crossed Lusitania or Portugal, and now bears the name of _Tajo_.
The sands of the Tagus, according to the poets, were covered with
gold. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 251.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 234.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 755.
――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55, &c.――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 418.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.
=Talasius=. _See:_ ♦Thalassius.
♦ ‘Thalasius’ replaced with ‘Thalassius’
=Talaus=, a son of Bias and Pero, father of Adrastus by Lysimache. He
was one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.
=Talayra=, the sister of Phœbe. She is also called _Hilaira_. _See:_
Phœbe.
=Talĕtum=, a temple sacred to the sun on mount Taygetus in Laconia.
Horses were generally offered there for sacrifice. _Pausanias._
=Talthybius=, a herald in the Grecian camp during the Trojan war, the
particular minister and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away Briseis
from the tent of Achilles by order of his master. Talthybius died at
Ægium in Achaia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 320, &c.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 23.
=Talus=, a youth, son of the sister of Dædalus, who invented the saw,
compasses, and other mechanical instruments. His uncle became jealous
of his growing fame, and murdered him privately; or, according to
others, he threw him down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was
changed into a partridge by the gods. He is also called _Calus_,
_Acalus_, _Perdix_, and _Taliris_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――A
son of Œnopion. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Cres, the
founder of the Cretan nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――――A friend
of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.
=Tamaris=, a river of Spain.
=Tamărus=, a mountain of Epirus, called also _Tmarus_ and _Tomarus_.
_Strabo._
=Tamasea=, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred to the goddess of beauty.
It was in this place that Venus gathered the golden apples with which
Hippomanes was enabled to overtake Atalanta. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 10, li. 644.――_Pliny_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Tamesis=, a river of Britain, now the Thames. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 5, ch. 11.
=Tamos=, a native of Memphis, made governor of Ionia, by young Cyrus.
After the death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was
murdered on account of his immense treasures. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
――――A promontory of India in the Ganges.
=Tampius=, a Roman historian.
=Tamyras=, a river of Phœnicia, between Tyre and Sidon.
=Tamyris=, a queen. _See:_ Thomyris.
=Tanăgra=, a town of Bœotia, near the Euripus, between the Asopus and
Thermodon, famous for fighting-cocks. It was founded by Pœmandros,
a son of Chæresilaus the son of Jasius, who married Tanagra the
daughter of Æolus, or, according to some, of the Asopus. Corinna was
a native of Tanagra. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 20
& 23.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, li. 25.
=Tanăgrus=, or =Tanāger=, now _Negro_, a river of Lucania in Italy,
remarkable for its cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its
streams, through a fine picturesque country. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 3, li. 151.
=Tanais=, a eunuch, freedman to Mæcenas. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1,
li. 105.――――A river of Scythia, now the _Don_, which divides Europe
from Asia, and falls into the Palus Mæotis after a rapid course, and
after it has received the additional streams of many small rivulets.
A town at its mouth bore the same name. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Lucan_,
bks. 3, 8, &c.――――A deity among the Persians and Armenians, who
patronized slaves; supposed to be the same as Venus. The daughters
of the noblest of the Persians and Armenians prostituted themselves
in honour of this deity, and were received with greater regard and
affection by their suitors. Artaxerxes the son of Darius was the
first who raised statues to Tanais in the different provinces of
his empire, and taught his subjects to pay her divine honours.
_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Tanăquil=, called also _Caia Cæcilia_, was the wife of Tarquin the
fifth king of Rome. She was a native of Tarquinia, where she married
Lucumon, better known by the name of _Tarquin_, which he assumed
after he had come to Rome at the representation of his wife, whose
knowledge of augury promised him something uncommon. Her expectations
were not frustrated; her husband was raised to the throne, and
she shared with him the honours of royalty. After the murder of
Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to the throne,
and ensured him the succession. She distinguished herself by her
liberality; and the Romans in succeeding ages had such a veneration
for her character, that the embroidery she had made, her girdle, as
also the robe of her son-in-law, which she had worked with her own
hands, were preserved with the greatest sanctity. Juvenal bestows
the appellation of _Tanaquil_ on all such women as were imperious,
and had the command of their husbands. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 59.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
chs. 5 & 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 818.
=Tanas=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 90.
=Tanetum=, a town of Italy, now _Tonedo_, in the duchy of Modena.
=Tanfanæ lucus=, a sacred grove in Germany, in the country of the Marsi,
between the Ems and Lippe. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.
=Tanis=, a city of Egypt, on one of the eastern mouths of the Nile.
=Tantălĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the descendants of Tantalus, such
as Niobe, Hermione, &c.――――Agamemnon and Menelaus, as grandsons of
Tantalus, are called _Tantalidæ fratres_. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8,
lis. 45 & 122.
=Tantălus=, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter by a nymph called Pluto.
He was father of Niobe, Pelops, &c., by Dione, one of the Atlantides,
called by some Euryanassa. Tantalus is represented by the poets as
punished in hell with an insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin
in the midst of a pool of water, which, however, flows away as soon
as he attempts to taste it. There hangs also above his head a bough
richly loaded with delicious fruit, which, as soon as he attempts
to seize, is carried away from his reach by a sudden blast of wind.
According to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit under a
huge stone hung at some distance over his head, and as it seems
every moment ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and
never-ceasing fears. The causes of this eternal punishment are
variously explained. Some declare that it was inflicted upon him
because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter had entrusted to his
care to keep his temple in Crete. Others say that he stole away the
nectar and ambrosia from the tables of the gods, when he was admitted
into the assemblies of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on
earth. Others support that this proceeds from his cruelty and impiety
in killing his son Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before
the gods, whose divinity and power he wished to try, when they
had stopped at his house as they passed over Phrygia. There were
also others who impute it to his lasciviousness in carrying away
Ganymedes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. _Pindar_,
_Olympian_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 581.――_Cicero_,
_Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Euripides_,
_Iphigeneia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 66.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 1, li. 68.――――A son of Thyestes, the first husband of
Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.――――One of Niobe’s children. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.
=Tanusius Germinus=, a Latin historian intimate with Cicero. _Seneca_,
ltr. 93.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 9.
=Taphiæ=, islands in the Ionian sea between Achaia and Leucadia. They
were also called _Teleboides_. They received these names from Taphius
and Telebous, the sons of Neptune who reigned there. The Taphians
made war against Electryon king of Mycenæ, and killed all his sons;
upon which the monarch promised his kingdom and his daughter in
marriage to whoever could avenge the death of his children upon the
Taphians. Amphitryon did it with success, and obtained the promised
reward. The Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond of plunder and
piratical excursions. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 181 & 419; bk.
15, li. 426.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Taphius=, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe the daughter of Nestor. He
was king of the Taphiæ, to which he gave his name. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Taphius=, or =Taphiassus=, a mountain of Locris on the confines of
Ætolia.
=Taphiusa=, a place near Leucas, where a stone is found called
_Taphiusius_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 21.
=Taphræ=, a town on the isthmus of the Taurica Chersonesus, now
_Precop_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Taphros=, the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, now _Bonifacio_.
=Taprobăne=, an island in the Indian ocean, now called _Ceylon_. Its
inhabitants were very rich, and lived to a great age. Their country
was visited by two summers and two winters. Hercules was their chief
deity, and as the sovereignty was elective, and only from among
unmarried men, the monarch was immediately deposed if he became a
father. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,
bk. 8, poem 5, li. 80.
=Tapsus=, a maritime town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3.――――A
small and lowly situated peninsula on the eastern coast of Sicily.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 619.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by
Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 191.
=Tapyri=, a people near Hyrcania. _Dionysius Periegetes._
=Tarănis=, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, to whom human sacrifices
were offered. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 446.
=Taras=, a son of Neptune, who built Tarentum, as some suppose.
=Tarasco=, a town of Gaul, now _Tarascon_ in Provence.
=Taraxippus=, a deity worshipped at Elis. His statue was placed near
the race-ground, and his protection was implored that no harm might
happen to the horses during the games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20, &c.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.
=Tarbelli=, a people of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees, which from
thence are sometimes called _Tarbellæ_. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7,
li. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 121.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,
ch. 27.
=Tarchetius=, an impious king of Alba. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
=Tarchon=, an Etrurian chief, who assisted Æneas against the Rutuli.
Some suppose that he founded Mantua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 693.――――A prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 219.
=Tarchondimŏtus=, a prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 11, li. 219.
