king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six
years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed
into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into
an owl. _See:_ Philomela. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 620;
_Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――――A
Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.
=Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father
Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar.
He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the
battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He
was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his
subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good
fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of
which Sallust was the first governor. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_.
――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 35.――_Dio
Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.
――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――――The
second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the
captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity
was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to
study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the
inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the
courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity
by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and
conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all
the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was
so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making
him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the
Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome
in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but
of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history
of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from
Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama,
Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c.,
now lost. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 26.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.
=Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in
the age of Pompey, &c.
=Judæa=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt,
Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants,
whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were
chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high
priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and
continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus.
_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Dio Cassius_,
bk. 36.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2,
li. 593.
=Jugālis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage.
_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.
=Jugantes=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 32.
=Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.
=Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa.
Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia.
Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew
with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an
aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the
assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose
a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his
children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave
and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa
appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but
the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha
destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and
obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the
well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed
among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his
distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus
was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success
soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his
savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus,
and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his
father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was
delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five
years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged
in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put
in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The
name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen
of Sallust. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_ &
_Sulla_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 4, ch. 3.
=Julia lex=, _prima de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It
confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman
magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and
villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed
should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the
expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts
in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the
public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept
of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the
senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province,
enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the
previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people.
――――Another, _de sumptibus_, in the age of Augustus. It limited the
expense of provisions on the _dies profesti_, or days appointed for
the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar
festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as
marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by
Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should
be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two
years.――――Another, called also _Campana agraria_, by the same, A.U.C.
691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented
according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among
the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind
themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law.
――――Another, _de civitate_, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It
rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such
as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of
the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the
Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new
tribes.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed
the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be
chosen from the richest people in every _century_, allowing the
senators and knights in the number, and excluding the _tribuni
ærarii_.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by Augustus. It restrained the
illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the _comitia_
their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition
and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――――Another, by Augustus, _de adulterio
& pudicitiâ_. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards
confirmed and enforced by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 30,
alludes to it.――――Another, called also _Papia_, or _Papia Poppæa_,
which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls
Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――――Another, _de maritandis
ordinibus_, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in
matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on
celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of
senators excepted, to intermarry with the _libertini_, or children
of those that had been _liberti_, or servants manumitted. Horace
alludes to it when he speaks of _lex marita_.――――Another, _de
majestate_, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with _aquæ & ignis
interdictio_ all such as were found guilty of the _crimen
majestatis_, or treason against the state.
=Julia=, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her
personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio,
whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great.
Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the
father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C.
53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced
a civil war. _Plutarch._――――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose
humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius
Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――――An aunt of Julius
Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly
pronounced by her nephew.――――The only daughter of the emperor
Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries.
She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to
Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she
had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married
to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her
husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus,
informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her
from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of
Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius,
who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. _Plutarch._――――A
daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her
brother Domitian.――――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who
married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――――A
daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos,
A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age
of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her
brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was
banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled
her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of
Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She
was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted
herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler
companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose,
was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――――A celebrated
woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied
herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered
herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms.
She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the
literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years
after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial
purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but
he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest
severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is
even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to
blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery
and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her
influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive
of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and
successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother
Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted
to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to
some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly
married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were
defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to
her, after the death of Caracalla.――――A town of Gallia Togata.
=Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now _Juliers_.
=Juliānus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine
the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended
the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne,
nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two
brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines
of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate,
and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus
received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference
and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity
by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of
paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went
to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to
the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed
over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed
himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and
the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in
Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained
him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian
was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces
to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised
immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of
Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to
accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the
death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master
of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious
sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity,
and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This
change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with
which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to
others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of
some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore,
Julian has been called _Apostate_. After he had made his public
entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian
war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the
indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris,
he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s
country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition
from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had
been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or
provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet
again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of
marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return
of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated
the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved
fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his
soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June,
A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent
in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the
soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow
for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has
been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of
his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he
demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry,
and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes,
merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished
the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and
dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon
Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal
in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on
the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night
in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his
daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public
amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude.
When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the
inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments,
ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The
emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than
destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to
derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous
work, which he called Misopogon, or _beard-hater_. He imitated the
virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation
for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into
his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted
policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of
Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor,
rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and
afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished
himself by his writings, as well as by his military character.
Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote
two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64
of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous
of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors
from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of
a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable
character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as
a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his
relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like
Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his
ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best
edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696;
and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. _Julian._
――_Socrates._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus Marcellinus._――_Libanius_,
&c.――――A son of Constantine.――――A maternal uncle of the emperor
Julian.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Didius.――――A Roman, who
proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian,
&c.――――A governor of Africa.――――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian.
――――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.
=Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon
rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus
were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that
they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.
=Jūliomăgus=, a city of Gaul, now _Angers_, in Anjou.
=Juliopŏlis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as
Tarsus of Cilicia.
=Jūlis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides,
&c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some
pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of
its ancient splendour. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Jūlius Cæsar.= _See:_ Cæsar.――――Agricola, a governor of Britain,
A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing
round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an
account of his life. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――――Obsequens, a Latin
writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book _de
prodigiis_ is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――――Sextus,
a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
――――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the
Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――Solinus,
a writer. _See:_ Solinus.――――Titianus, a writer in the age of
Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was
made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history
of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the
ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated
the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the _ape
of his age_.――――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220.
――――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at
the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son
nearly shared his fate.――――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in
Egypt. _See:_ Pollux.――――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by
order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on
him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――――Proculus,
a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus
had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and
that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god.
Julius was believed. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid._――――Florus.
_See:_ Florus.――――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the
triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting
on his shoes.――――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against
Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――Maximinus, a
Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. _See:_
Maximinus.
=Iūlus=, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. _See:_ Ascanius.
――――A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the
kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was
preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 271.――――A son
of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. _See:_ Antonius Julius.
=Jūnia lex=, _Sacrata_, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of
the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune
should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made
from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able
to exercise the office of a tribune.――――Another, A.U.C. 627, which
excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of
Roman citizens.
=Junia=, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64
years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.
――――Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her
brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished
by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Junius Blæsus=, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 35.――――Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius
of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
ch. 42.――――Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with
Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3,
ch. 24.――――Brutus. _See:_ Brutus.