cost of setting 80 cts. per base. The bases were sunk to a depth of 3
ft. 3 ins. In many cases they were placed under poles without
interrupting service by sawing off the pole, dropping it into the
ground, placing the new base and setting the sawed-off pole on it and
bolting up the straps.
~MILE POST, CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS R. R.~--The dimensions of the post
are shown by Fig. 306. Each post weighs 498 lbs. They are made when
other concrete work is being done. The form is laid flat, with the molds
for the letters on the bottom, and bottom and sides are plastered with
mortar, which is backed up with a 1-1-2 stone concrete. The cost of the
post is given as follows:
¼ barrel of cement at $2 $0.50
267 lbs. crushed stone 0.01
133 lbs. sand 0.01
1-1/3 hours labor at 15 cts. 0.20
1/3 hour carpenter changing letters at 25 cts. 0.08
Coloring cement 0.02
-----
Total $0.82
~BONDING NEW CONCRETE TO OLD.~--Concrete which has set hard has a surface
skin or glaze to which fresh concrete will not adhere strongly unless
special effort is made to perfect the bond. Various ways of doing this
are practiced. The most common is to clean the hardened surface from all
loose material and give it a thorough wash of cement grout against which
the fresh concrete is deposited and rammed before the grout has had time
to set. Washing the old surface with a hose or scrubbing it with a brush
and water improves the bond, as does also the hard tamping of the
concrete immediately over the joint. Mortar may be used in place of
grout. The thorough cleansing of the surface is, however, quite as
essential as the bonding coat, in fact in the opinion of the authors it
is more essential. As a rule, a good enough joint for ordinary purposes
can be got by tamping the fresh concrete directly against the old
concrete, without grout or mortar coating, if the surface of the latter
is thoroughly cleaned by scrubbing and flushing. The secret of securing
a good bond between fresh concrete and concrete that has set lies
largely in getting rid of the glaze skin and the slime and dust which
forms on it. Washing will go far toward doing this. The glaze skin can
be removed entirely by acid solutions, but the acid wash must be flushed
free from the surface before placing the fresh concrete. Ransomite, made
by the Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J., is a prepared
acid wash which to the authors' knowledge has given excellent success in
a number of cases. The glaze coat can also be removed by picking the
hardened surface, but the picking should be followed by washing to
remove all loose chips and dust.
~DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES OF MIXERS.~--In planning plant lay-outs it is
often desirable to know the sizes, capacities, etc., of various mixers
in order to make preliminary estimates. Tables XXII to XXXIII give these
data for a number of the more commonly employed machines. The Eureka,
the Advanced and the Scheiffler mixers are continuous mixers and the
others are batch mixers.
Table XXII--Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Advanced Mixers.
Cement Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
Height ground to hopper top 3' 6"
Width over all 3' 6"
Length over all on trucks 10' 6"
Capacity per hour, cu. yds. 25 to 75
Horsepower, engine 2
Weight:
On trucks, without power, lbs. 1,700
On trucks, steam engine 2,000
On trucks, gas engine 2,200
On trucks, steam engine and boiler 2,500
Table XXIII--Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Scheiffler Proportioning
Mixers. The Hartwick Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.
Mixer Number. No. 2. No. 2½. No. 3.
Dimensions of hopper, ins. 55×33 53×33 60×40
Height, from ground to top of hopper, ins. 43 43 48
Width over all on trucks, ins. 46 46 46
Length over all on trucks, ins. 126 126 132
Hourly capacity in cubic yards 5-6 8 12-15
Horsepower required, gasoline engine 2 3 4
Horsepower required, steam engine. 3 4
Weights:
On trucks, without power, lbs. 2,400 2,900 3,300
On trucks, gasoline engine, lbs. 3,000 3,600 4,500
On trucks, steam engine, lbs. 2,800 3,330 4,000
On trucks, steam engine and boiler, lbs. 3,500 3,700 4,800
Table XXIV--Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Eureka Mixers.
Eureka Machine Co., Lansing, Mich.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| | | |
Mixer Number | No. 81 | No. 82 | No. 83 |
-------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|
_ | | | |
| Sand | 18"×25½" | | |
Size hoppers, ins. | Cement | 17"×25½" | do | do |
|_ Stone | 30"×25" | | |
Height, ground to hopper top | 49" | 49" | 49" |
Width over all on trucks | 40" | 40" | 40" |
Length over all on trucks | 12'-9" | 10'-0" | 10'-0" |
Capacity per hour, cu. yds. | 10 to 18 | 10 to 18 | 10 to 18 |
Engine horsepower | 3 stm. | 3 stm. | 3½ gas |
Boiler horsepower | 4 | | |
Weight on trucks, no power | 1,980 | 1,980 | 1,980 |
Weight trucks steam engine | 2,800 | | |
Weight trucks gas engine | | | 2,300 |
Weight trucks, eng. and boiler | 3,000 | | |
-------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| | |
Mixer Number | No. 84 | No. 25 | No. 23
-------------------------------|------------|----------|----------
_ | | |
| Sand | 18"×25½" | 18"×25½" | 18"×25½"
Size hoppers, ins. | Cement | 17"×25½" | 17"×25½" | 17"×25½"
|_ Stone | 30"×25" | |
Height, ground to hopper top | 49" | 49" | 49"
Width over all on trucks | 40" | 40" | 40"
Length over all on trucks | 10'-0" | 8'-0" | 8'-0"
Capacity per hour, cu. yds. | 10 to 18 | 10 to 18 | 2 to 4
Engine horsepower | 3 el. motr | Pulley. | Hand.
Boiler horsepower | | |
Weight on trucks, no power | 1,980 | 1,400 | 1,400
Weight trucks steam engine | | |
Weight trucks gas engine | | |
Weight trucks, eng. and boiler | | |
-------------------------------|------------|----------|----------
Table XXV--Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Snell Mixers.
R. Z. Snell Mfg. Co., South Bend, Ind.
Mixer Number. No. 0. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
Size batch, cu. ft. 3 7 11 24
Capacity per hour, cu. yds. 2½ 5 8 20
Speed revs. per min. 30 30 25 19
Weight on Skids:
With pulley, lbs. 480 800 900 2,000
With engine, lbs. 800 1,550 2,050 3,500
With eng. and boiler, lbs. 2,170 2,900 4,000
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs. 1,100 2,200 3,450 4,700
With engine and boiler, lbs. 3,570 4,750 5,200
Engine:
Size cylinder, ins. 4×6 3½×4½ 4×5 5×6½
Rated horsepower 1½ 4 5 6
Boiler:
Size, ins. 24×60 26×60 30×60
Rated horsepower 5 6 8
Outside dimensions on skids 2'9"×4' 3'4"×5'6" 4'×6' 6'×9'
Total height on skids 3'8" 4'6" 5' 5'6"
Table XXVI--Sizes, Capacities and Horsepower of Ransome Mixers.
Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J.
Mixer number. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4.
Size batch, cu. ft. 10 to 14 20 30 40
Capacity per hr., cu. yds. 10 20 30 40
Speed, Revs. per min. 16 15 14½ 14
Weight on Skids:
Pulley or gear, lbs. 3,300 3,650 5,900 7,400
With engine, lbs. 4,600 5,050 7,700 9,250
With engine and boiler, lbs. 6,450 8,700 12,200 14,700
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs. 5,100 5,550 8,200 9,750
With engine and boiler, lbs. 6,950 9,200 12,700 15,000
Engines:
Size cylinder, ins. 6×6 7×7 8×8 9×9
Rated horsepower 7 10 14 20
Boiler:
Size, ins. 36×69 42×75 42×87 48×93
Rated horsepower 10 15 20 30
Table XXVII--Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Improved Cube
Mixers. Municipal Engineering and Contracting Co., Chicago, Ill.
Mixer No. No. No. No. No. No.
number. "Handy." 6. 11. 17. 22. 33. 64.
Size batch, cu. ft. 2½ 6 11 17 22 33 64
Capacity per hr., cu. yds. 5½ 13 24 40 50 70 120
Speed, revs. per min. 24 20 18 17 16 15 12
Weight on Skids:
Pulley or gear, lbs. 1,000 1,900 2,800 5,000 7,000 9,600 19,000
With engine, lbs. 2,500 3,600 6,100 8,200 12,000
With eng. and boiler, lbs. 3,100 4,300 7,800 10,000 16,000
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs. 1,400 3,200 4,500 7,100 9,500 15,000
With eng. and boiler, lbs. 4,000 6,000 8,800 10,300 17,000
Engine:
Size cylinder, ins. 4×4 6×6 6½×7 7×8 8×9
Rated horsepower 2 3 6 8 12 15 30
Boiler, rated horsepower 4 8 10 15 18 35
Width over all 4'-5" 5'-10" 7'-1" 7'-8" 8'-6" 9'-8"
Length over all 4'-10" 6'-9" 8'-0" 8'-10" 10'-2" 13'-6"
Height bot. sill to
charging hopper 3'-4¼" 3'-5" 3'-10" 4'-7" 5'-0" 5'-9"
Additional height on
wheels 9-7/8" 1'-5-1/8" 1'-5-1/8" 6-3/8" 5½"
Table XXVIII--Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Cropp Mixers.
A. J. Cropp, Concrete Machinery, Chicago, Ill.
Mixer number. No. 0. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4.
Size batch, cu. ft. 7 to 8 10 13 16 20
Cap. per hr., cu. yds. 15 20 25 30 40
Speed, revs. per min. 12 10 10 10 10
Weight on Skids:
With engine, lbs. 1,375 1,650 1,700 1,975 2,100
With eng. and boiler, lbs. 2,575 2,950 3,000 3,775 3,900
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs. 1,775 2,050 2,200 2,475 2,600
With eng. and boiler, lbs. 2,900 3,350 3,400 4,250 4,350
Engine:
Size cylinder, ins. 4×4 5×5 5×5 6×6 6×6
Rated horsepower 3 5 5 7 7
Boiler:
Size inside 24"×4' 24"×6' 24"×6' 30"×6' 30"×6'
Rated horsepower 4 6 6 9 9
Out. dimensions on skids 40" 40" 40" 48" 48"
Total height 50" 56" 56" 56" 62"
Height fr. ground on trucks:
Charging, ins. 20 20 20 20 20
Discharging, ins. 30 30 30 30 30
TABLE XXIX--SIZES, CAPACITIES AND HORSEPOWERS OF CHICAGO CONCRETE MIXERS.
