was alone surrounded by the Oxydracæ. He was killed in the encounter.
_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――An historian of Sicily, who flourished
about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father’s
name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles.
His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus,
were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he
treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. _Plutarch_,
_Nicias_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius
Nepos._――――A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient
philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Empedocles_.――――A Pythagorean
philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder
of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world
he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul
of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. _Plato_, _Timæus_.
――_Plutarch._――――An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. _Plutarch._
――――A sophist, who wrote a book called _Lexicon vocum Platonicarum_.
=Timagĕnes=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to
Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His
great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours
of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his
impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron,
burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign.
_Plutarch._――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.――_Quintilian._――――An
historian and rhetorician of Miletus.――――A man who wrote an account
of the life of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A general,
killed at Cheronæa.
=Timagŏras=, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to
Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground,
when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
ch. 3.――_Suidas._――――Another. _See:_ Meles.
=Timandra=, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of
Arcadi. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A mistress of Alcibiades.
=Timandrĭdes=, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 32.
=Timanthes=, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of
Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going
to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with
grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon,
left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the
father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was
a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which
his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of
Achilles. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Cleone,
who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.
=Timarchus=, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles
the disciple of Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_.――――A rhetorician, who
hung himself when accused of licentiousness by Æschines.――――A Cretan,
accused before Nero of oppression. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
ch. 20.――――An officer in Ætolia, who burnt his ships to prevent
the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory.
_Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A king of Salamis.――――A tyrant of Miletus,
in the age of Antiochus, &c.
=Timareta=, a priestess of the oracle of Dodona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
ch. 94.
=Timasion=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c.
=Timasitheus=, a prince of Lipara, who obliged a number of pirates
to spare some Romans who were going to make an offering of the
spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rewarded him
very liberally, and 137 years after, when the Carthaginians were
dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to
his descendants in the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Plutarch_,
_Camillus_.
=Tĭmāvus=, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and, after
running a short space, falling by seven mouths, or, according to
some, by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the
Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 6; _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 44
& 248.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
=Timesius=, a native of Clazomenæ, who began to build Abdera. He
was prevented by the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Abdera.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 168.
=Timochăris=, an astronomer of Alexandria, 294 B.C. _See:_ Aristillus.
=Timoclēa=, a Theban lady, sister to Theogenes, who was killed at
Cheronæa. One of Alexander’s soldiers offered her violence, after
which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed that
immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it.
Alexander commended her virtue, and forbade his soldiers to hurt the
Theban females. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
=Timŏcles=, two Greek poets of Athens, who wrote some theatrical pieces,
the one six, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant.
_Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 34.
=Timocrătes=, a Greek philosopher of uncommon austerity.――――A Syracusan
who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by
Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant.
=Timocreon=, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as
gymnastic, prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ,
distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against
Simonides and Themistocles. The following epitaph was written on his
grave:
_Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala denique dicens
Multis, hic jaceo Timocreon Rhodius._
=Timodēmus=, the father of Timoleon.
=Timolāus=, a Spartan, intimate with Philopœmen, &c.――――A son of the
celebrated Zenobia.――――A general of Alexander, put to death by the
Thebans.
=Timoleon=, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste.
He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to
murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his
representations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed
with pleasure by the friends of liberty; but the mother of Timoleon
conceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever
banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon; a
settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept
of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed with
the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the Carthaginians,
had solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, all looked upon
Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been
disregarded, if one of the magistrates had not awakened in him the
sense of natural liberty. “Timoleon,” says he, “if you accept of the
command of this expedition, we will believe that you have killed a
tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call you your brother’s murderer.”
This had due effect, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in 10 ships,
accompanied by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted to
oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the
possession of the city, was defeated, and Dionysius, who despaired
of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian general.
This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily; many cities which
hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection;
and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of
Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been
the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Syracuse
was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at the solicitation of
Timoleon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were
equally divided among the citizens, and the houses were sold for
1000 talents, which were appropriated to the use of the state, and
deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus delivered from
tyranny, the conqueror extended his benevolence to the other states
of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced and banished from
the island. A code of salutary laws was framed for the Syracusans;
and the armies of Carthage, which had attempted again to raise
commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace was at last
re-established. The gratitude of the Sicilians was shown everywhere
to their deliverer. Timoleon was received with repeated applause
in the public assemblies, and though a private man, unconnected
with the government, he continued to enjoy his former influence
at Syracuse: his advice was consulted on matters of importance,
and his authority respected. He ridiculed the accusations
of malevolence, and when some informers had charged him with
oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans who were going to put
the accusers to immediate death. A remarkable instance of his
providential escape from the dagger of an assassin, has been
recorded by one of his biographers. As he was going to offer a
sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by the
enemies, approached his person in disguise. The arm of one of the
assassins was already lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by
an unknown person, who made his escape from the camp. The other
assassin, struck at the fall of his companion, fell before Timoleon,
and confessed, in the presence of the army, the conspiracy that
had been formed against his life. The unknown assassin was in
the mean time pursued, and when he was found, he declared that he
had committed no crime in avenging the death of a beloved father,
whom the man he had stabbed had murdered in the town of Leontini.
