A SYNOPSIS
OF
THE BRITISH MOSSES,
CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE
GENERA AND SPECIES,
(WITH LOCALITIES OF THE RARER ONES)
FOUND IN
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,
BASED UPON
WILSON’S “BRYOLOGIA BRITANNICA,”
SCHIMPER’S “SYNOPSIS,” ETC.
BY CHAS. P. HOBKIRK,
_President of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society_.
LONDON:
L. REEVE & CO.,
5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
MDCCCLXXIII.
PREFACE.
It is not my desire that this little volume should be looked upon as
anything more than what is expressed in the title, simply “A SYNOPSIS OF
THE BRITISH MOSSES,” and as a kind of _vade-mecum_ to the working
Bryologist, as well as a guide to beginners. It is not altogether an
original work, nor yet is it a mere compilation, for nearly every
species has been carefully examined under the microscope before being
described, and then the diagnoses compared with other works, principally
that great text-book of British Bryologists, “Wilson’s Bryologia
Britannica.” Besides this work, I have also largely consulted, and drawn
from, Bruch and Schimper’s “Bryologia Europæa,” Schimper’s “Synopsis,”
Dr. Mueller’s “Synopsis,” the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, the
_Bulletins_ of the Royal Botanical Societies of France and of Belgium;
and last, but not least, the valuable papers recently contributed by Dr.
Braithwaite to “Journal of Botany,” “Grevillea,” and the “Monthly
Microscopical Journal,” and also some papers by Mr. Mitten in the
first-named publication.
In the general arrangement of the genera and species, I have mainly
followed the “Bryologia Britannica,” as I did not consider myself
justified in departing widely from it, although many of our principal
Muscologists look upon it as very faulty; but I did not hold my
authority sufficient to alter what has become a classical arrangement
amongst us: and more particularly as both Dr. Braithwaite and the Rev.
J. Fergusson are engaged upon more critical examinations, prior to the
publication of new and more natural arrangements. The Analysis of the
Genera is principally founded upon the same part from Wilson, and is
intended not as an arrangement, but merely a key.
In the “Appendix” will be found a few omitted species, and alterations
of nomenclature, as well as a few _errata_, which should be noted in the
margin at their proper places.
I much regret that, by an oversight, I have omitted to insert var. δ
_squarrosulum_ under _Sphagnum cymbifolium_, gathered by my friend Mr.
Bagnall, in Sutton Park, Birmingham; and the same locality should be
added after _Hypnum aduncum_, _H. Sendtneri_, and _H. intermedium_.
I must here express my gratitude and thanks to those gentlemen who have
so kindly assisted me in its preparation, both with the loan or gift of
specimens of the rarer and newer species, and also for the diagnoses
received from several, where specimens were not attainable. Amongst
these gentlemen I must specially thank Dr. Hooker for his kind
permission to use the Herbarium specimens and Library at Kew, and Mr. J.
G. Baker, F.L.S., for his valuable assistance in doing so; also Dr.
Braithwaite, F.L.S., Mr. J. Bagnall, of Birmingham; Dr. F. Buchanan
White, of Dunkeld; Dr. Fraser, of Wolverhampton; Rev. J. Fergusson, of
New Pitsligo; Mr. Carruthers, F.L.S., of British Museum; Mr. G. E. Hunt,
of Manchester; Mr. John Sim, of Strachan; Mr. W. Galt, of Edinburgh; M.
P. Goulard, of Caen, Calvados; and lastly, all those gentlemen and
ladies who so readily came forward as subscribers to the number of
upwards of 200, to assist in the publication of the volume.
CHAS. P. HOBKIRK.
HUDDERSFIELD,
_February, 1873_.
LIST OF CONTRACTIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME.
br. _branches._
br. l. _branch leaves._
cal. calyp. _calyptra._
caps. _capsule._
fem. _female._
fl. _flower._
fr. _fruit or fructification._
infl. _inflorescence._
innov. _innovations._
l. _leaves._
m.m. _millimetres._
ped. _pedicel_ or _seta_.
per. perist. _peristome._
per. l. and p. l. _perychætial leaves._
per. teeth. _teeth of peristome._
perig. l. _perigonial leaves._
st. _stem._
st. l. _stem leaves._
NOTICE TO COLLECTORS.
It is my intention, as soon as sufficient material can be accumulated,
to publish “A Geographical Distribution of the British Mosses,” and, in
furtherance of this object, I should esteem it a great favor if all
collectors throughout the kingdom would kindly be at the trouble of
forwarding to me, as early as convenient, complete lists of the Mosses
found by themselves or their friends, in their several districts, with
any notes they may think desirable respecting them, and, where possible,
the range and habitat of the various species. I feel sure I have only to
mention this to ensure an abundant return of information for a work
which is really wanted, and shall, so far as any exertions on my part
can ensure it, be really valuable.
C. P. H.
ANALYSIS OF GENERA.
SECT. I. ACROCARPI.
Fr. terminal (or in a few instances cladocarpous).
DIVISION A. Capsule without a deciduous lid.
_a._ caps. bursting irregularly.
ARCHIDIUM (3). Perennial; caps. _globular_, _sessile_;
calyptra thin and membranous, irregularly torn in the middle;
_spores large_; infl. monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform,
two-leaved or naked in axils of perichætial leaves. PAGE 26.
PHASCUM (4). _Annual._ Caps. ovate or roundish, very shortly
_pedicillate_; calyptra campanulate; spores _small_, roughish;
infl. monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform either at base of plant,
or axillary, rarely terminal and discoid. 26.
_b._ caps. bursting regularly.
ANDREÆA (1). Caps. oval erect, opening by four _longitudinal
slits_, sessile on a stalked vaginula; calyptra mitriform,
thin; spores small, at first clustered together in fours:
perennial. 21.
DIVISION B. Capsule with a deciduous lid.
I. PERISTOME NONE.
_a._ caps. sessile on a stalked vaginula.
SPHAGNUM (2). Perennial, aquatic; caps. globular, sessile on
the turbinate fleshy stalked vaginula; lid flattish, calyptra
surrounding the ripe caps., ruptured near the middle; spores
as in _Andreæa_. Infl. monoicous or dioicous. 23.
_b._ caps. pedicillate; vaginula sessile.
α. caps. cylindrical; lid with a straight beak; calyptra mitriform.
ENCALYPTA (29) (In part). Caps. erect, regular, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, smooth or striate, lid conical with a
longish almost filiform beak; calyptra very large, covering
the capsule, fringed at base (peris. when present of 16 teeth,
inner of 16 alternating erect cilia). Infl. monoicous or
dioicous; barren fl. gemmiform, axillary or terminal. 74.