Chicago Concrete Machinery Co., Chicago, Ill.
Number of mixer. No. 00. No. 0. No. 1. No. 2.
Standard charge in cu. ft. cement ½ 1 1 2
" " Sand 1½ 2½ 4 8
" " stone 3 5 8 16
Total unmixed batch in cu. ft 5 8½ 13 26
Mixed concrete per batch, loose in cu. ft. 3½ 6 9 18
Cubic yards of unmixed material per hour,
45 batches per hour 8 14 21 42
Cubic yards of mixed concrete per hour,
45 batches per hour 6 10 15 30
Minimum horsepower required 2 4 6 8
Revolutions of driving pulley per min 200 190 185 170
Revolutions of drum per min 20 18 15 13
Diameter and face of driving pulley 20×3½ 20×4½ 24×5½ 28×6½
Weight:
On skids with pulley, lbs. 1,550 2,150 2,900 4,850
On truck with pulley or gears, lbs. 1,800 2,550 3,500 5,150
On skids with st. engine only, lbs. ... 2,400 3,400 4,600
On truck with st. engine only ... 2,900 4,000 5,300
On skids with st. eng. and boiler, lbs. ... 2,800 4,700 6,000
On truck with st. eng. and boiler, lbs. 2,400 4,200 5,750 7,850
On skids with gasoline engine, lbs. 2,000 3,500 5,000 6,500
On truck with gasoline engine, lbs. 2,400 4,300 5,800 7,800
TABLE XXX--SIZES, CAPACITIES AND HORSEPOWERS OF KOEHRING MIXERS.
Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis.
Mixer number. No. 0-B. No. 1-B. No. 2-B. No. 3-B.
Capacity per charge, in cu. ft 7 11 22 27
Capacity per hour in cu. yds 7 14 25 30
Horsepower, steam engine 4 6 8 10
Horsepower, steam boiler 5 8 10 14
Horsepower, gasoline engine 4 6 10 12
Horsepower, electric motor 5 6 7½ 10
Speed of drum 20 17 15 15
Speed of intermediate shaft 132 108 75 75
Weight of mixer on skids 1,800 2,800 5,200 5,500
Weight of mixer on skids, with steam eng. 2,300 3,550 6,500 7,000
Weight of mixer on skids, with steam
engine and boiler 3,300 5,000 8,000 9,300
Weight of mixer on skids, gasoline
engine and housing 3,000 4,400 7,500 8,600
Weight of trucks with pole 400 600 850 950
Weight of automatic loading bucket
complete 500 700 1,000 1,100
Weight of mixing through complete 200 250 400 400
TABLE XXXI--SIZES, CAPACITIES AND HORSEPOWERS OF SMITH MIXERS.
Contractors' Supply & Equipment Co., Chicago, Ill.
Mixer number. No. 0. No. 1. No. 2. No. 2½. No. 4. No. 5.
Stand. charge cu. ft. Cement 1 1 2 2 3 4
" " " " Sand 2½ 4 6 7½ 10½ 14
" " " " Stone 5 8 12 15 21 28
Total unmixed per batch,
cu. ft. 8½ 13 20 24½ 34½ 46
Mixed material per batch
(loose), cu. ft. 6 9 13½ 16½ 22 30
Cubic yards mixed per
hour, up to 9 20 30 39 46 62
Power required--H.P. 4 6 8 10 15 19
Revs. per minute of
driving pulley 218 180 173 162 160 125
Diameter and face of
driving pulley, ins. 20×4½ 24×5½ 28×5½ 28×6½ 36×6½ 48×7½
Weight on skids with
pulley only, lbs. 1,740 2,500 3,600 4,400 6,200 7,900
Weight on truck with
pulley or gears, lbs. 2,200 3,650 4,750 5,500 7,400 ....
Weight on truck with
steam eng. & boil., lbs. 3,750 5,600 7,200 8,600 11,400 ....
Weight on truck with
gasoline engine, lbs 4,000 5,100 7,400 9,300 .... ....
TABLE XXXII--SIZES, WEIGHTS AND CAPACITIES OF POLYGON MIXER.
Waterloo Cement Machinery Co., Waterloo, Iowa.
Mixer number. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7.
Maximum charge, cu. ft. 6 10 12 16
Cubic yards mixed per day (10 hrs.) up to 60 190 130 180
Weight on skids with pulley (approx.) 1,600 2,200 3,500 4,000
Weight on skids with steam engine and
boiler (approx.) 3,100 3,900 5,500 6,200
Weight on skids with gasoline engine
(approx.) 2,900 3,900 5,100 5,700
Weight on trucks with steam engine and
boiler (approx.) 3,600 4,600 6,000 7,000
Weight on trucks with gasoline engine
(approx.) 3,400 4,650 5,700 6,750
~DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE WEIGHT OF STEEL IN REINFORCED
CONCRETE.~--Architects' and engineers' plans record the steel used in
reinforced concrete in various ways. Sometimes complete schedules of
shapes, dimensions and weights of the various reinforcing elements are
drawn up and submitted to bidders with the plans. In such cases the
estimating is usually a simple problem for the contractor. In other
cases the amount of steel that will be required is stated as a
percentage of the volume of the concrete. In still other cases the
detail drawings merely show the number, location and dimensions of the
reinforcing bars, stirrups, etc., and the contractor has to compile from
them his own schedule of quantities. The following tables and discussion
will aid the contractor in making his estimates. Before proceeding with
these data, however, the authors would strongly advise that to
facilitate rapid estimating the contractor should keep accurate records
of all reinforced concrete structures in such form as to show the
percentages of steel used. In doing this, however, he should be careful
to separate the foundations, etc., which are not reinforced from the
superstructure which is reinforced. A reinforced concrete arch bridge,
for example, usually rests on piers and abutments which are not
reinforced. Do not lump together all the concrete in recording the
weight of reinforcement used, but separate the reinforced arch from the
unreinforced portions.
~Method of Computing Weight from Percentage of Volume.~--In a cubic yard
of concrete there is 1 per cent. of 27 cu. ft. or 0.27 cu. ft. of steel
if the reinforcement is 1 per cent. Now a cubic foot of steel weighs 490
lbs., but for all practical purposes we can call it 500 lbs. Hence
reinforced concrete containing 1 per cent. of steel has 0.27 × 500 = 135
lbs. per cubic yard. Table XXXIII has been computed in this manner;
knowing the price of steel it is a matter of simple multiplication to
estimate from the table the cost of steel for any percentage of
reinforcement.
~Weights and Dimensions of Plain and Special Reinforcing Metals.~--Steel
for reinforcement is used in the shape of plain round and square bars,
deformed bars, woven and welded netting and metal mesh of various sorts.
Tables XXXIV to XXXVII show the weights, dimensions, etc., of these
various metals.
TABLE XXXIII--SHOWING WEIGHT OF STEEL PER CUBIC FOOT AND PER CUBIC YARD OF
CONCRETE FOR VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF REINFORCEMENT.
Per cent Lbs. steel Lbs. steel
of steel. Per cu. ft. Per cu. yd.
0.20 1.00 27.0
0.25 1.25 33.8
0.30 1.50 40.5
0.35 1.75 47.3
0.40 2.00 54.0
0.45 2.25 60.8
0.50 2.50 67.5
0.55 2.75 74.3
0.60 3.00 81.0
0.65 3.25 87.5
0.70 3.50 94.5
0.75 3.75 101.3
0.80 4.00 108.0
0.85 4.25 114.8
0.90 4.50 121.5
0.95 4.75 128.3
1.00 5.00 135.0
TABLE XXXIV--WEIGHTS OF ROUND AND SQUARE BARS OF DIMENSIONS COMMONLY
USED FOR REINFORCING CONCRETE.
Thickness or Weight of square Weight of round
diameter in inches bars. Lbs. per ft. rods. Lbs. per ft.
1/16 0.013 0.010
1/8 0.053 0.042
3/16 0.119 0.094
¼ 0.212 0.167
5/16 0.333 0.261
3/8 0.478 0.376
7/16 0.651 0.511
½ 0.850 0.668
9/16 1.076 0.845
5/8 1.328 1.043
11/16 1.607 1.262
¾ 1.913 1.502
7/8 2.608 2.044
1 3.400 2.670
1-1/8 4.303 3.380
1¼ 5.312 4.172
1½ 7.650 6.008
1¾ 10.404 4.178
2 13.600 10.68
TABLE XXXV--DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT OF EXPANDED METAL.
Mesh, Sectional area sq. Weight, lbs.
inches. ins. per ft. width. per sq. ft.
Standard ½ 0.209 0.74
Standard ¾ 0.225 0.80
Standard 1½ 0.207 0.70
Standard 2 0.166 0.56
Standard 3 0.083 0.28
Light 3 0.148 0.50
Standard 3 0.178 0.60
Heavy 3 0.267 0.90
Extra heavy 3 0.356 1.20
Standard 3 0.400 1.38
Standard 3 0.600 2.07
Old style 4 0.093 0.42
Standard 6 0.245 0.84
Heavy 6 0.368 1.26
TABLE XXXVI--DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT OF KAHN RIB METAL.
Size Section area Weight per
No. per ft. width sq. ins. sq. ft. lbs.
2 0.54 2.13
3 0.36 1.43
4 0.27 1.08
5 0.22 0.87
6 0.18 0.72
7 0.15 0.62
8 0.14 0.55
TABLE XXXVII--WEIGHTS OF DEFORMED BARS OF DIMENSIONS COMMONLY USED FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE.
