died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk
of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of
hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the
son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly
courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a
sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind,
and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to
secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome
by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the
country disputed their respective right to the possessions which
she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by
proper oblations on her tomb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 321.
――_Hyginus_, fables 193 & 252.――――A beautiful virgin, daughter
of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of
her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means
of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after
she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent
and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her
husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the
death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which
was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed
her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest,
and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her
from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed
himself. _Hyginus_, fable 253, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes
Amatoriæ_.――――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died
through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This
mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue
called Harpalyce. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.
=Harpăly̆cus=, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――The father of Harpalyce, king
of part of Thrace.
=Harpăsa=, a town of Caria.
=Harpăsus=, a river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.
=Harpŏcrătes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son
of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of
his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of
silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy
ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his
statues at the entrance of their temples. _Catullus_, poem 75.
――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
=Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus
compiled his eclogues.――――A sophist, called also Ælius.――――Valerius,
a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators.
――――Another, surnamed Caius.
=Harpylæ=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body
of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws.
They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of
Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of
Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades
by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled
whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered
Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the
calamities which attended him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 212;
bk. 6, li. 289.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.
=Harudes=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 31.
=Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the
entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of
_Aruspex_, _ab aris aspiciendis_, and that of _Extispex_, _ab extis
inspiciendis_. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome
by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as
they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They
had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was
commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. _See:_ Tages. They
were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble
youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in
all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted
in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was
sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice;
and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast
was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the
conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in
agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it
followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance,
and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the
Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened,
each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if
it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate.
If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed
besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for
instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered
a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When
the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed
the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid,
without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was
favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was
kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice
was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim
with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the
frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency
in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was
changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed
inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did
not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans,
Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind
well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny.
Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his
soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his
hand the word νεκη, _victory_, in large characters, and holding
the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was
communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and
animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching
victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals.
_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.
=Hasdrubal.= _See:_ Asdrubal.
=Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first
emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 4, ch. 61.――――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated
by the tyrant for his independence. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
ch. 4.――――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was
supported by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.
=Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.
=Hebdŏle.= _See:_ Ebdome.
=Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the
daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As
she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the
goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods.
She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down
in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a
grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her
as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot,
and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was
raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying
her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus.
As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of
youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind
office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under
the name of _Dia_, and at Rome under the name of _Juventas_. She
is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed
in a variegated garment. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 400; _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 76.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Hēbēsus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.
=Hebrus=, now _Marissa_, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to
roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The
head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the
Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra,
a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. _Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 463.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 50.――――A youth of Lipara,
beloved by Neobule. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 12.――――A man of Cyzicus,
killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 149.――――A friend of Æneas
son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696.
=Hecăle=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going
against the bull of Marathon, &c. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A town
of Attica.
=Hecalēsia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted
by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which
Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon,
&c.
=Hecamēde=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor
after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11,
li. 623.
=Hecătæ fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in
Caria. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Hecatæus=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ,
in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 143.
――――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A
Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.
=Hecăte=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or
Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or
Proserpine in hell, whence her name of _Diva triformis, tergemina,
triceps_. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments,
and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that
of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three
different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck.
Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in
highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of _Trivia_.
Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and
to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their
prosperity. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 94.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 511.
=Hecatēsia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in
honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this
goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children.
From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected
before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public
supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and
set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted
to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had
devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the
goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the
public, &c.
=Hecăto=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the
duties of man, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _De Officiis_, ch. 15.
=Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians
and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a
sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess,
and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were
also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in
which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.
=Hecatomphŏnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to
Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 19.
=Hecatompŏlis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which
it once contained.
=Hecatompy̆los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of
its 100 gates. _Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 16.――――Also the capital of
Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.
=Hecatonnēsi=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of
all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married
Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was
appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged
by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well
qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with
the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31
of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles
had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to
fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though
his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness,
and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him,
and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector
was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the
conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The
body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by
old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some
days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The
Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they
had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle;
which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession
of that hero’s remains. The epithet of _Hectoreus_ is applied by the
poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Dares Phrygius.
_――_Hyginus_, fables 90 & 112.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18.
――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 1 & 3.――――A son of Parmenio drowned in
the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.
=Hecŭba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to
others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam
king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender
and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she
dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which
had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming
a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son
she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country.
When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the
calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy
him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was
fulfilled. _See:_ Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest
part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like
a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations,
particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was
taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses,
a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked
with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian
Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles.
During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded,
to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena,
Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her
mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was
still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus
washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to
the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. _See:_
Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with
the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore
his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered
from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians,
and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was
pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at
her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when
she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this
metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus,
and that place was, from that circumstance, called _Cyneum_. Hecuba
had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector,
Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous,
Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice,
Polyxena, and Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761;
bk. 13, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 111.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 271.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys
Cretensis_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
=Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace.
=Hedĭla=, a poetess of Samos.
=Hedonæum=, a village of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.
=Hedui.= _See:_ Ædui.
=Hedymēles=, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies
_sweet music_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 381.
=Hegelŏchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the
progress of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Egyptian general
who flourished B.C. 128.
=Hegēmon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem
called Gigantomachia, besides other works. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of
Leuctra, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 11.
=Hegesiănax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the
Trojan war.
=Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander.
_Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced
his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that
there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide.
Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――An historian.――――A famous orator
of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the
introduction of Asiatic idioms. _Cicero_, _Orator_, chs. 67, 69;
_Brutus_, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
=Hegesilŏchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign
of Alexander and his father Philip.――――Another native of Rhodes, 171
years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare
a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of
Macedonia.
=Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 29.
=Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He
flourished B.C. 193.
=Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.
=Hegesipy̆le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married
Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. _Plutarch._
=Hegesistrătus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what
particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to
settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This
was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.
=Hegetorĭdes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the
Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak
of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and
boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided
they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of
the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was
abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. _Polyænus._