β. caps. oval, lid with an oblique beak; calyptra dimidiate.
GYMNOSTOMUM (5). Perennial; leaves of close firm texture, with
small dense areolæ; barren fl. gemmiform, in monoicous species
placed near the base of perichætium. 31.
POTTIA (21). Annual or biennial; l. rather succulent, with lax
quadrate or rectangular areolæ, the lower ones enlarged. Infl.
monoicous; barren fl. near the fertile, naked, or gemmiform
with three leaves. 55.
γ. caps. roundish-pyriform; lid obliquely rostrate.
STYLOSTEGIUM. (12). Perennial; caps. on a very short pedicel;
calyptra small, cucullate, scarcely covering the lid; l.
channelled, secund. Infl. monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform. 38.
ANODUS (11). Annual or biennial; caps. pedicillate; columella
free; l. setaceous, erect. 38.
δ. caps. obovate or clavate; lid plane or conical; l. loosely
reticulated.
* Calyptra mitriform.
SCHISTOSTEGA (70). Caps. small oval, lid convex; calyptra
small, _at length dimidiate_; infl. dioicous terminal, barren
fl. gemmiform; l. nerveless, vertically distichous, very
tender, areolæ large rhomboid. 135.
PHYSCOMITRIUM (59). Annual or biennial. Primary stem
terminated by a discoid barren fl. from below which rises a
branch bearing a terminal fertile fl.; caps. clavate, lid
convex; calyptra large inflated; l. spreading every way,
nerved; areolæ large oblong, acute. 127.
* * Calyptra dimidiate.
ŒDIPODIUM (69). Caps. with a long tapering apophysis,
gradually passing into the fruit-stalk; lid plano-convex;
infl. monoicous or synoicous; l. succulent broad, obtuse;
areolæ roundish hexagonal, larger at base. 135.
ε. caps. globose; lid almost plane.
* Calyptra conico-mitriform, small; l. nerveless.
HEDWIGIA (30). Caps. immersed, sub-sessile; infl. monoicous,
barren fl. axillary gemmiform; areolæ small quadrate, longer
and flexuose below. 76.
HEDWIGIDIUM (31). Caps. exserted on a short pedicel; barren
fl. terminal; stem stoloniferous; l. plicate longitudinally,
areolæ longer. 77.
* * Calyptra dimidiate; l. nerved.
BARTRAMIDULA (60). Caps. on a curved pedicel, smooth,
cernuous; infl. synoicous; lid small sub-conical; calyptra
small cucullate; areolæ lax, oblong-hexagonal. 128.
II. PERISTOME SINGLE.
SUB-DIV. I. Calyptra mitriform.
† Calyptra plicato-striate.
_a._ teeth four.
TETRAPHIS (38). Perennial, caulescent, cæspitose; per. teeth
long rigid, with irregular longitudinal lines; areolæ
hexagonal. 98.
TETRODONTIUM (39). Annual, stem none, gregarious; l. few, very
minute. 99.
_b._ Teeth 16, equidistant.
PTYCHOMITRIUM (35). Caps. erect, regular, tapering at base,
annulus large, lid conico-rostrate; teeth bifid, not
hygroscopic; calyptra deeply furrowed, mitriform, subulate
above, shorter than capsule; infl. monoicous; barren. fl.
gemmiform, generally axillary. 89.
_c._ Teeth 16, in pairs.
GLYPHOMITRIUM (34). Calyptra large ventricose laciniate below,
entirely covering the capsule, contracted at the base; Infl.
as in last; per. teeth hygroscopic reflexed when dry. 88.
ORTHOTRICHUM (36). (partly) Perennial in round tufts; caps.
erect, immersed or exserted, pear-shaped or elliptical, with
8, rarely 16, coloured striæ; peristome either single or
double, sometimes absent; outer of 32 teeth, connected so as
to seem 8 or 16, broad and flat, inner of 8 or 16 equal cilia,
or 16 alternately shorter ones; lid short, conico-rostellate;
calyptra large campanulate, with about eight furrows, base
somewhat torn, and mostly covered with short hair-like
processes, but not contracted. 89.
† † Calyptra smooth, not plicate.
_a._ Teeth 16, equidistant.
* Perennial, caulescent, cæspitose.
ENCALYPTA (partly) [29.] _vide ante. p. 2._
SCHISTIDIUM. Caps. immersed, obovate or roundish, mouth wide;
calyptra small, conico-mitriform, columella adhering to the
deciduous lid; teeth large, barred, without medial lines,
often perforate. Infl. monoicous or dioicous (included in
_Grimmia_).
GRIMMIA (32). Caps. pedicillate, seta often flexuose, ovate or
oblong, rarely ventricose, sometimes striated, teeth large
lanceolate, barred, perforate, bi-trifid; calyptra five-lobed
at base, sometimes dimidiate; columella free. Infl. monoicous
or dioicous.; areolæ small dense, larger at base. 77.
RACOMITRIUM (33). Caps. oblong, erect, smooth, on a straight
pedicel, teeth bi-trifid, sometimes very long, sometimes
short, filiform unequal; calyptra large, with a subulate solid
papillose beak, lid conico-subulate, straight; leaves with
sinuous areolæ. Infl. dioicous. 86.
* * Annual or biennial, gregarious; leaves setaceous.
CAMPYLOSTELIUM (8). Caps. drooping, on a bent seta oblong,
smooth; teeth long lanceolate, barred, entire at base, cleft
at summit, and connected by a membrane at base; calyptra
small, conico-subulate, five-cleft at base. Infl. monoicous;
barren fl. gemmiform; areolæ minute, much enlarged and
diaphanous at base. 36.
BRACHYODUS (9). Caps. oblong sub-striate, teeth very short
truncate, partly confluent, equidistant; lid convex with a
slender beak; calyptra conical, three to five-lobed at base,
sub-dimidiate. Infl. monoicous gemmiform. St. very short,
annual or biennial. 36.
_b._ Teeth 16, in pairs, plane, reflexed when dry.
SPLACHNUM (65). Caps. sub-cylindrical or ovate, on a very
large spongy coloured apophysis; teeth lanceolate oblong
obtuse, plane, yellowish; calyptra small, entire or lacerated
at base. Infl. generally dioicous; barren, fl. capituliform,
naked or with small scattered leaves. 133.
_c._ Peristome a conical plicate membrane.
DIPHYSCIUM (41). Caps. very large sessile, oblique ovate,
gibbous; calyptra small, entire at base, scarcely covering the
conical lid. 99.
SUB-DIV. II. Calyptra dimidiate.
_a._ Calyptra inflexed at base, at first conico-mitriform, caps.
clavato-pyriform; teeth 16 or 32 plane, more or less paired, with a
medial line.