Size. Weight, lbs. Area. Size Weight, lbs. Area
ins. per ft. sq. ins. ins. per ft. sq. ins.
[Illustration: Ransome Twisted Bar.] [Illustration: New Style Corrugated Bar.]
¼ 0.212 0.063 ¼ 0.24 0.06
½ 0.85 0.25 ½ 0.85 0.25
5/8 1.32 0.319 5/8 1.33 0.39
¾ 1.91 0.563 ¾ 1.91 0.56
7/8 2.6 0.765 7/8 2.60 0.77
1 3.4 1.000 1 3.40 1.00
1¼ 5.3 1.563 1¼ 5.30 1.56
[Illustration: Diamond Bar.] [Illustration: Universal Corrugated Bar.]
½ 0.85 0.25 ¼×1 0.73 0.19
5/8 1.33 0.39 5/16×1¼ 1.18 0.32
¾ 1.91 0.56 3/8×1-3/8 1.35 0.41
7/8 2.60 0.76 3/8×1¾ 1.97 0.54
1 3.40 1.00 3/8×2 2.27 0.65
1¼ 5.31 1.56 3/8×2½ 2.85 0.80
--No. 1 Mill-- [Illustration: Thatcher Bulb Bar.] --No. 2 Mill.--
¼ 0.16 0.047 ... ... ...
½ 0.61 0.18 ½ 0.58 0.17
5/8 0.95 0.28 5/8 0.92 0.27
¾ 1.39 0.41 ¾ 1.34 0.39
7/8 1.87 0.55 7/8 1.79 0.53
1 2.42 0.71 1 2.32 0.68
1¼ 3.74 1.10 1¼ 3.55 1.04
1½ 5.30 1.56 1½ 5.20 1.53
1¾ 7.07 2.08 .... .... ....
2 9.02 2.65 .... .... ....
[Illustration: Monolith Bar.] [Illustration: Twisted Lug Bar.]
0.4 0.55 0.25 ¼ 0.222 0.625
½ 0.85 0.32 ½ 0.87 0.250
... .... .... 5/8 1.35 0.3906
... .... .... ¾ 1.94 0.5625
0.8 2.18 0.64 7/8 2.64 0.7656
1 3.37 1.00 1 3.45 1.00
... .... .... 1¼ 5.37 1.5625
1½ 7.75 2.25 1½ 7.70 2.25
[Illustration: Cup Bar]
3/8 0.48 ....
½ 0.86 ....
5/8 1.35 ....
¾ 1.95 ....
7/8 2.65 ....
1 3.46 ....
1-1/8 4.38 ....
1¼ 4.51 ....
~RECIPES FOR COLORING MORTARS.~--The following recipes for coloring cement
mortar have been found reliable; the weights given being weight of
coloring matter per bag of cement and for a 1-2 mortar:
_Brown Stone_: 4 to 5 lbs. brown ochre or ½ lb. best quality roasted
iron oxide.
_Buff Stone_: 4 lbs. yellow ochre.
_Red Stone_: 5 lbs. raw violet iron oxide.
_Bright Red Stone_: 5½ to 7 lbs. English or Pompeiian red.
_Blue Stone_: 2 lbs. ultramarine blue.
_Dark Blue Stone_: 4 lbs. ultramarine blue.
_Slate_: Lamp black ½ lb. light slate; 4 lbs. dark blue slate.
_Light Terra Cotta_: 2 lbs. Chattanooga iron ore.
CHAPTER XXV.
METHODS AND COST OF WATERPROOFING CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
Resistance to penetration by water is desirable in all concrete
structures, and is essential in such structures as tanks, reservoirs,
vaults, subways, basements and roofs. Concrete, as it is ordinarily
made, is pervious to water, hence to secure concrete structures through
which water will not penetrate some method of waterproofing the concrete
must be employed. Many methods have been proposed and are being used;
none of these methods is without faults, the best one of them has not
yet been determined, and the evidence available as to their comparative
merits is biased and conflicting. For these reasons any discussion of
waterproofing for concrete is at the present time bound to be
unsatisfactory.
Methods of waterproofing may be roughly classified as follows: (1) Use
of mixtures so proportioned as to be impervious; (2) admixture of
substances designed to produce impermeability; (3) use of waterproof
coatings, washes or diaphragms. In succeeding sections enough examples
of each method are given to indicate current practice; no attempt has
been made to catalog all the waterproofing substances and systems being
promoted--there are too many of them.
The art of waterproofing concrete is in a transition stage. Outside of
the manufacturers of waterproofing material the art has received serious
study by comparatively few persons. No comparative tests by independent
investigators are available. Practical experience with most of the
materials used has not extended over a long enough period of time to
permit true conclusions to be drawn. Students of the subject are not
even agreed upon the broad questions whether it is better to work toward
developing an impervious concrete or toward perfecting a waterproof
covering for concrete. On the minor subdivisions there is no agreement
at all.
In the present state of the art one can lay fast hold to only three
things. The first is that waterproofing is one component of a system of
drainage; the second is that structures must, to get the best results,
be designed with the fact in mind that waterproofing is a component
structural element, and the third is that skilled and conscientious
workmanship are essential elements in the success of all waterproofing
materials and methods.
~IMPERVIOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES.~--The compounding of the regular concrete
materials so as to produce an impervious concrete has been made the
subject of numerous experiments. The most elaborate of these experiments
were those conducted over a period of five years by Mr. Feret, of the
Boulogne (France) Laboratory of the Ponts et Chaussees. Feret's
experiments led him to the following conclusions:
"That in all mortars of granulometric composition the most permeable are
those which contain the least quantity of cement.
"Of all mortars of the same richness, but of varying granulometric
composition, those which contain very few fine grains are much more
permeable. They are the more so where, with equal proportions of the
fine grains, the coarse grains predominate more in relation to the
grains of medium size.
"The minimum permeability is found in mortars where the proportion of
medium-sized grains is small, and the coarse and fine grains are about
equal to each other."
Mr. Feret also found that permeability decreased with time and that wet
mixtures were less permeable than dry mixtures.
Tests made by Messrs. J. B. McIntyre and A. L. True at the Thayer School
of Civil Engineering in 1902 gave the following results:
All the specimens composed of 1-1 mortar in the proportions of 30, 35,
40 and 45 per cent. of the whole mass were impermeable. Some of the
specimens composed of 1-2 mortar in the proportions of 40 and 45 per
cent. were also impermeable, as well as the 1-2-4 and 1-2½-4 mixtures.
All other mixtures leaked at the high pressure (80 lbs. per sq. in.) and
in a general way exhibited a degree of imperviousness in direct
proportion to the proportion of mortar in them, with the lower
pressures from 20 lbs. per sq. in. up as well as for the 80-lb.
pressure.
Other tests confirm those cited. In general we may conclude that those
mixtures richest in cement and mortar are the most impervious. It is
doubtless practicable by exercising proper care to proportion, mix and
place a concrete mixture which will be so nearly impervious that visible
leakage will be small. The task, however, is one difficult to perform in
actual construction work, and its accomplishment is never certain.
~STAR STETTIN CEMENT.~--Star Stettin cement is a Portland cement made by
grinding a clinker which has been "impregnated" with substances which
impart waterproofing properties to the ground product. The process is
the invention of Richard Liebold, and the cement is made by the Star
Stettin Portland Cement Works, Stettin, Germany. It is asserted that a
1-4 fine sand mortar made with this cement is impervious. To use it the
ordinary precautions adopted in the employment of Portland cement are
necessary, and in addition the following: The cement must be mixed with
moist instead of dry sand before the water is added; the sand should be
clean, sharp and fine of grain; the mortar must be more perfectly mixed
than ordinarily, and somewhat more water should be used than is
ordinarily used. Perfectly even mixing is essential to the best results.
~MEDUSA WATERPROOFING COMPOUND.~--This compound is a dry powder which is
mixed with the cement in proportions of from 1 per cent. to 2 per cent.
by weight, or from 4 lbs. to 8 lbs. per barrel of cement. The compound
costs 12 cts. per lb., so that its addition increases the cost from 48
to 96 cts. per barrel of cement. Thorough mixing of the compound with
the cement is of the utmost importance, otherwise none but the ordinary
precautions in the use of Portland cement is necessary. Absorption tests
on concrete blocks treated and untreated with the compound and nine
months old have shown the absorbtion of treated blocks to be about
one-fourth or one-fifth that of untreated blocks. The compound is made
by the Sandusky Portland Cement Co., Sandusky, Ohio.
~NOVOID WATERPROOFING COMPOUND.~--This compound is a dry powder which is
mixed dry with the cement in the proportion of 1 to 2 per cent. by
weight or about 1 to 2 lbs. per bag of cement. The compound costs 12
cts. per pound or about from 48 to 96 cts. per barrel of cement.
Directions for making waterproofing mortar are: To 100 lbs. of Portland
cement add 2 to 2½ lbs. of compound and 200 lbs. of clean and sharp sand
and mix the materials dry and very thoroughly. The water is then added
in the proportion necessary to make a good working mortar and the mortar
mixed and applied in the ordinary manner. Used as a wash 2 lbs. of
compound are thoroughly mixed dry with a bag of cement. Any portion of
the mixture is then mixed with water to produce a creamy grout, which is
applied to a thoroughly wet surface with a brush. This compound is made
by The Abbey-Dodge-Brooks Concrete Co., Newark, N. J.
~IMPERMEABLE COATINGS AND WASHES.~--The most common means employed for
rendering concrete structures waterproof is to coat or wash the surface
with some substance itself impervious to water or having the property of
closing the pores of the surface skin of concrete so that water cannot
penetrate.
~Bituminous Coatings.~--Bituminous coatings of one composition or another
are among the most commonly used of impermeable coatings. The bituminous
compound is used both alone and in combination with layers of a fabric
of some sort to form the coating. Where bituminous coatings are used on
surfaces exposed to the sun and frost attention must be given to the
fact that a compound of different properties is required where the range
of temperature is great than is required where this range is smaller.
