grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself
odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the
alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and
advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed
in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.――――An historian of
Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes,
by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. _Plutarch_,
_Demetrius_.――――An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went
to the king of Persia.――――A christian writer commonly called St.
_Jerome_, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against
heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s
gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of _Vulgate_,
polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers
before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation,
sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius,
folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his
91st year.
=Hierophĭlus=, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice
in the art of midwifery, &c. _See:_ Agnodice.
=Hierosoly̆ma=, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa,
taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed _Hierosolymarius_.
Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70,
according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege
by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to
have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or
wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the
fury of wild beasts. _Josephus_, _War of the Jews_, bk. 7, ch. 16,
&c.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 2.――_Flaccus_,
bk. 28.
=Hignatia via=, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the
Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Hilaria=, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her
sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas,
they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them.
Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister,
obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to
heroes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Festivals at Rome
in honour of the mother of the gods.
=Hilarius=, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several
treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books.
The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris,
1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.
=Hilleviōnes=, a people of Scandinavia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.
=Himella=, now _Aia_, a small river in the country of the Sabines.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.
=Himĕra=, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and
destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
――――There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now
_Fiumi de Termini_, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan
sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated
baths. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now
_Fiume Salso_, running in a southern direction, and dividing the
island in almost two parts. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49.
――――The ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――_Polybius._
=Himilco=, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe.
_Festus Avienius._――――A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in
the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his
army by a plague, B.C. 398. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.
=Hippagŏras=, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage.
_Athenæus_, bk. 14.
=Hippalcimus=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the
Argonauts.
=Hippalus=, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India.
_Arrian_, _Periplus Ponti Euxini_.
=Hipparchia=, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of
Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse.
She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and
represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him
that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly
to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost.
_See:_ Crates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Suidas._
=Hipparchus=, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant
of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the
learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness
for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him
many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band
of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head,
513 years before Christ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.
――――One of Antony’s freedmen.――――The first person who was banished
by ostracism at Athens.――――The father of Asclepiades.――――A
mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the
interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days,
seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned
by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens
into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern,
and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars.
He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from
different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was
led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance
between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre
and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and
latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries.
He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential
to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after
Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses,
of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of
labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing
several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the
heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 26, &c.――――An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who
kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
=Hipparīnus=, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse,
and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
――――The father of Dion.
=Hippărion=, one of Dion’s sons.
=Hippăsus=, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A pupil of Pythagoras, born
at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from
fire. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A centaur killed at the nuptials
of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 352.――――An
illegitimate son of Priam. _Hyginus_, fable 90.
=Hippeus=, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of
Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Hippi=, four small islands near Erythræ.
=Hippia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 82.――――A
surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.
=Hippias=, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted
in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games,
he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical
arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak,
and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 32.――――A son of Pisistratus,
who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with
his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his
brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he
was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and
was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians,
B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias.
_Herodotus_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 7.
=Hippis=, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes.
_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 33.
=Hippius=, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος)
from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a
name to Athens.
=Hippo=, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the
ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave
birth to such men. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――A celebrated town
of Africa, on the Mediterranean. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 252.
――――_Strabo_, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in
Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called _Regius_.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Livy_,
bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.――――Also a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 30.
――――Of the Brutii.
=Hippobotes=, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses
could graze.
=Hippobotus=, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on
philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.
=Hippocentauri=, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. _See:_
Centauri.
=Hippocoon=, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death
by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of
Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Diodorus_,
bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_,
_Laconia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 314.――――A friend
of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral
games of Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.
=Hippocorystes=, a son of Ægyptus,――――of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus._
=Hippocrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._
=Hippŏcrătes=, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades.
He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently
distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in
the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the
diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had
recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the
beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded
with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and
the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his
profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to
cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which
were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had
fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications.
He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when
Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his
court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born
to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards
which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the
greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the
symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious
remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable
advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame
increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations,
he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to
others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all
disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with
the name of _Great_, the same honours which were paid to Hercules.
His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet
of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession.
According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an
oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus,
though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and
the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which
Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions
of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden,
2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio,
Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the _Aphorisms_, have
been published separately. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Cicero_, _On
Oratory_, bk. 3.――――An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war.
_Plutarch._――――A mathematician.――――An officer of Chalcedon, killed
by Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A Syracusan defeated by
Marcellus.――――The father of Pisistratus.――――A tyrant of Gela.
=Hippocratia=, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.
=Hippocrēne=, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the
muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the
horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, _the horse’s fountain_.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 256.
=Hippŏdămas=, a son of the Achelous,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus._
=Hippŏdăme= and =Hippodamīa=, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in
Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either
enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of
his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry
her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the
beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and
accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat.
Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives,
when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously
bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself
the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot,
which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was
easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married
Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into
the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of
his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her
husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it
is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which
her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 84 & 253.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poems 8 & 17.――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos,
who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which
prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts
of Eurytus to offer her violence. _See:_ Pirithous. She is called
Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Danaus.
_Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.――――A
daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 13, li. 429.
=Hippŏdămus=, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any
previous knowledge of government. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_.
――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――An Athenian who gave his house
to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the
port of the Piræus.――――An Athenian archon.――――A man famous for his
voracious appetite.
=Hippŏdĭce=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._
=Hippodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A Thessalian,
who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony.
_Philostratus._――――A place where horse-races were exhibited.
_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 50.
=Hippŏla=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.
=Hippŏlŏchus=, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded
the Lycians during the Trojan war.――――A son of Glaucus also bore the
same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 119.――――A son of Antimachus,
slain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 122.
=Hippŏly̆te=, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by
Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order
of Eurystheus. _See:_ Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called
Hippolytus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3.
――――The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in
exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and
of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused
to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. _See:_ Acastus.
――――A daughter of Cretheus. _Apollodorus._
=Hippŏly̆tus=, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues
and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him,
and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of
offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was
readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish
the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment
of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his
horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune
had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his
chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised
to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine
honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 268; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 469.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.――――A son of Ropalus king
of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A giant
killed by Mercury.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.
――――A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been
edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.
=Hippŏmăchus=, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils
because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was
the greatest proof of his ignorance. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 2, ch. 6.
=Hippŏmĕdon=, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the
seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son
of Acastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.
=Hippomedūsa=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._
=Hippŏmĕnes=, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to
be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
li. 459.――――A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta
[_See:_ Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond
lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had
profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.――――The father of Megareus.
=Hippomolgi=, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived
upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their
manner of living, _De Aere Aquis et Locis_, ♦ch. 18.――_Dionysius
Periegetes._
♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’
=Hĭppon= and =Hippo=, a town of Africa.
=Hippōna=, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed
in horses’ stables. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 157.
=Hippōnax=, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the
christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as
Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of
his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus.
As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus,
made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features,
exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge
the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical
lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair.
_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 24.
=Hipponiates=, a bay in the country of the Brutii.
=Hipponīum=, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles
built a dock. _Strabo._
=Hipponous=, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the
thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――The first name of Bellerophon.――――A
son of Priam.
=Hippopŏdes=, a people of Scythia, who have _horses’ feet_. _Dionysius
Periegetes._
=Hippostrătus=, a favourite of Lais.
=Hippŏtădes=, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta,
as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 674.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
li. 431.
=Hippŏtas=, or =Hippŏtes=, a Trojan prince, changed into a river.
_See:_ Crinisus.――――The father of Æolus, who from thence is called
Hippotades. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 2.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_,
poem 18, li. 46; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 224.
=Hippothoe=, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the
islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named
Taphius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Pelias. _Apollodorus._
=Hippŏthoon=, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed
in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be
concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father
ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain,
and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when
grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of
Theseus. _Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.
=Hippothoontis=, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its
name from Hippothoon.
=Hippŏthous=, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 17.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._――――One of the
hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 307.
=Hippŏtion=, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by
Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 14.
=Hippūris=, one of the Cyclades. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Hippus=, a river falling into the Phasis.
=Hipsides=, a Macedonian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.
=Hira=, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12.
=Hirpīni=, a people of the Samnites. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 560.
=Quinctius Hirpīnus=, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2,
ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.
=Hirtus=, a debauched fellow, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.
=Hirtia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that
none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity
in the state.
=Hirtius Aulus=, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when
besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both
killed in battle B.C. 43. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 10.――――An
historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the
Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is
attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries.
The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed
to be no other than the consul of that name.
=Hisbon=, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 384.
=Hispălis=, an ancient town of Spain, now called _Seville_. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 32.
=Hispānia=, or =Hispāniæ=, called by the poets _Iberia_, _Hesperia_,
and _Hesperia Ultima_, a large country of Europe, separated from
Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side
by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia,
and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long
continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the
end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into _citerior_
and _ulterior_, which last was afterwards separated into _Bætica_
and _Lusitania_ by Augustus. The Hispania _citerior_ was also called
_Tarraconensis_. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they
often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome,
by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver,
which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no
less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in
the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold,
silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to
Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. _Justin_, bk.
44.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 1
& 20.
=Hispānus=, a native of Spain. The word _Hispaniensis_ was also used,
but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there.
_Martial_, bk. 12, preface.
=Hispellum=, a town of Umbria.
=Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 50.
=Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74.
=Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.
=Hister=, a river. _See:_ Ister.