DISSODON (68). Caps. oval, with a long solid tapering neck,
lid conico-convex, obtuse, teeth 32, united into eight
bi-geminate teeth, or into 16 pairs, linear-lanceolate,
incurved when dry; leaves obtuse entire. Infl. monoicous or
synoicous, barren fl. gemmiform. 134.
TAYLORIA (67). Caps. with a long clavate or sub-pyriform neck;
teeth 16, or 32 cohering in pairs, reflexed when dry; leaves
acuminate serrated. Infl. monoicous; barren fl. capituliform. 134.
_b._ Calyptra not indexed at base.
* Teeth in eight pairs, reflexed when dry.
TETRAPLODON (66). Caps. with a solid clavate or oval apophysis
wider than itself; leaves loosely reticulated, acuminate.
Infl. monoicous, barren fl. gemmiform or capituliform,
3–5–leaved. 134.
ZYGODON (37) (partly). Caps. erect, pyriform, striated,
apophysate. Perist. double, single, or absent; outer teeth 32
united two or four together, representing 16 or 8 plane teeth,
inner of 8 or 16 cilia, alternating; calyptra small cucullate
smooth oblique, lid obliquely rostrate; leaves minutely
dotted. 97.
* * Teeth 16 equidistant, simple, or nearly so.
‡ Caps. pyriform or oval, erect or inclined.
ENTOSTHODON (58). Caps. erect, pyriform, symmetrical; lid
plano-convex, teeth short and broad triangular; calyptra
inflated below, cucullate; leaves loosely reticulated. 127.
MIELICHHOFERIA (53). Caps. pyriform, inclined or horizontal,
on a slender curved seta; calyptra small, not inflated; teeth
longer, linear-subulate, confluent and dilated at base. 124.
BLINDIA (13). Caps. roundish, turbinate-erect; teeth 16
lanceolate, remotely barred, entire or perforate, sometimes
cleft; calyptra angular at base, afterwards cleft on one side;
seta short; perennial cæspitose. 39.
SELIGERIA (10). Caps. roundish-pyriform, smooth, teeth
lanceolate obtuse, sometimes perforate, without medial line;
calyptra small cucullate; leaves setaceous; stems annual or
biennial gregarious, not cæspitose. Infl. monoicous, terminal
gemmiform. 37.
BRACHYODUS (9). _See page 6._
RHABDOWEISSIA (7). Caps. shortly oval, eight-striate, wide
mouthed, teeth lanceolate or subulate, barred, without medial
line; beak slender, inclined; calyptra cucullate; leaves
channelled lax; stems perennial, cæspitose. 36.
WEISSIA (6). Caps. oblong-ovate, smooth, teeth lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, free at base, without medial line, convex,
sometimes perforate and bifid; leaves of close texture; stems
as above. 33.
ANACALYPTA (22). Caps. oval on a long straight pedicel; teeth
united at base by a membrane, plane, lanceolate, entire or
perforate, no medial line; leaves succulent with lax areolæ;
stem annual or biennial. 57.
‡ ‡ Caps. globose, nearly horizontal.
DISCELIUM (64). Almost stemless; caps. decurrent into the
suddenly bent neck; teeth lanceolate, cleft half way from base
upwards; leaves few minute, gemmiform. 133.
CATASCOPIUM (63). Caps. smooth, shining, neck bent, and
tapering into the seta, mouth somewhat oblique; teeth short
truncate, irregular, barred, with a medial line; leaves
numerous, nerved, of firm texture. 132.
CONOSTOMUM (62). Caps. cernuous, obscurely furrowed when dry;
teeth linear-lanceolate, barred, converging and united
together into a cone; perennial. 132.
* * * Teeth 16, deeply bifid, equidistant.
‡ Caps. erect, symmetrical.
DESMATODON (23). Caps. oval or oblong, sometimes almost
pendulous; teeth subulate, united at base by a membrane,
bi-trifid; lid rostellate; leaves soft broad, papillose at
back. 58.
‡ ‡ Caps. sub-erect, rather unequal.
CYNODONTIUM (15). Caps. ovate-oblong, or obliquely
sub-pyriform, smooth, teeth lanceolate, connivent, dilated at
base, entire or cleft to base, sometimes barred, deep red; lid
rostrate. 39.
ARCTOA (14). Caps. oval or almost turbinate, striate,
contracted below the wide mouth when dry; teeth lanceolate
subulate, cleft, or perforate and entire, bars not prominent;
lid large, obliquely rostrate. 39.
‡ ‡ ‡ Caps. cernuous or inclined, unequal.
DICRANUM (16). Caps. mostly cernuous, smooth or striated,
regular, gibbous or curved, with a tapering apophysis, or
sometimes strumose, teeth equidistant, confluent at base,
incurved, lanceolate, cleft half way into unequal portions,
barred, occasionally perforate, with a medial line; lid
rostrate oblique; leaves of close texture, nerved and more or
less secund; areolation linear at the base. 40.
[DICRANELLA. Plant smaller than in _Dicranum_, and less
robust, areolation rectangular at the base, in other respects
similar.]
LEUCOBRYUM (17). Caps., lid and peristome as in _Dicranum_.
Leaves spongy, composed of a double layer of loose cellular
tissue, white or pale glaucous green, sub-secund, nerve
indistinct. 49.
FISSIDENS (71). Caps. cernuous or erect, more or less
truncate, teeth long and tapering from a lanceolate base,
cleft half way into unequal segments, geniculate, barred;
fruit in some species _cladocarpous_, leaves vertically
distichous. 135.
CERATODON (18). Caps. sub-cylindrical unequal, with a short
ventricose or strumose neck; teeth deeply cleft, or of two
equal subulate portions connected below by prominent
trabeculæ, of two differently coloured laminæ, the outer red,
the inner and broader yellow. 49.
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Capsule on an arcuate seta.
CAMPYLOPUS (20). Caps. oval or oblong, regular or gibbous on
upper side, tapering at base, striated, lid conico-subulate or
rostrate, teeth deeply bifid; calyptra large, fringed at base;
leaves with a broad nerve. 50.
DICRANODONTIUM (19). Caps. elliptical smooth, teeth
linear-lanceolate, cleft nearly to base into unequal portions,
obliquely striate; calyptra not fringed at base. 49.
* * * * Teeth 32, in pairs, narrow or filiform.
DIDYMODON (25). Caps. erect, sub-cylindrical, teeth 32 (16
Wilson) linear-lanceolate, _not obviously united by a basilar
membrane_, tender and fugacious, entire or perforate. 58.