Asphalt, for example, should have a flow point of 212° F. and a brittle
point of -15° F. when exposed directly to sun and frost as compared with
say a flow point of 185° F. and a brittle point of 0° F. when covered
from the direct action of sun and frost. Another point to be kept in
mind particularly in using exterior coatings is that the concrete
surface must be properly prepared to receive the coating or else it
will peel off. The following are examples from actual practice of
waterproofing with bituminous coatings.
The following method of waterproofing with asphalt coating is given by
W. H. Finley: The asphalt used must be of the best grade, free from coal
tar or any of its products, and must not volatilize more than 0.5 per.
cent, under a temperature of 100° F. for 10 hours. It must not be
affected by a 20 per cent. solution of ammonia, a 35 per cent. solution
of hydrochloric acid, a 25 per cent. solution of sulphuric acid, or a
saturated solution of sodium chloride. For structures underground a flow
point of 185° F. and a brittle point of 0° F. shall be required. If the
surface cannot be made dry and warm it should first be coated with an
asphalt paint made of asphalt reduced with naphtha. The asphalt should
be heated in a kettle to a temperature not exceeding 450° F. It has been
cooked enough when a piece of wood can be inserted and withdrawn without
the asphalt clinging to it. The first coat should consist of a thin
layer poured from buckets on the prepared surface and thoroughly mopped
over. The second coat should consist of a mixture of clean sand and
screenings, free from earthy admixtures, previously heated and dried,
and asphalt, in the proportion of 1 of asphalt to 3 or 4 of sand or
screenings by volume. This is to be thoroughly mixed in the kettle and
then spread out on the surface with warm smoothing irons, such as are
used in laying asphalt streets. The finishing coat should consist of
pure hot asphalt spread thinly and evenly over the entire surface, and
then sprinkled with washed roofing gravel, torpedo sand, or stone
screenings, to harden the top. The thickness of the coating will depend
on the character of the work and may vary from ¾ in. to 2 ins. in
thickness.
Several firms manufacture and sell ready made priming paints and mastics
for waterproofing concrete by substantially the above method. Sarco
compounds made by the Standard Asphalt & Rubber Co., of Chicago, Ill.,
are examples. Sarco waterproofing is a compound analyzing 99.7 per cent.
pure bitumen and having a range of ductility of 200° F. In waterproofing
large car barn roofs of concrete in Chicago, the concrete was first
swept clean and a coat of priming compound was thoroughly brushed in. On
the priming coat was mopped a coat of waterproofing compound, applied
hot, and covered with a layer of fine sand. The thickness of the
completed coating was 1/16 in. Where a heavier waterproofing is
necessary the waterproofing compound is covered with one or more 5/8-in.
coats of Sarco mastic.
The following bituminous coatings have been used in waterproofing
concrete fortifications by the U. S. Army Engineers:
_Mobile, Ala._--The top of the concrete was covered with a thin coat of
1-2 cement mortar and given a rough trowel finish. As soon as the
surface was dry it was covered with a layer of asphalt mastic 1 in.
thick and rubbed down to a finish with dry sand and cement in equal
parts. To prepare the mastic take 500 lbs. of Diamond T asphalt mastic,
broken into small pieces, 30 lbs. of Diamond T asphalt flux, and 5 lbs.
of petroleum residuum oil. When thoroughly melted add 400 lbs. clean,
dry torpedo gravel previously heated. Stir gravel and asphalt until
thoroughly mixed at a temperature of about 375° F.
_Key West, Fla._--The top of the concrete was covered with smooth
plaster, proper slope for drainage being given. Above this two layers of
asphalt of an aggregate thickness of ¾ in. were applied. The composition
of the asphalt was as follows: 440 lbs. rock asphalt mastic, 3 gallons
coal tar, and 5 gallons silicious sand.
_Delaware River Defenses._--The concrete was waterproofed with coal tar
and sand. The tar was made hot and applied to the surfaces with rubber
squeegees and then sanded. Joints were filled with the hot tar. A
surplus of sand was left on for a few days and then swept off. One
barrel of coal tar covered 2,279 sq. ft. with one coat and cost $4.25
per barrel delivered. The cost including material and labor was 0.74 ct.
per sq. ft.
_San Francisco Harbor._--The roof had a pitch of about 3 in 20 and was
covered with an earth fill. The concrete was troweled to a fairly smooth
surface, was mopped with a heavy coat of roofing asphaltum, or mastic,
then covered with the heaviest grade roofing felt laid 3 ply, starting
at the coping of the parade wall and made 4 ply in the gutter. On this
assumed watertight surface 3-in. book tile was laid with joints normal
to the gutter and cemented. The purpose of the tile was to afford a free
passage for the water as soon as it met the roof. The expectations were
fully realized and no water, or even a sign of moisture, has appeared in
this battery, or at another of the same type since built, after a fair
test of time.
The total cost of the work, including mastic, felt and tile, was 17 cts.
per sq. ft. for 6,200 sq. ft. covering three roofs.
In conclusion it may be noted that any of the methods of constructing
impermeable diaphragms can be used for constructing impermeable
coatings.
~Szerelmey Stone Liquid Wash.~--This wash has been used in England for
waterproofing and preserving masonry for some 20 years. It is a thin
liquid compound which is applied to the surface with a brush. The stone
or concrete surface is required to be dry and thoroughly clean, with all
scale and loose particles removed. The standard treatment is three
coats; 1 gallon of liquid is in most cases sufficient for treating
(three coats) 25 sq. yds., but in exceptionally bad cases 1 gallon for
15 sq. yds. has been found necessary. The precautions necessary for the
successful use of the liquid are: It must be well stirred; it must be
applied to a perfectly dry, clean surface, and it must be well rubbed
into the masonry. The American agency for the liquid is Szerelmey & Co.,
Washington, D. C.
~Sylvester Wash.~--Waterproofing with Sylvester wash consists in applying
alternately to the concrete surface a soap solution wash and an alum
solution wash. The soap solution is applied first, and it must be
applied hot and to a dry surface; the alum solution is applied second
and 24 hours after the soap solution and is applied cold. This
constitutes one treatment. After 24 hours a second treatment may be
given, and as many treatments may be given as necessary. In some cases
as many as six treatments have been employed. The proportions of the
solutions used in practice vary. In waterproofing the standpipe
described in Chapter XXII the soap solution consisted of 12 oz. pure
Castile olive oil soap per gallon of water, and the alum solution
consisted of 2 oz. of alum per gallon of water. In repairing the bottom
of a reservoir lined with 4 to 6 ins. of concrete the following
solutions were used: ¾ lb. Olean soap to 1 gallon of water and ½ lb.
alum to 4 gallons of water. Both alum and soap were well dissolved and
the soap solution was boiled. The boiling hot soap solution was applied
on the clean, dry concrete; 24 hours later the alum wash was applied
cold. This treatment was repeated after 24 hours. Two men applied the
solutions, using whitewash brushes, while a third man carried pails of
the solution. In making the soap solution two men attended four kettles,
one man kept up fires, two men carried solution to men applying it. The
alum solution required fewer men, being made cold in barrels. After
applying the second soap wash to the concrete slopes, the men had to be
held by ropes to keep from slipping. The rope was placed around two men,
who started work at the top of the slope, a third man paying out the
rope. The work was done in 8½ days and cost as follows:
Labor:
1,140 hours labor at 15 cts. $171.00
83 hours foreman at 30 cts. 24.90
83 hours waterboy at 6 cts. 4.98
Add for superintendence 15% 30.13
-------
Total labor $231.01
Materials:
900 lbs. Olean soap at 4-1/3 cts. $ 39.00
210 lbs. alum at 3 cts. 6.30
6 10-in. whitewash brushes at $2.25 13.50
6 stable brushes at $1.25 7.50
-------
Total materials $ 66.30
Total labor and materials $297.31
This covered 131,634 sq. ft., hence the cost of the two coats of soap
and alum was $2.26 per 1,000 sq. ft., or 0.23 ct. per sq. ft.
The ordinary Sylvester wash, as described above, has been modified with
success on Government fortification work as follows: To 2 gals. of water
add 1 lb. concentrated lye and 5 lbs. alum and mix until completely
dissolved. This is a concentrated stock solution. In use 1 pt. of
solution and 10 lbs. of cement are mixed with enough water to make a
mixture that will lather freely under the brush. Two coats of this wash
are applied, the second at any time after the first is dry, and the
first as soon as the forms are removed from the concrete. The wash
should be applied to a wet surface, if the concrete is dry it should be
wet down with a brush ahead of the wash.
~Sylvester Mortars.~--In this class of coatings the alum and soap are
added to the mortar which is used for facing. A successful recipe for
such a mortar is given as follows: To 1 part cement and 2 parts sand add
¾ lb. of pulverized alum for each cubic foot of sand and mix these
ingredients dry; then add the proper quantity of water, in which has
been dissolved ¾ lb. of soap to the gallon, and mix the mortar
thoroughly. Such a mortar is but slightly inferior in strength to
ordinary mortar of the same proportions. In plastering a clear water
well to prevent leaking a 1-2 mortar was made as follows: 1¼ lbs. of
soap were dissolved in 15 gallons of water and 3 lbs. of powdered alum
were mixed with 1 bag of cement. Two coats of plaster of an aggregate
thickness of ½ in. were applied and completely stopped the leaking. The
cost of this treatment was as follows:
2 lbs. soap (with 24 gals. water) at 7½ cts. $0.15
12 lbs. alum at 3½ cts. 0.42
------
Total per barrel of cement $0.57
In lining a new reservoir near Wilmerding, Pa., a mortar was made as
follows: A stock solution of 2 lbs. caustic potash and 5 lbs. alum to 10
quarts of water was made in barrel lots, from which 3 quarts were taken
for each batch of 2 bags of cement and 4 bags of sand. A batch of mortar
covered an area 6×8 ft. with a 1-in. coat. The extra cost of the
waterproofing was:
100 lbs. caustic potash at 10 cts. $10.00
70 lbs. caustic potash at 9 cts. 6.30
960 lbs. alum at 3½, 3¾ and 4 cts. 34.38
60 hours mixing at 15 cts. 9.00
Freight, express and haulage 11.50
------
Total for 74,800 sq. ft. $71.18
This gives a cost of 95 cts. per 1,000 sq. ft., or less than 0.1 ct. per
sq. ft. It was found that if less than 2 parts of sand to 1 part of
cement was used the mortar cracked badly in setting. Clean sand was
imperative, as any organic impurities soon decomposed, leaving soft
spots. Do not use an excess of potash; a slight excess of alum, however,
does not decrease the strength of the mortar.
