry permitted him to leave within their
walls a small Protestant garrison under the command of Lundy, who
assumed the title of governor. Popular feeling in Derry ran so strongly
in favour of the prince of Orange that Lundy quickly declared himself an
adherent of William; and he obtained from him a commission confirming
his appointment as governor. Whether Lundy was a deliberate traitor to
the cause he had embraced with explicit asseveration of fidelity in a
signed document, or whether, as Macaulay suggests, he was only a
cowardly poltroon, cannot certainly be known. What is certain is that
from the moment Londonderry was menaced by the troops of King James,
Lundy used all his endeavours to paralyse the defence of the city. In
April 1689 he was in command of a force of Protestants who encountered
some troops under Richard Hamilton at Strabane, when, instead of holding
his ground, he told his men that all was lost and ordered them to shift
for themselves; he himself was the first to take flight back to Derry.
King James, then at Omagh on his way to the north, similarly turned in
flight towards Dublin on hearing of the skirmish, but returned next day
on receiving the true account of the occurrence. On the 14th of April
English ships appeared in the Foyle with reinforcements for Lundy under
Colonel Cunningham. Lundy dissuaded Cunningham from landing his
regiments, representing that a defence of Londonderry was hopeless; and
that he himself intended to withdraw secretly from the city. At the same
time he sent to the enemy's headquarters a promise to surrender the city
at the first summons. As soon as this became known to the citizens
Lundy's life was in danger, and he was vehemently accused of treachery.
When the enemy appeared before the walls Lundy gave orders that there
should be no firing. But all authority had passed out of his hands. The
people flew to arms under the direction of Major Henry Baker and Captain
Adam Murray, who organized the famous defence in conjunction with the
Rev. George Walker (q.v.). Lundy, to avoid popular vengeance, hid
himself until nightfall, when by the connivance of Walker and Murray he
made his escape in disguise. He was apprehended in Scotland and sent to
the Tower of London. He was excluded from the Act of Indemnity in 1690,
but his subsequent fate is unknown.
See Lord Macaulay, _History of England_, vol. iii. (Albany edition of
complete works, London, 1898); Rev. George Walker, _A True Account of
the Siege of Londonderry_ (London, 1689); J. Mackenzie, _Narrative of
the Siege of Londonderry_ (London, 1690); John Hempton, _The Siege and
History of Londonderry_ (Londonderry, 1861); Rev. John Graham, _A
History of the Siege of Derry and Defence of Enniskillen, 1688-9_
(Dublin, 1829). (R. J. M.)
LUNDY, an English island at the entrance of the Bristol Channel, 12 m.
N.W. by N. of the nearest point on the mainland, namely Hartland Point
on the Devonshire coast. The nearest ports are Clovelly and Bideford.
The extreme length of the island is 3 m. from N. to S., the mean breadth
about half a mile, but at the south the breadth is nearly 1 m. The area
is about 1150 acres. The component rock is a hard granite, except at the
south, where slate occurs. This granite was used in the construction of
the Victoria Embankment, London. An extreme elevation of about 450 ft.
is found in the southern half of the island; the northern sloping gently
to the sea, but the greater part of the coast is cliff-bound and very
beautiful. The landing, at the south-east, is sheltered by the small Rat
Island, where the once common black rat survives. There are a few
prehistoric remains on Lundy, and the foundations of an ancient chapel
of St Helen. There are also ruins, and the still inhabited keep, of
Marisco Castle, occupying a strong precipitous site on the south-east,
held in the reign of Henry II. by Sir Jordan de Marisco. The Mariscos,
in their inaccessible retreat, lived lawlessly until in 1242 Sir William
Marisco was hanged for instigating an attempt on the life of Henry III.
In 1625 the island was reported to be captured by Turkish pirates, and
in 1633 by Spaniards. Later it became an object of attack and a hiding
place for French privateers. The island, which is reckoned as
extra-parochial, has some cultivable land and heath pasture, and had a
population in 1901 of 94.
LÜNEBURG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover,
situated near the foot of a small hill named the Kalkberg, on the
navigable Ilmenau, 14 m. above its confluence with the Elbe and 30 m. by
rail S.E. of Hamburg by the main line to Hanover. Pop. (1905) 26,751.