TRICHOSTOMUM (26). Caps. erect, sub-cylindrical or oval,
smooth, teeth 32 in unequal pairs (often so united as to
appear 16 simple or perforate teeth), connected by a narrow
basilar membrane, persistent. 60.
DISTICHIUM (24). Caps. as in last; teeth 32 (16 Wilson) not
confluent at base, linear-lanceolate, entire, perforate or
cleft, with a medial line; leaves _distichous_, setaceous from
a sheathing base. 58.
TORTULA (27). Caps. mostly erect ovate-oblong, smooth, teeth
32 very long filiform _twisted_, articulate papillose, outer
cellules yellow, inner red, often united into a membrane at
base; leaves not distichous. 63.
CINCLIDOTUS (28). Caps. immersed ovate or oval, smooth, teeth
32 perfect or rudimentary, adhering at top to columella,
contorted, anastomosing at base. 74.
* * * * * Teeth 32 or 64 equidistant, short, obtuse, connected at apex
by a tympanum, formed of dilated apex of columella; nerve of leaf
covered with vertical lamellæ.
† Caps. not angular.
ATRICHUM (42). Caps. cylindrical, erect or cernuous, calyptra
narrow, almost naked, spinulose at apex only; teeth 32
ligulate rigid, united at base by a narrow membrane, leaves
not sheathing, lamellæ few, nerve narrow. Columella round. 100.
OLIGOTRICHUM (43). Caps. sub-cylindrical, erect, gibbous,
peristome as above; calyptra slightly setose at apex; leaves
sheathing at base, more lamellated, nerve wider; columella
winged. 101.
POGONATUM (44) Caps. ovate or urceolate, regular, erect or
inclined, calyptra very hairy, peristome as above; leaves
rigid, densely lamellated, nerve thick and broad. 101.
† † Caps. angular; teeth 64, rarely 32.
POLYTRICHUM (46). Caps. with a discoid apophysis, erect, when
ripe horizontal; teeth 64 (in some species 32). Calyptra very
hairy; leaves as in last. 102.
III. PERISTOME DOUBLE.
_a._ Caps. plano-convex.
BUXBAUMIA (40). Caps. very large, apophysate, oblique; outer
teeth irregular reddish, opaque, inner a pale conical plicate
membrane, calyptra small, only covering the conical obtuse
lid, fugacious, entire or laterally cleft. 99.
_b._ Caps. cylindrical.
ENCALYPTA (partly) (29). _vide ante p. 2._
_c._ Caps. oblong.
ORTHOTRICHUM (chiefly) (36). _vide ante p. 5._
_d._ Caps. obovate, unequal, mouth oblique.
FUNARIA (57). Caps. obliquely pyriform ventricose, sub-erect
or cernuous; outer perist. 16, obliquely lanceolate, teeth
trabeculate, longitudinally striate, and connected at apex by
a small circular disc, very hygrometric, inner a membrane
divided into 16 lanceolate processes opposite to outer;
calyptra inflated below. 126.
AMBLYODON (56). Caps. clavate or sub-pyriform, incurved
sub-erect; perist. outer, 16 short, erect, obtuse teeth; inner
(longer) a membrane divided into 16 carinate processes,
without cilia. Calyptra indexed at base; leaves loosely
reticulated. 125.
MEESIA (55). Caps, obovate or clavate, curved, gibbous,
sub-erect, neck long, tapering into seta; perist. outer 16
short, obtuse teeth, somewhat united to inner, entire or split
along medial line; inner same as last; leaves of close firm
texture, strongly nerved. 125.
_e._ Capsule striated.
ZYGODON (37). _vide ante p. 7._
AULACOMNION (47). Caps. oval or oblong apophysate, cernuous on
a flexuose seta; perist. outer 16 teeth, lanceolate-subulate,
barred; inner a thin membrane divided half way into 16
carinate lacunose processes, with cilia two or three together.
Branches bearing terminal globular masses (_pseudopodia_) of
rudimentary leaves or gemmæ. 105.
BARTRAMIA (61). Caps. globose, rather large, erect or
cernuous, rarely pendulous, not apophysate; perist. double,
single, or wanting; outer 16 equidistant lanceolate teeth;
inner a membrane divided into 16 carinate lanceolate
processes, splitting along the middle, alternating, sometimes
with cilia; calyptra small dimidiate; leaves papillose or
muriculate. 128.
_f._ Caps. smooth, mostly pyriform.
PALUDELLA (54). Caps. oval-oblong, slightly curved, cernuous
or sub-erect, lid mammillate; peristome as in _Bryum_, inner
without cilia; leaves squarrose. 125.
TIMMIA (46). Caps. obovate, cernuous; perist. outer 16 teeth,
inner, a membrane divided half way into 64 filiform processes;
variously united at the summits; leaves sheathing, rigid,
lanceolate; barren fl. axillary, gemmiform. Infl. monoicous. 104.
ORTHODONTIUM (48). Caps. clavoto-pyriform, inclined; perist.
outer 16 teeth indexed when dry; inner deeply divided into 16
narrow carinate processes; leaves very tender, narrow, not
sheathing; barren fl. axillary, gemmiform, aggregate. Infl.
monoicous. 106.
LEPTOBRYUM (49). Caps. and perist. as in _Bryum_; stems of
annual growth without innovations; leaves almost setaceous.
Infl. synoicous. 106.
BRYUM (50). Caps. pyriform cernuous or inclined; perist. outer
16 teeth, inner a membrane divided half way into 16 carinate
segments with or without cilia; stems perennial, with
innovations below the terminal flower; barren fl. gemmiform or
naked. 106.
MNIUM (51). Caps. oblong pendulous; perist. as in _Bryum_;
stems with innovations from the lower part; leaves large;
barren fl. discoid; infl. dioicous or synoicous. 121.
CINCLIDIUM (52). Caps., leaves and stem as in _Mnium_, outer
teeth 16 short, inner cupuliform. 124.
SECT. I. _b._ CLADOCARPI.
Fruit terminal on very short lateral branches.
DIV. I. _Peristome none._
SPHAGNUM (2). _vide ante p. 1._
DIV. II. _Peristome single._
MIELICHHOFERIA (53). _vide ante p. 8._
FISSIDENS (71) partly. _vide ante p. 10._
CINCLIDOTUS (28) occasionally. _vide ante p. 12._
SECT. II. PLEUROCARPI.
Fructification truly lateral.
DIV. I. _Calyptra dimidiate._
SUB-DIV. I. _Peristome none._
ANŒCTANGIUM (72). Caps. oval or obovate, erect, with a short
slightly inflated neck; lid conico-convex with a long slender
oblique beak; stems erect, cæspitose. 139.