~Hydrolithic Coating.~--This waterproofing is a dry mortar composed by
mixing a cementing compound with sand, and sold dry in sacks containing
96 lbs. each. The dry mortar is mixed with water to proper consistency
for plastering, and is applied as a plaster to the surfaces to be
waterproofed. The dry mortar is mixed with water to a grout of the
consistency of thick cream and then this grout is stiffened to the
proper consistency by adding more dry mortar. Thoroughness of mixing is
absolutely essential. The concrete surface is prepared by picking and
scoring sufficiently to get a fresh surface and washing away all chips,
dust and loose material, or instead of picking in new work the outer
skin may be removed by a 1 to 9 muriatic acid solution and then washed
free of all acid and scrubbed with wire brushes. After preparing the
fresh surface it is well wetted; in fact water soaked, so that, while
not oozing moisture it will absorb no more water. The mixed mortar is
then applied with a trowel in a workmanlike manner. In mixing, no more
than 8 gallons of water per barrel of mortar should be used. The
coatings used are 3/8 to 5/8 in. for walls and ½ to ¾ in. for floors.
The following estimate of cost is made by the manufacturers, the E. J.
Winslow Co., Chicago, Ill. The figures are presented with the
understanding that they are to be considered merely as average costs for
waterproofing, without special construction, and subject to change in
accordance with local conditions, and to the time of year when the work
will need to be performed:
Per sq. ft.
To prepare surfaces to receive "coating" may
cost the contractor 5½ cts.
The coating material, f. o. b. Chicago, may
cost the contractor 4½ cts.
The labor of application may cost the contractor 7½ cts.
Administration and incidental expenses may
cost the contractor 7½ cts.
--------
25 cts.
The lowest price yet asked for work was 20 cts., and the highest, 55
cts., these two prices representing the opposite extremes of conditions
that different jobs will present.
~Cement Mortar Coatings.~--Rich cement mortar mixtures offer considerable
resistance to penetration by water and when well made may be used with a
fair degree of success to waterproof ordinary concrete. European
engineers make wide use of mortar coatings for waterproofing tanks and
reservoirs and appear to have good success with them. The experience in
this country is that no great reliance can be placed on them, where the
pressures are at all large. Records of work done show both successes and
failures, with no apparent reason for either so far as composition of
mortar or quality of workmanship goes. A rich mortar plaster will reduce
leakage, and may prevent it entirely, but it is uncertain how far it
will prove water tight.
~Oil and Paraffin Washes.~--The theory of the use of oil and paraffin
washes is that the material soaks into the concrete and closes the
surface pores against the penetration of water. Paraffin has been quite
widely used for preserving stone masonry walls for buildings. It is
applied hot, and in the best practice is applied to a dry heated
surface. Concerns doing such work on buildings have portable devices for
heating the masonry. Oil is sometimes applied hot but is more often
flushed onto the surface and allowed to soak in as it will.
~IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGMS.~--The most generally employed method of
waterproofing concrete structures, with the possible exception of
painting and coating methods, is to embed in the wall, roof and floor
slabs a diaphragm that is impervious to water. Such diaphragms are
usually composed of layers of waterproof felt or paper cemented together
and to the concrete by asphalt, coal tar pitch or patented cementing
compound. Another construction consists of a layer of asphaltic compound
between two layers of cement mortar. In some cases also the combination
felt and cementing compound diaphragm is further strengthened by placing
it between layers of mortar. In wall work the diaphragm is frequently
applied to the face of a single layer brick wall and the concrete filled
against it. The brick wall may be further waterproofed by laying the
brick in hot asphalt instead of in mortar.
Within the last few years a number of firms have devoted their efforts
to producing special fabrics (felts or papers) and special cementing
compounds designed to be used with the fabrics for waterproofing
concrete. These fabrics and cements are in most cases superior in
toughness, flexibility, ease of application, etc., to the ordinary
roofing and waterproofing fabrics designed originally for general
building purposes.
~Long Island R. R. Subway.~--In constructing the Long Island R. R. subway
the roof was waterproofed according to specifications as follows: After
the roof concrete was crowned, brought to a smooth surface and
thoroughly dried, it was swabbed over with hot melted "medium hard" coal
tar pitch to an even thickness of not less than 1-16 in. Immediately
upon the first coat of pitch and while it was still melted was laid a
covering of single-ply roofing felt, with the sheets lapping 4 ins. on
all cross joints and 12 ins. on longitudinal joints. This felt was in
turn mopped with pitch, and upon that again was laid another layer of
roofing felt, which was given a final coating of pitch. The pitch used
was of a grade somewhat softer than that used for roofing purposes, or
such as would soften at a temperature of 60° F. and melt at a
temperature of 100° F. The felt used consisted of pure wood paper pulp
or asbestos pulp, which had been thoroughly treated and soaked in
refined coal tar and which weighed for single ply at least 15 lbs. per
100 sq. ft.
After the waterproofing with pitch and felt had thoroughly hardened it
was plastered over with a trowel with a 1-in. layer of Portland cement
mortar, laid in uniform squares, in every respect similar to the plaster
on top of granolithic pavement. The dimensions of the squares were 5×5
ft. Their purpose was to take up expansion and contraction in the
coating.
During the year 1903, there were laid 9,056 sq. yds. of the
waterproofing described. The labor cost of placing the two layers of
felt and the three coats of pitch was as follows: 206 days labor at a
cost of $498 (or an average of $2.41 per day) for the 9.056 sq. yds.,
which is equivalent to 5½ cts. per sq. yd. for labor. Since this is for
two layers of felt the labor cost was 2¾ cts. per sq. yd. of single
layer. The labor cost of mixing and placing the 1-in. mortar covering
was as follows: It required 589 days at a cost of $1,306 (or an average
of $2.22 per day) to place 9,056 sq. yds., which is equivalent to 14½
cts. per sq. yd. The total cost of labor for two layers of tar felt and
the layer of cement mortar was, therefore, 20 cts. per sq. yd.
~New York Rapid Transit Subway.~--The waterproofing consisted of alternate
layers of asbestos felt and asphalt laid on the concrete and covered
with concrete. A coat of hot asphalt was laid on the concrete and on
this a layer of felt, then another coat of asphalt and another layer of
felt, and so on until the required number of layers of felt, from 2 to
6, were laid with asphalt between and on top and bottom. Natural asphalt
containing not less than 95 per cent bitumen was specified. The felt was
required to weigh 10 lbs. per 100 sq. ft. In constructing sidewalls the
alternative was allowed of placing the waterproofing layer between a
4-in. outside wall of brick laid in asphalt and the concrete lining. On
two sections of the work the actual cost of waterproofing was as
follows:
98,074 sq. yds. Single-Ply Felt. Per sq. yd.
Labor laying $0.05
Materials and plant 0.10
------
Total $0.15
1,337 cu. yds. Brick in Asphalt: Per cu. yd.
Labor laying $6.32
Materials and plant 11.48
------
Total $17.80
INDEX.
