45 in number, according to the Egyptians. Apollodorus mentions 13,
Hyginus six, and Hesiod 20, among whom are the Titanides. The most
known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus,
and Briareus, to whom Horace adds Typhœus, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhœtus,
and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists reckoned among the
giants. They were all of a gigantic stature, and with proportionable
strength. They were treated with great cruelty by Cœlus, and
confined in the bowels of the earth, till their mother pitied their
misfortunes, and armed them against their father. Saturn, with a
scythe, cut off the genitals of his father, as he was going to unite
himself to Terra, and threw them into the sea, and from the froth
sprang a new deity, called Venus; as also Alecto, Tisiphone, and
Megæra, according to Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded his father,
he married Rhea; but he devoured all his male children, as he had
been informed by an oracle that he should be dethroned by them as
a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans
against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often
confounded with that of the giants; but it is to be observed, that
the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the giants
against Jupiter. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135, &c.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn
to Delos_, li. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.
=Titānia=, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as granddaughter of Titan,
and likewise to Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 395;
bk. 2, &c.
=Titanīdes=, the daughters of Cœlus and Terra; reduced in number to
six, according to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, Themis,
Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Phœbe, and Rhea. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 145, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Titānus=, a river in Peloponnesus, with a town and mountain of the
same name.
=Titaresus=, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurotas, flowing into
the Teneus, but without mingling its thick and turbid waters with
the transparent stream. From the unwholesomeness of its water,
it was considered as deriving its source from the Styx. _Lucan_,
bk. 6, li. 376.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 751.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 18.
=Titēnus=, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine sea.
_Apollonius_, bk. 4.
=Tithenidia=, a festival of Sparta, in which _nurses_, τθηναι, conveyed
male infants entrusted to their charge to the temple of Diana, where
they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of the solemnity, they
generally danced and exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; there
were also some entertainments given near the temple, where tents
were erected. Each had a separate portion allotted him, together
with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the entrails of the
victims, and figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats.
=Tithōnus=, a son of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter
of the Scamander. He was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured
of him, and carried him away. He had by her Memnon and Æmathion.
He begged of Aurora to be immortal, and the goddess granted it; but
as he had forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and beauty which he
then enjoyed, he soon grew old, infirm, and ♦decrepit; and as life
became insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to remove him from the
world. As he could not die, the goddess changed him into a cicada,
or grasshopper. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 1, li. 447; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 585; bk. 8, li. 384.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 984.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
li. 461; ♠bk. 3, li. 403.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28; bk. 2, ode 16.
♦ ‘discrepit’ replaced with ‘decrepit’
♠ ‘Book 9’ replaced with ‘Book 3’
=Tithorea=, one of the tops of Parnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.
=Tithraustes=, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, ordered to murder
Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which the
slaughtered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by the Athenians under
Cimon.――――An officer in the Persian court, &c.――――The name was common
to some of the superior officers of state in the court of Artaxerxes.
_Plutarch._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_ & _Conon_.
=Titia=, a deity among the Milesians.
=Titia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Publius Titius the tribune, A.U.C.
710. It ordained that a triumvirate of magistrates should be invested
with consular power to preside over the republic for five years. The
persons chosen were Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus.――――Another, _de
provinciis_, which required that the provincial questors, like the
consuls and pretors, should receive their provinces by lot.
=Titiāna Flavia=, the wife of the emperor Pertinax, disgraced herself
by her debaucheries and incontinence. After the murder of her husband
she was reduced to poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an
obscure retreat.
=Titiānus Atilius=, a noble Roman put to death, A.D. 156, by the senate
for aspiring to the purple. He was the only one proscribed during the
reign of Antoninus Pius.――――A brother of Otho.
=Titii=, priests of Apollo at Rome, who observed the flight of doves,
and drew omens from it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 45.
――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 602.
=Titinius=, a tribune of the people in the first ages of the republic.
――――A friend of Cassius, who killed himself.――――One of the slaves who
revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to the Roman generals.
=Titius Proculus=, a Roman knight, appointed to watch Messalina.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.――――A tribune of the people who
enacted the Titian law.――――An orator of a very dissolute character.
――――One of Pompey’s murderers.――――One of Antony’s officers.――――A man
who foretold a victory to Sylla.――――Septimus, a poet in the Augustan
age, who distinguished himself by his lyric and tragic compositions,
now lost. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 9.
=Titormus=, a shepherd of Ætolia, called another _Hercules_, on account
of his prodigious strength. He was stronger than his contemporary,
Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on his shoulders a stone which the
Crotonian moved with difficulty. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12,
ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.
=Titurius=, a friend of Julia Silana, who informed against Agrippina,
&c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul,
killed by Ambiorix.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 29, &c.