SUB-DIV. II. _Perist. single, of 16 teeth._
HABRODON (77). Caps. oval-oblong erect, calyptra large, lid
conical; st. sub-erect, l. spreading, nerveless, soft and
opaque; per. teeth simple, linear, inserted below mouth of
caps., remotely articulate: dioicous. 141.
SUB-DIV. III. _Peristome almost single._
_a._ _inner peristome very short and indistinct._
LEUCODON (73). Caps. oval erect, on a short pedicel; calyptra
large; outer teeth 16 bifid or perforate, not hygroscopic;
surculi erect simple; leaves plicato-striate, nerveless. 139.
PTEROGONIUM (78). Caps. oblong erect, on a long seta; calyptra
small; outer teeth 16 simple, hygroscopic; surculi dendroid,
with fasciculate curved branches; leaves not striate. 141.
LEPTODON (75). Caps. oval on a very short seta; calyptra and
vaginula hairy; teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, entire or fissile,
not hygroscopic; surculi pinnate; branches curled when dry;
leaves very obtuse. 140.
SUB-DIV. IV. _Peristome double._
_a._ _Inner perist. of 16 cilia._
ANTITRICHIA (74). Caps, oval, regular, on a short curved seta;
calyptra rather large smooth; inner peristome of 16 filiform
processes; outer 16 tapering teeth with a medial line; surculi
procumbent, pinnate. 140.
ANOMODON (76). Caps. oval-oblong erect, on a long seta; lid
obliquely rostrate; calyptra small; perist. as in last: stems
erect with erect branches, cæspitose; leaves of close texture
acuminate, nerved. 140.
CYLINDROTHECIUM (81). Caps. cylindrical, regular, erect; outer
teeth 16 inserted below mouth of capsule; inner of 16 narrow
carinate processes; lid shortly rostellate; stem procumbent
pinnate; leaves ovate concave, faintly two-nerved at base. 142.
NECKERA (85). Caps. oval-oblong, immersed or pedicillate; lid
obliquely rostrate, outer teeth 16 linear-subulate, long,
connivent into a cone; inner as above; stems pinnate; leaves
complanate. St. sub-erect from a creeping rhizome. 182.
_b._ _Inner peristome a membrane divided half way into 16 carinate
segments with or without cilia._
* Caps. symmetrical, erect or sub-erect.
OMALIA (84). Leaves complanate smooth, falciform, obtuse,
serrulate at apex, not undulate (allied to _Neckera_).
LESKEA (82). Perist. outer of 16 narrow barred teeth, inner
without (rarely with) intermediate cilia, leaves mostly ovate,
nerved or nerveless, entire, spreading every way. 143.
CLIMACIUM (80). Caps. oblong, erect; lid adhering to the
persistent columella; outer teeth linear-lanceolate, confluent
at base, trabeculate, with a medial line; inner alternate and
longer than outer, lacunose without cilia, the two segments of
each process united only at apex; stem dendroid, erect. 142.
ISOTHECIUM (79). Caps. oval, sub-erect, symmetrical; lid not
adhering to columella; outer teeth 16 barred, with a medial
line; inner with intermediate cilia, two or three together;
stem dendroid drooping; branches fasciculate or pinnate. 142.
* * Caps. unequal, cernuous.
HYPNUM (83). Caps. cernuous, sometimes nearly erect, rarely
pendulous, ovate or oblong, more or less curved, and sometimes
slightly apophysate; outer teeth 16 equidistant lanceolate
acuminate, barred, inner alternating, often perforate, with
intermediate cilia, one, two or three together. 145.
_c._ Inner perist. a reticulated cone.
DICHELYMA (90). Peristome like _Fontinalis_; caps. scarcely
exserted; calyptra long twisted; leaves nerved. 185.
DIV. II. _Calyptra mitriform._
HOOKERIA (86). Caps. ovate or elliptical, cernuous, lid with a
straight beak; perist. as in _Leskia_; calyptra not fringed at
base; leaves complanate, loosely reticulated. 184.
DALTONIA (87). Caps. erect oval-oblong, obscurely apophysate;
calyptra fringed at base; leaves spreading every way; inner
perist. divided nearly to base. 184.
CRYPHÆA (88). Caps. oval-oblong or roundish, sub-sessile,
immersed; calyptra conical small, not fringed; peristome as in
_Neckera_. 184.
FONTINALIS (89). Caps. ovate or oval, immersed, sub-sessile;
calyptra conical, crenate or slightly lacerate at base, small;
outer teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, very long, cohering at apex
in pairs, barred, twisted; inner a plicate cone, with 16
angles, consisting of filiform cilia, united by crossbars. 185.
DIVISION I. ACROCARPI. (Genera 1–72.)
1. ANDREÆA. Ehr.
_a._ _L. nerveless._
1. A. PETROPHILA. Ehr. (_A. rupestris_ Hedw.) St. ¼ inch loosely tufted,
with fastigiate branches; l. erect imbricate, with a sheathing base,
generally secund, ovate or ovate-subulate, tapering above, and rather
obtuse; papillose, areolæ dotted; per. l. larger; all reddish brown.
Sub-alpine rocks, frequent. V. VI.
2. A. ALPESTRIS. Schimp. St. taller, densely tufted, with slender
branches; l. crowded, very small, patent on all sides when moist, ovate,
or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, areolæ quadrate at margin; per. l. shorter
and more obtuse.
Damp alpine rocks. Glen Callater; Perthshire.
3. A. OBOVATA. Thed. “Densely tufted, blackish brown, tall and robust;
l. somewhat like those of _alpina_, from an imbricate base
ovate-panduriform, gradually lanceolate, nearly smooth, glossy, quite
entire at margin, areolæ much laxer.” Dr. Braithwaite, Jour, of Bot.,
VIII. p. 95.
Glen Callater.
4. A. ALPINA. Turner. St. tall 1–3in. densely tufted, with long
fastigiate branches; l. imbricate, spreading, reddish or purplish brown,
obovate, almost panduriform concave; per. l. larger elliptic sheathing,
acute, areolæ dot-like.
Alpine rocks. V. VI.
_b._ _L. nerved._
5. A. RUPESTRIS. Turn. (_A. Rothii_ W. & M.) St. scarcely ½ inch,
loosely tufted; l. imbricate, falcato-secund, longly subulate from an
ovate base, thickly nerved to apex, rigid almost black; per. l. larger
convolute.
Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. V. VI.
6. A. GRIMSULANA. Bruch. Much more robust than the last, rufous black;
l. lanceolate acute broader, more solid, falcato-secund; per. l. broadly
ovate not acuminate.
Brandsley Falls, Yorkshire, J. G. Baker 1858. Herb. Kew.—Ingleborough.