A
Page
Abutment Construction
Cost of
Bridges Over City Streets 254
Ernst St. Bridge, Cincinnati, O. 257
Kansas City Outer Belt & Electric Ry. 253
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 256
Railway Bridge 106
Methods of
Bridges over City Streets 253
Illinois & Mississippi Canal 196, 197
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 254, 255
Railway Bridge 105, 250
Summary of 230
Aggregates
Balanced, Value of 14
Broken Stone 13
Cinders 14
Cost of 15
Gravel 14
Heating (See Heating Aggregates)
Kinds Used 13
Measuring, Methods of 42
Open Box 42, 50
Trump Automatic Measurer 44
Quantities in Concrete, Test Determinations 192
Screened or Crusher Run, Stone for 15
Sizes Used 15
Slag 14
Voids in 25
Weighing, Apparatus for 102
Aqueduct Construction
Cost of
Cedar Grove Reservoir 549, 550
Salt River Irrigation Work 540
Methods of
Cast Pipe Swansea, England 584
Cedar Grove Reservoir 545
Jersey City Water Supply 544
Salt River Irrigation Works 538
Torresdale Filters 540
Asphalt Concrete
Definition of 108
Furnace for Heating 109, 110
Machine Mixing of 111
Asphalt Concrete Construction
Cost of
Base for Mill Floor 110, 111
Slope Paving for Dam 109
Methods of
Base for Mill Floor
Slope Paving for Dam 108, 109
B
Bags (See Cement Bags)
Depositing Concrete Under Water 89, 90
Barrels (See Cement Barrels)
Belt Conveyors
Capacity of 65
Gas Works Foundations, Astoria, N. Y. 64
Horse Power Required 65
Bench Monuments
Construction of 656
Cost of 657
Blasting Concrete 655
Bonding New Concrete to Old 659
Breakwater Construction
Cost of
Buffalo, N. Y. 214
Marquette, Mich. 209, 212
Methods of
Buffalo, N. Y. 212, 214
Marquette, Mich. 208, 212
Bridge Centers (See Centers)
Bridge Construction
Cost of
Arch Viaduct 373
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 397
Elkhart, Ind., Arch 398
Five Span Arch 407
Girder Highway 377, 379
Grand Rapids Bridge 410, 413
Molded Slab Girders 387
Plainwell, Mich., Arch 399
Railway Bridge 375
Methods of
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 387
Elkhart, Ind., Arch 397
Five Span Arch 400
Girder Highway 367, 377
Grand Rapids, Mich., Arch 407
Molded Slab Girders 384
Plainwell, Mich., Arch 398
Bridge Pier Construction
Cost of
Calf Killer River Bridge 243, 245
City Island Bridge 236
Miami River Bridge 257
Steel Cylinder 241
Viaducts, Cincinnati, O. 258
Williamsburg Bridge 230, 231
Methods of
Calf Killer River Bridge 241, 245
City Island Bridge 235
K. C., M. & O. Ry. 245, 250
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 254, 255
Miami River Bridge 256
Nova Scotia Railways 108
Railway Bridge 231, 235
Scottish Railways 107, 108
Summary of 230
Tharsis & Calamas Ry. 106, 107
Williamsburg Bridge 237, 241
Broken Stone
Crushing (See Stone Crushing)
Quarrying (See Quarrying)
Rocks for, Best 13
Shoveling (See Shoveling)
Screened or Crusher Run 15
Voids in
Amount of 29, 30
Effect of Granulometric Composition 30
Effect of Hauling 33, 34
Effect of Loading 29
Variation, Causes of 28
Weight no Index 32
Weight of 32, 33
Building Construction
Cost of
Four-Story Garage 510
Wall Columns for Power Station 490
Walls for Factory Building 507
Divisions of Work 433
Methods of
Four-Story Garage 509
One-Story Car Barn 495
Six-Story Building 491
Wall Columns 488
Walls for Factory Building 505
C
Cableways
Capacity of 64
Construction of Bridge Work 369
Cost of 64
Fortification Work 186
Retaining Wall Work 269
Cars
Mixer Charging 72
Carts (See Concrete Carts, Horse Carts)
Cement
Classification of 1
Natural Definition of 2
Portland, Definition of 1
Quantity in Concrete
Formula for Computing 37
Rule for Figuring 40
Tables Showing 39, 40, 41
Quantity in Mortar
Formula for Computing 36
Tables Showing 38
Test Determinations 40, 41
Theory of 35
Shrinkage by Wetting 35
Slag, Definition of 2
Weight 2, 4
Cement Bags
Capacity of 2
Packing for Shipment 3
Rebate on 3
Storage House for 3
Cement Barrels
Capacity of 2, 3, 4
Dimensions of 4
Cement Specifications 4
Cement Testing, Cost of 4
Centers
Computation of
Luten Arch 566
Construction of
Conditions Governing 363
Cocket, 50 ft. Span 364
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392
Five Span Arch 400
Grand Rapids Bridge 408
Luten Arch 365
Mechanicsville Bridge 365
Parabolic Arch 366
Supported, 50 ft. Span 364
Walnut Lane Bridge 368
Cost of
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 393
Deflection of
Test Determinations 367
Types of 363
Charging Barrows
Ransome, Description 71
Sterling, Description 71
Charging Buckets
Wheeled 74
Charging Mixer
Cost of 270, 272
Gravity from Bins 69
Methods of
Car Plants 72
Charging Barrows 70, 71
Derricks and Buckets 73
Elevating Charging Hoppers 70
Enumeration 68
Gravity from Bins 68, 69
Shoveling 72, 73
Wheelbarrows 70
Wheeled Bucket for 74
Chutes
Cement Bag, Construction of 65
Concrete. Examples of 66, 67, 68
Working Gradients 65, 66
Cinders 15
Cofferdam Construction
Cost of Bridge Pier 232
Coloring Concrete, Recipes for 666
Colors for Mortar, Recipes for 666
Concrete
Asphalt (See Asphalt Concrete)
Definition of 1
Depositing (See Depositing Concrete)
Mixers (See Mixers)
Mixing (See Mixing Concrete)
Proportioning, Methods of 25
Concrete Bucket
Side Dumping 486
Subaqueous
Cyclopean 87
O'Rourke 86
Stuebner 88
Concrete Block
Molding (See Molding Concrete Blocks)
Sling for Handling 216
Concrete Cars
Lock Work, Coosa River 195
Concrete Carts
Hand, Capacity of 53, 54
Horse, Briggs 298
Ransome Two-Wheeled 53
Culvert Construction
Characteristics of 414
Cost of
Arch 26 ft. Span 425
Arch, N., C. & St. L. Ry. 418, 419, 422
Kalamazoo, Mich. 430
Kansas City Outer Belt & Electric Ry. 252
Pennsylvania R. R. 424
Methods of
Arch, N., C. & St. L. Ry. 417
Arch, Wabash Ry. 422
Box, C., B. & Q. R. R. 414
Kalamazoo, Mich. 427
Pennsylvania R. R. 423
Curb and Gutter Construction
Cost of
Champaign, Ill. 326
Estimating 321
Ottawa. Ont. 324
Methods of
Champaign, Ill. 325
General Discussion 321
Kinds of 318
Ottawa, Ont. 321
Curbing, Wood for Shafts 160, 161
D
Dam Construction
Cost of
Hemet 104
Richmond, Ind. 224
Rock Island, Ill. 225
Spier Falls 103
Methods of
Barossa Dam 101
Boonton, N. J., Dam 103
Boyds Corner Dam 105
Chaudiere Falls, Quebec 228
Chattahoochee River Dam 100
Hemet Dam 103, 104
McCall Ferry, Pa. 225, 228
Richmond, Ind. 223
Rock Island, Ill. 224, 225
Spier Falls Dam 103
Water Works Reservoir 104
Depositing Concrete
Subaqueous
Bags
Bridge Foundations 91
Marquette Breakwater 209, 210
Peterhead Pier 89, 90
Buckets
Marquette Breakwater. 208, 209
Pier Construction 222
Characteristics of 86
Closed Buckets 86, 87, 88
Tremie
Charlestown Bridge Foundations 92, 93
Masonry Bridge Foundations, France 93, 94
Harvard Bridge Foundations 91
Nussdorf Lock Foundations 94, 95
Drilling Concrete, Drill Mounting for 653
Dumping Concrete
Cost of
Wheelbarrows 55
Methods of
Chutes 55
Wheelbarrows 55
Dump Wagons for Transporting Concrete 54
E
Efflorescence
Causes of 126
Preventing, Methods of 126, 127
Removing, Cost of 127
Ejecters for Washing Sand 7
Erecting Derrick
Cost of Bridge Pier 232
Erecting Forms
Derrick for 501
Directions for Building Work 460
Erecting Molded Columns
Cost of 520
Methods of 520
Erecting Molded Roof Slabs
Cost of 522
Excavating Cofferdams
Cost of 232, 244, 250
F
Fabricating Reinforcement
Bending Machine for 468
Bending Tables for 466
Methods of
Building Work 464
Five Span Arch Bridge 402
Falseworks in Form Construction 144
Finishing Concrete Surfaces
Methods of
Acid Etching and Washing 133
Careful Mixing and Placing
Concrete 125, 126
Coloring 135
Form Construction 124, 125
Grout Washing 130
Mortar Facing 128, 129
Plastering 128
Scrubbing and Washing 131, 132, 133, 134
Spading and Troweling 127, 128
Special Facing Mixtures 130
Stuccoing 128
Tooling 133, 134
Washed Gravel or Pebble 134
Form Construction
Cost of
Aqueduct, Cedar Grove Reservoir 550
Arch Culverts 418, 419, 422, 425, 430
Battery Emplacement 188
Bridge Abutment 257
Bridge 233, 235, 250
Bridge Pier Work 243
Building Work 493, 496, 501, 503, 507, 511
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 393
Dam Rock Island, Ill. 225
Effect of Design on 137
Estimating, Method of 146, 147, 148, 149
Girder for Separate Casting 517
Girder Highway Bridge 377, 380, 382
Grand Rapids Bridge 412
Guard Lock, Ill., & Miss. Canal 201
Gun Emplacements 185
Lock, Coosa River 196
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 202, 206, 207