Inquiries were made, and his confessions were found to be true.
Timoleon died at Syracuse, about 337 years before the christian era.
His body received an honourable burial, in a public place called
from him _Timoleonteum_; but the tears of a grateful nation were
more convincing proofs of the public regret, than the institution
of festivals and games yearly to be observed on the day of his
death. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Polyænus_, bk. 5,
ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Timōlus.= _See:_ Tmolus.
=Timomăchus=, a painter of Byzantium, in the age of Sylla and Marius.
His painting of Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax, were
purchased for 80 talents by Julius Cæsar, and deposited in the temple
of Venus at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A general of Athens,
sent to assist the Thebans. _Xenophon._
=Timon=, a native of Athens, called _Misanthrope_, for his
unconquerable aversion to mankind and to all society. He was fond of
Apemantus, another Athenian whose character was similar to his own,
and he said that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, because he
was one day to be his country’s ruin. Once he went into the public
assembly, and told his countrymen that he had a fig tree on which
many had ended their life with a halter, and that as he was going
to cut it down to raise a building on the spot, he advised all such
as were inclined to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and hang
themselves in his garden. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Lucan_,
_Timon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A Greek poet, son of
Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote several
dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his age.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus_, bks. 6 & 13.――――An athlete of Elis.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.
=Timophănes=, a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted to make
himself tyrant of his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers
with whom he had fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timoleon
wished to convince him of the impropriety of his measures, and when
he found him unmoved, he caused him to be assassinated. _Plutarch_ &
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A man of Mitylene, celebrated for
his riches, &c.
=Timotheus=, a poet and musician of Miletus, son of Thersander or
Philopolis. He was received with hisses the first time he exhibited
as musician in the assembly of the people; and further applications
would have totally been abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his
abilities, and encouraged him to follow a profession in which he
afterwards gained so much applause. He received the immense sum of
1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because he had composed a
poem in honour of Diana. He died about the 90th year of his age, two
years before the birth of Alexander the Great. There was also another
musician of Bœtia in the age of Alexander, often confounded with the
musician of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the conqueror of
Darius. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_, _de Fortuna_, &c.――――An Athenian
general, son of Conon. He signalized himself by his valour and
magnanimity, and showed that he was not inferior to his great
father in military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained several
victories over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of his
expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest of
his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of money. He retired
to Chalcis, where he died. He was so disinterested, that he never
appropriated any of the plunder to his own use, but after one of his
expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens with 1200 talents. Some
of the ancients, to imitate his continual successes, have represented
him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while the goddess drove cities
into his net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned
temperance and moderation. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos._――――A Greek
statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, who
murdered his father. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of the Sapæi.
=Timoxĕnus=, a governor of Sicyon, who betrayed his trust, &c.
_Polyænus._――――A general of the Achæans.
=Tingis=, now _Tangiers_, a maritime town of Africa in Mauritania,
built by the giant Antæus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the
founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in
it a skeleton six cubits long. This increased the veneration of the
people for their founder. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 258.
=Tinia=, a river of Umbria, now _Topino_, falling into the Clitumnus.
_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.
=Tipha=, a town of Bœtia, where Hercules had a temple. _Ovid_, ltr. 6,
li. 48.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.
=Tiphys=, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius,
or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts
reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus
was chosen in his place. _Orphica._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
――_Apollonius._――_Valerius Flaccus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.
――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18.
=Tiphysa=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Tīrĕsias=, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo.
He lived to a great age, which some authors have called as long as
seven generations of men, others six, and others nine, during the
time that Polydorus, Labdacus, Laius, Œdipus, and his sons sat on the
throne of Thebes. It is said that in his youth he found two serpents
in the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and that when he had
struck them with a stick to separate them, he found himself suddenly
changed into a girl. Seven years after he found again some serpents
together in the same manner, and he recovered his original sex,
by striking them a second time with his wand. When he was a woman,
Tiresias had married, and it was from those reasons, according to
some of the ancients, that Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision,
a dispute in which the deities wished to know which of the sexes
received greater pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias, who
could speak from actual experience, decided in favour of Jupiter,
and declared, that the pleasure which the female received was 10
times greater than that of the male. Juno, who supported a different
opinion, and gave the superiority to the male sex, punished Tiresias
by depriving him of his eyesight. But this dreadful loss was in some
measure repaired by the humanity of Jupiter, who bestowed upon him
the gift of prophecy, and permitted him to live seven times more
than the rest of men. These causes of the blindness of Tiresias,
which are supported by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and others,
are contradicted by Apollodorus, Callimachus, Propertius, &c., who
declare that this was inflicted upon him as a punishment, because he
had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hippocrene, on mount Helicon.