7. A. CRASSINERVIA. Bruch. Tufts depressed deep black, st. prostrate
ascending, fragile; l. shining falcato-secund, subulate from an oblong
base; nerve thick excurrent into the round papillose _subula_, margin
entire, cells quadrate; per. l. erecto-patent convolute nerveless.
Alpine rocks; Hebden Bridge 1865; Scotland; Snowdon 1853.
8. A. FALCATA. Schimp. Smaller than last, very fragile black; l.
falcato-secund, opaque, from a dilated obovate base abruptly
lanceolate-subulate, nerve flattened, ending at or below the apex, which
is erose at margin.
Snowdon 1865 and Cader Idris (Schimper); Perthshire (McKinlay).
9. A. NIVALIS. Hooker. St. longer tufted slender, l. reddish brown,
falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, acute, gradually tapering and
nerved to apex.
Alpine rocks at limit of perpetual snow; Ben Nevis, &c. Summer.
2. SPHAGNUM. Dill.
[Dr. Braithwaite is at present publishing in the “Monthly
Microscopical Journal” a Monograph of this genus, but as he has
only got some three or four species described, I regret that I
cannot avail myself of his valuable researches, and can only
publish such species as are known to me. His division of species
is as follows:—
A. 1 _S. cymbifolium_ Ehr.
B. 2 _S. tenellum_ Ehr.
3 _S. rubellum_ Wils.
4 _S. neglectum_ Angst.
5 _S. subsecundum_ N. von E.
C. 6 _S. molle_ Sulot.
7 _S. rigidum._ N. H. & S.
D. 8 _S. squarrosum_ Pers.
9 _S. teres_ Angst.
10 _S. acutifolium_ Ehr.
11 _S. strictum_ Lindb.
12 _S. fimbriatum_ Wils.
13 _S. Lindbergii_ Schp.
14 _S. intermedium_ Hoff.
15 _S. cuspidatum_ Ehr.]
SECT. I. _Leaves obtuse roundish or elliptical._
_a._ Utricles of branches lined with spiral fibres.
10. S. CYMBIFOLIUM. Ehr. St. 3–12 inches robust tufted solid, covered
with a cortical web. Stem l. lingulate-spathulate with a rounded apex;
br. l. imbricate broadly ovate concave cucullate and muriculate at apex;
caps. large globose on a short seta: dioicous.
Bogs, common. VI. VII.
_b._ Branch cells without spiral fibres.
11. S. COMPACTUM. Brid. St. erect, 2–4in. dichotomous, densely
cæspitose; branches crowded short, almost erect, br. l. ovate-subulate,
obtuse, concave, slightly cucullate and smooth at apex, præmorse with
3–4 teeth; st. l. small elliptical: dioicous.
Wet moors. VII. VIII.
12. S. TENELLUM. Ehr. (_S. molluscum._ Bruch.) Stems rarely 2in.
slender, soft, fragile, branches similar; l. erecto-patent reflexed,
ovate-oblong, with a broadish border, very concave on the branches, pale
yellowish white; utricles of the branches between the leaves recurved at
points; caps. small orange-red, on a long pedicel: dioicous.
Wet hollows on peat bogs. V. VI.
13. S. RUBELLUM. Wils. St. 2–5in. slender loosely tufted with slender
deflexed sometimes curved branches; st. l. large ovate-oblong concave
obtuse sub-secund with a minutely toothed apex; br. l. ovate or
oblong-ovate, margins indexed, capsule almost included: dioicous.
Peat mosses, fr. rare. VI. VII.
SECT. II. _Leaves acuminate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate._
_a._ Leaves erecto-patent.
14. S. ACUTIFOLIUM. Ehr. St. 3–6in. with slender attenuated branches;
stem. l. small ovate acute erect; branch l. ovate-lanceolate slightly
præmorse with a 3–4 toothed apex, erecto-patent, often with a pinkish
tinge, sometimes almost white; pedicel long; monoicous.
Bogs and marshes. VI. VII.
15. S. FIMBRIATUM. Wils. St. slender 6–12in. loosely cæspitose, with
slender deflexed branches; st. l. obovate broad very obtuse, and fringed
at the summit; br. l. ovate-lanceolate acute erecto-patent, whitish,
never reddish; p. l. very large obtuse, cucullate; caps. on a short
pedicel, nearly enclosed in the per. leaves: monoicous.
Bogs and marshes. VI. VII.
16. S. CUSPIDATUM. Dill. Ehr. St. 3–12in., flaccid with distant deflexed
attenuated branches, the younger ones cuspidate; st. l. ovate acute, br.
l. lanceolate acute præmorse slightly fringed and bordered; per. l.
broadly ovate, acute, ped. short: dioicous.
Wet bogs. VI. VII.
17. S. RECURVUM. P. Beauv. “Distinguished from the last by its branch
leaves, recurved when dry, elliptical, not attenuated towards the apex;
usually growing out of the water, whilst _S. cuspidatum_ is almost
submerged.”—G. E. Hunt.
Common in bogs.
var. δ. _laricinum_. Spruce. l. loosely imbricated, slightly undulate
when dry, areolæ very minute.
18. S. CONTORTUM. Schultz. St. 3–6in. rigid blackish, “with a single
layer of cortical cellules”, and with crowded generally contorted
attenuated branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute concave, frequently
3–toothed at the apex, the cellules bordered with a row of small pores
at the back of the leaf: dioicous.
Bogs and ditches. VII.
var. γ. _obesum_; stem more robust, branches thicker and longer, leaves
larger.
19. S. SUBSECUNDUM. Nees & H. Allied to _contortum_, but more lax in
habit, stems more slender, with shorter branches and with the branch
leaves generally more or less secund.
20. S. CURVIFOLIUM. Wils. MS. Allied to the last; stem with a cortical
layer of two or three rows of cellules, leaves without marginal pores,
entire, acute.
_b._ Leaves squarrose.
21. S. SQUARROSUM. Pers. St. 4–12in. rigid, often forked, with long
deflexed attenuated branches; l. ovate-acuminate acute, recurved; caps.
large on a longish pedicel.
Bogs. VI. VII.
3. ARCHIDIUM. BRIDEL.
22. A. PHASCOIDES Brid. St. ¼in., second year branched sometimes 1in.;
fertile branches short, barren ones longer, slender, and with more
distant leaves; l. lanceolate pointed, upper ones longest, entire,
nerved nearly to or beyond apex; p.l. ovate-lanceolate, toothed near the
apex, nerve excurrent.
Moist clayey or chalky banks, &c. III. IV.