Mortar Battery Platform 187
Permanent Way Structures 252
Piers for Taintor Gates 198
Pier Superior Entry, Wis. 222
Reservoir for Fire Protection 591, 592, 593
Retaining Walls 273, 275
Retaining Wall Work 270, 272
Slab and I-Beam Floors 450
Subway Lining 362
Economics of 136
Falseworks and Bracing 144, 145
Methods of
Aqueduct, Cedar Grove Reservoir 546
Aqueduct Torresdale Filters 541
Arch Culvert 427
Arch Culverts 421
Blocks for Lake Pier 216
Blocks Molded Under Water 217-219
Box Culverts 417
Bridge Piers 255
Building Work 492, 495
Cement Pipe Molded in Place 577
Circular Columns 445
Columns 434
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392
Coping for Walls 264
Culvert Pipe 431
Curb and Gutter 319, 321, 323
Dam Abutments 196
Dam, Rock Island, Ill. 228
Five Span Arch Bridge 400
Gasholder Tank 612
Girder for Separate Casting 516
Guard Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 200
Lock, Coosa River 195
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 201, 203
Manhole Hartford, Conn. 536
Marquette Breakwater 211, 212
Ornamental Columns 446, 447
Piers for Taintor Gates 198
Polygonal Columns 443, 444
Rectangular Columns 435, 443, 490, 492, 511
Reservoir Bloomington, Ill. 605
Reservoir, Ft. Meade, S. Dak. 600
Retaining Wall, C., B. & Q. R. R. 262
Retaining Wall, Chicago Drainage Canal 275
Retaining Wall, Grand Central Terminal 281
Retaining Walls, N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. 261, 262
Salt River Aqueduct 539
Sewer, Cleveland, O. 564
Sewer Invert, Haverhill, Mass. 554
Sewer, Invert, Medford, Mass. 535
Sewer, Invert, Middlesborough, Ky. 561
Sewer, South Bend, Ind. 551
Sewer, Wilmington, Del. 572
Sidewalks 309
Six-Story Building 492
Slab and Girder Floors 450, 456, 492
Slab and I-Beam Floors 448, 450
Slab Girders 385
Steel for Conduits 533
Steel, McCall Ferry Dam 227, 228
Steel Sheathed Collapsible for Conduits 533
Tunnel Centers 335, 341, 352, 358
Tunnel Sidewalls 330, 335, 340, 351, 358
Wall 456, 460, 505
Wall Columns for Factory 498
Computation, Methods of 140, 141
Design
Considerations in 141
Details Entering 142, 143
Lubrication, Methods of 144
Lumber
Dressing, Purpose of 138
Finish and Dimensions 138, 139
Kinds Suitable 138
Mortar Facing 129
Pile
Round 179
Rectangular Pier
Cost of, Rule for Calculating 14
Removing, Time of, Directions for 145, 146
Unit Construction, Purposes of 143
Steel, Opportunity for Development 136
Fortification Construction
Cost of
Battery Emplacement 188, 189, 190
Gun Emplacements 185
Mortar Battery Platform 187
Methods of
Battery Emplacement 187, 189
Gun Emplacements 185
Mortar Battery Platform 186
Foundation Construction
Street Railway
Cost of Continuous Mixer 301
Methods of Continuous Mixer 300, 301
Freezing Weather, Laying Concrete in 112
G
Grain Elevator Bins
Construction, Methods of 635
Gravel
Characteristics of 14
Commercial Sizes of 22
Screening and Washing Plants 23
Screening (See Screening Gravel)
Voids in
Amount of 30, 31
Effect of Granulometric Composition 29, 30
Weight no Index 32
Amount of 31, 32
Grouting Under Water
Hermitage Breakwater 96
Tests of Efficiency of 95
H
Heating Aggregates
Efficiency of 114
Methods of
Bridge Work, Plano, Ill. 118
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 118
Hot Water Tanks 120
Huronian Power Co.'s Dam Work 118
Portable Combination Heater 115
Stationary Bin Outfits 115, 116
Steam Box 119
Steam Jets 119
Wachusett Dam Work 117
Water Power Plant, Billings, Mont. 116, 117
Hoists
Gallows, Frame and Horse 54
Ransome 476
Wallace-Lindesmith 474
Housing Concrete Work
Methods of
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 119
Dam, Chaudiere Falls, Quebec 120, 121
Portable Unit System for Buildings 122, 123
I
Inclines
Grades of 62
L
Laying Concrete Blocks
Cost of 526, 529
Loading Concrete
Characteristic Features 53
Rate of 53
Loading Materials
Cost of
Shoveling into Wheelbarrows 47
Rate of 6
Lock Construction
Cost of
Coosa River 196
Ill. & Miss. Canal 200, 202, 205, 207
Cascades Canal 190, 191, 192, 193
Coosa River 194, 195
Ill. & Miss. Canal 200, 207
Lock Foundation 207
M
Manhole Construction
Cost of
Rye, N. Y. 577
Methods of
Rye, N. Y. 576
Mixers
Batch
Chicago 662
Chicago Improved Cube 75, 661
Cropp 661
Forms of 75
Koehring 662
Polygon 663
Ransome 75, 661
Rate of Output 83, 84
Smith 77, 662
Snell 660
Charging (See Charging Mixers)
Continuous
Advanced 660
Eureka Automatic Feed 78, 660
Forms of 78
Foote 297
Scheiffler 660
Efficiency of
Rating, Methods of 84, 85
Gravity
Forms of 79
Gilbreth Trough 80
Hains, Fixed Hopper 80, 81
Hains, Telescoping Hopper 81
Output
Conditions Affecting 83, 84
Hains Gravity 83
Types of 74
Mixing Concrete
Hand
Cost of
Abutment Construction 197
Culvert Work 428, 430
Fortification Work 189
Girder Highway Bridge 380, 382
Lock, Cascades Canal 192
Marquette Breakwater, 209, 210, 212
Retaining Wall, Allegheny 284
Superintendence, 57, 58
Cost of, 52, 59
Methods of Abutment Construction, 196, 197
Examples from Practice, 49
Fortification Work, 189
Lock Foundation, 207
Marquette Breakwater, 209
Retaining Wall, Allegheny, 283, 284
Rates of, 50, 51, 52
Specific Directions, Necessity, 51, 52
Machine
Cost of, 361, 362, 518
Buffalo Breakwater, 214
Building Work, 504, 507, 511
Dam Work, Rock Island, Ill., 225
Fortification Work, 190
Hains Gravity Mixer, 83
Lock, Cascades Canal, 193
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207
Pier, Superior Entry, Wis., 222
Retaining Wall, Allegheny, 284
Retaining Wall Work, 270, 273, 275
Methods of
Bridge Abutment Work, 253, 254
Building Work, 471
Fortification Work, 189
Hains Gravity Mixer, 82, 83
Operations Enumerated, 61
Piers in Caissons, 165, 166
Mixing Plants
Construction
Battery Emplacement, 187, 188
Bridge Construction, 369, 371, 372, 374, 386, 389, 403.
Culvert Work, 415, 416, 418, 420, 422, 423
Dam, McCall Ferry, Pa., 226
Lock, Cascades Canal, 190, 191
Lock Work, Coosa River, 194
Lock Work, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 198, 199, 204
Pier Work, Superior, Wis., 221
Retaining Wall, Grand Central Terminal, 277
Scow, Port Colborne Harbor, 216, 217
Traveling, Chaudiere Falls Dam, 228
Traveling, Chicago Track Elevation, 267
Traveling, Galveston Sea Wall, 268
Cost of
Lock Work, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 199
Retaining Walls, Chicago Drainage Canal, 274
Mixing Water
Reducing Freezing Point
Methods of, 112
Salt (Sodium Chloride), 113
Solutions for, Composition of, 113
Molding Blocks
Cost of, 524, 528, 530, 531
Marquette Breakwater, 211
Connecticut Ave. Bridge, 395
Separate Casting, 519
Methods of, 523, 526
Connecticut Ave. Bridge, 393
Marquette Breakwater, 211
Pier, Port Colbourne Harbor, 215
Separate Casting, 513, 515
Molding Cement Pipe
Cost of
Irrigon, Ore., 584
Ransome Mold, 577, 579
Methods of
Irrigon, Ore., 581
Ransome Mold, 577
Molding Culvert Pipe
Cost of
Chic. & En. Ill. R. R., 432
Methods of
Chic. & En. Ill. R. R., 430
Molding Girders
Cost of
Separate Casting, 519
Methods of
Separate Casting, 513, 514, 515
Molding Piles
Forms for (See Forms)
Methods of
Corrugated Polygonal, 176
Round, 179
Plant Arrangements for, 169
Cost of, 522
Molding Roof Slabs
Methods of, 521
Mortar Facing
Cost of
Lock, Ill. Miss. Canal, 206
Forms for, 129
N
Natural Cement (See Cement)
O
Ornament Construction
Methods of
Iron Molds, 644
Molding in Place, 647
Plaster Molds, 646
Sand Molding, 644
Wooden Molds, 637
P
Pavement Base Construction
Cost of
Batch Mixer, 306
Batch Mixer and Wagon Haulage, 302
Brick, Champaign, Ill., 296
Continuous Mixers, 298, 300, 305
Miscellaneous Examples 294, 295, 296
New Orleans 293
Stone Block, New York 292
Toronto, Ont. 293
Traction Mixer 304
Methods of
Batch Mixer 305
Batch Mixer and Wagon Haulage 302
Continuous Mixers 297-300, 304
Hand Mixing 290
Machine Mixing 290, 291
Traction Mixer 303
Mixtures Employed 288
Organization for 288
Stock Pile Distribution 289
Pavement Construction
Cost of
Fortification Work 186
Richmond, Ind. 318
Windsor, Ont. 317
Methods of
Richmond, Ind. 318
Windsor, Ont. 316
Pier Construction
Cost of
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 255
Superior Entry, Wis. 222, 223
Taintor Gates 198
Methods of
Port Colborne Harbor 215-217
Superior Entry, Wis. 217-223
Piers in Caissons
Construction of
Methods of 159-168
Cost of 168, 169
Pile Construction. (See Molding Piles, Pile Driving.)