Chariclo, who accompanied Minerva, complained of the severity with
which her son was treated; but the goddess, who well knew that this
was the irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on such mortals
as fix their eyes upon a goddess without her consent, alleviated the
misfortunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted with futurity, and
giving him a staff which could conduct his steps with as much safety
as if he had the use of his eye-sight. During his lifetime, Tiresias
was an infallible oracle to all Greece. The generals, during the
Theban war, consulted him, and found his predictions verified. He
drew his prophecies sometimes from the flight or the language of
birds, in which he was assisted by his daughter Manto, and sometimes
he drew the manes from the infernal regions to know futurity, with
mystical ceremonies. He at last died, after drinking the waters of a
cold fountain, which froze his blood. He was buried with great pomp
by the Thebans on mount Tilphusses, and honoured as a god. His oracle
at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. Homer represents Ulysses
as going to the infernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning
his return to Ithaca. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Theocritus_,
_Idylls_, poem 24, li. 70.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 96.
――_Hyginus_, fable 75.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.
――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_.――_Pindar_, _Nemean_, poem 1.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Plutarch_,
_Convivium Septem Sapientium_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.
=Tiribāses=, an officer of Artaxerxes killed by the guards for
conspiring against the king’s life, B.C. 394. _Plutarch_,
_Artaxerxes_.
=Tirida=, a town of Thrace where Diomedes lived. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.
=Tiridātes=, a king of Parthia, after the expulsion of Phraates by his
subjects. He was soon after deposed, and fled to Augustus in Spain.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 26.――――A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius,
after the death of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 6, &c.――――A keeper of the royal treasures at Persepolis,
who offered to surrender to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
ch. 5, &c.――――A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero.――――A son of
Phraates, &c.
=Tiris=, a general of the Thracians, who opposed Antiochus. _Polyænus_,
bk. 4.
=Tiro Tullius=, a freedman of Cicero, greatly esteemed by his master
for his learning and good qualities. It is said that he invented
shorthand writing among the Romans. He wrote the life of Cicero and
other treatises now lost. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.
=Tirynthia=, a name given to Alcmena, because she lived at Tirynthus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.
=Tirynthus=, a town of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tyrinx
son of Argus. Hercules generally resided there, whence he is called
_Tirynthius heros_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 5.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, chs. 15 & 49.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 662.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 217.
=Tisæum=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Polybius._
=Tisagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades, called also Stesagoras. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Miltiades_.
=Tisamĕnes=, or =Tisamĕnus=, a son of Orestes and Hermione the daughter
of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos and Lacedæmon.
The Heraclidæ entered his kingdom in the third year of his reign,
and he was obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was
some time after killed in a battle against the Ionians, near Helice.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.
――――A king of Thebes, son of Thersander and grandson of Polynices.
The Furies, who continually persecuted the house of Œdipus, permitted
him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented his son and successor
Autesion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch.
5; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A native of Elis, crowned twice at the Olympic
games. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Tisandrus=, one of the Greeks concealed with Ulysses in the wooden
horse. Some suppose him to be the same as Thersander the son of
Polynices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 261.
=Tisarchus=, a friend of Agathocles, by whom he was murdered, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 5.
=Tisdra=, a town of Africa. _Cæsar_, _African War_, ch. 76.
=Tisiarus=, a town of Africa.
=Tisias=, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, considered by some as the
inventor of rhetoric, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 2;
_Orations_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
=Tīsĭphŏne=, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron, who was
the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind, and visited them with
plagues and diseases, and punished the wicked in Tartarus. She was
represented with a whip in her hand, serpents hung from her head,
and were wreathed round her arms instead of bracelets. By Juno’s
direction she attempted to prevent the landing of Io in Egypt, but
the god of the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to retire to hell.
_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 59.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
li. 552; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 555.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 34.
――――A daughter of Alcmæon and Manto.
=Tisiphŏnus=, a man who conspired against Alexander tyrant of Pheræ,
and seized the sovereign power, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Tissa=, now _Randazzo_, a town of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
li. 268.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 38.
=Tissamĕnus.= _See:_ Tisamenus.
=Tissaphernes=, an officer of Darius.――――A satrap of Persia, commander
of the forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cunaxa, against Cyrus.
It was by his valour and intrepidity that the king’s forces gained
the victory, and for this he obtained the daughter of Artaxerxes
in marriage, and all the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His
popularity did not long continue, and the king ordered him to be put
to death when he had been conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B.C. _Cornelius
Nepos._――――An officer in the army of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at
the battle of Cunaxa. _Plutarch._
=Titæa=, the mother of the Titans. She is supposed to be the same as
Thea, Rhea, Terra, &c.
=Titan=, or =Titānus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, brother to Saturn and
Hyperion. He was the eldest of the children of Cœlus; but he gave his
brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, provided he raised no male
children. When the birth of Jupiter was concealed, Titan made war
against Saturn, and with the assistance of his brothers the Titans,
he imprisoned him till he was replaced on the throne by his son
Jupiter. This tradition is recorded by Lactantius, a christian writer,
who took it from the dramatic compositions of Ennius, now lost. None
of the ancient mythologists, such as Apollodorus, Hesiod, Hyginus,
&c., have made mention of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn by
Orpheus and Lucian, to the sun by Virgil and Ovid, and to Prometheus
by Juvenal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 10.――_Juvenal_,
satire 14, li. 35.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.
――_Orpheus_, hymn 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 119.
=Titāna=, a town of Sicyonia in Peloponnesus. Titanus reigned there.
――――A man skilled in astronomy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.