4. PHASCUM. LINN.
SECT. I. (EPHEMERUM.) Almost stemless, capsule immersed, barren fl.
gemmiform at base of, or near to, fertile fl.
_a._ Growing from a conferva-like thallus, columella fugacious.
23. P. SERRATUM. Schreb. “Stemless, leaves lanceolate, nerveless (?)
serrated, connivent; capsule large roundish ovate, sub-sessile.” (Wils.)
Sandy banks or fallows. Spring or Autumn.
var. β. _angustifolium._ “Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate, obscurely
toothed; caps. smaller.”
24. P. COHÆRENS. Hed. Stemless, very minute; l. ovate-lanceolate,
keeled, erect, nerved to apex, and serrated about half way from summit;
capsule immersed sub-sessile.
On the ground. Winter.
25. P. TENERUM. Bruch. Inconspicuous; l. broad ovate-lanceolate,
slightly denticulate at apex, very flaccid; caps. small, pale yellow,
calyptra conical. Bry. Europ. vol. I.
On the mud of dried-up pools. Winter.
Weald of Sussex, Mr. Mitten.
26. P. SESSILE. B. & S. Very minute, almost stemless; l.
lanceolate-subulate, denticulate more than two-thirds from summit,
rigid, with an almost excurrent nerve; caps. sessile small, rounded,
brownish: monoicous.
Clay and chalky heaths, rare. Autumn, Winter.
var. β. _stenophyllum_. l. shorter, linear-lanceolate, slightly
serrulate.
27. P. RECURVIFOLIUM. Dicks. Minute, st. almost none; l. lingulate,
rarely linear-lanceolate, erect, frequently recurved, denticulate at the
apex, with a strong generally excurrent nerve; caps. roundish ovate,
nearly sessile.
Heaths and fallows. Autumn, Winter.
_b._ Mature plants without confervoid shoots.
28. P. MUTICUM. Schreb. Minute, almost stemless; l. convolute, broadly
ovate, tapering pointed, concave, toothed above, nerved nearly to the
apex; caps. round, reddish, erect, sub-sessile.
Moist banks and fallows. Autumn, Spring.
var. β. _minus_, leaves entire.
29. P. TRIQUETRUM. Spruce. Almost stemless; l. in three rows, lowest
minute ovate nerveless, three uppermost (perichætial) cucullate,
pointed, obovate, keeled, margins reflexed, denticulate above, nerve
excurrent; caps. spherical, horizontal or drooping, pedicel long,
slender, suddenly bent near its union with the capsule.
Cliffs, Sussex coast. III.
SECT. II. Barren fl. axillary, antheridia naked.
30. P. FLOERKEANUM. Web. & M. Almost stemless, very minute; leaves
broadly ovate, tapering to a point, lower ones small nerveless, upper
ones larger nerve excurrent, margins reflexed; caps. ovate-spherical,
shortly beaked, immersed with sub-conical curved-pointed calyptra.
Clay or chalky fields, rare. IX.–XI.
31. P. RECTUM. Sm. Stem short; l. closely crowded, erecto-patent,
elliptic-lanceolate pointed with an excurrent nerve, often reddish,
margins recurved; caps. exserted, roundish ovoid, on a longish straight
pedicel.
Fields and banks near the coast, frequent. Winter.
32. P. CURVICOLLUM. Hedw. St. short reddish; l. erecto-patent,
lanceolate, tapering, pointed with an excurrent nerve, entire, margin
reflexed; caps. roundish, blunt-pointed, cernuous, exserted, on a
longish curved pedicel; cal. dimidiate.
Moist banks and fields.
SECT. III. Barren fl. axillary, gemmiform.
33. P. CUSPIDATUM. Schreb. From ⅛ to ¼in. high, st. simple or branched;
l. ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, erect concave, keeled, with the nerve
prominently excurrent; caps. roundish, immersed on a short pedicel.
Moist banks, hedges, and fields, common. III.
var. β. leaves longer, lanceolate; caps. smaller.
γ. _Schreberianum._ St. elongated, branches dichotomous; leaves
distant spreading.
δ. _piliferum._ Pedicel curved; leaves with long white filiform
points.
ε. _curvisetum._ Caps. laterally exserted, on a longish curved
pedicel.
ζ. _elatum._ Upper leaves lanceolate, cuspidate caps.
sub-pendulous, similar to the last.
34. P. BRYOIDES. Dicks. St. ⅛–¼in. simple or branched; l. lower, ovate
pointed, upper elliptic ovate concave erect, margin reflexed, pointed
with the excurrent nerve; caps. elliptical, with an oblique blunt point,
brown, exserted. Barren fl. sometimes terminal on a short branch.
Banks and fields, rare. Spring.
var. β. leaves piliferous.
γ. _curvisetum._ Pedicel curved, longer.
δ. caps. roundish, pedicel very short.
ε. smaller, with piliferous leaves. (_P. pusillum_ Schleich.)
ζ. _Thornhillii._ “l. spreading sub-reflexed
spathulato-lanceolate, margin plane, nerve slightly
excurrent; caps. narrowly elliptical, rostrate, pedicel
elongated.”
SECT. IV. Barren fl. naked in the axil of a perichætial leaf.
35. P. PATENS. Hedw. St. ⅛in. l. more or less spreading, sometimes
recurved, obovate-lanceolate, serrulate near the apex, concave, nerve
ceasing below apex; caps. immersed spherical pointed, pale brown,
sub-sessile.
Clay banks and fields. Autumn.
SECT. V. Stems growing by innovations, caps. therefore often apparently
lateral, leaves narrow, almost setaceous.
36. P. NITIDUM. Hedw. L. generally erect, linear-lanceolate, keeled,
sub-denticulate near apex, nerved (thin) nearly to summit; caps.
elliptical, with a short oblique point, sometimes pendulous, on a short
pedicel.
Moist banks, &c. Autumn, Spring.
37. P. SUBULATUM. L. St. ⅛in. l. lanceolate, sharply tapering from a
broadish base, not keeled, with a broad nerve ceasing near the apex;
per. l. almost setaceous; caps. roundish-ovoid pale brown, immersed, on
a very short pedicel.
Banks and fields, common. Spring.
38. P. ALTERNIFOLIUM. Bruch. & S. St. sometimes with innovations, ½in.
long, or more; st. l. lanceolate acuminate from a broad base; per. l.
subulate-setaceous, with a thick nerve, excurrent and forming nearly the
upper half of the leaf; caps. ovoid immersed, brownish, with an oblique
point.
Banks and fallow ground. Spring.
SECT. VI. Stems perennial branched; leaves linear-lanceolate firm
strongly nerved; caps. with traces of a dehiscent lid; barren fl.
gemmiform, terminal on a branch or sometimes axillary.