Numerous handsome medieval buildings testify to its former prosperity as
a prominent member of the Hanseatic league, and its many quaint houses
with high gables and overhanging eaves have gained for it the
appellation "the Nüremberg of the North." Portions of the old walls
survive, but the greater part of the former circumvallation has been
converted into promenades and gardens, outside which a modern town has
sprung up. The finest of its squares are the market-place and the
so-called Sand. The churches of St John, with five aisles and a spire
375 ft. in height; of St Michael, containing the tombs of the former
princes of Lüneburg, and of St Nicolas, with a huge nave and a lofty
spire, are fine Gothic edifices of the 14th and 15th centuries. The old
town-hall in the market square is a huge pile, dating originally from
the 13th century, but with numerous additions. It has an arcade with
frescoes, restored by modern Munich artists, and contains a magnificent
hall--the Fürstensaal--richly decorated with wood-carving and
stained-glass windows. Galvanoplastic casts of the famous Lüneburg
silver plate, consisting of 36 pieces which were acquired in 1874 by the
Prussian government for £33,000 and are now housed in the art museum in
Berlin, are exhibited here. Among other public edifices are the old
palace; the convent of St Michael (now converted into a school and law
court), and the Kaufhaus (merchants' hall). There are a museum, a
library of 36,000 volumes, classical and commercial schools, and a
teachers' seminary. Lüneburg owes its importance chiefly to the gypsum
and lime quarries of the Kalkberg, which afford the materials for its
cement works, and to the productive salt-spring at its base which has
been known and used since the 10th century. Hence the ancient saying
which, grouping with these the commercial facilities afforded by the
bridge over the Ilmenau, ascribes the prosperity of Lüneburg to its
_mons, fons, pons_. Other industries are the making of chemicals,
ironware, soda and haircloth. There is a considerable trade in French
wines, for which Lüneburg has for centuries been one of the chief
emporia in north Germany, and also in grain and wool. Celebrated are its
lampreys, _Lüneburger Bricken_.
Lüneburg existed in the days of Charlemagne, but it did not gain
importance until after the erection of a convent and a castle on the
Kalkberg in the 10th century. After the destruction of Bardowiek, then
the chief commercial centre of North Germany, by Henry the Lion, duke of
Saxony, in 1189, Lüneburg inherited much of its trade and subsequently
became one of the principal towns of the Hanseatic league. Having
belonged to the extensive duchy of Saxony it was the capital of the
duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 to 1369; later it belonged to one
or other of the branches of the family of Brunswick, being involved in
the quarrels, and giving its name to cadet lines, of this house. From
the junior line of Brunswick-Lüneburg the reigning family of Great
Britain is descended. The reformed doctrines were introduced into the
town in 1530 and it suffered heavily during the Thirty Years' War. It
reached the height of its prosperity in the 15th century, and in the
17th century it was the depot for much of the merchandise exported from
Saxony and Bavaria to the mouth of the Elbe; then after a period of
decay the 19th century witnessed a revival of its prosperity. In 1813
the German war of liberation was begun by an engagement with the French
near Lüneburg.
See W. F. Volger, _Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lüneburg_ (3 vols.,
Lüneburg, 1872-1877); E. Bodemann, _Die älteren Zunfturkunden der
Stadt Lüneburg_ (Hanover, 1883); O. Jürgens, _Geschichte der Stadt
Lüneburg_ (Lüneburg, 1891); _Des Propstes Jakob Schomaker Lüneburger
Chronik_, edited by T. Meyer (Hanover, 1904); A. Wrede, _Die
Einführung der Reformation in Lüneburg_ (Göttingen, 1887), and W.
Reinecke, _Lüneburgs ältestes Stadtbuch und Verfasstungsregister_
(Hanover, 1903). For the history of the principality see von Leuthe,
_Archiv für Geschichte und Verfassung des Fürstentums Lüneburg_
(Celle, 1854-1863).
LÜNEBURGER HEIDE, a district of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Hanover, lying between the Aller and the Elbe and intersected by the
railways Harburg-Hanover and Bremen-Stendal. Its main character is that
of a broad saddle-back, running for 55 m. from S.E. to N.W. of a mean
elevation of about 250 ft. and attaining its greatest height in the
Wilseder Berg (550 ft.) at its northern end. The soil is quartz sand and
is chiefly covered with heather and brushwood. In the north, and in the
deep valleys through which the streams descend to the plain, there are
extensive forests of oak, birch and beech, and in the south, of fir and
larch. Though the climate is raw and good soil rare, the heath is not
unfertile. Its main products are sheep--the celebrated Heidschnucken
breed,--potatoes, bilberries, cranberries and honey. The district is
also remarkable for the numerous Hun barrows found scattered throughout
its whole extent.
See Rabe, _Die Lüneburger Heide und die Bewirthschaftung der Heidhöfe_
(Jena, 1900); Kniep, _Führer durch die Lüneburger Heide_ (Hanover,
1900); Linde, _Die Lüneburger Heide_ (Lüneburg, 1905), and Kück, _Das
alte Bauernleben der Lüneburger Heide_ (Leipzig, 1906).