Cost of
Ocean Pier 173, 174
Raymond Process 152, 154, 155
Methods of
Building Foundation Work 174, 175, 178, 179
Compressed Process 158, 159
Enumeration of 151
Molding in Forms 161-170, 172, 179, 180
Molding in Place 151
Ocean Pier 172, 173
Raymond Process 152
Rolling Process 181
Simplex Process 155, 156, 157
Spread Footing Process 157, 158
Track Scales 181
Pile Driving
Conditions Requisite for
Cost of
Ocean Pier 173, 174
Methods of
Corrugated Polygonal 177, 178
Hammer 179, 180, 181
Water Jetting 172, 177
Pile Driving Caps 177, 178, 180
Pile Rolling Machine 182
Piles (See Molding Piles)
Construction
Compressol Process 158, 159
Octagonal 180
Rolling Process 181
Round Piles 178, 179
Spread Footing Process 157, 158
Square 179, 180
Cost of
Rolling Process 183
Driving (See Pile Driving)
Handling, Sling for 175
Raymond
Construction, Method of 151, 152
Cost of 152, 154, 155
Simplex
Construction, Methods of 155, 156, 157
Placing Concrete
Cost of
Bags, Under Water 210
Belt Conveyors 275
Buckets Under Water 209
Buffalo Breakwater 214
Car and Trestle Plant 196, 201, 202, 206, 207, 244
280, 422
Cars and Chute 193
Cars and Derrick 285
Derricks 192, 233, 235
Port Colborne Harbor 217
Pneumatic Caissons 230
Retaining Wall Work 270, 272
Steel Cylinder Pier 241
Subaqueous Buckets 223
Wheelbarrows 189, 197, 198, 257, 285, 418, 419, 423
Methods of
Building Work 486
Locks Coosa River 194
Pneumatic Caissons 237, 238
Retaining Wall Work 266
Sewer Work 537
Placing Reinforcement
Cost of
Building Work 494
Directions for 470
Permanent Way Structures 252
Pole Base, Cost of 658
Portland Cement (See Cement)
Proportioning Concrete (See Concrete)
Q
Quarrying
Cost of
Limestone 18, 276
Trap Rock 17
Methods of
Limestone 18
Trap Rock 17
R
Ramming Concrete (See also Placing Concrete)
Cost of 423
Conditions Governing 56
Examples from Practice 56, 57
Pavement Base 292, 294
Methods of
Piers, Lonesome Valley Viaduct 255
Specific Directions, Necessity of 57
Raymond Piles (See Piles)
Reinforcement
Weight in Concrete
Tables for Estimating, 663-665
Removing Forms
Derrick for, 502
Methods of
Building Work, 461
Time for
Building Work, 462
Reservoir Construction
Cost of
Covered for Fire Protection, 594, 595
Ft. Meade, S. Dak., 601
Methods of
Bloomington, Ill., 603
Covered for Fire Protection, 588
Fort Meade, S. Dak., 597
Reservoir Lining
Cost of
Canton, Ill., 629
Chelsea, Mass., 623
Jerome Park, 628
Pittsburg, Pa., 630
Quincy, Mass., 619
Methods of
Chelsea, Mass., 620
Jerome Park, 628
Quincy, Mass., 617
Reservoir Roof, Cost of 632
Retaining Wall Construction
Cost of, 286
Chicago Drainage Canal, 273-277
Footing for Masonry, 283
Grand Central Terminal, 280
Railway Yard, 282
Methods of
Allegheny Track Elevation, 283
Chicago Drainage Canal, 272-277
Grand Central Terminal, 277-281
Subway in Trench, 269, 270
Retaining Walls
Comparison of Plain and Reinforced, 260, 261
Types of, 259
Rubble Concrete Construction
Cement, Saving in, 98
Cost of
Abutment, Railway Bridge, 106
Hemet Dam, 104
Spier Falls Dam, 103
Economy, Limitations to, 98, 99
Methods of
Abutment, Railway Bridge, 105
Barossa Dam, 101
Boonton Dam, 103
Bridge Piers, Nova Scotia, 108
Bridge Piers, Scotland, 107, 108
Bridge Piers, Spain, 106, 107
Chattahoochee River Dam, 100
Dams for Waterworks, 104, 105
Hemet Dam, 103, 104
Spier Falls Dam, 103
Percentages Rubble Stone, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108
Shape of Stones for, 99
Runway Construction, Methods of, 48
S
Salt
Percentages in Mixing Water, 114
Sand
Balanced, Value of, 6
Cleanness, Value of, 5
Cost of
Excavating and Loading, 6
Granulometric Composition, 28
Prices Charged for, 6
Sharpness, Value of, 5
Substitutes for, 5
Voids in
Amount of, 26, 28
Conditions Affecting, 25
Effect of Moisture, 25
Effect of Size of Grains, 27
Volume in Concrete, 5
Weight of, 6, 26
Sand Washing
Cost of
Ejector Method, 10
Hose Method, 7
Tank Method, 13
Methods of
Ejectors, 7
Hose, 7
Tank, 10
Rate of
Ejector Method, 9
Hose Method, 7
Tank Method, 10, 12, 13
Water Required
Ejector Method, 9
Sand Washing Plants, 7-13
Screening Gravel
Cost of
L. S. & M. S. Ry., 22
Stewart-Peck Sand Co., 24
Methods of
Handwork, 19
Lock, Cascades Canal, 191
Scraper into Wagons, 21
Stewart-Peck Sand Co, 23
Sewer Construction
Cost of
Cleveland, O., 566
Coldwater, Mich., 574
Haverhill, Mass., 557
Medford, Mass., 535
Middlesborough, Ky., 562
St. Louis, Mo., 560, 561
South Bend, Ind., 554
Wilmington, Del., 571, 573
Methods of
Cleveland, O., 563
Coldwater, Mich., 573
Haverhill, Mass., 554
Medford, Mass., 535
Middlesborough, Ky., 561
Pipe, St. Joseph, Mo., 579
St. Louis, Mo., 558
South Bend, Ind., 551
Wilmington, Del., 569
Shoveling
Cost of
Concrete into Barrows, 197
Rate of
Broken Stone from Piles, 46
Broken Stone from Shoveling Boards, 46
Broken Stone from Cars, 45
Gravel Against Screens, 21
Sand into Wheelbarrows, 46
Shoveling Boards Wooden, for Broken Stone, 46
Sidewalk Construction
Cost of
Estimation of, 311, 312
Quincy, Mass., 314
San Francisco, Cal., 315
Toronto, Ont., 313
Methods of
Bonding Wearing Surface to Base, 310
Edger for, 310
General Discussion, 307
Points for, 310
Prevention of Cracks, 311
Protection from Weather, 311
Quincy, Mass., 314
Toronto, Ont., 313
San Francisco, Cal., 314
Silo Construction
Cost of, 632
Methods of, 631
Slag, 14
Slag Cement (See Cement)
Specific Gravity, Stone, Various, 32, 33
Spreading Concrete
Cost of, 197
Effect of Method of Dumping on, 55
Standpipe Construction
Cost of
Attleborough, Mass., 611
Methods of
Attleborough, Mass., 609
Stock Piles
Capacity of, 46
Distribution, Pavement Work, 289
Purposes of, 45
Stone
Specific Gravity, 32, 33
Stone Crushing
Cost of
Cobblestone, 20
Limestone, 18, 225, 273, 276
Trap Rock, 17
Methods of
Cobblestone, 19
Limestone, 18
Trap Rock, 17
Stone Crushing Plant
Construction
Lock Work. Ill. & Miss. Canal, 200
Stone Dust, Value for Mortar, 5
Storing Materials, Cost of, 185, 225
Subway Lining
Cost of
Long Island R. R., 361
New York Rapid Transit Ry, 357, 358
Methods of
Long Island R. R., 361
New York Rapid Transit Ry., 356
Superintendence
Cost of, 57, 58, 185, 193, 197, 210, 211, 212, 273, 275, 397
T
Tamping Concrete
Cost of, 197
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207
Method of
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 204
Tank Construction
Methods of
Gas Holder, Des Moines, Ia., 609
Gas Holder, New York, 614
Tooling Concrete
Cost of, 394, 396
Transporting Concrete
Cost of
Cableways, 270
Cars, 280
Chutes, 67
Cars and Derricks, 285
Car and Trestle Plant, 63, 210, 212, 222
Wheelbarrows, 53, 189, 197, 272, 285, 293, 294, 296
Methods of
Belt Conveyors (See also Belt Conveyors), 64-65
Bucket Hoists, 474
Building Work, 472
Cableways, 64, 186, 289, 369, 370
Cars, 404, 421
Cars and Chute, 191, 192
Car and Trestle, 63, 243, 246, 377
Chutes (see also Chutes), 66, 67, 68
Derricks, 479
Dump Wagons, 54
Effect on Placing, 54
Enumeration of, 52
Hand Costs, 53
Hoist and Cars, 372
Platform Hoists, 479
Pulley and Horse, 489
Traveling Derrick Plant, 374
Trestle Runways, 54
Wheelbarrows, 53
Transporting Materials
Cars for, 45
Cost of
Bridge Pier Work, 243
Cars, 275
Car and Trestle Plant, 222
Dam, Rock Island, Ill., 225
Horse Carts, 49, 270, 273
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207
Wheelbarrows, 47, 48, 189, 197, 214, 280, 292, 293, 294, 296, 419
Methods of
Belt Conveyors (see also Belt Conveyors), 64-65
Cableways, 64, 269
Carrying in Shovels, 47
Chutes (see also Chutes), 46, 65, 66
Hand Carts, 48
Horse Carts 48
Indians 62
Shoveling to Derrick Buckets 46
Trestle and Car Plants 63
Wheelbarrows 47
Trestle Runways, Cost of 54, 55
Trestles
Car, Cost of 63
Structural Details 63
Tunnel Construction (See Tunnel Lining)
Tunnel Lining
Backfilling Machine for 330
Cost of
Cascade Tunnel 338
Gunnison Tunnel 355
Hodges Pass Tunnel 345
Mullan Tunnel 333
Peekskill Tunnel 336
Short Railway 344
Methods of
Burton Tunnel 347
Capitol Hill, Washington, D. C. 329
Cascade Tunnel 336
General Discussion 328
Gunnison Tunnel 353
Hodges Pass Tunnel 338
Mullan Tunnel 332
Peekskill, N. Y. 333
Mortar Car for 333
Removing Old, Methods of 332
Traveling Derrick for 330
Traveling Platform for 337, 350
U
Unloading Materials
Cost of
Grab Buckets 62
Methods of
Grab Buckets 62
V
Voids (See also Gravel, Sand, Stone)
Conditions Governing 25
W
Wall Ties
Construction of 265
Washing Gravel
Cost of
L. S. & M. S. Ry. 22
Stewart-Peck Sand Co. 24
Washing Gravel
Methods of
Lock, Cascades Canal 191
Stewart-Peck Sand Co. 23
Water
Quantity in Concrete
Rule for Figuring 42
Waterproofing
Cost of
Hydrolithic Coating 677
Long Island R. R. Subway 679
New York Subway 680
Sylvester Mortar 675
Sylvester Wash 674
Methods of
Bituminous Coatings 670
Covered Reservoir for Fire Service 596
Hydrolithic Coating 676
Impervious Mixtures 668
Long Island R. R. Subway 678
Medusa Compound 669
Moisture Coatings 677
New York Subway 679
Novoid Compound 670
Oil and Paraffin Washes 677
Star Stellen Cement 669
Sylvester Mortar 675
Sylvester Wash 673
Szerelmey Wash 673
Wheelbarrows
Loads for 47