39. P. CRISPUM. Hedw. St. ¼in. cæspitose; with fastigiate branches; l.
lanceolate-subulate, grooved erect or spreading, margins involute, nerve
excurrent; per. l. very long, concave at base, sometimes almost secund;
caps. roundish, immersed, pale brown, with an oblique beak.
Banks and fields, chiefly limestone. Spring.
40. P. MULTICAPSULARE. Smith. St. ½in., loosely tufted; leaves distant,
alternate, spreading, lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, with an excurrent
nerve and plane margin; per. l. longer and broader, erect, incurved;
capsule ovoid tapering to an oblique short beak, on a longish pedicel,
sometimes two together.
Fields, &c., rare. III.
var. β. _Mittenii._ Stems fragile, l. shorter, acute, recurved; p. l.
smaller; caps. on a longer pedicel.
41. P. ROSTELLATUM. Brid. St. ⅛–¼in., tufted; l. linear-lanceolate,
spreading obtuse, nerve excurrent, margin plane; caps. olive-brown ovoid
elliptical with a straight beak; pedicel equalling caps. in length: a
smaller plant than the last.
Dried beds of pools, &c. Autumn, Spring.
5. GYMNOSTOMUM. HEDW.
SECT. I. Infl. dioicous, margin of l. reflexed or plane, not incurved.
_a._ St. short, per. l. sheathing; caps. elliptic-oblong, narrow at
mouth, lid conical, annulus large persistent.
42. G. TENUE. Schrad. St. tufted; l. lingulate, sub-erect, upper ones
longest entire, nerved nearly to apex; caps. pale brown, lid obtuse.
Sandstone rocks and walls. VII. VIII.
_b._ St. taller, branched; per. l. slightly sheathing, caps. oval or
ovoid, truncate; lid with a long beak, annulus narrow, persistent.
43. G. RUPESTRE. Schw. St. ½in. densely tufted, slender, dichotomous; l.
linear-lanceolate, spreading obtuse keeled, nerved nearly to apex;
capsule erect oval, lid flattish, suddenly rising to a longish scarcely
bent beak.
Wet alpine rocks. Autumn.
var. β. _ramosissimum._ densely tufted, leaves shorter, capsule smaller
on a shorter pedicel.
γ. _stelligerum._ loosely tufted, l. fasciculate and
stellato-patent at the ends of the branches,
linear-lanceolate acute.
δ. _compactum._ leaves fascicled, longer and more obtuse.
44. G. CURVIROSTRUM. Hedw. St. ½–1in. cæspitose branches fastigiate; l.
linear-lanceolate, spreading keeled, margins recurved, nerved nearly to
apex; caps. broadly ovoid, lid adhering to columella, conical battened,
with a long suddenly bent beak.
Moist sub-alpine rocks. Autumn.
var. β. _pomiforme._ leaves narrow, caps. more spherical.
γ. _microcarpon._ l. broader, erecto-patent, caps. smaller,
roundish obovate.
δ. _pallidisetum._ st. long slender, l. fascicled, caps. small
obovate, with a shorter pedicel and beak.
SECT. II. Infl. monoicous; margins of l. incurved or plane, not
reflexed.
_a._ Caps. contracted at mouth; sporangium adherent to columella forming
a closed sac.
45. G. SQUARROSUM. Wils. St. ¼in. loosely tufted, l. linear-lanceolate,
squarrose, distant, blunt, nerve running out into a mucro; caps.
elliptical, sometimes oblique and unequal; lid with a blunt beak.
Clay fields and banks. Autumn, Spring.
46. G. MICROSTOMUM. Hedw. St. ⅛ to ¼in. densely tufted; l.
linear-lanceolate, acute, upper ones longest, nerve excurrent; capsule
elliptical, sometimes oblique and gibbous, olive-brown, much contracted,
lid with a longish curved beak.
Fields, &c. Spring.
var. β. _obliquum._ caps. oblong, oblique, lid sub-rostrate.
γ. _brevirostre._ caps. oblong symmetrical, lid short conical.
δ. _brachycarpum._ caps. roundish, gibbous.
ε. _elatum._ innovations overtopping fruit, caps. roundish small,
lid sub-rostrate.
_b._ Caps. scarcely contracted; sporangium not adherent.
47. G. TORTILE. Schw. St. ⅛–¼in. densely tufted with fastigiate
branches; l. oblong-lanceolate, spreading or sub-erect curved, obtuse,
pointed with the excurrent nerve; caps. elliptical, with a purple mouth
and an inclined beaked lid.
Limestone rocks. Spring.
var. β. _subcylindricum._ l. linear-lanceolate, caps. oblong.
6. WEISSIA. HEDW.
_a._ Monoicous.
48. W. CONTROVERSA. Hedw. St. ⅛–¼in. branched; l. lower lanceolate,
upper linear-lanceolate, margin incurved, with a slightly excurrent
nerve; caps. oval, erect, lid conical, beak half-length of capsule;
barren fl. gemmiform.
Frequent. Spring.
var. β. _stenocarpa._ caps. sub-cylindrical narrow.
γ. _densifolia._ densely tufted; l. crowded narrower.
δ. _amblyodon._ teeth of peristome variable, short and truncate,
acute or cleft at apex., yellowish.
ε. _gymnostomoides._ teeth of peristome almost wanting.
49. W. MUCRONATA. B. & S. Smaller than last; l. linear-lanceolate, with
plane margins, the nerve slightly excurrent and forming a mucro; caps.
oblong, scarcely striated; teeth of per. short truncate, perforated, lid
with a longish beak; barren fl. gemmiform.
Fallow (clay) ground. III. IV.
50. W. CIRRHATA. Hedw. St. ½–1in. loosely tufted; l. linear-lanceolate,
spreading entire concave, keeled, margin reflexed, not nerved to apex;
per. l. slightly sheathing, shorter; caps. oval-oblong; lid with a long
beak; monoicous.
Posts and rocks in mountainous districts.
51. W. CRISPULA. Hedw. St. shorter than last, branched; l. spreading,
frequently falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, base wide, concave;
margins plane, not nerved to apex; caps. oval or oblong without annulus;
lid beaked. Barren fl. gemmiform.
Mountainous rocks. VI. VII.
SECT. II. Infl. dioicous; terminal.
52. W. VERTICILLATA. Brid. St. ¼–¾in., branches fastigiate; l.
linear-lanceolate, rigid, denticulate at base, sub-erect, margin plane,
with a strong slightly excurrent nerve; teeth of per. incurved, not
barred, sometimes perforated; caps. erect, reddish; lid beaked.
Dripping limestone rocks. VI. VII.