LUNETTE (French diminutive of _lune_, moon), a crescent-shaped,
semi-circular object. The term is particularly applied in architecture
to a circular opening at the intersection of vaulting by a smaller
vault, as in a ceiling for the entrance of light or in the lower stories
of towers for the passage of bells. It is also used of a panel space of
semi-circular shape, filled by a fresco or other decorative treatment.
In fortification a "lunette" was originally an earthwork of half-moon
shape; later it became a redan with short flanks, in trace somewhat
resembling a bastion standing by itself without curtains on either side.
The gorge was generally open.
LUNÉVILLE, an industrial and garrison town of north-eastern France,
capital of an arrondissement in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 21
m. E.S.E. of Nancy on the railway to Strassburg. Pop. (1906) town,
19,199; commune, 24,266 (including troops). The town stands on the right
bank of the Meurthe between that river and its affluent the Vezouze, a
little above their confluence. Its château, designed early in the 18th
century by the royal architect Germain Boffrand, was the favourite
residence of Duke Leopold of Lorraine, where he gathered round him an
academy composed of eminent men of the district. It is now a cavalry
barracks, and the gardens form a public promenade. Lunéville is an
important cavalry station with a large riding school. The church of St
Jacques with its two domed towers dates from 1730-1745. There are
statues of General Count Antoine de Lasalle, and of the Conventional
Abbé Henri Grégoire. The town is the seat of a sub-prefect, and has a
tribunal of first instance and a communal college. It carries on
cotton-spinning and the manufacture of railway material, motor vehicles,
porcelain, toys, hosiery, embroidery, straw-hats and gloves. Trade is in
grain, wine, tobacco, hops and other agricultural produce.
The name of Lunéville (_Lunae villa_) is perhaps derived from an ancient
cult of Diana, the moon goddess, a sacred fountain and medals with the
effigy of this goddess having been found at Leormont, some 2 m. E. of
the town. Lunéville belonged to Austrasia, and after various changes
fell, in 1344, to the house of Lorraine. A walled town in the middle
ages, it suffered in the Thirty Years' War and in the campaigns of Louis
XIV. from war, plague and famine. The town flourished again under Dukes
Leopold and Stanislas, on the death of the latter of whom, which took
place at Lunéville, Lorraine was united to France (1766). The treaty of
Lunéville between France and Austria (1801) confirmed the former power
in the possession of the left bank of the Rhine.
LUNG, in anatomy, the name of each of the pair of organs of respiration
in man and other air-breathing animals, the corresponding organs in
fishes being the _branchiae_ or gills (see RESPIRATORY SYSTEM). The word
in Old English was _lungen_; it appears in many Teutonic languages, cf.
Ger. _Lunge_, Du. _long_, Swed. _lunga_; the Teutonic root from which
these are derived meant "light," and the lungs were so-called from their
lightness. The word "lights" was formerly used as synonymous with
"lungs," but is now confined to the lungs of sheep, pigs or cattle; it
is etymologically connected with "lung," the pre-Teutonic root being
seen in Sansk. _laghu_, Gr. [Greek: elaphros].
SURGERY OF THE LUNG AND PLEURA.--When a person meets with a severe
injury to the chest, as from a wheel passing over him, the ribs may be
broken and driven into the lung. Air then entering into the pleural
space, the lung collapses, and breathing becomes so difficult that
death may ensue from asphyxia. Short of this, however, there is a
cough with the spitting of frothy, blood-stained mucus or of bright
red blood. All that can be done is to place the person on his back,
slightly propped up by pillows, and to combat syncope by subcutaneous
injections of ether and strychnia.
_Empyema_ means the presence of an abscess between the lung and the
chest wall, i.e. in the pleural space; it is the result of a septic
inflammation of the pleura by the micro-organisms of pneumonia or of
typhoid fever, or by some other germs. As the abscess increases in
size, the lung is pushed towards the spine, and that side of the chest
gives a dull note on percussion. If much fluid collects the heart may
be pushed out of its place, and, the lung-space being taken up,
respiration is embarrassed. Having made sure of the presence of an
abscess by exploring with syringe and hollow needle, the surgeon opens
and drains it. The drainage is made more effectual by removing an inch
or so of one of the ribs, for, unless this is done, there is a risk of
the rubber drainage tube being compressed as the ribs come closer
together again.