=Tarentum=, =Tarentus=, or =Taras=, a town of Calabria, situate on
a bay of the same name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. It
was founded, or rather repaired, by a Lacedæmonian colony, about
707 years before Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. Long
independent, it maintained its superiority over 13 tributary cities;
and could once arm 100,000 foot and 3000 horse. The people of
Tarentum were very indolent, and as they were easily supplied with
all necessaries as well as luxuries from Greece, they gave themselves
up to voluptuousness, so that _the delights of Tarentum_ became
proverbial. The war which they supported against the Romans, with the
assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been called the
_Tarentine war_, is greatly celebrated in history. This war, which
had been undertaken B.C. 281, by the Romans, to avenge the insults
the Tarentines had offered to their ships when near their harbour,
was terminated after 10 years; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and
Tarentum became subject to Rome. The government was democratical;
there were, however, some monarchs who reigned there. It was for some
time the residence of Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the
love of virtue, and rendered them superior to their neighbours in
the cabinet as well as in the field of battle. The large, beautiful,
and capacious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commended by ancient
historians. Tarentum, now called _Tarento_, is inhabited by about
18,000 souls, who still maintain the character of their forefathers
in idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly by fishing. _Florus_,
bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 6; bk. 15, ch. 10; bk. 34, ch. 7.
――_Livy_, bk. 12, ch. 13, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 45.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5,
ch. 20.
=Tarichæum=, a fortified town of Judæa. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
Friends_, bk. 12, ch. 11.――――Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore
this name from their _pickling_ fish. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.
=Tarnæ=, a town mentioned by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――――A fountain of
Lydia, near Tmolus. _Strabo._――――A river of Aquitania.
=Tarpa Spurius Mætius=, a critic at Rome in the age of Augustus. He
was appointed with four others in the temple of Apollo, to examine
the merit of every poetical composition, which was to be deposited
in the temple of the Muses. In this office he acted with great
impartiality, though many taxed him with want of candour. All the
pieces that were represented on the Roman stage had previously
received his approbation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 38.
=Tarpeia=, the daughter of Tarpeius the governor of the citadel of Rome,
promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they
gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they
carried on their left hands. Tatius the king of the Sabines consented,
and as he entered the gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not only
his bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated his
example, and Tarpeia was crushed under the weight of the bracelets
and shields of the Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, which
from her has been called the Tarpeian rock, and there afterwards
many of the Roman malefactors were thrown down a deep precipice.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 261.――_Amores_,
bk. 1, poem 10, li. 50.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 4,
poem 4.――――A vestal virgin in the reign of Numa.――――One of the
warlike female attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 665.
=Tarpeia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 269, by Spurius Tarpeius, to empower
all the magistrates of the republic to lay fines on offenders. This
power belonged before only to the consuls. This fine was not to
exceed two sheep and 30 oxen.
=Spurius Tarpeius=, the governor of the citadel of Rome, under Romulus.
His descendants were called _Montani_ and _Capitolini_.
=Tarpeius mons=, a hill at Rome about 80 feet in perpendicular height,
from whence the Romans threw down their condemned criminals. It
received its name from _Tarpeia_, who was buried there, and is the
same as the _Capitoline_ hill. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――_Lucan_, bk. 7,
li. 758.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, lis. 347 & 652.
=Tarquinii=, now _Turchina_, a town of Etruria, built by Tarchon,
who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or
educated there, and he made it a Roman colony when he ascended the
throne. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Livy_, bk. 2,
ch. 34; bk. 27, ch. 4.
=Tarquinia=, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, who married Servius
Tullius. When her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, she
privately conveyed away his body by night, and buried it. This preyed
upon her mind, and the night following she died. Some have attributed
her death to excess of grief, or to suicide, while others, perhaps
more justly, have suspected Tullia the wife of young Tarquin of the
murder.――――A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the Roman
people a large piece of land, which was afterwards called the Campus
Martius.
=Tarquinius Priscus=, the fifth king of Rome, was son of Demaratus,
a native of Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this he changed
when, by the advice of his wife Tanaquil, he had come to Rome. He
called himself Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tarquinius, because
born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished
himself so much by his liberality and engaging manners, that Ancus
Martius, the reigning monarch, nominated him, at his death, the
guardian of his children. This was insufficient to gratify the
ambition of Tarquin; the princes were young, and an artful oration
delivered to the people immediately transferred the crown of the
deceased monarch on the head of Lucumon. The people had every reason
to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with moderation
and popularity. He increased the number of the senate, and made
himself friends by electing 100 new senators from the plebeians,
whom he distinguished by the appellation of _Patres minorum gentium_,
from those of the patrician body, who were called _Patres majorum
gentium_. The glory of the Roman arms, which was supported with so
much dignity by the former monarch, was not neglected in this reign,
and Tarquin showed that he possessed vigour and military prudence in
the victories which he obtained over the united forces of the Latins
and Sabines, and in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. He
repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of the capital; the public
places were adorned with elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and
many centuries after, such as were spectators of the stately mansions
and golden palaces of Nero, viewed with more admiration and greater
pleasure the more simple, though not less magnificent, edifices of
Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the capitol, and to the industry
and the public spirit of this monarch, the Romans were indebted for
their aqueducts and subterraneous sewers, which supplied the city
with fresh and wholesome water, and removed all the filth and ordure,
which in a great capital too often breed pestilence and diseases.