=Titus Vespasianus=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, became
known by his valour in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege
of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the christian era, he was invested
with the imperial purple, and the Roman people had every reason to
expect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius and the debaucheries of
a Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished
for his extravagance and incontinence; his attendants were the most
abandoned and dissolute; and it seemed that he wished to be superior
to the rest of the world in the gratification of every impure desire,
and in every unnatural vice. From such a private character, which
still might be curbed by the authority and example of a father,
what could be expected but tyranny and ♦oppression? Yet Titus became
a model of virtue, and in an age and office in which others wish
to gratify all their appetites, the emperor abandoned his usual
profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Berenice, whom he had
loved with uncommon ardour, even to render himself despised by the
Roman people, was dismissed from his presence. When raised to the
throne, he thought himself bound to be the father of his people, the
guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps,
the only monarch who, when invested with uncontrollable power,
bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries and indulgencies, which
as a private man he never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in his
entertainments, and though he often refused the donations which were
due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever more generous and magnificent
than Titus. All informers were banished from his presence, and even
severely punished. A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, and
trials were no longer permitted to be postponed for years. The public
edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience
of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the Roman populace were
gratified with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia,
and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus
for their amusement. To do good to his subjects was the ambition of
Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or
granted no favour, one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable words
of “My friends, I have lost a day!” A continual wish to be benevolent
and kind, made him popular; and it will not be wondered, that he who
could say that he had rather die himself, than be the cause of the
destruction of one of his subjects, was called the love and delight
of mankind. Two of the senators conspired against his life, but
the emperor disregarded their attempts; he made them his friends by
kindness, and, like another Nerva, presented them with a sword to
destroy him. During his reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns
of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and the empire
was visited by a pestilence which carried away an infinite number
of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, the emperor’s
benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. Titus comforted the
afflicted as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his liberal
bounties, and as if they were but one family, he exerted himself
for the good and preservation of the whole. The Romans, however, had
not long to enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus was
taken ill, and as he retired into the country of the Sabines to his
father’s house, his indisposition was increased by a burning fever.
He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest submission complained
of the severity of fate which removed him from the world when young,
where he had been employed in making a grateful people happy. He died
the 13th of September, A.D. 81, in the 41st year of his age, after
a reign of two years, two months, and 20 days. The news of his death
was received with lamentations; Rome was filled with tears, and all
looked upon themselves as deprived of the most benevolent of fathers.
After him Domitian ascended the throne, not without incurring the
suspicion of having hastened his brother’s end, by ordering him to
be placed, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expired.
Domitian has also been accused of raising commotions, and of making
attempts to dethrone his brother; but Titus disregarded them, and
forgave the offender. Some authors have reflected with severity upon
the cruelties which Titus exercised against the Jews; but though
certainly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his character,
we must consider him as an instrument in the hands of Providence,
exerted for the punishment of a wicked and infatuated people.
_Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――_Suetonius._――_Dio
Cassius_, &c.
♦ ‘oppresssion’ replaced with ‘oppression’
=Titus Tatius=, a king of the Sabines. _See:_ Tatius.――――Livius, a
celebrated historian. _See:_ Livius.――――A son of Junius Brutus,
put to death by order of his father, for conspiring to restore the
Tarquins.――――A friend of Coriolanus.――――A native of Crotona, engaged
in Catiline’s conspiracy.
=Tīty̆rus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues, &c.――――A large
mountain of Crete.
=Tityus=, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others,
of Jupiter, by Elara the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a
prodigious size, that his mother died in travail after Jupiter had
drawn her from the bowels of the earth, where she had been concealed
during her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to
offer violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered herself from his
importunities, by calling to her assistance her children, who killed
the giant with their arrows. He was placed in hell, where a serpent
continually devoured his liver; or, according to others, where
vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which grew again as soon
as devoured. It is said that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched
on the ground. He had a small chapel with an altar in the island
of Eubœa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch. 4.
――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 325; bk. 11, li. 575.――_Apollonius
of Rhodes_, bk. 1, li. 182, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 525.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 77.――_Hyginus_, fable 55.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 457.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 75.
=Tium=, or =Tion=, a maritime town of Paphlagonia, built by the
Milesians. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
=Tlēpŏlemus=, a son of Hercules and Astyochia, born at Argos. He left
his native country after the accidental murder of Licymnius, and
retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where he was chosen king,
as being one of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with
nine ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were some festivals
established at Rhodes in his honour, called _Tlepolemia_, in which
men and boys contended. The victors were rewarded with poplar crowns.
_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained
Carmania at the general division of the Macedonian empire. _Diodorus_,
bk. 18.――――An Egyptian general, who flourished B.C. 207.