The lung itself has sometimes to be operated on, as when it is the
seat of an hydatid cyst, or when it contains an abscess cavity which
cannot otherwise be drained, or when it becomes necessary to remove a
foreign body the exact situation of which has been revealed by the
X-rays. Portions of some of the ribs having been resected, the pleural
cavity is opened, and if the lung has not already become glued to the
chest-wall by inflammatory adhesions, it is stitched up to the
chest-wall, and in a few days, when adhesions have taken place, an
incision is safely made into the lung-tissue. See also RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM. (E. O.*)
LUNG, one of the four symbolical creatures of Chinese legend. It is a
dragon with a scaly snake-like body, long claws, horns, a bristly face,
and its back-bone armed with spikes. Originally three-clawed, it has
become, as the official dragon of the present dynasty, a five-clawed
beast. The form is embroidered on the state robes of the emperor of
China, and it is traditionally connected with the dynasty's history and
fortunes.
LUNGCHOW, a town in the province of Kwangsi, China, in 22° 21´ N., 106°
45´ E., near the Tongking frontier, and at the junction of the Sung-chi
and Kao-ping rivers. Pop. (estimate) 22,000. The town is prettily
situated in a circular valley. From a military point of view it is
considered important, and considerable bodies of troops are stationed
here. It was selected as the seat of frontier trade by the French
convention of 1886, and was opened in 1889. In 1898 the total value of
its trade amounted to only £20,000, but in 1904 the figures increased to
£56,692.
LUNGE, GEORG (1839- ), German chemist, was born at Breslau on the 15th
of September 1839. He studied at Heidelberg (under R. W. Bunsen) and
Breslau, graduating at the latter university in 1859. Turning his
attention to technical chemistry, he became chemist at several works
both in Germany and England, and in 1876 he was appointed professor of
technical chemistry at Zürich polytechnic. Lunge's original
contributions cover a very wide field, dealing both with technical
processes and analysis. In addition, he was a voluminous writer,
enriching scientific literature with many standard works. His treatises
_Coal Tar and Ammonia_ (5th ed. 1909; 1st ed. 1867), _Destillation des
Steinkohlentheers_ and _Sulphuric Acid and Alkali_ (1st ed. 1878, 4th
ed. 1909), established his position as the highest authority on these
subjects, while the _Chemische-technische Untersuchungs-Methoden_
(1899-1900; Eng. trans.), to which he contributed, testified to his
researches in technical analysis. His jubilee was celebrated at Zürich
on the 15th of September 1909.
LUPERCALIA, a very ancient, possibly pre-Roman, pastoral festival in
honour of Lupercus. Its rites were under the superintendence of a
corporation of priests called Luperci,[1] whose institution is
attributed either to the Arcadian Evander, or to Romulus and Remus. In
front of the Porta Romana, on the western side of the Palatine hill,
close to the Ficus Ruminalis and the Casa Romuli, was the cave of
Lupercus; in it, according to the legend, the she-wolf had suckled the
twins, and the bronze wolf, which is still preserved in the Capitol, was
placed in it in 296 B.C. But the festival itself, which was held on
February 15th, contains no reference to the Romulus legend, which is
probably later in origin, though earlier than the grecizing Evander
legend. The festival began with the sacrifice by the Luperci (or the
flamen dialis) of goats and a dog; after which two of the Luperci were
led to the altar, their foreheads were touched with a bloody knife, and
the blood wiped off with wool dipped in milk; then the ritual required
that the two young men should laugh. The smearing of the forehead with
blood probably refers to human sacrifice originally practised at the
festival. The sacrificial feast followed, after which the Luperci cut
thongs from the skins of the victims and ran in two bands round the
walls of the old Palatine city, the line of which was marked with
stones, striking the people who crowded near. A blow from the thong
prevented sterility in women. These thongs were called _februa_, the
festival Februatio, and the day _dies februatus_ (_februare_ = to
purify); hence the name of the month February, the last of the old Roman
year. The object of the festival was, by expiation and purification, to
secure the fruitfulness of the land, the increase of the flocks and the
prosperity of the whole people. The Lupercal (cave of Lupercus), which
had fallen into a state of decay, was rebuilt by Augustus; the
celebration of the festival had been maintained, as we know from the
famous occurrence of it in 44 B.C. It survived until A.D. 494, when it
was changed by Gelasius into the feast of the Purification. Lupercus, in
whose honour the festival was held, is identified with Faunus or Inuus,
Evander ([Greek: Euandros]), in the Greek legend being a translation of
Faunus (the "kindly"). The Luperci were divided into two _collegia_,
called Quinctiliani (or Quinctiales) and Fabiani, from the gens
Quinctilia (or Quinctia)[2] and Fabia; at the head of each of these
colleges was a magister. In 44 B.C. a third college, Luperci Julii, was
instituted in honour of Julius Caesar, the first magister of which was
Mark Antony. In imperial times the members were usually of equestrian
standing.
See Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, iii. (1885) p. 438; W.
Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals_ (1899), p. 390 foll., and article in
Smith's _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_ (3rd ed. 1891).