Tarquin was the first who introduced among the Romans the custom to
canvass for offices of trust and honour; he distinguished the monarch,
the senators, and other inferior magistrates with particular robes
and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, and the hatchets
carried before the public magistrates were by his order surrounded
with bundles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to be viewed with
greater reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the two sons of his
predecessor, in the 80th year of his age, 38 of which he had sat on
the throne, 578 years before Christ. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 3, ch. 59.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 2.
――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 817.――――The second Tarquin, surnamed _Superbus_,
from his pride and insolence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. He
ascended the throne of Rome after his father-in-law Servius Tullius,
and was the seventh and last king of Rome. He married Tullia the
daughter of Tullius, and it was at her instigation that he murdered
his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown which he had
obtained with violence, he endeavoured to keep by a continuation
of tyranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he paid no regard to the
decisions of the senate, or the approbation of the public assemblies,
and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred the jealousy of the one
and the odium of the other. The public treasury was soon exhausted
by the continual extravagance of Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs
of his subjects, he resolved to call their attention to war. He was
successful in his military operations, and the neighbouring cities
submitted; but while the siege of Ardea was continued, the wantonness
of the son of Tarquin at Rome for ever stopped the progress of his
arms; and the Romans, whom a series of barbarity and oppression had
hitherto provoked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself,
not to survive the loss of her honour [_See:_ Lucretia], than the
whole city and camp arose with indignation against the monarch.
The gates of Rome were shut against him, and Tarquin was for ever
banished from his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Unable to find
support from even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired among the
Etrurians, who attempted in vain to replace him on his throne. The
republican government was established at Rome, and all Italy refused
any longer to support the cause of an exiled monarch against a nation,
who heard the name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned with
equal horror and indignation. Tarquin died in the 90th year of his
age, about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. He had reigned
about 25 years. Though Tarquin appeared so odious among the Romans,
his reign was not without its share of glory. His conquests were
numerous; to beautify the buildings and porticoes at Rome was his
wish, and with great magnificence and care he finished the capitol,
which his predecessor of the same name had begun. He also bought
the Sibylline books which the Romans consulted with such religious
solemnity. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius on a Charge
of Treason_ & _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 3, ch. 27.――_Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 46, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 48, &c.
――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Plutarch._
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li.
687.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 817.――_Eutropius._――――Collatinus,
one of the relations of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia.
_See:_ Collatinus.――――Sextius, the eldest of the sons of Tarquin the
Proud, rendered himself known by a variety of adventures. When his
father besieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly declared that he was
at variance with the monarch, and the report was the more easily
believed when he came before Gabii with his body all mangled and
bloody with stripes. This was an agreement between the father and
the son, and Tarquin had no sooner declared that this proceeded
from the tyranny and oppression of his father, than the people of
Gabii entrusted him with the command of their armies, fully convinced
that Rome could never have a more inveterate enemy. When he had thus
succeeded, he despatched a private messenger to his father, but the
monarch gave no answer to be returned to his son. Sextius inquired
more particularly about his father, and when he heard from the
messenger that when the message was delivered, Tarquin cut off with a
stick the tallest poppies in his garden, the son followed the example
by putting to death the most noble and powerful citizens of Gabii.
The two soon fell into the hands of the Romans. The violence which
some time after Tarquinius offered to Lucretia, was the cause of
his father’s exile, and the total expulsion of his family from Rome.
_See:_ Lucretia. Sextius was at last killed, bravely fighting in a
battle during the war which the Latins sustained against Rome in the
attempt of re-establishing the Tarquins on their throne. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_.――_Livy._――――A Roman senator who was accessary to Catiline’s
conspiracy.
=Tarquitius Crescens=, a centurion under Cæsennius Pætus. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 11.――――Priscus, an officer in Africa, who
accused the proconsul, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59;
bk. 14, ch. 46.
=Tarquĭtus=, a son of Faunus and Dryope, who assisted Turnus against
Æneas. He was killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 550.
=Tarracīna=, a town of the Volsci in Latium, between Rome and Neapolis.
It was also called Anxur, because the infant Jupiter was worshipped
there under that name, which signifies beardless. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Festus_, _Lexicon
of Festus_.