=Tmarus=, a Rutulian in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 685.――――A mountain of Thesprotia, called _Tomarus_ by _Pliny_.
=Tmolus=, a king of Lydia, who married Omphale, and was son of Sipylus
and Chthonia. He offered violence to a young nymph called Arriphe,
at the foot of Diana’s altar, for which impiety he was afterwards
killed by a bull. The mountain on which he was buried bore his name.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable
4.――_Hyginus_, fable 191.――――A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by
an earthquake.――――A mountain of Lydia, now _Bouzdag_, on which the
river Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near Tmolus, that the
inhabitants generally lived to their 150th year. The neighbouring
country was very fertile, and produced many vines, saffron, and
odoriferous flowers. _Strabo_, bk. 13, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 84, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, &c.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 7, li. 210.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 2, li. 98.
=Togāta=, an epithet applied to a certain part of Gaul where the
inhabitants were distinguished by the peculiarity of their dress.
_See:_ Gallia.
=Togonius Gallus=, a senator of ignoble birth, devoted to the interest
of Tiberius, whom he flattered, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 2.
=Tolbiacum=, a town of Gallia Belgica, south of Juliers.
=Tolenus=, a river of Latium, now _Salto_, falling into the Velinus.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 561.
=Toletum=, now _Toledo_, a town of Spain on the Tagus.
=Tolistoboii=, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of
Gaul. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Livy_, bk. 58, chs. 15 & 16.
=Tollentīnum=, a town of Picenum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.
=Tolmĭdes=, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in
Bœotia, 477 B.C. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.
=Tolōsa=, now _Toulouse_, the capital of Languedoc, a town of Gallia
Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was
afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva
had there a rich temple, which Cæpio the consul plundered, and as
he was never after fortunate, the words _aurum Tolosanum_ became
proverbial. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Cicero_,
_de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20.
=Tolumnus=, an augur in the army of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 429.――――A king of Veii, killed by Cornelius
Cossus after he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be
assassinated. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.
=Tolus=, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of
the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded
that their city should become the head or mistress of the world.
=Tomæum=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides._
=Tomărus=, or =Tmarus=. _See:_ Tmarus.
=Tomisa=, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. _Strabo._
=Tomos=, or =Tomi=, a town situate on the western shore of the Euxine
sea, about 36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The word is derived
from τεμνω, _seco_, because Medea, as it is said, _cut to pieces_
the body of her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as being the
place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of
Lower Mœsia, founded by a Milesian colony, B.C. 633.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex
Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 14, li. 59; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 33, &c.
=Tomyris.= _See:_ Thomyris.
=Tonea=, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno’s
statue to the sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards
to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the
theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of
the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force.
=Tongillius=, an avaricious lawyer, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 130.
=Topāzos=, an island in the Arabian gulf, anciently called _Ophiodes_
from the quantity of serpents that were there. The valuable stone
called topaz is found there. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.
=Topiris=, or =Torpus=, a town of Thrace.
=Torĭni=, a people of Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6.
=Torōne=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.――――Of Epirus.
=Torquāta=, one of the vestal virgins, daughter of Caius Silanus. She
was a vestal for 64 years. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 69.
=Torquātus=, a surname of Titus Manlius. _See:_ Manlius.――――Silanus,
an officer put to death by Nero.――――A governor of Oricum, in the
interest of Pompey. He surrendered to Julius Cæsar, and was killed in
Africa. _Hirtius_, _Africican War_, ch. 96.――――An officer in Sylla’s
army.――――A Roman sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Philometor
of Egypt.
=Tortor=, a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Rome under that name.
=Torus=, a mountain of Sicily, near Agrigentum.
=Toryne=, a small town near Actium. The word in the language of the
country signifies a _ladle_, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a
pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
=Toxandri=, a people of Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Toxaridia=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Toxaris, a Scythian
hero who died there.
=Toxeus=, a son of Œneus, killed by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.
=Toxicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius.
=Quintus Trabea=, a comic poet at Rome, in the age of Regulus. Some
fragments of his poetry remain. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 4, ch. 31; _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Trachălus Marcus Galerius=, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated
for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and commanding
aspect. _Quintilian._――_Tacitus._――――One of the friends and ministers
of Otho.
=Trachas=, a town of Latium. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 717.
=Trāchīnia=, a small country of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malea,
near mount Œta. The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina,
where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
li. 269.
=Trachonītis=, a part of Judæa, on the other side of the Jordan.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.
=Tragurium=, a town of Dalmatia on the sea.
=Tragus=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 33.
=Trajanopŏlis=, a town of Thrace.――――A name given to Selinus of Cilicia,
where Trajan died.